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ARO37: Wilkhouse: an Archaeological Innvestigation

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ARO37: Wilkhouse: an Archaeological Innvestigation ARO37: Wilkhouse: An Archaeological Innvestigation by Donald Adamson and Warren Bailie with contributions by Kevin Grant, Nick Lindsay and by Donal Bateson, Natasha Ferguson, Dennis Gallacher, Robin Murdoch, Susan Ramsay, Catherine Smith and Bob Will Archaeology Reports Online, 52 Elderpark Workspace, 100 Elderpark Street, Glasgow, G51 3TR 0141 445 8800 | [email protected] | www.archaeologyreportsonline.com ARO37: Wilkhouse: An Archaeological Innvestigation Published by GUARD Archaeology Ltd, www.archaeologyreportsonline.com Editor Beverley Ballin Smith Design and desktop publishing Gillian Sneddon Produced by GUARD Archaeology Ltd 2019. ISBN: 978-1-9164509-7-4 ISSN: 2052-4064 Requests for permission to reproduce material from an ARO report should be sent to the Editor of ARO, as well as to the author, illustrator, photographer or other copyright holder. Copyright in any of the ARO Reports series rests with GUARD Archaeology Ltd and the individual authors. The maps are reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. All rights reserved. GUARD Archaeology Licence number 100050699. The consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, advertising or promotional purposes, the creation of new collective works or resale. Contents Introduction 6 Site location and description 6 Archaeological and historical background 7 The excavation 10 The Inn 10 Outbuilding adjacent to the inn 14 Outbuilding on wall of stance 14 The 'Gilchrist' building 15 Metal detecting survey 17 Specialists' reports 19 Archaeobotany - Susan Ramsay 19 Bones and shell - Catherine Smith 20 Pottery - Bob Will 21 Clay pipes - Dennis Gallacher 22 Glass - Robin Murdoch 22 Coins - Donal Bateson 23 Metal - Natasha Ferguson 24 Discussion 27 Conclusion 30 Acknowledgements 30 Bibliography 31 Appendices 33 Appendix 1: Total number of animal bone fragments - Wilkhouse and Gilchrist 33 trenches Appendix 2: Total numbers of mollusc shells and crustacea - Wilkhouse and Gilchrist 33 trenches Appendix 3: Pottery fabric types 33 Appendix 4: Catalogue of glass finds at Wilkhouse and Gilchrist 34 Appendix 5: Window glass matrix 37 Appendix 6: Metalwork finds from the excavation and metal detecting survey 38 List of Figures Figure 1: Site location maps showing i) Brora in relation to Scotland, ii) Wilkhouse in relation 5 to Brora, iii) The plan of buildings on the site from the plane table survey Figure 2: Wilkhouse as shown on the Roy Military Survey 1747 – 1755 7 Figure 3: Wilkhouse as represented by the John Kirk survey 1772 8 Figure 4: Trench locations across Wilkhouse, the north-east Building and Gilchrist. 11 Figure 5: Trench 12 showing the north-west wall 140 of Wilkhouse outbuilding and flooring 153 14 Figure 6: Trench 17 section showing layers encountered 15 Figure 7: Plan of Gilchrist showing detail for trenches 4, 5 and 6 16 Figure 8: Elevation of entrance into Gilchrist building 15 Figure 9: Trench 5 elevation showing long wall 002 and wall 044 of offshoot room 18 17 Figure 10: Metal detecting survey, distribution of artefacts by type 18 Figure 11: Drovers arriving at Wilkhouse in the eighteenth century (artist's impression) 28 List of Plates Plate 1: Gilchrist Building in centre foreground, the remains of Wilkhouse Inn to the top left 6 Plate 2: Part of extant outer enclosure wall around Wilkhouse 7 Plate 3: Wilkhouse from south-west gable 10 Plate 4: Trench 1 after rubble removal 12 List of Plates (continued) Plate 5: Trench 2 fireplaces (142 and 105) 12 Plate 6: Trench 2 external view of earlier walls at gable 13 Plate 7: Trench 3 fireplace 13 Plate 8: Trench 18 with mortar render on the north-west wall (123) 13 Plate 9: Wilkhouse outbuilding showing flat angular cobbles against south-east gable (124) 14 Plate 10: Trench 17 section 14 Plate 11: Trench 4 entrance to the Gilchrist building 15 Plate 12: Trench 5, wall (004) (right) abutting the main wall (002) 17 Plate 13: Trench 7 with loose stone remains of the enclosure wall 17 Plate 14: Top row - SF 68 folded over coin or token, copper alloy pins SF 173, 174 and 194, 26 eighteenth century Georgian coin; middle row - two eighteenth century Georgian coins and SF 81 trade token from Parys Mine Company, Anglesey; bottom row - SF 41 copper alloy oval riveted fitting, SF 196 fragment of bone comb, SF 090 Sutherland Fencibles pewter button, and SF 059 Sutherland Fencibles copper alloy button ARO37: Wilkhouse: An Archaeological Innvestigation Site location Brora Inverness Aberdeen Moray Firth Glasgow Edinburgh Brora 293050/908250 A9 Wilkhouse Gilchrist N 293050/908050 Moray Firth 0 250 m Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. All rights reserved. Licence number 100050699. Figure 1: Site location maps showing i) Brora in relation to Scotland, ii) Wilkhouse in relation to Brora, iii) The plan of buildings on the site from the plane table survey © Archaeology Reports Online, 2019. All rights reserved. 5 ARO37: Wilkhouse: An Archaeological Innvestigation Introduction permission for the excavation was granted by John Billett of Kintradwell Estate who was most An archaeological excavation was undertaken supportive of the project. under the direction of Warren Bailie, GUARD Archaeology Limited at Wilkhouse between 22 Site location and description May and 2 June 2017 (Figure 1). He was assisted in directing the excavation by Dr Kevin Grant and Dr Wilkhouse is located at NGR: NC 93049 08126 Nick Lindsay, Chairman of Clyne Heritage Society. and lies between the A9 road and the coast, The work was conducted on behalf of Dr Donald approximately 5 km north of the centre of Brora, Adamson who had completed a study on droving Sutherland. The site lies on a raised beach and routes in the Scottish Highlands (Adamson 2014). is only 50 m above the current day high water The excavation involved collaboration between mark. Between the site and the old cliff line is Clyne Heritage Society, the University of Glasgow the main Inverness to Caithness railway, and the and GUARD Archaeology, and provided training Thomas Telford-designed road, now the A9 trunk for early career archaeologists and also volunteer road, lies further up the sloping hillside, above opportunities for members of the local and wider the old cliff line. community. In total, the site has the remains of four separate Initially, in October 2016, Wilkhouse was recorded buildings, plus the enclosure of what is believed using a plane table survey by members of Clyne to have been a cattle stance. Facing the beach Heritage Society, assisted by Warren Bailie and is the inn building itself. To the north of the inn, Donald Adamson, with digitistion by Kevin Grant. and appended to the wall of the enclosure lies Nick Lindsay had drawn Donald Adamson’s a possible out-building. A further small building attention to Wilkhouse in 2009 as potentially is positioned adjacent to and immediately west being related to a droving route. (inland) of the Inn. A fourth building lies 50 m south and west of these. To the north of this All phases of work were funded by Donald building is a small pool and associated bank. Adamson who gratefully acknowledges a grant of £250 from Brora Community Council towards The settlement is situated in the parish of Loth the cost of post-excavation analysis of finds. Kind and on the Kintradwell Estate. Plate 1: Gilchrist Building in centre foreground, the remains of Wilkhouse Inn to the top left. (Photo: Nick Lindsay 27/12/05 taken from the raised beach) 6 © Archaeology Reports Online, 2019. All rights reserved. ARO37: Wilkhouse: An Archaeological Innvestigation Archaeological and historical back- sea and with windows on either side and a door/ ground window in the north gable. The building appears proportional and has a ridged roof line. There Wilkhouse is part of the Kintradwell Estate. is a more humble building to its northern side, Kintradwell is well represented in the National represented more normally as a black rectangle, Record of the Historic Environment of Scotland and it sits in a rectangular space, and a large pond (Canmore) with a substantial Iron Age broch, is depicted to its west. The roadway is at this time numerous Pictish symbol stones, cists, a medieval is shown along the line of the beach and to the chapel and a largely rebuilt laird’s house, which east of the buildings. was burned down by the Earl of Cromarty in the Jacobite rising of 1745-1746. Wilkhouse appears on the Roy Military Survey of Scotland 1747- 1755. This somewhat imprecise drawing shows Wilkhouse and a neighbouring building within what might be the rectangular cattle stance (Figure 2), and with the roadway passing to the west of the building, and immediately below the old cliff line, on the line of the modern day railway. Two other buildings are depicted, one to the north-west of Wilkhouse on the edge of the cattle stance, the other perpendicular to Plate 2: Part of extant outer enclosure wall around Wilkhouse on the shore side and most easterly Wilkhouse corner of the cattle stance. Kintradwell, including Wilkhouse, had long been The next cartographic representation of part of the Sutherland Estate, but in 1743 William Wilkhouse is from 1772 when John Kirk surveyed seventeenth Earl of Sutherland granted a wadset parts of the parishes of Golspie and Loth on over the Kintradwell Estate to Hugh Gordon of behalf of the Sutherland Estate. Wilkhouse is Carrol, Sheriff of Sutherland. A wadset is a Scots represented as one of the more substantial legal term for a loan backed by the assignation buildings of the parish not merely as a black of land. In other words, Hugh Gordon advanced rectangle but by a pictogram drawing of the monies to the Earl of Sutherland in return for building (Figure 3).
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