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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses An examination of the social and economic implications of Dr. Beeching's proposals for railway closures in the Scottish highlands North of Inverness and at Whitby in the North riding of Yorkshire Sands, Nigel How to cite: Sands, Nigel (1967) An examination of the social and economic implications of Dr. Beeching's proposals for railway closures in the Scottish highlands North of Inverness and at Whitby in the North riding of Yorkshire, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10268/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 AN EXAMINATION OF • THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DR. BEECHING'S PROPOSALS FOR RAILWAY CLOSURES IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS NORTH OF INVERNESS A N D A T WHITBY IN THE NORTH RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. INDEX Acknowledgments Bibliography- Foreword Part is Whitby Chapters 1. Introduction 2. The Strength, Complexion and Balance of the Local Economy at Whitby 3« The Beeching Proposals 4- The Implications of the Proposals on Accessibility 5- The Implications of the Proposals for the Local Economy 6. The Social Implications of the Proposals. Part 2S The Scottish Highlands North of Inverness 7» Introduction 8. The Transport Network in the Area North of Inverness and the Role of the Railway in that Network. 9. The Beeching Proposals and the Validity of the Arguments on which they are based. 10. The Concepts of "Adequacy" and "Hardship". 11. General Implications. 12. The Implications in the Counties, with some Special Cases. 13* Economic and Social Implications. Part 3s Chapter8 lZj.. An Appraisal of the present position and a Call for Caution. Appendixess 1. An Historical Introduction to the Whitby Lines. 2. Weather Conditions Prevailing on the A 169 3. Another Method of Establishing the Number of Residential Visitors to Whitby i+. Visitors Survey. 5. A Property Survey. 6. An Historical Introduction to the Scottish Lines. 7« The Relevance of Benefit Cost Analysis to the Problem of Rail Closures. i ACKNOffLEDGEMESTS I wish to acknowledge the help and assistance given to me so readily by the following persons during the preparation and assembly of this thesis. Professor E. Allen - Durham University Professor J. House - Newcastle Universiry Doctor J. Appleton - Hall University Professor J. Wiseman - York University British Railways - York British Railways - Edinburgh and Glasgow The Clerks and Staff of the following Councils:- Whitby Urban District Council Whitby Rural District Council Ross and Cromarty County Council Sutherland County Council Caithness County Council The Headmaster, Staff and Pupils of Whitby Grammar School The Chairman, Secretary and Staff of the Scottish Vigilantes Association The Superintendent of Whitby Police Station for the information concerning accidents Suffield & Co., Whitby ) Renton & Renton, Harrogate )\ For property prices H.C. Chapman & Son, Scarborough BIBLIOGRAPHY (This does not include the bibliography for the two historical appendixes each of which has a bibliography incorporated in the appendix). BOOKS: 1. A Survey of Whitby and the surrounding Area. (Normanby Report). Published in 1958 by The Shakespeare Head Press at Eton, Windsor. 2. Transport in the Highlands and Islands. W.I. Skewis. Published in 1962 at Glasgow University. 3. The Re-shaping of British Railways (The Beeching Report). Published in I963 by H.M.S.O. in London. 4. Transport Services in the Highlands and Islands (Caraeron-Kilbrandon Report) Published in 1963 by H.M.S.O. in London. 5. Highland Opportunity: A Report by Marteck Ltd. Published in I964 by Highland Printers in Inverness. 6. Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. G.A. Ferguson. Published in 1935 by Macraillan in London. 7. The Transport Problem: CD. Poster. Published in 1963 by Blackie, in London. 8. British Transport Policy: J.R. Sargent. Published in 1958 by Clarendon Press in Oxford. 9. The North-East. A Programme for Regional Development and Growth, (The Hailsham Plan). Published in I963 by H.M.S.O. in London. ARTICLES: Al. C.I. Savage: Uneconomic Public Transport in Scotland. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 19&3' A2. G.J. Ponsonby: What is an Unremunerative Transport Service ? Institute of Transport Journal, March 1963- A3. P. Semmens: Beating Dr Beeching. Railway Magazine, April I964. A4. J.V. Krutilla: Welfare Aspects of Benefit Cost Analysis. Journal of Political Econoray, June I96I. iii A5. Lipsey and Lancaster. The General Theory of the Second Best. Review of Economic Studies.December 1956. A6. J. Margolis. Economic evaluation of Federal Water Resource Development. American Economic Review March 1959 • A.7 P.O. Steiner. Choosing among alternative Public Investments American Economic Review December 1959* A8. D.L. B&inby. What is happening to The Railways. The Spectator September 4 1964* A9 J. Gray. Prom Dingwall to Skye. Scottish Field, January I964 AlO. A Memorandum on conditions in the North of Scotland which necessitate revision of the sections of the Beeching Report which recommend the closure of railways north of Inverness. Scottish Vigilantes Association. NEWSPAPERS . The Whitby Gazette The Inverness Courier The Ross-shire Journal The Northern Times The John 01 Groats Journal. iv FOREWORD The two areas to be examined are considered independently of each other rather than together: this was felt to be the better method of presentation since it makes it possible to consider more clearly the local economy of Whitby and the semi-regional economies of the counties and other obvious geographical areas in the Highlands. This would scarcely have been possible had the other method been adopted. The Whitby case is taken first and the local economy assessed as to its make up, its strength and balance in the environment which existed before railway closure was intimated. Following a concise description of the terms of the proposals and their extent, the effects of this proposal upon the accessibility of Whitby are examined. The following two chapters are concerned with the implications for Whitby. Certain of these implications follow directly from the earlier assessment of the nature and qualities of the local economy. Others are more theoretical whilst others refer to particular social sectors. The reader will find the very interesting case of the school children is fully developed. Other factors relating to the implications for Whitby are to be found in appendixes. They were felt to add interest and weight to the point of the thesis and yet were considered to be either too ponderous, or of insufficient merit to be included in the main argument. The/.part examining the implications of the proposals to close the lines north of Inverness begins by taking stock of the transport network in that area and assessing the role of the railways in that network. Attention is then paid to the proposal itself and the validity of its basic suppositions are tested and under careful scrutiny are found to be of uncertain value. As a preparation for the implications for the area a short chapter was deemed necessary where consideration could be given to the meanings of two terms which are perhaps rather too glibly used by many parties in connection with the subject of rail closurest the concepts are those of "Adequacy" and "Hardship". The implicationsthen follow, but before the implications for each county are examined, discussion embraces seven significant implications of a general nature which are raised by the forming of the proposals to close the lines north of Inverness. Each county is then considered in detail, and each in a similar manner: the reader will find a pen picture of the economic state of each county- prior to the publication of the proposals in question and detailed and general conclusions of the effects its impact would have brought about, are drawn. Y/here it is of sig• nificance, special sections are included on particular matters, for example, one of these concerns Europe's largest Distillery at Invergordon. Two further issues are then taken up, which each fke. concern a sector of^region's economy - namely the cases of the Crofters and the Commercial Salmon Fishermen. They are mentioned W7 in other parts of the thesis but are deemed worthy of particular scrutiny. This part of the thesis is concluded "by an examination of certain ecofaoaic and social issues, raised, hut not finally developed in the previous section. As in the part examining the Whitby case, and for similar reasons, there may he found further information in the appendixes. The third and final part of the thesis is the concluding chapter where consideration is given to how the present, alleged financial position of the railways has come ahout, and calls for caution to he taken in the issue of railway closures. The relevance of Benefit-Cost Analysis to the problem of Railway Closures has not been overlooked, and an Appendixjfprovided where an attempt has been made to outline a programme that could be followed if such analysis were sufficiently developed to tackle the problem in an adequate manner.
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