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A History of Indian Missions on the Pacific Coast : Oregon, Washington

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A History of Indian Missions on the Pacific Coast : Oregon, Washington PD Commons PD Books PD Commons PD Books PD Commons PD Books PD Commons PD Books PD Commons HISTORY OF INDIAN MISSIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST. OREGON, WASHINGTON AND IDAHO. BY REV. MYRON EELLS, Missionary of the American Missionary Association. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY REV. G. H. ATKINSON, D.D. PHILADELPHIA : THE AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, 1 122 CHESTNUT STREET. to BIBLE HOUSE, NEW YORK. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by THE AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, IX C. PD Books PD Commons rcft Library DEDICATION. TO MY FATHER, REV. GUSHING EELLS, The only surviving ordained Missionary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the Indians of the North-west Coast, THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR. PD Books PD Commons CONTENTS. PAGE. Introduction, by Rev. G. H. Atkinson, D.D vii Preface ., ..xiii PART I. HISTORY AND RESULTS AMONG THE INDIANS. CHAPTER I. Beginning. Early Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1834-1847 of the American Board of Commis sioners for Foreign Missions, 1834-1852 17 CHAPTER II. Later Missions. Nez Perces; Cayuses; Spokanes; Yaka- mas 57 CHAPTER III. Later Missions continued. Warm Springs; Puyallups; Sko- komish; Quinaielt; Neah Bay; Klamath IO2 PART II. REFLEX INFLUENCE ON THE WHITES. CHAPTER IV. Missions and the Nation. The Possession of Washington Territory, and the Government of Oregon 145 vi Contents. CHAPTER V. Literature, Education and Religion. Printing; Books and Pamphlets; Science; Geography; History; Geology; Ethnology; Language; Natural History and Meteor ology; Railroad; Willamette University; Whitman Seminary; Other Educational Labors; Temperance; Religion 202 CHAPTER VI. Indian Wars. Cayuse war; Yakama war; Nez Perce Mining trouble; War with the Snake Indians; Modoc war; War with Chief Joseph of the Nez Perces; Bannack war 227 Conclusion 265 PD Books PD Commons INTRODUCTION. IT is a pleasant fact that the son of a mis sionary, born where his parents long taught the Indians by precept and example, now writes the story of the work and its results. It adds interest to the narrative that he ded icates it to that father, who yet continues to " sow the good seed of the word," and to gather its fruits. This history can be attested by living wit nesses, and facts which are patent to many. The author's plan is to follow both the order of events and the logical relation of topics. As the subjects treated are intermingled with the entire history of the United States, the history of missions to the Indians of Oregon and Wash ington is intensely interesting. Its germs are found in the first ideas of God, given by the earliest explorers, Lewis and Clarke, and by hunters and trappers. These living seed- viii Introduction. thoughts prompted the mission of Indians to St. Louis in 1832, asking for more light and for teachers. It was the Macedonian cry repeated, " Come over and help us." It was the voice of God in a strange tongue, to which more than one, guided by the Spirit, were ready to re spond. These pages show how the coming of those missionary men and women and children over the plains and mountains, and round by the ocean, and their quiet, patient, self-denying work for the Indian, the trader and the trapper, the lonely traveler and the scattered settlers, in order to establish Christian homes, schools, and churches, were the real formative agencies of what is best and noblest in our present so ciety and self-government. The wandering hunter and trapper failed, and the speculating colonist also failed. The mere trader proved a poor builder of commonwealths. The traveling explorer was only a reporter. It remained for the missionary to be the centre of a permanent life, out of which might grow the future State. The discovery and confession of this fact by the British, who sought to plant settlements PD Books PD Commons Introduction. ix here, and hold them as they do other colonies, is a strong testimony to the two-fold profit of the Gospel to men for "the life that now is, and of that which is to come." With these pages before us, it is evident that the American missionaries, sent to the Indians of western and eastern Oregon from 1834 to 1840, became the founders of the United States settlements, and of the provisional government, and thus of holding this north-west coast for our nation years before the boundary question was settled by the treaty of 1846, or Congress had authorized the territorial government in 1849. Rev. Jason Lee, while doing his full duty as a missionary, took measures to break the Brit ish embargo on cattle, enforced by the Hud son's Bay Company's refusal to sell, or allow an American settler to own a cow or an ox, and, with others, secured a band of 600 from Cali fornia in 1837. These cattle were distributed among the subscribers to the fund through the valley, and thus their farms were stocked and their home comforts and improvements made sure, and so the scheme of the Hudson's Bay x Introduction. Company, and their adherents, to exclude or drive out every United States settler, was foiled. Dr. Marcus Whitman, as a missionary, with Gen. A. L. Lovejoy as his companion, and at the risk of losing their lives, made that ever- famous winter march of 1842-3, over the Rocky Mountains, for almost the sole purpose of in troducing an immigration which would out number and out-vote those brought from Eu rope and the Red River country by the Hud son's Bay Company. He returned to the East in 1843, and thereafter led about a thousand men, women and children, with their household goods, in wagons, to the Columbia River. Thus Sir George Simpson's attempt at Wash ington to buy Oregon for Newfoundland and the cod-fisheries, was defeated. The wagon route to the Pacific, before Fremont became the Pathfinder, was opened and demonstrated the truth of what had been previously denied the possibility of taking wagons to the Colum bia River, and the way was made plain for sub sequent immigrations. These missionaries were the first to estab lish schools, seminaries, colleges and churches PD Books PD Commons Introduction. xi in Oregon and Washington, and the first to bring and use the printing press. They have been the first to describe the country, compile its history, trace the ethnology of its inhabit ants, unfold the resources of its minerals, soil and climate. They early taught the Indians the use of letters, trained them to industrial pursuits, as farmers and mechanics, and pre pared the way for the present higher cultiva tion and better domestic life of many of the tribes. They, more than any others, have diffused the spirit of peace among those in contact with their missions, and have often assuaged the war-spirit. One finishes this brief volume with the strong impression that God provided and sustained these missions for great good to the long-neg lected savages, many of whom now give evi dence of a new life in Christ, and of better in this world prospects ; and of richer bless ings to our own people and country. G. H. ATKINSON. PD Books PD Commons PEEFAOE. THE writer has no pet theories in regard to x the civilization and christianization of the In dians, unless the commands of the Bible to preach the Gospel may be called theories. A native of the region about which he writes, a son of parents who devoted themselves to the work in 1838, a resident of Oregon, Wash ington and Idaho for about thirty-five years, and an experience of more than seven years in the missionary work, have given him, he humbly trusts, some qualifications for the work. In chapters two and three the figures given in regard to church membership and farm pro ducts may be considered too large, but they have been taken from official reports, and the statements of credible witnesses. It is possi ble that unwittingly they have been made larger than impartial persons would consider the facts warrant, but in the words of another, xiv Preface. " if one-fourth of all that is reported has been " accomplished, a great work has been done. He feels largely indebted in the preparation of these pages to the following works, and gratefully acknowledges the assistance they have rendered : The Reports of the Commisioner of Indian Affairs from 1865 to 1880; and of the Board of Indian Commissioners from 1872 to 1880; The Herald from to Missionary 1834 1852 ; Tracy's of the A. B. C. F. M. History ; The Annual Reports of the A. B. C. F. M. from 1837 to Parker's Tour 1852 ; Exploring beyond the Mountains Hine's Rocky ; Explorations in Ore and and its Institutions Dr. gon ; Oregon ; White's Travels and Adventures beyond the Mountains Dunn on the Rocky ; Oregon Terri Twiss on the Mrs. tory ; Oregon Territory ; Victor's River of the West ; Thornton's Ore and California of gon ; Gray's History Oregon; Meacham's and Wigwam Warpath ; Spalding's Congressional Pamphlet in answer to Bishop B. A. Brouillet Rev. J. ; Speeches by G. H. Atkinson, D.D., before the A. B. C. F. M. and New York Chamber of Commerce in 1868, and PD Books PD Commons Preface. xv before the Oregon Pioneer and Historical So in Hon. W. H. ciety 1876 ; Speech by Gray before the Oregon Pioneer and Historical So in and two letters the same to ciety 1877 ; by the Bureau of Education at Washington on the C.
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