Notes

1 Introduction

1 . Göran Therborn, From Marxism to Post-Marxism? (London/New York: Verso, 2008), 130. 2 . Ibid., 131. 3 . Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992). 4 . Karl Löwith, Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the of History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949), 46. 5 . Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations , trans. Harry Zohn, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), 253. 6 . Carl Schmitt, Political , trans. George Schwab (Cambridge/ London: The MIT Press, 1985), 36. 7 . Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory , 2nd ed. (London: Duckworth, 1985), 222. 8 . , Literary Theory: An Introduction , 2nd ed. (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 1996), 183. Cf. Eagleton, Criticism & Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory , new ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2006), and Eagleton, How to Read a Poem (Malden, Mass.: Blackwells, 2007). 9 . Eagleton, Literary Theory , 179. 10 . Slavoj Žižek, Living in the End Times (London/New York: Verso, 2010), xiii. 11 . Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in Selected Works , eds. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (New York: International Publishers, 1974), 30. 12 . Cornel West, The Ethical Dimension of Marxist Thought (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995), 65. 13. Cf. Jonathan Lear, Freud (New York/London: Routledge, 2005), 188f. 14 . Žižek, Living , xiv. 15 . Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Crumbs , ed. and trans. Alastair Hannay (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 174. 206 Notes

16 . Žižek, Living , xiv, n. 9. 17 . Cyril O’Regan, “Žižek and Milbank and the Hegelian Death of God,” in Modern Theology , 26:2 (2010), 278f. 18 . Sarah Kay, Žižek: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge/Malden: Polity, 2003), 16. 19 . Eagleton has not only written about, among others, William Shakespeare, Samuel Richardson, and Emily Brontë, but also a major study of the English novel, comprising a number of authors from the literary canon. See, above all, The English Novel: An Introduction (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 2005). 20 . See here, above all, Slavoj Žižek, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters (London/New York: Verso, 1996), 189–231; Žižek, The Parallax View (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2006), 147–250. 21 . Roland Boer, Criticism of Heaven: On Marxism and Theology (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2009), 275–390; Clayton Crockett, Interstices of the Sublime: Theology and Psychoanalytic Theory (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007); Frederiek Depoortere, Christ in Postmodern Philosophy: Gianni Vattimo, René Girard and Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2008), 92–143; Adam Kotsko, Žižek and Theology (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2008); John Milbank, “Materialism and Transcendence,” in Theology and the Political: The New Debate , eds. Creston Davis, John Milbank, and Slavoj Žižek (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2005), 393–426; Milbank, “The Double Glory, or Paradox versus Dialectics: On Not Quite Agreeing with Slavoj Žižek,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic? , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 110–233; Marcus Pound, Žižek: A (Very) Critical Introduction (Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2008); see also Pound, Theology, Psychoanalysis, Trauma (London: SCM, 2007); James Smith, Terry Eagleton: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008), 9–31, 140–167; Matthew Sharpe and Geoff Boucher, Žižek and Politics: A Critical Introduction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), 205; Jayne Svenungsson, “Wrestling with Angels: Or How to Avoid Decisionist Messianic Romances,” in International Journal of Žižek Studies , 4:4 (2010), accessed March 30, 2011, URL: http://zizekstudies.org/index.php /ijzs/article/view/268/343. 22 . Terry Eagleton, The Gatekeeper: A Memoir (London: Penguin, 2003). 23 . Terry Eagleton and Matthew Beaumont, The Task of the Critic: Terry Eagleton in Dialogue (London/New York: Verso, 2009), 12. 24 . Terry Eagleton, After Theory (London: Penguin, 2004), ix. 25 . Private conversation with Denys Turner in Cambridge, March 12, 2003. 26 . Smith, Eagleton , 30. 27 . Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 113. 28 . Ibid., 187, 277. 29 . Therborn, Marxism , 133; Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 306. 30 . Cf. Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 16, 50. Notes 207

31 . Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), xif. 32 . Terry Eagleton, Holy Terror (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), vi. 33 . Terry Eagleton, Reason , xii. Cf. Eagleton, After Theory , 33. 34 . Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 86. 35 . Ibid., 306f. 36 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 42. 37 . Eagleton, Reason , xi. 38 . Ibid. 39 . Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 233. 40 . Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction , 2nd ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2007), xiif. 41 . Eagleton and Beaumont, Task , 270. 42 . Eagleton, Reason , 57. 43 . Ibid., 7, 8. 44 . Ibid., 169. 45 . Eagleton, After Theory, 80. 46 . Ibid. 47 . Ibid., 81. 48 . Ibid., 83. 49 . Eagleton, Reason , 167. 50 . Some biographical information can be gained from Slavoj Žižek and Glyn Daly, Conversations with Žižek (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), 23–51. 51 . For Žižek’s most recent thoughts about democracy, see “From Democracy to Divine Violence,” in Democracy in What State? , trans. William McCuaig (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 100–120. 52 . Ernesto Laclau, “Structure, History, and the Political,” in Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left , eds. Judith Butler, Ernesto Laclau, and Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 204. 53 . See here Adam Kirsch, “The Deadly Jester,” The New Republic , December 2 (2008); Kirsch, “Disputations: Still The Most Dangerous Philosopher In The West: A Reply to Slavoj Žižek,” The New Republic , January 7 (2009); Alan Johnson, “Ein bisschen Terror darf dabeisein: Zum Denken von Slavoj Žižek,” Merkur , no. 4 (2010): 299–307. Žižek’s answer to Kirsch’s first article is published as “Disputations: Who Are You Calling Anti-Semitic?,” The New Republic , January 7 (2009). It is not my intention of defending Žižek in this book, but let me here only state that my own view is that some of this critique seems to be misguided, as it does not try to understand, for example, his pronouncements about violence against the background of his philosophy. At the same time, some of Žižek’s pronouncements are trou- bling, to say the least. 54 . Such a turn is suggested by Sharpe and Boucher, Žižek and Politics , 196. 55 . Žižek and Daly, Conversations , 162. Cf. Slavoj Žižek, Violence: Six Sideways Reflections (London: Profile Books, 2008), 112–118. 208 Notes

56 . Žižek, Violence , 113. 57 . Slavoj Žižek, The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2003), 171. 58 . Cf. G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006). 59 . Žižek, Puppet , 6. 60 . Slavoj Žižek, On Belief: Thinking in Action (London/New York: Routledge, 2001), 1. 61 . Žižek, Living , x. 62 . Žižek, On Belief , 13. 63 . Slavoj Žižek, Did Somebody Say Totalitiarianism? Five Interventions in the (Mis)Use of a Notion (London/New York: Verso, 2001), 181f. 64 . Marx, “Feuerbach,” 29. 65 . Slavoj Žižek, The Fragile Absolute or, Why is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For? (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 2.

2 Ideology as Idolatry or Vice Versa

1 . Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London/New York: Verso, 1991), xiii. 2 . Denys Turner, Marxism and Christianity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), 112. 3 . Turner, Marxism , 227. 4 . , A Matter of Hope: A Theologian’s Reflections on the Thought of Karl Marx (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982), 132. 5 . Cf. Ernesto Laclau, ”On the Names of God,” in Political : Public Religions in a Post-Secular World , ed. Hent de Vries and Lawrence Sullivan (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006). 6 . Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Selected Works , eds. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (New York: International Publishers, 1974), 38. 7 . Eagleton, Ideology , 106. 8 . Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology: Parts I & III , ed. R. Pascal (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1938), 14, 30. Cf. Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel’s “Philosophy of Right,” ed. Joseph O’Malley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 131 and “Theses on Feuerbach,” in Selected Works , eds. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (New York: International Publishers, 1974), 29. 9 . Slavoj Žižek, The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity (London: The MIT Press, 2003), 125. 10 . Eagleton, Ideology , xii. 11 . Ibid., 10–17. 12 . Ibid., xiv. 13 . Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction , 2nd ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2007), xi. Notes 209

14 . Ibid., xxi. 15 . Ibid., xxiii. 16 . Ibid. 17 . Ibid., 64. 18 . Ibid., 8f. 19 . Ibid., 10. 20 . Terry Eagleton, The Body as Language: Outline of a “New Left” Theology (London/Sydney: Sheed and Ward, 1970); Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2011), 128–159. 21 . Richard J. Bernstein, Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). 22 . Terry Eagleton, After Theory (London: Penguin, 2004), 55. 23 . Ibid., 57. 24 . Bernstein, Beyond , 18, cf. 16–25. 25 . Eagleton, After Theory , 60. 26 . Ibid., 59. 27 . Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (Oxford/Malden, Mass.: Blackwells, 2000), 6. 28 . , Summa Theologiae , Vol. 1, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Allen: Christian Classics, 1981), I. 1.8. 29 . Eagleton, Culture , 5. 30 . Ibid., 2. 31 . Terry Eagleton, The Illusion of Postmodernism (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 1996), vii. 32 . Eagleton, After Theory , 109. 33 . Ibid., 109. 34 . Ibid., 120. 35 . Ibid., 122. 36 . Ibid., 155, 166. 37 . Cf. Eagleton, Postmodernism , 89. 38 . Ibid., 69–92. 39 . Eagleton, After Theory , 163; Eagleton, Culture , 87. 40 . Eagleton, After Theory , 193. 41 . Ibid., 159. 42 . Ibid., 136. 43 . Ibid., 160. 44 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., 56–58. 45 . Compare After Theory , 32, where Eagleton writes that “[o]ne of the fin- est books ever written on the body, The Phenomenology of Perception , was the work of the French leftist Maurice Merleau-Ponty.” But that is about it. 46 . Terry Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic (Oxford/Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1990), 7f. 47 . Eagleton, After Theory , 164. 48 . Ibid., 118. 210 Notes

49 . Ibid., 165. 50 . Ibid., 190. 51 . Cf., for example, Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism , trans. Gregory Elliot (London/New York: Verso, 2005). 52 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., 207. 53 . Ibid., 13. 54 . Ibid., 21. 55 . Ibid., 27f. 56 . Charles Taylor, Modern Social Imaginaries (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2004), 23–30. 57 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., 37. 58 . Terry Eagleton, “Football: A Dear Friend to Capitalism,” The Guardian , June 15 (2010). Cf. Eagleton, The Meaning of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 47: “It is sport, not religion, which is now the opium of the masses.” 59 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., 42. 60 . Ibid., 88. 61 . Ibid., 101. 62 . Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life , trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1984), 29–39. 63 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., 194. 64. Ibid., 144–153. 65 . Ibid., 147. 66 . Ibid., 176f. 67 . Ibid., 149. 68 . Ibid., xix. 69 . Slavoj Žižek, Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 1991), 3. 70 . Ibid., 11. The original partly in italics. 71 . Žižek, Puppet , 145–147. 72 . Slavoj Žižek, “The Spectre of Ideology,” in Mapping Ideology , ed. Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: Verso, 1994), 6. 73 . Ibid., 8. 74 . Ibid., 10. 75 . Jacques Lacan, Ècrits , trans. Bruce Fink (New York/London: W. W. Norton, 2006), 436. 76 . Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (New York/London: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 127–186. 77 . Blaise Pascal, Pensées (Paris: Gallimard, 1954), §§469f. 78 . Žižek, “The Spectre of Ideology,” 15. 79 . Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London/New York: Verso, 1989), 31. 80. Ibid., 34. 81 . Ibid., 36. 82 . Ibid., 43. Notes 211

83 . Slavoj Žižek, The Parallax View (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006), 183–187. 84 . Žižek, Sublime , 166. 85 . Ibid., 118. 86 . Ibid., 45. 87 . Slavoj Žižek, For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor , 2nd ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2002), 108f. 88 . Žižek, “The Spectre of Ideology,” 17. The original partly in italics. 89 . Ibid., 21. 90 . The example of the doughnut is borrowed from Sarah Kay, Žižek: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge/Malden: Polity, 2003), 4. 91 . Žižek, “The Spectre of Ideology,” 21. Original in italics. 92 . Slavoj Žižek, The Metastases of Enjoyment: Six Essays on Woman and Causality (London/New York: Verso, 1994), 156; Žižek, For They , 100. 93 . Žižek, Sublime , 153–155; Žižek, For They , 125. 94 . Žižek, “The Spectre of Ideology,” 23. 95 . Slavoj Žižek, The Plague of Fantasies (London/New York: Verso, 1997), 13–16. 96 . Žižek, Sublime , 5. 97 . Ibid., 21. 98 . Ibid., 21f. 99 . Žižek, For They , 168f. 100 . Žižek, Sublime , 65. 101 . Ibid., 78. 102 . Ibid., 118. 103 . Ibid., 195. 104 . Slavoj Žižek, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 157, 292f.; Žižek, Sublime , 181. 105 . Žižek, Ticklish , 153. 106 . Žižek, For They , xii. 107 . Ibid., xvii. 108 . Ibid., lxxxvi. 109 . Slavoj Žižek, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce (London/Brooklyn: Verso, 2009), 17. 110 . Ibid., 91. 111 . Ibid., 92. 112 . Ibid., 129. 113 . Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2009), 169. 114 . Eagleton, Ideology , 2nd ed., xii.

3 The Need for Faith

1 . Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae , trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Allen: Christian Classics, 1981), II-II. 2.2. 212 Notes

2 . Martin Luther, “The Large Catechism,” in The Book of Concord , eds. Robert Kolb and Timothy J. Wengert (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000), 386. 3 . Martin Luther, Lectures on Romans , Luther’s Works, Vol. 25, ed. Hilton C. Oswald (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1972), 291 (WA 56:304). 4 . Cf. Philip Goodchild, Theology of Money (London: SCM, 2007). This was, of course, already realized by Karl Marx in his (in)famous “On the Jewish Question,” in Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society , trans. and eds. Lloyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (New York: Anchor Books, 1967), 243f. 5 . Luther, Romans , 292 (WA 56: 306). 6 . Terry Eagleton, After Theory (London: Penguin, 2004), 177. 7 . Ibid., 175. 8 . Ibid. 9 . Ibid. 10 . Ibid., 195; Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 8. 11 . Terry Eagleton, Holy Terror (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 33. 12 . Terry Eagleton, The Body as Language: Outline of a “New Left” Theology (London/Sydney: Sheed and Ward, 1970), 67. 13 . Eagleton, Reason , 23. 14 . Ibid., 27. 15 . Eagleton, Body , 23. 16 . Ibid., 52. 17 . Terry Eagleton, “Introduction” in Jesus Christ: The Gospels , ed. Giles Fraser (London/New York: Verso, 2007), xxviii. 18 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 101. 19 . Stephen Mulhall, Philosophical Myths of the Fall (Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005), 6. 20 . Cf. Stephen Crites, Dialectic and Gospel in the Development of Hegel’s Thinking (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 294f. 21 . Cf. Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion , The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XX, ed. John T. McNeill (Louisville/London /Leiden: Westminster John Knox Press, 1960), book 1, ch. 15 and book 2, ch. 1–3, and Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 1–5 , Luther’s Works, Vol. 1, edited by Jaroslav Pelikan (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958), 61–64 (I:26). 22 . Friedrich Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith , eds. H. R. Mackintosh and J. S. Stewart (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1976), §§ 89, 72. 23 . Terry Eagleton, Trouble with Strangers: A Study of Ethics (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 150. 24 . Cf. Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans , trans. R. W. Dyson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), book xiv. For a fuller Notes 213

account of Augustine’s understanding of original sin, which my summary draws upon, see Matt Jenson, The Gravity of Sin: Augustine, Luther and Barth on homo incurvatus in se (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2006), 6–46. 25 . Eagleton, After Theory , 197. 26 . Ibid., 197. 27 . Terry Eagleton, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic (Malden, Mass. /Oxford: Blackwells, 2003), 256. 28 . Jean-Luc Nancy, ”Introduction,” in Who Comes after the Subject? , eds. Eduardo Cadava, Peter Connor, and Jean-Luc Nancy (New York /London, 1991), 4. 29 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 29. 30 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 288. 31 . Herbert McCabe, Law, Love & Language (London/New York: Continuum Books, 2009). 32 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 29. 33 . However, Eagleton also accuses “Pharisees of every age” to believe that “God is indeed a terrorist” interested in a “sedulous observance of vari- ous esoteric rites” (Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 41, cf. 33). This is, indeed, a misunderstanding of traditional Phariseeism that unfortunately has been transmitted by Christian anti-Semitism, and Eagleton explicitly says so himself in his introduction to the Verso edition of the four Gospels (“Introduction,” viii). 34 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 38. 35 . Eagleton, Trouble , 240. 36 . Ibid., 239, 240. 37 . Ibid., 255f. 38 . Ibid., 247. 39 . Ibid., 287, 293, 300. 40 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence, 279. 41 . René Girard together with Jean-Michel Oughourlian and Guy Lefort, Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde (Paris: Grasset, 1978), 165–246, 415–453. 42 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 40. 43 . Ibid., 40. 44 . Ibid., 44. 45 . Ibid., 71, 40. 46 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 283, cf. 37. 47 . Eagleton, “Introduction,” xxvii. 48 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 57. 49 . Ibid., 58. 50 . Eagleton, Trouble , 287f. 51 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 35. 52 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 128. 53 . Ibid., 99. 54 . Ibid., 129. 214 Notes

55 . Eagleton, “Introduction,” xxiii. 56 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 134. 57 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 276. 58 . Eagleton, Reason, 19. Cf. Eagleton, “Introduction,” xvi, xx. 59 . Eagleton, Sweet Violence , 40. 60 . Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2006), 113–117. 61 . Eagleton, Trouble , 253. 62 . Terry Eagleton, The Illusion of Postmodernism (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 1996), 71. 63 . Eagleton, After Theory , 203. 64 . Ibid., 207. 65 . Ibid., 213–215; Eagleton, Holy Terror , 12, 26. 66 . Ibid., 119. 67 . Eagleton, Reason, 37. 68 . Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel’s “Philosophy of Right ,” ed. Joseph O’Malley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 131; Eagleton, Reason , 41. But, to Marx, religion is still “the opium of the people,” as the quote continues. 69 . Ibid., 50. 70 . Ibid., 109. 71 . Ibid., 119. 72 . Ibid., 121. 73 . Eagleton, After Theory , 55. 74 . Eagleton, Trouble , 248. 75 . Eagleton, Reason , 148. 76 . Ibid., 137. 77 . Eagleton, Trouble , 324. 78 . Ibid., 300. 79 . See Slavoj Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity versus the Misty Conceit of Paradox,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 278, and “A Meditation on Michelangelo’s Christ on the Cross ,” in Paul’s New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology , eds. John Milbank, Slavoj Žižek, and Creston Davis (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2010), 171f. 80 . Slavoj Žižek, The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2003), 170. 81 . Slavoj Žižek, The Fragile Absolute or, Why is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For? (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 1. 82 . Žižek, Puppet , 6. 83 . According to Adam Kotsko, Žižek and Theology (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2008), 77–100, Žižek progressively nuances his view on the relationship between Judaism and Christianity in The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology (London/New York: Verso, 2000), The Fragile Absolute , On Belief , and The Puppet and the Dwarf . The dif- ference between Badiou’s reading of Paul and Lacan is captured nicely by Notes 215

Kotsko on p. 81: “[I]n sharp contrast with Badiou the ‘theologian of glory,’ Lacan is a good Lutheran ‘theologian of the cross.’” 84 . Slavoj Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words: A Modest Plea for the Hegelian Reading of Christianity,” in The Monstrosity of Christ , ed. Creston Davis, 25f. 85 . Cf. Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 24ff., and “Thinking Backward: Predestination and Apocalypse,” in Paul’s New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology , eds. John Milbank, Slavoj Žižek, and Creston Davis (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2010), 185–210. 86 . Žižek, Fragile, 118f. 87 . Ibid., 119. 88 . Slavoj Žižek, On Belief: Thinking in Action (London/New York: Routledge, 2001), 146. 89 . Žižek, Puppet , 86. 90 . Žižek, On Belief , 148. 91 . Ibid., 13. Cf. Žižek, Puppet , 13–33. 92 . For some comments on Islam, see Slavoj Žižek, In Defense of Lost Causes (London/New York: Verso, 2008), 114f. 93 . Cf. Richard J. Bernstein, Freud and the Legacy of Moses , Cambridge Studies in Religion and Critical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 31–35. 94 . Žižek, On Belief , 89. 95 . Ibid., 130. 96 . Ibid. 97 . Ibid., 47. 98 . Žižek, Lost Causes , 6. 99 . Cf., for example, Slavoj Žižek, The Metastases of Enjoyment: Six Essays on Woman and Causality (London/New York: Verso, 1994), 146. 100 . Žižek, Lost Causes , 111; Žižek, Fragile , 95f. 101 . Slavoj Žižek, For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor , 2nd ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2002), lv. 102 . Žižek, Fragile , 97. 103 . Ibid., 99. 104 . Ibid., 99. 105 . Žižek, Enjoyment , 147. 106 . Žižek, Fragile , 97f. Cf. Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism , trans. Katherine Jones (London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1939). For an argument that this work is really central to Žižek, see Eric L. Santner, “Freud, Žižek, and the Joys of Monotheism,” in American Imago , 54:2 (1997), 197–207. 107 . Cf. Santner, “Freud, Žižek,” 200. Cf. also Eric L. Santner, “Freud’s Moses and the Ethics of Nomothropic Desire,” October , 88 (1999), 17. 108 . Žižek, On Belief , 127. 109 . Ibid., 89. 110 . Ibid., 90. 111 . Ibid. 216 Notes

112 . Žižek, Puppet , 81; cf. Jean-Luc Marion, “Idol and Icon,” in God with- out Being , trans. Thomas A. Carlson (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 7–24. 113 . Cf., for example, Slavoj Žižek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), 121–124. 114 . Ibid., 51. 115 . Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London/New York: Verso, 1989), 205–207. 116 . Žižek, On Belief , 129. 117 . Žižek, Puppet , 81. 118 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 57–61. 119 . Ibid., 58. 120 . Žižek, On Belief , 98. 121 . Ibid., 104. 122 . Ibid., 105. 123 . See, for instance, Slavoj Žižek, Violence: Six Sideways Reflections (London: Profile Books, 2008), 162. 124 . Žižek, Puppet , 95. 125 . Žižek, Fragile , 97f. 126 . Žižek, On Belief , 131. 127 . Žižek, Fragile , 96; Žižek’s agreement with Eagleton can be found in “Dialectical Clarity,” 246. 128 . Žižek, Sublime , 79–84. 129 . For Jacques Lacan’s interpretation of Paul, see The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1959–1960: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan , book vii, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller (New York: Norton, 1997), as well as his discussions of love in Lacan, On Feminine Sexuality: The Limits of Love and Knowledge , The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book xx, trans. Bruce Fink (New York /London: W. W. Norton, 1999), and for Žižek’s version of this, see Ticklish , 152–154. 130 . For a discussion of the interpretation of the Jewish Law in terms of Christian theology in Žižek, see my article “Reading Žižek Reading Paul: Pauline Interventions in Radical Philosophy,” in Reading Romans with Contemporary Philosophers and Theologians , ed. David W. Odell-Scott, Romans through History and Cultures Series, Vol. 6 (London: T&T Clark, 2007), 213–246. For a more general discussion of the same thing, see Krister Stendahl, Paul Among Jews and Gentiles and Other Essays (London: SCM, 1977). 131 . Žižek also sides with Badiou’s interpretation of Paul against Agamben, in that he understands Agamben to reduce faith to a negative suspension of the Law, whereas Badiou, more positively, advocates love as the beyond of Law. See Puppet , 107–113. His positive reference to the Jewish philoso- pher Jacob Taubes’s book on the political Paul—which inspired Agamben’s reading of Paul—now seem to be all but forgotten. 132 . Slavoj Žižek, Fragile , 100. Cf. Martin Luther, “The Freedom of a Christian,” in Career of the Reformer: I , Luther’s Works, Vol. 31, ed. Harold J. Grimm Notes 217

(Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1957), 327–377. Žižek strengthens his Lutheran credentials through invoking the neo-Lutheran biblical scholar Rudolf Bultmann in Puppet , 118. 133 . Žižek, Fragile , 112. 134 . Žižek, Puppet , 113, 127. 135 . Slavoj Žižek, “Neighbors and Other Monsters: A Plea for Ethical Violence,” in The Neighbor: Three Inquires in Political Theology , eds. Slavoj Žižek, Eric L. Santner, and Kenneth Reinhard (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 2005), 151–157. 136 . Cf. ibid., 121. 137 . Žižek, Fragile , 125. 138 . Ibid., 146. 139 . Ibid., 147. 140 . Žižek, Puppet , 86–88. 141 . In The Ticklish Subject , published 1999, just a year before The Fragile Absolute , Žižek sounds more like a supersessionist, claiming on page 151 that if Judaism introduces one split in the subject, that between the subject of the Law and the unconscious desire to transgress the Law, Christianity introduces another one, a split between the domain of Law and desire and the domain of love. 142 . Žižek, “Neighbors,” 151. 143 . Žižek, Puppet , 10. 144 . Ibid., 117. 145 . Ibid., 119f. 146 . Žižek, “Neighbors,” 190. 147 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 28–33. 148 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 249, 263. 149 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 96, 101. 150 . Slavoj Žižek, The Parallax View (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2006), 97. 151 . Žižek, On Belief , 91. 152 . Žižek, Puppet , 101. 153 . Ibid., 86f. 154 . Žižek, Fragile , 160. 155 . See Rowan Williams, Resurrection: Interpreting the Easter Gospel (Harrisburg: Morehouse Publishing, 1994). 156 . G. W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit , trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 475. 157 . In The Ticklish Subject , 153f., Žižek, in effect, denies this connection, suggesting that “Lacan implicitly changes the balance between Death and Resurrection in favour of Death.” What I suggest here, nevertheless, is that Žižek himself, at least after this book from 1999 at least implicitly, has put more emphasis on resurrection (without denying death) in an attempt to avoid political . 158 . Slavoj Žižek, Living in the End Times (London/New York: Verso, 2010), 376. 218 Notes

159 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 287. 160 . Žižek, Violence , 31. 161 . Ibid., 70 162 . Žižek, On Belief , 148. 163 . It should be noted that Žižek, as far as I can see, does not himself use the imagery of exorcism, but nevertheless comes fairly close. 164 . Žižek, On Belief , 109. 165 . Žižek, Lost Causes , 32. 166 . Jacques Lacan, The Other Side of Psychoanalysis , The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, book xvii, trans. Russell Grigg (New York/London: W. W. Norton, 2007). 167 . Žižek, Parallax , 298. 168 . Ibid., 306. 169 . It is also the title of Agamben’s commentary on Paul’s letter to the Romans, The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans , trans. Patricia Daley (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), which Žižek is acquainted with, although he does not refer to it in this context. 170 . Žižek, Parallax , 305f. 171 . Jonathan Lear, Freud (New York/London: Routledge, 2005), 221. 172 . Cf. Graham Ward, “Transcendence and Representation,” in Transcendence: Philosophy, Literature, and Theology Approach the beyond , ed. Regina Schwartz (New York/London: Routledge, 2004), 142. 173 . Žižek, Violence , 73. 174 . Žižek, On Belief , 151. 175 . Žižek, “A Modest Plea,” 101. 176 . Žižek, On Belief , 86. 177 . Žižek, “Afterword,” 216. 178 . Žižek, “Dialectic Clarity,” 236. 179 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 101. 180 . Some helpful directions on how to read Žižek is found in his own “Preface: Hegel’s Century,” as well as Clayton Crockett and Creston Davis, “Introduction: Reading Hegel: A New Reading for the Twenty-First Century,” both in Hegel & the Infinite: Religion, Politics, and Dialectic , eds. Slavoj Žižek, Clayton Crockett, and Creston Davis (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), ix–xi, 1–16. 181 . See here Slavoj Žižek, “Hegel and Shitting: The Idea’s Constipation,” in Hegel & the Infinite, 221–232. 182 . Crites, Dialectic , 504. 183 . Ibid., 245. 184 . Cf. Martin J. De Nys, Hegel and Theology (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2009), 79–81. 185 . Cf. Bernstein, Freud , 63f. 186 . Cf. Paul Ricoeur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1976), 45–69. 187 . Yirmiyahu Yovel, Dark Riddle: Hegel, Nietzsche, and the Jews (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 55. Notes 219

188 . Žižek, Puppet , 171. 189 . Most distinctly in Slavoj Žižek, Ein Plädoyer für die Intoleranz , 3rd ed. (Wien: Passagen Verlag, 2003). 190 . Eagleton, Reason , 3.

4 God, Evil, and Freedom

1 . Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006), 36. 2 . Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae , Vol. 1, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Allen: Christian Classics, 1981), I. 3.4 and I. 44.1. 3 . See Fergus Kerr, After Aquinas: Versions of Thomism (Malden, Mass. /Oxford: Blackwells, 2002). 4 . Fergus Kerr calls him in his Twentieth-Century Catholic Theologians (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 2008), 211, “one of the finest recent Catholic theologians.” 5 . Herbert McCabe, God and Evil in the Theology of St Thomas Aquinas , ed. Brian Davies (London/New York: Continuum, 2010). 6 . , “Foreword,” in On Aquinas , ed. Herbert McCabe (London/New York: Continuum, 2008), viif. 7 . Cf. Kerr, After Aquinas , 21–30. 8 . Cf., for instance, Herbert McCabe, “A Sermon for St Thomas,” God Matters (London/New York: Continuum, 2005), 235–237. 9 . McCabe, On Aquinas , 4. 10 . Herbert McCabe, God Still Matters , ed. Brian Davies (London/New York: Continuum, 2002), 6, 180. 11 . McCabe, God Matters , 7. 12 . Ibid., 8. 13 . McCabe, God Still Matters , 11. 14 . McCabe, God and Evil , 102. 15 . McCabe, God Still Matters , 56. 16 . Ibid., 55; McCabe, God and Evil , 128. 17 . McCabe, God Matters , 40. 18 . Herbert McCabe, “Analogy,” in Summa Theologiae , Vol. 3, ed, Thomas Aquinas (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1964), appendix 4. 19 . McCabe, God Still Matters , 3. 20 . For a recent account of Aquinas that amounts to a critical modification of such a Thomism, see Rudi te Velde, Aquinas on God: The “Divine Science” of the Summa Theologiae, “Ashgate Studies in the History of Philosophical Theology” (Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate, 2006), 95ff. 21 . Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2009), 33. 22 . Ibid., 6; Eagleton here quotes Herbert McCabe, Faith within Reason (London: Continuum, 2007), 76. 220 Notes

23 . Eagleton, Reason , 6. 24 . Ibid., 7. 25 . Ibid., 7. 26 . Terry Eagleton, Trouble with Strangers: A Study of Ethics (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 81. 27 . Eagleton, Reason , 8. 28 . Ibid., 8. 29 . Ibid., 8f. 30 . Ibid., 9. 31 . Ibid., 10. 32 . Ibid., 8. 33 . Ibid. 34 . Eagleton, Trouble , 116; Eagleton, Reason , 15. 35 . Eagleton, Trouble , 115. 36 . Ibid., 81. 37 . Terry Eagleton, Holy Terror (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 69. 38 . McCabe, God Matters , 15. 39. Ibid., 13. 40 . Eagleton, Reason , 17. 41 . McCabe, God Matters , 15. 42 . Ibid., 15. 43 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 69. 44 . Eagleton, Reason , 16. 45 . Terry Eagleton, The Meaning of Life (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 171. 46 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 80. 47 . G. W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit , trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 355–363; Eagleton, Holy Terror , 71–88. 48 . Hegel, Phenomenology , 362. 49 . Ibid., 359, 360. 50 . Eagleton, Holy Terror , 72. 51 . Ibid., 75. 52 . Ibid., 78f. 53 . John Stuart Mill, On Liberty , 2nd ed. (London: John W. Parker and Son, 1859), 27. 54. Eagleton, Holy Terror , 79. 55 . Ibid., 80. 56 . Ibid., 83. 57 . Ibid., 86. 58 . Ibid., 83. 59 . Ibid., 87. 60 . McCabe, God Still Matters , 6; Eagleton, Trouble , 184. 61 . Eagleton, Reason , 169. 62 . For an overview, see especially Richard J. Bernstein, Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Adam Morton, On Notes 221

Evil (London/New York: Routledge, 2004); Charles T. Mathewes, Evil and the Augustinian Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 63 . Terry Eagleton, On Evil (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 8. 64 . Eagleton, On Evil , 17f. 65 . Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and Other Writings , eds. Allen Wood and George di Giovanni (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 45–73. 66 . Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae , I. 6.4. 67 . John Milton, Paradise Lost , ed. Christopher Ricks (London: Penguin, 1989), 81. 68 . Eagleton, Trouble , 283. 69 . Ibid., 282. 70 . Eagleton, On Evil , 12–14. 71 . Ibid., 125. 72 . Ibid., 12, 16. 73 . Ibid., 49. 74 . Ibid., 22. 75 . Patrick Kavanagh, ”A View of God and the Devil,” The Complete Poems , ed. Peter Kavanagh (Newbridge: Goldsmith Press, 1984), 208f. 76 . Eagleton, On Evil , 60f. 77 . Ibid., 61, cf. 62. 78 . Kavanagh, “A View,” 208f. 79 . Eagleton, On Evil , 31, 33. 80 . Ibid., 75. 81 . For a critical account of the Freudian death drive, see Jonathan Lear, Happiness, Death, and the Remainder of Life (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2000), 61–105. 82 . Eagleton, On Evil , 100. 83 . Ibid., 109. 84 . Ibid., 113. 85 . Ibid., 114. 86 . Ibid., 127. 87 . Terry Eagleton, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic (Malden, Mass. /Oxford: Blackwells, 2003), 133; cf. Eagleton, Trouble , 286, and On Evil , 131–159. 88 . On traditional theology and evil, see Terry Eagleton, “Foreword” in God and Evil , ed. Herbert McCabe, vii–xi, and Kenneth Surin, Theology and the Problem of Evil (Oxford: Blackwells, 1986). 89 . Eagleton, On Evil , 149. 90 . Slavoj Žižek, “Preface: Burning the Bridges,” in The Žižek Reader , eds. Elizabeth Wright and Edmond Wright (Malden/Oxford: Blackwells, 1999), ix. 91 . F. W. J. Schelling, Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom , trans. Jeff Love and Johannes Schmidt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 23. 222 Notes

92 . Slavoj Žižek and F. W. J. Schelling, The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World , trans. Judith Norman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). 93 . Wolfram Hogrebe, Prädikation und Genesis: Metaphysik als Fundamentalheuristik im Ausgang von Schellings “Die Weltalter” (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989), 33. 94 . Slavoj Žižek, The Indivisible Remainder: An Essay on Schelling and Related Matters (London/New York: Verso, 1996), 4f. 95 . Ibid., 9. 96 . The quote by Lacan could be found in Jacques Lacan, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1959–1960: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan , book vii, ed. Jacques-Alain Miller (New York: Norton, 1997), 12. Žižek’s use of it is ubiquitous, often without referring to its source, but see, for instance, Slavoj Žižek, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology (London/New York: Verso, 1999), 167. 97 . Schelling, Freedom , 28. 98 . Ibid., 27. 99 . Schelling, Ages , 176. 100 . Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 13. 101 . Schelling, Freedom , 23f. 102 . Martin Heidegger, Schelling’s Treatise on the Essence of Human Freedom , trans. Joan Stambaugh (Athens/London: Ohio University Press, 1985), 177. 103 . Kant, Religion , 54. 104 . Ibid., 54; Bernstein, Radical Evil , 18. 105. Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 63. 106 . Ibid., 64. 107 . Ibid., 105. Original in italics. 108 . Ibid., 103. 109 . Slavoj Žižek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), 97; cf., more fully, 95–101. 110 . Slavoj Žižek, “The Abyss of Freedom,” in The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World , trans. Judith Norman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 7. 111 . Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 92. 112 . Slavoj Žižek, The Fragile Absolute or, Why Is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For? (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 158. 113 . Slavoj Žižek, “Fichte’s Laughter,” in Mythology, Madness and Laughter: Subjectivity in German Idealism , eds. Markus Gabriel and Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: Continuum, 2009), 162. 114 . Žižek, “The Abyss of Freedom,” 8–10. 115 . Ibid., 12. 116 . Cf. Slavoj Žižek, The Parallax View (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006), 183–187. 117 . Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (London/New York: Verso, 1989), 166. Notes 223

118 . Slavoj Žižek, On Belief: Thinking in Action (London/New York: Routledge, 2001), 121f. 119 . Slavoj Žižek, Welcome to the Desert of the Real: Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates (London/New York: Verso 2002), 96f. 120 . Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 31. 121 . Ibid., 70. 122 . Terry Eagleton, Figures of Dissent: Critical Essays on Fish, Spivak, Žižek and Others (London: Verso, 2003), 198. 123 . Slavoj Žižek, “A Meditation on Michelangelo’s Christ on the Cross ,” in Paul’s New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology , eds. John Milbank, Slavoj Žižek, and Creston Davis (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2010), 180. 124 . Žižek, Tarrying , 33. 125 . Žižek, “Fichte’s Laughter,” 162. 126 . Eric L. Santner, On the Psychotheology of Everyday Life: Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001), 9. 127 . Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 62. 128 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 82. 129 . Žižek, Indivisible Remainder , 231. 130 . Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words,” 57f. 131 . Ibid., 59. 132 . Slavoj Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity versus the Misty Conceit of Paradox,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 253. 133 . Julia Kristeva, “Ratio Diligendi, or the Triumph of One’s Own,” in Tales of Love , trans. Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 183. 134 . Erin Felicia Labbie, Lacan’s Medievalism (Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 18. Žižek’s discussion of “absent causality” is found in The Metastases of Enjoyment: Six Essays on Woman and Causality (London/New York: Verso, 1994), 29–33. 135 . Cf. my book Det postsekulära tillståndet: Religion, modernitet, politik (Göteborg: Glänta, 2009), 139–143. For Žižek’s account, see, for instance, For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor , 2nd ed. (London/New York: Verso, 2002), 261. 136 . See here Marcus Pound, Žižek: A (Very) Critical Introduction (Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2008), 85–91. 137 . Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 17f. 138 . See, for instance, Terry Eagleton, Marx and Freedom (London: Phoenix, 1997), 18f., 27. 139 . Eberhard Jüngel, God as the Mystery of the World: On the Foundation of the Theology of the Crucified One in the Dispute between Theism and Atheism , trans. Darrell L. Guder (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), 32. 140 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 244. 224 Notes

5 An Arrested Dialogue: Eagleton and Žižek

1 . Slavoj Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity versus the Misty Conceit of Paradox,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 235. 2 . Terry Eagleton, Trouble with Strangers: A Study of Ethics (Malden, Mass./ Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), vi. 3 . Ibid., 139. 4 . Ibid., 141. 5 . Ibid., 142–144. 6 . Augustine, Confessions , trans. Henry Chadwick, Oxford World’s Classics (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 3.6. 7 . Eagleton, Trouble , 310; cf. Slavoj Žižek, “Neighbors and Other Monsters: A Plea for Ethical Violence,” in The Neighbor: Three Inquires in Political Theology , eds. Slavoj Žižek, Eric L. Santner, and Kenneth Reinhard (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 2005), 310. 8 . Eagleton, Trouble , 296; cf. Slavoj Žižek, The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology (London/New York: Verso, 2000), 143. 9 . Eagleton, Trouble , 181; cf. Žižek, The Ticklish Subject , 156. 10 . Eagleton, Trouble , 280. 11 . Ibid., 276. 12 . Ibid., 287. 13 . Ibid., 301. 14 . Ibid., 292f. 15. Ibid., 301–316. 16 . Ibid., 279. 17 . Cf. Terry Eagleton, The Truth about the Irish (Dublin: New Island Books, 1999). 18 . Slavoj Žižek, In Defense of Lost Causes (London/New York, 2008), 99. 19 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 280. 20 . Ibid., 278. 21 . Eagleton, Trouble , 188. 22 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 279. 23 . Ibid., 280. 24 . Ibid., 282. 25 . Terry Eagleton, “Introduction” in Jesus Christ: The Gospels , ed. Giles Fraser (London/New York: Verso, 2007), xxif. 26 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 282f. 27 . Ibid., 283. 28 . Ibid., 281. 29 . Slavoj Žižek, “The Fear of Four Words: A Modest Plea for the Hegelian Reading of Christianity,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 74. 30 . Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity,” 287. Notes 225

31 . Ibid., 246; Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 32. 32 . On psychoanalysis and neighborly love, see, for instance, Slavoj Žižek, Enjoy Your Symptom! Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and out , 2nd ed. (New York/London: Routledge, 2001), 7f. 33 . Žižek, “Neighbors,” 143f. 34 . Ibid., 162. 35 . Žižek, “Neighbors,” 182f. 36 . Slavoj Žižek, Violence (London: Profile Books, 2008), 151. 37 . Slavoj Žižek, Living in the End Times (London/New York: Verso, 2010), 117. 38 . Žižek, “Neighbors,” 183f. 39 . Eagleton, Trouble , 307. 40 . Ibid., 58. 41 . Ibid., 59. 42 . Ibid., 60. Cf. Eagleton, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic (Malden, Mass./Oxford: Blackwells, 2003), 167. 43 . Eric Gregory, Politics and the Order of Love: An Augustinian Ethic of Democratic Citizenship (Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 2010), 42. 44 . Eagleton, Trouble , 120. 45 . Ibid., 291. 46. Ibid., 321. 47 . Anders Nygren, Agape and Eros , trans. Philip S. Watson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). For a more contemporary, and in my view more balanced, theological approach to love, see Werner G. Jeanrond, Theology of Love (London/New York: T&T Clark, 2010).

6 An Anatomy of Hope

1 . Cf. Anthony E. Mansueto, The Death of Secular Messianism: Religion and Politics in an Age of Civilizational Crisis (Eugene: Cascade Books, 2010), 22. Cf. Stéphane Mosès, The Angel of History: Rosenzweig, Benjamin, Scholem , trans. Barbara Harshav (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009), 1–14. 2 . Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), xvi. 3 . Ibid., xvi. 4 . Ibid., 4; cf. Charles Mathewes, A Theology of Public Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 37–42. 5 . McGinn, Visions , 4. 6 . Ibid., 148. 7 . Jacob Taubes, Occidental Eschatology , trans. David Ratmoko (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009). 8 . Ibid., 5. 226 Notes

9 . Cornelius Castoriadis, The Imaginary Institution of Society , trans. Kathleen Blamey (Cambridge/Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 2005), 31. 10 . Ibid., 67. 11 . Slavoj Žižek, Living in the End Times (London/New York: Verso, 2010), 117. 12 . Ibid., 336. 13 . Ibid., 337. 14 . Ibid., 116. 15 . Ibid., 119. Originally partly italicized. 16 . Terry Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right ( New H aven / L ondon: Ya le Un iversit y Press, 2011), 8. 17 . Ibid., 44. 18 . Ibid. 19 . Ibid., 47. 20 . Ibid., 48. 21 . Ibid., 50, cf. 66f. 22 . Ibid., 56. 23 . Ibid., 59f. 24 . Ibid., 61. 25 . Ibid. 26 . Ibid., 62. 27 . Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” in Illuminations , trans. Harry Zohn, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), 256, 264. 28 . Terry Eagleton, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic (Malden, Mass./ Oxford: Blackwells, 2003), 291. 29 . Ibid., 61. 30 . Charles T. Mathewes, Evil and the Augustinian Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 235. 31 . Kenneth Surin, Freedom Not Yet: Liberation and the Next World Order (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2009), 16. 32 . Terry Eagleton, “Tragedy and Revolution,” in Theology and the Political: The New Debate, eds. Creston Davis, John Milbank, and Slavoj Žižek (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2005), 8. 33 . Ibid., 12. 34 . Eagleton, Why Marx , 179. 35 . Ibid., 180. 36 . Ibid., 201. 37 . Ibid., 187. 38 . Ibid., 189. 39 . Ibid., 69. 40 . Ibid., 71. 41 . Ibid., 73. 42 . Ibid. 43 . Ibid., 76. 44 . Žižek, Living , 231. 45 . Ibid., 33. Notes 227

46 . See, especially, Slavoj Žižek, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce (London/ Brooklyn: Verso, 2009), 1, 87. 47 . Slavoj Žižek, In Defense of Lost Causes (London/New York, 2008), 141. 48 . Ibid., 176. 49 . Žižek, First , 150. 50 . Žižek, Living , 28. Cf. Žižek, Causes , chapter 9 . 51 . Žižek, First , 125. 52 . Ibid., 148f. 53 . Ibid., 154. 54 . Žižek, Living , 307. 55 . Ibid., 312. 56 . Ibid., 313. 57 . G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Mind: Translated from the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences , trans. William Wallace (New York: Cosimo Books, 2008), 161. 58 . See, for instance, Slavoj Žižek, The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2003), 5; Žižek, Causes , 195, but also Žižek’s introductions to Robespierre and Mao: Žižek, “Introduction: Mao Tse-Tung, the Marxist Lord of Misrule,” in On Practice and Contradiction , Mao Tse-Tung (London/New York: Verso, 2007); Žižek, “Introduction: Robespierre, or, the ‘Divine Violence’ of Terror,” in Virtue and Terror , Maximilien Robespierre, trans. John Howe (London/New York: Verso, 2007). 59 . Mathewes, Evil , 145. 60 . C o s t a s D o u z i n a s a n d S l a v o j Ž i ž e k , “ I n t r o d u c t i o n : T h e I d e a o f C o m m u n i s m ,” in The Idea of Communism, eds. Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: Verso, 2010), vii. 61 . Ibid., ix, viii. 62 . Taubes, Eschatology , 67. 63 . Eagleton, Why Marx , 65–67. 64 . Cf. Terry Eagleton, Marx and Freedom (London: Phoenix, 1997), 34. 65 . Eagleton, Why Marx , 79. 66 . Terry Eagleton, Reason, Faith, and Revolution: Reflections on the God Debate (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2009), 70. 67 . Eagleton, Why Marx , 95. 68 . Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Selected Works , eds. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels (New York: International Publishers, 1974), 53. Cf. Eagleton, Why Marx , 86. 69 . Ibid., 104. 70 . Ibid., 197. 71 . Terry Eagleton, “Communism: Lear or Gonzalo?,” in The Idea of Communism , eds. Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek (London/New York: Verso, 2010), 107. 72 . Eagleton, ”Communism,” 106. 73. Žižek, First , 96. 74 . Cf. Slavoj Žižek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), 25f. 228 Notes

75 . Žižek, Living , 371–375. 76 . Žižek, First , 105. 77 . Ibid., 125. 78 . Ibid. 79 . Ibid., 133. 80 . Ibid. 81 . Ibid., 135. 82 . Žižek, Cause , 185. 83 . Slavoj Žižek, The Parallax View (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006), 383–385. 84 . Žižek, First , 88f. 85 . Ibid., 92. 86 . Ibid., 138. 87 . Žižek, Living , 363. 88 . Cornel West, Prophesy Deliverance! An Afro-American Revolutionary Christianity (Louisville: Westminster John K nox Press, 20 02), 137. Original in italics. 89 . West, Prophesy , 136. 90 . Žižek, Causes , 266. 91 . Jeffrey Stout, Blessed Are the Organized: Grassroots Democracy in America (Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010), 251. 92 . Ibid., 222. 93 . Žižek, Causes , 264–333. 94 . For an extended discussion of utopia in Marx but also in theology, and the way that Marxism and Christianity relates, regarding hope, see Nicholas Lash, A Matter of Hope: A Theologian’s Reflections on the Thought of Karl Marx (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982), 231–280. 95 . Slavoj Žižek, ”Afterword” to the paperback edition, in Living in the End Times , paperback ed. (London/Brooklyn: Verso, 2011), 481. 96 . Robert W. Jenson, Systematic Theology, vol. 2: The Works of God (Oxford /New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 321. 97 . Eagleton, Why Marx , 62; Žižek, Living , 363. 98 . Alasdair MacIntyre, Marxism & Christianity , 2nd ed. (London: Duckworth, 2001), 59. 99 . Stanley Fish, The Fugitive in Flight: Faith, Liberalism, and Law in a Classic TV Show (Philadelphia/Oxford: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 11, 16–18, 84, 95f., 139. 100 . Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation (Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2008), 32. 101 . Ibid., 95. 102 . Ibid., 97. 103 . Ibid., 104. 104 . Ibid., 121. 105. Slavoj Žižek, “Dialectical Clarity versus the Misty Conceit of Paradox,” in The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic , ed. Creston Davis (Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 2009), 290. 106 . Lear, Hope , 141, 146. Italics originally in the first quote. Notes 229

107 . Walter Brueggemann, The Prophetic Imagination , 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 111. 108 . Cf. Cornel West, The Ethical Dimension of Marxist Thought (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995), 35f. 109 . Cf. Roland Boer, Political Myth: On the Use and Abuse of Biblical Themes (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2009). 110 . Karl Löwith, Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949), 46. Cf. Taubes, Eschatology . 111 . Graham Ward, Cultural Transformation and Religious Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 170f. 112 . Bernard Yack, The Longing for Total Revolution: Philosophical Sources of Social Discontent from Rousseau to Marx and Nietzsche (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 282. 113 . John Gray, Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 1.

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Index of Names

Abraham, patriarch 85f Chiapello, Eve 210 Agamben, Giorgio 15 , 154 , 207 , Crites, Stephen 103 , 212 , 218 216 , 218 Crockett, Clayton 206 , 218 Althusser, Louis 41 , 43f , 48–52 , 210 Cyprian of Carthage 202 Amis, Martin 44 Arendt, Hannah 121 Dalai Lama 25 Aristotle 150f , 160 , 199f Daly, Glyn 207f Augustine 63f , 70 , 94 , 147 , 159 , Davis, Creston 206 , 218 165 , 170 , 212f , 224 Dawkins, Richard 16 , 18 , 23 , 69 , 110 , 219 Badiou, Alain 15 , 20 , 22 , 214–216 De Nys, Martin J. 218 Barthes, Roland 48 Deleuze, Gilles 20 Beckett, Samuel 151 , 178 Dennett, Daniel 16 , 23 , 110 Benjamin, Walter 7 , 16 , 172 , Depoortere, Frederiek 206 175 , 205 Derrida, Jacques 24 , 72f , 80 Bernstein, Richard J. 35 , 209 , Descartes, René 35 , 111 , 179 215 , 218 , 220f Douzinas, Costas 180 , 227 Boer, Roland 206 , 229 Boltanski, Luc 51 Eastwood, Clint 18 Boucher, Geoff 206f Eichmann, Adolf 125 Brontë, Emily 206 Engels, Friedrich 28 , 30 , 56 , Brueggemann, Walter 196 , 229 182 , 208 , 227 Burke, Edmund 151 Bush, George 115 Fanon, Frantz 68 Feuerbach, Ludwig 64 , 87 , 135f Calvin, Jean 212 Fish, Stanley 35 , 192f , 228 Cameron, James 9 Foucault, Michel 19f Cash, Johnny 9 , 133 Freud, Sigmund 13 , 44 , 64 , 69 , Castoriadis, Cornelius 166 , 81 , 84 , 87 , 90 , 104 , 122–125 , 171 , 226 127 , 129 , 152 , 155 , 158 , Certeau, Michel de 43 , 210 178 , 215 , 221 Chesterton, G. K. 23f , 208 Fukuyama, Francis 6 , 16 , 205 242 Index of Names

Gilson, Étienne 111 Kirsch, Adam 207 Girard, René 73f , 213 Kleist, Heinrich von 152f Goodchild, Philip 212 Kotsko, Adam 206 , 214f Gray, John 202 , 229 Kristeva, Julia 19 , 138f , 223 Gregory, Eric 159 , 225 Labbie, Erin Felicia 138 , 223 Habermas, Jürgen 19 , 48 Lacan, Jacques 9 , 13 , 20 , 44f , 49 , Hegel, G. W. F. 3f , 13 , 23f , 33 , 39 , 54–58 , 60 , 81 , 91 , 93 , 98f , 45 , 47f , 53 , 57 , 69 , 82–84 , 115 , 126–128 , 138f , 146–149 , 87–89 , 91 , 96 , 100 , 103–107 , 155f , 158 , 160 , 178 , 199 , 117 , 119 , 125f , 131 , 133f , 136 , 201 , 210 , 214–218 , 222 138 , 143 , 145 , 150f , 154 , 159f, Laclau, Ernesto 21f, 48f , 207f 166 , 177–179 , 199 , 201 , 217f , Lash, Nicholas 30 , 208 , 228 220 , 227 Lear, Jonathan 76 , 100 , Heidegger, Martin 20 , 81 , 111 , 193–197 , 205 , 214 , 129f , 222 218 , 221 , 228 Hitchens, Christopher 16 , 18 , 23 Lenin, Vladimir 21 , 26 , Hogrebe, Wolfram 127 , 222 134 , 176 , 178 , 185 , 188f Leo XIII 110f Isaiah, prophet 28f , 196 Lévinas, Emmanuel 24 , 72 , 156 Locke, John 34 Jeanrond, Werner G. 225 Lossky, Vladimir 95 Jenson, Matt 212f Löwith, Karl 6 , 202 , 205 , 229 Jenson, Robert W. 191 , 228 Luther, Martin 64–66 , 78 , Jesus Christ 18 , 29 , 67 , 71f , 83 , 92 , 94 , 101 , 126 , 74f , 92 , 97 , 196 160f , 187 , 212 , 215 , 216f Joachim of Fiore 166 John Paul II 25 MacIntyre, Alasdair 8 , 192 , Johnson, Alan 207 205 , 228 Joyce, James 151 Malebranche, Nicolas 133 Jüngel, Eberhard 140f , 223 Man, Paul de 48 Mann, Thomas 9 Kant, Immanuel 4 , 54 , 80 , 84 , 86 , Mansueto, Anthony E. 225 88 , 96 , 107 , 111 , 121–123 , Mao, Tse-Tung 21 , 175 , 179 , 227 126–131 , 135 , 151 , 159 , Marion, Jean-Luc 216 192 , 221f Maritain, Jacques 111 Kautsky, Karl 56 Marx, Karl 1–7 , 11–13 , 15–18 , Kavanagh, Patrick 124 , 142 , 221 20–28 , 30–34 , 39 , 41–43 , 47 , Kay, Sarah 13 , 206 , 211 49 , 50f , 55–57 , 61 , 67, 78 , 82 , Kenny, Anthony 219 86 , 102 , 111f , 121 , 123 , 140 , Kerr, Fergus 219 143 , 150 , 152 , 160 , 164–166 , Kierkegaard, Søren 12 , 98 , 125 , 168–178 , 181–184 , 187–191 , 133 , 196, 205 197–203 , 205 , 208 , 212 , King, Larry 24 214 , 227f Index of Names 243

Mathewes, Charles. T. 179 , Schelling, F. W. J. 4 , 13 , 22 , 24 , 89 , 221 , 225f , 227 109 , 126–137 , 139–142 , McCabe, Herbert 14f , 19 , 24 , 66f , 147 , 199–201 , 221f 72 , 109–116 , 121–123 , 126 , Schiller, Friedrich 84 213 , 219–221 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 70 , 212 McGinn, Bernard 165 , 225 Schmitt, Carl 7 , 133 , 205 Melville, Herman 187 Scott, Ridley 147 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 38f , 209 Shakespeare, William 9 , 45 , 206 Milbank, John 21f , 102 , 152 , 206 Sharpe, Matthew 206f Mill, John Stuart 118 , 220 Smith, James 14 , 206 Miller, Jacques-Alain 20 Sontag, Susan 19 Milton, John 74 , 122 , 221 Spence, Basil 112 Morton, Adam 220–221 Stalin, Josef 31–33 , 56 , 82 , 99 , Moses 86f 175 , 183 Mosès, Stéphane 225 Stendahl, Krister 216 Mulhall, Stephen 69 , 212 Stout, Jeffrey 190 , 228 Surin, Kenneth 173 , 221 , 226 Nancy, Jean Luc 71 , 213 Svenungsson, Jayne 206 Nietzsche, Friedrich 71 , 90 , 94 , 112 , 121 , 200 Taubes, Jacob 166 , 180f , 202 , Nygren, Anders 160f , 225 216 , 225 , 227 , 229 Taylor, Charles 42 , 139f , 210 , 223 O’Regan, Cyril 12 , 206 Therborn, Göran 1 , 15 , 205f Osama bin Ladin 18 Thomas Aquinas 4 , 13–15 , 19 , 24 , 36–38 , 63f , 67f , 78 , 81 , 102 , Parks, Rosa 153 107 , 109–116 , 118 , 122–124 , Pascal, Blaise 49 , 210 126–129 , 135 , 137–142 , Paul, apostle 22 , 26 , 68 , 74 , 88 , 147–150 , 184 , 199–202 , 209 , 90–94 , 99 , 133 , 155 , 160f , 211 , 219 , 221 178 , 184 , 214f , 216 , 218 Turner, Denys 28 , 30 , 206 , 208 Pêcheux, Michel 48 Plato 160f , 185 , 196 Velde, Rudi te 219 Plenty Coups 193–196 Pol Pot 31f Wachowski, Larry and Andy 134 Pound, Marcus 206 , 223 Ward, Graham 202 , 218 , 229 West, Cornel 11 , 188–190 , Richardson, Samuel 206 205 , 228f Ricoeur, Paul 105 , 218 Wilde, Oscar 151 Robespierre, Maximilien de 21 , Williams, Raymond 19 179 , 227 Williams, Rowan 217 Rorty, Richard 35 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 14 , 79 , 81 , 111

Santner, Eric L. 135f , 215 , 223 Yack, Bernard 202 , 229 Sartre, Jean-Paul 71 , 123 Yovel, Yirmiyahu 105f , 218