2. How to Lucid Dream
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Play School Shines a Light on the Importance of Positive Sleep Routines for Young Children
Notes for Families and Educators Get Ready for Bed Special In this episode Play School shines a light on the importance of positive sleep routines for young children. It’s time to put on your pj’s, relax and ‘Get Ready for Bed’! Follow the Play School evening routine as the toys finish their day of play, enjoy a healthy ‘rainbow dinner’ then splish-splash in the bath before getting ready for bed. We see the Play School friends unwind with a gentle relaxation exercise, snuggle up with a favourite toy, then share in a bedtime story. Finally, it’s time for a classic lullaby, brought to life in a delightful new Play School animation. Nick and Rachael tuck the Play School Follow up friends in for a good night’s rest. Play School collaborated with Professor Harriet Hiscock • If your child feels worried about falling asleep alone, when creating ‘Get Ready for Bed’. Prof. Hiscock is a they may become reliant on you staying with them paediatrician and postdoctoral research fellow. She is co- until falling asleep. This could cause confusion or director of the Unsettled Babies Clinic and Group Leader distress when your child naturally stirs through the of Health Services at the Centre for Community Child night and notices you have gone. If your child sleeps Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute. Here are some her helpful tips and considerations when in their own room, you can encourage them to fall establishing and maintaining positive sleep habits for asleep more independently through a gentle young children and their families: transitional program, implemented over a series of nights: • A predictable bedtime routine is essential for Sit in a chair next to your child’s bed and hold healthy sleep. -
A Case of Recurrent Sleep Paralysis: Beyond Narcolepsy
Open Access Austin Journal of Clinical Neurology A Austin Full Text Article Publishing Group Case Report A Case of Recurrent Sleep Paralysis: Beyond Narcolepsy Vijaya Yelisetty and Kanika Bagai* Abstract Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Tennessee, USA Isolated episodes of sleep paralysis can occur in healthy people at least *Corresponding author: Kanika Bagai, Department of once in their lifetime; however recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP) events Neurology, Vanderbilt Sleep Disorders Center, Vanderbilt are less common and often worrisome. Recurrent episodes of sleep paralysis University School of Medicine, A- 0118 Medical Center are often seen in patients with narcolepsy. Here, we present a unique case of North, Nashville, TN 37232, Tennessee, USA, Tel: 615- a middle-aged woman who presents with symptoms of RISP in her fifth decade 322-0283; Fax: 615-936-0223; Email: kanika.bagai@ that was not associated with narcolepsy. Vanderbilt.Edu Received: June 20, 2014; Accepted: August 20, 2014; Published: August 22, 2014 Introduction Laboratory data including complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, TSH, Vit B12, Vit D levels were within normal limits We describe a case of a 52-year-old woman who presents with as below: initial symptoms of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. Complete blood count: WBC: 5.7k/ul; Hemoglobin 12.6 gm/dl, Case Presentation hematocrit 37%, platelets count 258k/ul. A 52 year-old woman presented to the sleep clinic with complaints Chemistries: Sodium 141 mmol/l, potassium 4.1 mmol/l, chloride of sleep difficulties and symptoms of “unable to move her body while 107 mmol/l, bicarbonate 25 mmol/l, glucose 213 mg/dl, BUN 19 mg/ in bed”. -
Evaluation of Depression and Anxiety, and Their Relationships with Insomnia, Nightmare and Demographic Variables in Medical Students
Sleep Hypn. 2019 Mar;21(1):9-15 http://dx.doi.org/10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2019.21.0167 Sleep and Hypnosis A Journal of Clinical Neuroscience and Psychopathology ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of Depression and Anxiety, and their Relationships with Insomnia, Nightmare and Demographic Variables in Medical Students Alireza Haji Seyed Javadi1*, Ali Akbar Shafikhani2 1MD. of Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 2Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran ABSTRACT Researchers showed comorbidity of sleep disorders and mental disorders. The current study aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety and their relationship with insomnia, nightmare and demographic variables in the medical students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2015. The study population included 253 medical students with the age range of 18-35 years. Data were gathered using Beck depression inventory, Cattle anxiety, and insomnia and nightmare questionnaires and were analyzed by proper statistical methods (independent T-test, Chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient (P<0.05). Among the participants, 126 (49.6%) subjects had depression and 108 (42.5%) anxiety. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the subjects with lower family income was significantly higher (X2=6.75, P=.03 for depression and X2=27.99, P<0.05 for anxiety). There was a close relationship between depression with sleep-onset difficulty, difficulty in awakening and daily sleep attacks, and also between anxiety with sleep-onset difficulty and daily tiredness (P <0.05). In addition, there was a close relationship between depression and anxiety with nightmare; 16.2% of the subjects with depression and 26.5% of the ones with anxiety experienced nightmares. -
Sleeping Disorders and Anxiety in Academicians: a Comparative Analysis
Original Article / Özgün Makale DO I: 10.4274/jtsm.43153 Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2018;5:86-90 Sleeping Disorders and Anxiety in Academicians: A Comparative Analysis Akademisyenlerde Uyku Bozuklukları ve Kaygı: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz Nimet İlke Akçay, Anthony Awode, Mariyam Sohail, Yeliz Baybar, Kamal Alweithi, Milad Mahmoud Alilou, Mümtaz Güran Eastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Medicine, North Cyprus, Turkey Abstract Öz Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety Amaç: Bu çalışma kaygı ve uyku bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkinin and sleep disorders and also to investigate the frequency of sleep irdelenmesini ve kaygı bozukluğu olanlarda uyku bozukluklarının disorders those with anxiety disorders among academicians who is a sıklığının kısıtlı bir çalışma grubu olan akademisyenlerde incelenmesini limited study group. hedeflemektedir. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty academicians from Gereç ve Yöntem: Kampüsümüzdeki farklı fakültelerden 250 different faculties across our campus participated in the study with a akademisyen %47 erkek ve %53 kadın cinsiyet dağılımı ile çalışmaya gender distribution of 47% males and 53% females. The study was dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmada (i) demografik bilgiler, (ii) uyku evreleri ve conducted by a combined questionnaire which has four sections uyku kalitesi taraması, (iii) uyku bozukluklarının ölçeklendirilmesi, ve about (i) demographic information, (ii) sleep stages and sleep quality (iv) kaygı ölçeği olmak üzere 4 bölümden oluşan birleştirilmiş bir anket screening, (iii) scaling of sleep disorders and (iv) scale of anxiety. formu kullanılmıştır. Results: Anxiety in female and male participants was found to be 59% Bulgular: Kadın ve erkek popülasyonda kaygı sırası ile %59 ve %41 and 41% respectively. The total score of anxiety scale was positively olarak belirlenmiştir. -
A Philosophy of the Dreaming Mind
Dream Pluralism: A Philosophy of the Dreaming Mind By Melanie Rosen A THESIS SUBMITTED TO MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE, FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCE MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, NSW 2109, AUSTRALIA JULY 2012 Table of Contents Abstract 9 Declaration 11 Acknowledgements 13 Introduction 15 Part 1: Dream Pluralism 25 Chapter 1: The Empirical Study of Dreams: Discoveries and Disputes 27 1.1 Stages of sleep 29 1.1.1 NREM Sleep 30 1.1.2 REM Sleep 32 1.1.3 The Scanning Hypothesis: an attempt to correlate eye movements with dream reports 33 1.2 Dream reports 35 1.2.1 The benefits of lab-based research 36 1.2.2 The benefits of home-based research 38 1.3 Measuring the physiology of the sleeping brain and body 41 1.3.1 Physiological measures: pros and cons 42 1.4 Cognitive and neural features of sleep 48 1.5 Lucid dreamers in the dream lab 55 Conclusion 59 1 Chapter 2: Bizarreness and Metacognition in Dreams: the Pluralist View of Content and Cognition 61 2.1 A pluralistic account of dream content 62 2.1.1 Bizarre and incoherent dreams 63 2.1.2 Dreams are not particularly bizarre 66 2.1.3 Explanations of the conflicting results 69 2.1.4 Dreams vs. fantasy reports 72 2.2 Cognition in dreams: deficient or equivalent? 80 2.2.1 What is metacognition? 80 2.2.2 Metacognition in dreams 83 Conclusion 97 Chapter 3: Rethinking the Received View: Anti-Experience and Narrative Fabrication 99 3.1 Malcolm on dreaming 101 3.1.1 Dreams and verification 102 3.1.2 Evidence against Malcolm 109 3.2 Metaphysical anti-experience theses 115 3.2.1 The cassette view 115 3.2.2 Arguments against the cassette view 118 3.2.3 Consciousness requires recognition or clout 120 3.3 Narrative fabrication in dream reports 122 3.3.1 Rationalisation of strange content 123 3.3.2 Confabulation and memory loss 127 3.3.3 Altered states of consciousness and what it’s like to be a bat. -
Lucid Dreaming and the Feeling of Being Refreshed in the Morning: a Diary Study
Article Lucid Dreaming and the Feeling of Being Refreshed in the Morning: A Diary Study Michael Schredl 1,* , Sophie Dyck 2 and Anja Kühnel 2 1 Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany 2 Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, Calandrellistraße 1-9, 12247 Berlin, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-621-1703-1782 Received: 15 December 2019; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 12 February 2020 Abstract: REM periods with lucid dreaming show increased brain activation, especially in the prefrontal cortex, compared to REM periods without lucid dreaming and, thus, the question of whether lucid dreaming interferes with the recovery function of sleep arises. Cross-sectional studies found a negative relationship between sleep quality and lucid dreaming frequency, but this relationship was explained by nightmare frequency. The present study included 149 participants keeping a dream diary for five weeks though the course of a lucid dream induction study. The results clearly indicate that there is no negative effect of having a lucid dream on the feeling of being refreshed in the morning compared to nights with the recall of a non-lucid dream; on the contrary, the feeling of being refreshed was higher after a night with a lucid dream. Future studies should be carried out to elicit tiredness and sleepiness during the day using objective and subjective measurement methods. Keywords: lucid dreaming; sleep quality; nightmares 1. Introduction Lucid dreams are defined as dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming [1]. -
Taking a Bite out of Bruxism by Jordan Moshkovich
1 Jordan Moshkovich Taking a Bite out of Bruxism In this paper, I will be covering parafunctional habits, bruxism (teeth grinding), and other related dental topics that should not only be of interest to anyone with teeth, but have direct application to overall health. Some of the information in this paper may come as news for some, such as the fact that dentists have begun using botox to help relieve some of the symptoms of bruxism (Nayyar et al). This paper will help educate you about dental health and also might supply important information about dental issues you are already facing. Some of these topics might already be familiar to you, however there should be something new for everyone. An old joke that was once told to me, reminds us, “Be true to your teeth and they won’t be false to you.” Dental health is very important for leading a happy, productive life and even though science continues to make important discoveries every day, the fact is that all humans are diphyodonts, therefore we should treat our teeth well, whether they be deciduous or permanent, because once they are gone, a third dentition will not occur. Diseased teeth can wreak havoc on every aspect of a person’s life and this paper should help you keep yours alive and well for many years to come. Upon reading the opening paragraph, one might well ask, “what are parafunctional th habits?” I know when I first heard those words, I did. According to the 4 edition of Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, parafunctional habits are, "Mandible movements not within normal motions associated with mastication, speech, or respiratory movements" (Fehrenbach). -
Sleep Disorders Preeti Devnani
SPECIAL ISSUE 1: INVITED ARTICLE Sleep Disorders Preeti Devnani ABSTRACT Sleep disorders are an increasingly important and relevant burden faced by society, impacting at the individual, community and global level. Varied presentations and lack of awareness can make accurate and timely diagnosis a challenge. Early recognition and appropriate intervention are a priority. The key characteristics, clinical presentations and management strategies of common sleep disorders such as circadian rhythm disorders, restless legs syndrome, REM behavior disorder, hypersomnia and insomnia are outlined in this review. Keywords: Hypersomnia, Insomnia, REM behavior International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery (2019): 10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1362 INTRODUCTION Department of Neurology and Sleep Disorder, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common in this modern Dhabi, United Arab Emirates era, resulting from several lifestyle changes. These complaints may Corresponding Author: Preeti Devnani, Department of Neurology present excessive daytime sleepiness, lack of sleep or impaired and Sleep Disorder, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, quality, sleep related breathing disorders, circadian rhythm disorder e-mail: [email protected] misalignment and abnormal sleep-related movement disorders.1 How to cite this article: Devnani P. Sleep Disorders. Int J Head Neck They are associated with impaired daytime functioning, Surg 2019;10(1):4–8. increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, poor Source of support: Nil glycemic control, risk of cognitive decline and impaired immunity Conflict of interest: None impacting overall morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of sleep disorders is clinical in many scenarios, The following circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders adapted polysomnography is a gold standard for further evaluation of from the ICSD-3: intrinsic sleep disorder such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) • Delayed sleep–wake phase disorder and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). -
Dreams and Nightmares with a Person’S Waking Life
When nightmares do not disappear spontaneously, psychotherapy may help. Research has demonstrated that simple techniques of dream narration and transformation of the storyline are very useful in eliminating nightmares. Children may be encouraged to share their nightmare experiences with parents and professionals; very young children can benefit from drawing them. It is well documented that traumatic experiences can trigger intensive recurrent nightmares. These NIGHTMARES AND SLEEP nightmares can be associated with post-traumatic TERRORS stress disorder (PTSD), which is often experienced as Dreams and Some dream experiences are particularly distressing a result of war, assault, accidents, and other trauma. and have a negative impact on waking life. Professional help is recommended to alleviate Nightmares are well-elaborated dreams that have recurring nightmares following trauma. Nightmares a frightful, anxious or other dysphoric content that usually wakes up the dreamer. Nightmares tend to WHAT IS DREAMING? occur late in the night and normally during episodes of REM sleep. Sleep terrors, in contrast, are characterized by sudden awakenings from deep (non-REM) sleep near the beginning of the night. Although they too are WHAT ARE THE SOURCES associated with intense and negative mental OF DREAMS? experiences, they are typically very short and not remembered the next morning. The person wakes up from a sleep terror very suddenly with a dramatically increased respiration and heart rate and outward ARE DREAMS USEFUL? expressions of fear or panic. Sleep terrors can cause serious injuries at night and substantial daytime distress. Nightmares increase in prevalence through childhood into adolescence. From 1% to 4% of NIGHTMARES AND parents report their preschoolers have nightmares SLEEP TERRORS “often” or “always”. -
Narcolepsy and Other Disorders of Excessive Sleepiness
REVIEW ARTICLE 183 Narcolepsy and other Disorders of Excessive Sleepiness S. Chokroverty NJ Neuroscience Institute at JFK; Seton Hall University, Edison, NJ, USA ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Indian J Sleep Med 2006; 1.4, 183-188 he French physician Gelineau used the term Genetic Factors of Narcolepsy narcolepsy in 1880 to describe irresistible sleep attacks and “astasia” which has all the features Approximately 1-2% of the first-degree relatives of T narcoleptic patients compared with 0.02-0.18% in the of what was later to be named cataplexy. Reports of a large series of patients in the last century brought the general population manifest the illness, indicating a 10- entity of narcolepsy/cataplexy to the attention of the 40 times higher prevalence than existing in the general medical profession. Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep population. Most cases of human narcolepsy are paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations were all grouped sporadic, but some are dominant. Twin studies of under the term narcoleptic tetrad by Yoss and Daily in narcolepsy document lack of a strong genetic influence. 1957. In 1960 Vogel discovered sleep onset rapid eye The majority of monozygotic twins were discordant for movements (SOREMs). Honda et al. discovered the narcolepsy; only 25-31% have concordance, suggesting presence of HLA-antigens in 100% of Japanese an influence of environmental factors in the etiology of narcoleptics in 1983. Finally, the discovery of narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is thought to be recessive in hypocretin or Orexin systems, reports of canine and Doberman Pinschers and Labrador Retrievers but mouse models of narcolepsy and hypocretin-1 deficiency multifactorial in poodles. Histocompatibility leucocyte in the cerebrospinal fluid of human narcolepsy/cataplexy antigens (HLA) are closely associated with narcolepsy in patients (Mignot et al.; Nishino et al.) brought narcolepsy 95-100% of cases in white and Japanese patients. -
Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Persistent Delusions: Prevalence, Clinical Associations, and Therapeutic Strategies
Review Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Persistent Delusions: Prevalence, Clinical Associations, and Therapeutic Strategies Alexandre González-Rodríguez 1 , Javier Labad 2 and Mary V. Seeman 3,* 1 Department of Mental Health, Parc Tauli University Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), I3PT, Sabadell, 08280 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 2 Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Tauli (I3PT), CIBERSAM, Mataró, 08304 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, #605 260 Heath St. West, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Sleep disturbances accompany almost all mental illnesses, either because sound sleep and mental well-being share similar requisites, or because mental problems lead to sleep problems, or vice versa. The aim of this narrative review was to examine sleep in patients with delusions, particularly in those diagnosed with delusional disorder. We did this in sequence, first for psychiatric illness in general, then for psychotic illnesses where delusions are prevalent symptoms, and then for delusional disorder. The review also looked at the effect on sleep parameters of individual symptoms commonly seen in delusional disorder (paranoia, cognitive distortions, suicidal thoughts) and searched the evidence base for indications of antipsychotic drug effects on sleep. It subsequently evaluated the influence of sleep therapies on psychotic symptoms, particularly delusions. The review’s findings are clinically important. Delusional symptoms and sleep quality influence one another reciprocally. Effective treatment of sleep problems is of potential benefit to patients with persistent delusions, but may be difficult to implement in the absence of an established therapeutic relationship and an appropriate pharmacologic regimen. -
Can We Induce Lucid Dreams? a Pharmacological Point of View Firas Hasan Bazzari Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
A pharmacological view on lucid dream induction I J o D R Can we induce lucid dreams? A pharmacological point of view Firas Hasan Bazzari Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Summary. The phenomenon of lucid dreaming, in which an individual has the ability to be conscious and in control of his dreams, has attracted the public attention, especially in the era of internet and social media platforms. With its huge pop- ularity, lucid dreaming triggered passionate individuals, particularly lucid dreamers, to spread their thoughts and experi- ences in lucid dreaming, and provide a number of tips and techniques to induce lucidity in dreams. Scientific research in the field of sleep and dreams has verified the phenomenon of lucid dreaming for decades. Nevertheless, various aspects regarding lucid dreaming are not fully understood. Many hypotheses and claims about lucid dreaming induction are yet to be validated, and at present lucid dreaming still lacks efficient and reliable induction methods. Understanding the molecular basis, brain physiology, and underlying mechanisms involved in lucid dreaming can aid in developing novel and more target-specific induction methods. This review will focus on the currently available scientific findings regarding neurotransmitters’ behavior in sleep, drugs observed to affect dreams, and proposed supplements for lucid dreaming, in order to discuss the possibility of inducing lucid dreams from a pharmacological point of view. Keywords: Lucid dreaming, Dreams, REM sleep, Neurotransmitters, Supplements, Pharmacology of lucid dreaming. 1. Introduction different methods and labeled according to the method’s success rate in inducing lucid dreams. Techniques, such as Lucid dreaming is a unique psychological phenomenon in mnemonic induced lucid dreams (MILD), reflection/reality which a dreaming individual is aware that he/she is dreaming testing, Tholey’s combined technique, light stimulus, and (Voss, 2010).