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Federalism and Democracy in Pakistan
ISAS Working Paper No. 216 – 19 November 2015 Institute of South Asian Studies National University of Singapore 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace #08-06 (Block B) Singapore 119620 Tel: (65) 6516 4239 Fax: (65) 6776 7505 www.isas.nus.edu.sg http://southasiandiaspora.org A Tortured History: Federalism and Democracy in Pakistan The Pakistan Army’s ideological hegemony, especially in the country’s Punjabi-speaking heartland, the continuing focus on the state’s narrative of a religion-based unitary identity which is under a constant external threat, and the failures of the political parties to rein in the military and address ethno-nationalist sentiments impede the growth of democracy and federalism in this key South Asian nation-state. Aasim Sajjad Akhtar1 On 11 May 2013, Pakistan’s people issued an electoral verdict in favour of the Pakistan Muslim League – Nawaz (PML-N), whose leader Nawaz Sharif was later installed as the country’s Prime Minister for the third time, almost fourteen years after he was unceremoniously ousted in a military coup half-way through his second term in power. The election was historic for numerous reasons, not least for signifying the first successful transfer of power from one elected civilian regime to 1 Dr Aasim Sajjad Akhtar is Visiting Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS), an autonomous research institute at the National University of Singapore. He can be contacted at [email protected]. The author, not ISAS, is responsible for the facts cited and opinions expressed in this paper. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the ISAS Annual Conference held in Singapore in November 2014. -
Mapping Pakistan's Internal Dynamics
the national bureau of asian research nbr special report #55 | february 2016 mapping pakistan’s internal dynamics Implications for State Stability and Regional Security By Mumtaz Ahmad, Dipankar Banerjee, Aryaman Bhatnagar, C. Christine Fair, Vanda Felbab-Brown, Husain Haqqani, Mahin Karim, Tariq A. Karim, Vivek Katju, C. Raja Mohan, Matthew J. Nelson, and Jayadeva Ranade cover 2 NBR Board of Directors Charles W. Brady George Davidson Tom Robertson (Chairman) Vice Chairman, M&A, Asia-Pacific Vice President and Chairman Emeritus HSBC Holdings plc Deputy General Counsel Invesco LLC Microsoft Corporation Norman D. Dicks John V. Rindlaub Senior Policy Advisor Gordon Smith (Vice Chairman and Treasurer) Van Ness Feldman LLP Chief Operating Officer President, Asia Pacific Exact Staff, Inc. Wells Fargo Richard J. Ellings President Scott Stoll George F. Russell Jr. NBR Partner (Chairman Emeritus) Ernst & Young LLP Chairman Emeritus R. Michael Gadbaw Russell Investments Distinguished Visiting Fellow David K.Y. Tang Institute of International Economic Law, Managing Partner, Asia Karan Bhatia Georgetown University Law Center K&L Gates LLP Vice President & Senior Counsel International Law & Policy Ryo Kubota Tadataka Yamada General Electric Chairman, President, and CEO Venture Partner Acucela Inc. Frazier Healthcare Dennis Blair Chairman Melody Meyer President Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA Honorary Directors U.S. Navy (Ret.) Chevron Asia Pacific Exploration and Production Company Maria Livanos Cattaui Chevron Corporation Lawrence W. Clarkson Secretary General (Ret.) Senior Vice President International Chamber of Commerce Pamela S. Passman The Boeing Company (Ret.) President and CEO William M. Colton Center for Responsible Enterprise Thomas E. Fisher Vice President and Trade (CREATe) Senior Vice President Corporate Strategic Planning Unocal Corporation (Ret.) Exxon Mobil Corporation C. -
Religion, Politics and Governance in Pakistan
Religions and Development Research Programme Religion, Politics and Governance in Pakistan Mohammed Waseem Mariam Mufti Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Working Paper 27- 2009 Religions and Development Research Programme The Religions and Development Research Programme Consortium is an international research partnership that is exploring the relationships between several major world religions, development in low-income countries and poverty reduction. The programme is comprised of a series of comparative research projects that are addressing the following questions: z How do religious values and beliefs drive the actions and interactions of individuals and faith-based organisations? z How do religious values and beliefs and religious organisations influence the relationships between states and societies? z In what ways do faith communities interact with development actors and what are the outcomes with respect to the achievement of development goals? The research aims to provide knowledge and tools to enable dialogue between development partners and contribute to the achievement of development goals. We believe that our role as researchers is not to make judgements about the truth or desirability of particular values or beliefs, nor is it to urge a greater or lesser role for religion in achieving development objectives. Instead, our aim is to produce systematic and reliable knowledge and better understanding of the social world. The research focuses on four countries (India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Tanzania), enabling the research team to study most of the major world religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and African traditional belief systems. The research projects will compare two or more of the focus countries, regions within the countries, different religious traditions and selected development activities and policies. -
Ethnic Federalism in Pakistan: Federal Design, Construction of Ethno-Linguistic Identity & Group Conflict
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HBK\30-1\HBK103.txt unknown Seq: 1 6-JUN-14 9:38 ETHNIC FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN: FEDERAL DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNO-LINGUISTIC IDENTITY & GROUP CONFLICT Maryam S. Khan* Region-based political groups in Pakistan have historically mobilized for political power largely around ethnic and linguistic identities. Since colonial times, there has been a history of political bargaining by groups in the Indian subcontinent along ethnic lines.1 From amongst the different ethnic groups that formed part of Pakistan at its inception, the Bengalis, Sindhis, Pakhtuns and Balochis were, at different moments in pre-parti- tion India, known for their vociferous political agitation against the Brit- ish colonizers.2 To varying extents, their political agitation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took the form of organized movements that called for British withdrawal from India on the one hand and territorial and political independence for these groups on the other.3 With the creation of Pakistan and the merging of these groups into a sin- gle polity, the groups’ demands for territorial independence transformed into agitation for regional political autonomy within the new nation- * An earlier draft of this article was presented at the Comparative Constitutional Law Colloquium at Northwestern University School of Law in January 2014, and at the International Conference on ‘Re-envisioning Pakistan: The Political Economy of So- cial Transformation’ at Sarah Lawrence College in April 2014. My greatest intellec- tual debt for this research project is to Peter H. Schuck who inspired me to think courageously and in whose company my ideas first took root. -
Pakistan. Country Overview — 3
European Asylum Support Office EASO Country of Origin Information Report Pakistan Country Overview August 2015 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO EASO Country of Origin Information Report Pakistan Country Overview August 2015 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN 978-92-9243-510-3 doi:10.2847/991158 © European Asylum Support Office, 2015 Neither EASO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. EASO Country of Origin Information Report — Pakistan. Country Overview — 3 Acknowledgments EASO would like to acknowledge the following national asylum and migration departments as the co-authors of this report: Austria, Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum, Country of Origin Information Department Belgium, Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Cedoca (Centre for Documentation and Research) France, French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless persons (OFPRA), Information, Documentation and Research Division Hungary, Office of Immigration and Nationality, Documentation Centre UK, Home Office, Country Policy and Information Team The following departments reviewed this report: Ireland, Refugee Documentation Centre, Legal Aid Board Lithuania, Migration Department under Ministry of Internal Affairs, Asylum Affairs Division UNHCR has reviewed the report in relation to information for which UNHCR is quoted as the source, relating to persons of concern to UNHCR in Pakistan (refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless persons in Pakistan, as well as IDPs). -
Federalism in Pakistan
24 ASIAN AFFAIRS political unity between various social entities in a society in large number of nation-states, springs from constitutional foundations. In the case of Pakistan, a heterogeneous society being divided into a FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN : number of ethnic and linguistic groups, federalism has been considered an important means to secure political harmony in the ISSUES AND ADJUSTMENT country. Since the partition of Pakistan to the present, the question of federalism has occupied an important position in all the constitutional debates. Federalism emerged on the political scene as a leading Mansoor Akber Kundi demand by all federal units as a device to safeguard their interests Arbab Mohammad Jahangir against the central government by having adequate constitutional leverage in running their administrative and economic affairs.3 he adoption of a constitution is a momentous event in the life of This paper is an attempt to analyze the constitutional foundations Tnation. A constitutional charter is a document of past struggles, of federalism in Pakistan. It will focus on the major constitutional achievements issues, arguments and compromises which have been developments made in Pakistan for the promotion of federalism, by crystallised and purified. It is at the same time a practical machinery examining the issues and adjustments involved. of government, a code of conduct for the statesmen of the present. It is also finally a symbol of hopes and aspirations to the entire nation it The Pre-Partition Historical Background 1 serves. Demands were made for the promotion of federalism by the Muslim League, Indian National Congress, Pakhtoon’s Khudai Khidmatgar Federalism is a form of government in which powers are divided Movement, and other political groups during all the constitutional between the central government for the whole country and debates in British India. -
Federalism, Provincial Autonomy, and Conflicts
Federalism, Provincial Autonomy, and Conflicts Zubair Faisal Abbasi Supported by Center for Peace and Development Initiatives (CPDI) acknowledges the support of Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit for providing financial assistance to conduct this research. The information presented here would not have been possible without inputs from various stakeholders from the industry, government and civil society. Despite all the assistance received, the author personally assumes the responsibility of any omissions. Centre for Peace and Development Initiatives (CPDI) 133 | Street 48 | F-11/3 | Islamabad Tel: +92 51 210 82 87, 211 23 15, 431 94 30 Fax: +92 51 210 15 94 email: [email protected] www.cpdi-pakistan.org supported by Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit P.O Box 1733, Islamabad - Pakistan Tel: +92-51-2 27 88 96, 2 82 08 96 Fax: +92-51-2 27 99 15 E-mail: [email protected] Url: www.southasia.fnst.org ISBN: 978-969-9622-00-7 No of printed copies: 1000 Islamabad, December 2010 Center for peace and Development Initiatives (CPDI) would welcome reproduction and dissemination of the contents of the report with due acknowledgments. CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii 1. Federalism 1 1.1 Concept of Federalism 2 1.2 Modes of Federalism 3 1.3 Evolution of Federalism 3 1.4 Federalism and Consociationalism 4 2. Federalism and Conflict 7 2.1 India: Federalism and Conflict 8 2.2 Indonesia and Malaysia: Federalism and Conflict 10 2.3 Nigeria: Federalism and Conflict 12 2.4 Sri Lanka and Iraq: Federalism and Conflict 12 2.5 Federalism, Regional Autonomy and Conflict – A Case for Consociationalism 13 3. -
Annual Report 2007 – 2008 Ministry of External Affairs
Annual Report 2007 – 2008 Ministry of External Affairs Government of India Published by: Policy Planning and Research Division, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi This Annual Report can also be accessed at website: www.mea.gov.in Designed and printed by: Cyberart Informations Pvt. Ltd. 1517 Hemkunt Chambers, 89 Nehru Place, New Delhi 110019 E mail: [email protected] Website: www.cyberart.co.in Contents Introduction and Synopsis i-xvi 1. India’s Neighbours 1 2. South East Asia and the Pacific 19 3. East Asia 31 4. Eurasia 36 5. The Gulf, West Asia and North Africa 42 6. Africa (South of Sahara) 55 7. Europe 69 8. The Americas 82 9. United Nations and International Organizations 89 10. Multilateral Economic Relations 101 11. Technical & Economic Cooperation and Development Partnership 108 12. Investment and Technology Promotion 111 13. Policy Planning and Research 113 14. Protocol 114 15. Consular, Passport and Visa Services 120 16. Administration and Establishment 123 17. Coordination 127 18. External Publicity 129 19. Foreign Service Institute 135 20. Implementation of Official Language Policy and 138 Propagation of Hindi Abroad 21. Indian Council for Cultural Relations 140 22. Indian Council of World Affairs 143 23. Research and Information System for Developing Countries 144 24. Library 147 Appendices Appendix I Cadre strength at Headquarters and Missions/Posts abroad during 2007-08 (including posts budgeted by Ministry of Commerce and those ex-cadred etc.) 151 Appendix II Recruitment made in various groups in the Ministry of External Affairs and reserved vacancies filled by Scheduled Caste/Schedule Tribe/ Other Backward Classes (OBC) categories from April to November 2007. -
Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds
IRAQI FEDERALISM AND THE KURDS As a consequence of the US intervention in Iraq, Kurdish autonomous provinces have contributed actively to a de facto ethno-federalism analyzed here for the first time in a remarkable scholarly study by Alex Danilovich. Gérard Chaliand, Nanyang University, Singapore Putting forward a bold and vigorous case for a federal solution to Iraq’s current social and political fragmentation Danilovich is under no illusions as to the problems and pitfalls to be encountered, and indeed transcended, if Iraq as a state is to survive. This book will raise a few heckles in some quarters perhaps, but it is nonetheless an honest attempt by a well-informed outsider to weigh the possibilities calmly and dispassionately. To those lay readers not directly involved in Iraq and its problems, it is certainly a refreshing antidote to the notion of Iraq’s future as an endless cortege of funerals and car bombs. Nigel M. Greaves, University of Kurdistan Hawler, Iraq This timely book provides a thorough, systematic and detailed appreciation of an ever-sensitive issue. Valuable on-the-spot insight is combined with sober and lucid academic analysis of a high order. Anyone seeking an accessible and penetrating understanding of the structures, the core issues, and the condition of contemporary Baghdad—Kurdish relations will be well-advised to consult this book. James H. Wyllie, University of Aberdeen, UK Whether federalism can successfully prevent deeply-divided countries from breaking apart is one of the central questions of the contemporary era. Through a thoroughly-researched in-depth analysis of the Kurdish case, this book makes a significant contribution to scholarship on the territorial-political impact of federalism and post-conflict reconstruction in Iraq. -
Standing Committee Presentation
REGIONAL STRATEGIC PRESENTATION SUMMARY TO 38th STANDING COMMITTEE MEETING (6-9 March 2007) Bureau for Asia and the Pacific Part A: Introduction In 2006, UNHCR embarked on a restructuring process which resulted in the reconfiguration of the Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, which now includes South-west Asia (Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan), as well as Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). The new structure became effective on 1 January 2007 and this note reflects the expanded geographical coverage. Some 5.82 million people are currently forcibly displaced and/or in need of solutions in the Asia-Pacific region. These include over 4.1 million asylum-seekers and refugees, as well as some 754,0001 internally displaced persons (IDPs). The overall figure also refers to some 426,000 refugees and IDP returnees, as well as 976,000 stateless and other people of concern to UNHCR. The region is host to a number of protracted refugee situations, both in urban and camp-based contexts, which continue to require urgent and bold action to devise solutions in a humanitarian manner. The number of refugees in camps totals more than 1.48 million, most of whom have been in camps for more than 15 years. During 2006, major progress was made in identifying durable solutions through the strategic use of resettlement for Myanmar refugees in Thailand, Malaysia and to some degree in Bangladesh. Similarly, significant progress was made in finding durable solutions for Tajik and Afghan refugees in Central Asia. In Nepal, the Government agreed to UNHCR carrying out a census of the camp population, which began in November 2006. -
Federalism in Pakistan, Current Developments
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences April 2012, Vol. 2, No. 4 ISSN: 2222-6990 Federalism in Pakistan, Current Developments Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat Chairperson, Department of Political Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Email: [email protected] Ghulam Ali Department of Political Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Muhammad Salman Azhar Lecturer, Department of Management Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Abstract Purpose of this study is to elaborate the political issues and challenges faces by the federation of Pakistan during and after the Gen. Pervez Musharraf government. In this paper effort is made to discuss those issues on the biases of which politics of federalism started in the country. Pinching problems that caused disintegration to Pakistan are also discussed. Those issues are also discussed in details which are a constant threat to the “new federation of Pakistan”. Authors also focus on the 2008 elections and its consequences on Pakistan politics. All the results of this research are proved via review of the previous literature. Researchers have proved that as Pakistan has a diversified culture so federalism is best suited for its political structure. Researchers have also discussed few suggestive solutions for better bureaucracy. Keywords: Politics, Federalism, Regime In 2008 elections PPP emerged as the majority party and succeeded in framing a coalition government. Before elections it publicized its manifesto and proclaimed to provide more provincial autonomy to the provinces, decentralization of power and to boast up economic conditions of the people of all provinces. After assuming power it formed a parliamentary committee on constitutional reforms to prepare a constitutional draft for the decentralization of powers according to the charter of democracy. -
Federalism in Pakistan: of Promises and Perils by Zubair Shahid
DOI: 10.1515/pof-2015-0006 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 1, 2015 ISSN: 2036-5438 Federalism in Pakistan: Of Promises and Perils by Zubair Shahid Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 7, issue 1, 2015 © 2015. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons E -117 Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 License. (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) DOI: 10.1515/pof-2015-0006 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 1, 2015 Abstract This paper presents the case of Pakistan, which is also broadly illustrative of the issues concerning federalism and subnational empowerment in developing countries characterized by unconsolidated political systems and enhanced constitutionalism. In the course of the analysis, this paper examines the dynamics and determinants of federalist/subnational politics in Pakistan, the formal constitutional and ordinance frameworks stipulated in support of federalism and subnational governance. The analysis shall be focused on the Local Governments Ordinance of 2001 and the 18th Constitutional Amendment, as these have been the most substantive attempts at subnational constitutionalism that were instituted under opposing political systems, and the extent to which they have enabled greater prospects for a stable federation while also examining the challenges that the radical departure under the 18th Constitutional Amendment put forth. Key-words Federalism, Decentralization, Fiscal federalism, Inter-governmental relations, Public finance, Subnational governance, Reform consolidation, State building © 2015. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons E -118 Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 License. (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) DOI: 10.1515/pof-2015-0006 VOLUME 7, ISSUE 1, 2015 1. Introduction Against the backdrop of globalization, increasing supra-national influences, democratization waves, and ever-increasing avenues for ethnic and regional interest articulation, the reconsideration of national governance structure has emerged as an important reform agenda.