Ethno-Federalism, Nationalization of Parties

CEU eTD Collection

ETHNO In partial fulfillmentIn therequirements of forthedegreeMaster of Arts of - FEDERALISM, OF OFPAKISTAN GOVERNANCE:CASE LOCAL THE Supervisor NATIONALIZATION OFPARTIESNATIONALIZATION Department Political Science of Central University European Word Count: Gul Budapest, HungaryBudapest, : Prof.Bogaards Matthijs Submitted to - i - Hina Shahzad Hina 2015

14,605

AND THE DYNAMICS THE AND

CEU eTD Collection nationalization words Key grants diversity towards shift Pakistan’s Whether adopting fairly substantially My findings suggest that devolution of power p as method de scores Baluchistan. and Punjab of provinces the lines ethnic alongprovinces reorganizationof pro Pakistan of case the account into takes it specifically, ethno of question the with deals it Primarily, minorities. multipl accommodating in help can Abstract nationalized in Pakistan. in nationalized c ess of democratizing. It regional. and the readiness of theand considergovernment to thereadinessfederal before and after devolution devolution after and before This thesis

or not depends on depends not or ethno

Fdrls, oiia dcnrlzto, ethno decentralization, political Federalism, : roposed by Jones and Mainwaring and Jones by roposed

at the national level thenational at , political -

federalism federalism age ht aitn s n h poes f eoig n ethno an becoming of process the in is Pakistan that argue I

seeks to analyze how federalism along with representation, politics provincial might lead to further denationalization of parties and party systems party and parties of denationalization further to lead might

discusses the prospects of I

the federal design it constitutes, the extent o extent the constitutes, it design federal the calculate party nationalization scores by using the Gini coefficient coefficient Gini the using by scores nationalization party calculate . Hence, I look at the provincial parties and and parties the provincial Iat look Hence, ethno of power of iette, neet and interests identities, e - federalism federalism Using compa Using in Pakistan, Pakistan, in

does does not impact and its consequences for social and ethnic peace in peaceethnic and social consequences for its and using the Election Commission of Pakistan data. Pakistan of Commission Election the using i

will help the federation in managing ethnic ethnic managing in federation the help will ethno - rative analysis of the party nationalization nationalization party the of analysis rative

an ethnically diverse country still in still country diverse ethnically an I show that the that Ishow

- - - federalism in Pakistan eeaim n non in federalism federalism,

the the ethnic group’sthe ethnic demands decentralized levels of governance oiia rpeetto o ethnic of representation political nationalization nationalization scores of parties

political parties are quite quite are parties political ethnic minorities, party party minorities, ethnic f regional autonomy it it autonomy regional f analyze that analyze that - - democracies and, and, democracies eea sae and state federal

–

the

territorial territorial they are they .

th e .

CEU eTD Collection

would alsoto like Foremost, valuable guidancevaluable throughout andHewriting thisthesis. research support my andhas an been of immense sourceand consultationI throughout ofmotivation research.Besides, the course ofmy grateful to I would like to expressgratitude my would like to for Bruno Castanho ESilva Bruno Castanho thank Prof. early AntonPelinka for consultationsonmy his Iam research. also Acknowledgements measurements.

for providingandme hisassistance inmethods ii

my supervisor

Prof. Matthijs Bogaards Matthijs Prof.

for his for

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography 2:PartyAppendix wise total 1:PartyAppendix wise total(General votes polled Elections 2008) Map 1:Ethno Conclusion Chapter Parties 3:ProvincialPolitical inPakistan Chapter of 2:Nationalization Parties Political inPakistan Chapter AnEthno 1: Pakistan: MethodologyData and Collection Theoretical Framework Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract Table Contentsof 3.2 Provincial Parties Political ofPakistan Decentralization3.1 Political and Regional Parties 2.4 Discussionof and Results Analysis 2.3 Calculation of PartyNationalization Scores for Pakistan of2.2 SelectionMeasuring Political of theNationalization themethod: 2.1 Conceptualizationand Measuremen Is1.3 (ethno)for federalism? Pakistanready 1.2 Federalism, and Ethnicity Secessionist Movements: The and case Baluchistan Punjab of 1.1 Nature DevelopmeDemocracy and Constitutional of 3.2.2 If3.2.2 are Regional Parties Ethn 3.2.1Comparison Punjab of and Politics Baluchistan Provincial 2.4.2 Factors affectingof party Nationalization andparties systems 2.4.1 Comparison Party of Scores ofPakistanNationalization withother countries 1.2.2 BaluchNationalist Movement 1. 2.1SaraikiMovement Province

......

...... - linguistic composition in Pakistan in composition linguistic

......

...... votes polled (General Elections 2013) - Federal State? ......

...... ic?

......

...... t: Nationalizationoft: Partyand SystemsParties ......

......

...... iii

...... -

Is All Politics Local?Is AllPolitics ......

......

...... nt in Pakistan nt in ......

......

...... Parties inPakistan ......

......

.. 58 53 51 50 48 45 44 41 39 38 36 35 33 30 29 23 22 19 17 15 14 10

ii 9 7 3 1

CEU eTD Collection ethno of adoption the does impact what Pakistan, of case the in Specifically, level? to (de)nationalization of par t Therefore, full a specifically at l the provincial It will also seek to understand in democracies, non in country of identities and interests accomm in helps federalism how of question the to given been has attention conflicts ethnic mitigating for tool effective an be and functional democracies. exist more in the countries that are not yet democratic or fully democratic than in well societies homogeneous 2 (Lijphart in than divisions societal deep have which countries in governance dealing with ethnic pluralism in heterogeneous societies. an be considereddecentralizationto is with political coupledFederalism decentralized. the governanceto systemof centralized from are moving countries moreand more Introduction y - As Pakistan As Previous studies have taken into as research science political in topic important increasingly an become has Federalism salse dmcay s yet as democracy established 004) his t his - . Moreover, there is consensus among experts that the ethnic or societal divisions divisions societal or ethnic the that experts among consensus is there Moreover, . democracies. While While democracies. my my research hesis

is a highly heterogeneous society, an ethno an society, heterogeneous highlya is

will deal will

ethnic, religious or linguistic minority groups within a heterogeneous a within groups minority linguistic or religious ethnic, ties

will will

evel the relationship of ethno

, giving more strength to the ethnic political parties at the provincial with deal deal with .

various scholars have studied federalism and e and federalism studied have scholars various two i bcms n neetn cs t suy n hs regard. this in study to case interesting an becomes it , account different aspects of federalism and suggested it to

overarching questions. First, questions. overarching this this aspect in non 1

Sel ad aoy 2000) Mahony and (Siegle - federalism and the strength of ethnic parties It is more difficult to establish democratic - democracies democracies or aspiring democracies - f ederation d oes ethnic federalism lead lead federalism ethnic oes effective mechanism for effectivefor mechanism

(Juhász 2005) (Juhász dtn multiple odating . However, less less However, . thnic diversity thnic - - established federalism federalism , and not and , .

CEU eTD Collection conclusion provides synthesis ofmyarguments suggestsrecommendations. and policy further The in Pakistan. politics dynamicsprovincial of the are whatand ones national the differentfrom assemblies. provincial parties political provincial of role the furth to lead parties political state. the prospects of ethnic federalism in Pakistan and analyzes if Pakistan is becoming an ethno federal use data and methodology describesthe and research, the foradopted higherand with the thelatter a representation political in differential highest the have provinces two these that fact the by substantiated also is selection This respectively. Pakistan, in provinces developed theleast and most are the Baluchistan they because and Punjabprovinces of minorities? ethnic regional the of representation what have consequencesit for does thepolitical stability, social and ethnic peace and the political have on the (dis)integration of political parties in t h second The The thesis proceeds in the following manner. It discusses the theoretical framework framework theoretical the discusses It manner. following the in proceeds thesis The chapter deals with the question of whether strengthening of ethnic regional regional ethnic of strengthening whether of question the with deals chapter This This er de er

hpe as eaie wy rvnil oiia pry syste party political provincial why examines also chapter lower representation. level of - nationalization of parties. The third and final chapter analyzes chapter final and third The parties. of nationalization and their representation at the provincial government and government provincial the at representation their and 2 he provinces of Punjab and Baluchistan?

It is notewor is It t the national level; the former with the the with former the level; national the t

thy to mention that I that mention to thy d. The first The chapter assesses chapterassesses focus on the the on focus

Second, ms are are ms

CEU eTD Collection decisions” final makes it which on activities some has government of kind each that way a such in government central a and governments regional between divided are government of activities follows: as federalism of definitions the incorporate region their of people of homogeneity’ decentralization centers multiple federal and regional government their impactgroups. ontheofethnic representation analyze to and national, the to provinciallinking in parties political of role the analyzing towards t in operate that parties political those about known is less even Pakistan, in are parties’ ‘national the national how on done been has research lead nationalist parties, it is expected that granting powermore to the provinces along eth groups. at the national level and also ass the nation political parties will the provide necessary betweenlinkage the dynamics of local governance and inter the on often is focusthe federalism,evaluating While parties. political of nationalization the of is Theoretical Framework

- o ute ‘ further to governmental interactions and the role of political parties is overlooked, however, st however, overlooked, is parties political of role the and interactions governmental

h ltrtr o fdrls fcss oty n tw on mostly focuses federalism on literature The This research consists of two bod Pakistan has a multi a has Pakistan al governance. My research

(Oates 1972)

and eainlzto’ f at pltc i Pksa. upiig s t a se, no seem, may it as Surprising Pakistan. in politics party of denationalization’ Eaa 1966) (Elazar

emphasize thatdecentralized levels ofgovernment entails ‘higher preference (Enikolopov and Zhuravskaya 2007) Zhuravskaya and (Enikolopov , and provides incentives to the local politicians to respond to the needs - party system which constitutes more of regional parties and less of of less and parties regional of more constitutes which system party esses the provincial parties and

(Riker 1975) nklpv n Zhuravskaya and Enikolopov analyze ies of literature: one is of ethno s

he provinces. Hence, my research is the first step step first the is research my Hence, provinces. he and distribution or decentralization of power among

the the nature of (de)nationalization of political parties 3

“A

apcs dvso o pwr among power of division aspects: o oiia ognzto i wih the which in organization political their their role in .

For the purposes of this thesis, I thesis, this of purposes the For highlight the benefits of fiscal fiscal of benefits the highlight - federalism and the second re presentation of ethnic nic lines may udying udying

CEU eTD Collection 2005) sovereignty for demands the increases ultimately this and country, the of terms in unit that of differentiation of level the increases it to secessionism through the regional distribution of pow 2009) O'Leary and (McGarry n pluralistic and ethnic ‘common that to belonging of sense the feel communities ethnic conflicts as the issue becomes not merely about those ethnic communities’ rights but if those establish to groups these allows arrangementinstitutional and sentiments separatist the inculcate may lines ethnic concern the expressed have scholars some However, specific a with associated intentionally is unit governance ethno an Hales, heterogeneity ethnicand national structure federal a in work and heterogeneous ethnicallyand nationally language,religion tribe, ethnicity, race, as such category, ascriptive certain a to belong that people of group a is group (Watts 1996, 7) self regional and institutions common through 101) 1975, (Riker .

According to Philip Roeder, the ethno the Roeder, Philip to According to According .

(Deiwiks (Deiwiks 2009) T - eea sae s “ is state federal . “ . he definition of ethnicity is adopted by Dawn Brancati’s Two (or more) levels of government which combine elements of shared of elements combine which government of levels more) (or Two Joszef Joszef toa fede ational (Brancati s for partitionfrom the federal Juhasz Wie ethno While . . Also ” 2006, 654) (Juhász 2005, 246) 2005, (Juhász fdrl tt i wih t es oe constituent one least at which in state federal a ain provide rations , , if the ethnic group is concentrated in an administrative unit, ethnic federations federations ethnic er, these arrangements might provide conditions conducive .

- - eeaim comdts aiu ehi groups ethnic various accommodates federalism rule for the governments of the constituent units” constituent the of governments the for rule federal insti federal 4

etl gon fr secession for ground fertile .

that the creation of such structures along structures such of creation the that Taking into account the analysis of Henry Henry of analysis the account into Taking

government. - are defined as “countries “countries as defined are state’ tutions tend to create and exacerbate exacerbate and create to tend tutions

e hi category.” thnic ethnicity as compared to the rest of rest the to compared ethnicityas (Roeder 2009) (Roeder

(Sambanis and Milanovic and (Sambanis at least partially based on on based partially least at criterion (Hale 2004, 167) 2004, (Hale . Moreover, .

and separatism separatism and

that “

which territorial an an ethnic - such such

rule are .

CEU eTD Collection Nigeria, Spain, Belgium, Canada, as such countries proximity, India has survived the rest necessary that not is it Also, dece providing by parties anti Kauf 2000, Gurr participatio citizen and autonomy more for allowing and people to closer government bringing by democracies in secessionism and conflicts ethnic mitigating in helps decentralization political with along federalism suggest, scholars of number growing to both loyalties’ 2000) Mahony and (Siegle oflikelihood the posses does it Pakistan of case the in and region, 1998). As Hale highlights that an ethno Kymlicka 1994; (Hardgrave government central the from separation for path a pave to resources gather encouraginggroups ethnic and them to conflicts regionalof strengtheningidentities by the 2) 2010, Min and Wimmer (Cederman, ethno powe other with comparison in ‘underrepresented’ are power in groups if (3) and power; relative of loss a experienced recently have they if (2) power; executive central from excluded are group ethnic an of representatives the when (1) conditions: following - state revolt in - nationali N As evertheless Lars st conflict might also increase also might conflict st -

Erik man 1996; Lijphart 1977) Lijphart 1996; man state collapse orfurther disintegration

the center and to the to and center the decentralized levels of governance , federalism has been regarded as effective tool for mitigating ethnic conflicts

Cederman Cederman ntralized structures or substitutive institutional means institutional substitutive or structures ntralized . As . all ethnically diverse federal systems fail. Considering the territorial the Considering fail. systems federal ethnically diverse all

it is also possible that federal that possible also is it ihihs ethno highlights, ructu - federation survives if

unit by increased level of security of level increased by unit . ring of states along ethno tes also Others . Dawn Brancati argues that there is less confl less is there that argues Brancati Dawn .

with the ethnic group’s relative demographic size. demographic relative group’s ethnic the with 5

- political mobilization becomes likely in the the in likely becomes mobilization political a core ethnic region which which region ethnic core a ,

yet of a country ru ta fdrls eaebts ethnic exacerbates federalism that argue ,

it it is also significant to regulate regional usa Ia, wteln, Bosnia Switzerland, Iraq, Russia, it it does not have a concentrated ethnic

structures successfully create ‘dual ‘dual create successfully structures r n (Horowitz 1991; Stepan 1999; Stepan 1991; (Horowitz n - sharing partners. Moreover, the the Moreover, partners. sharing - lingual lines. into mini into (Adeney 2012) (Adeney - states

may

(Brancati 2006) (Brancati Moreover, other

(Hal increase the increase e 2001) ict and ict . As a As . – . .

CEU eTD Collection 10%. whichinc Commission Finance National the 7 enactment of the through federalism fiscal by moreautonomy were granted provinces and theprovincial to government federal the from devolved was power The Republic. Parliamentary the makingPakistan Parliament 1 higher towards shifted has that society decen heterogeneous highly and democratization of process a in is it as regard this in study to interesting becomes Pakistan of case The democratic. law of rule and constitutionalism in rooted government of form democratic a is federalism As contested. evidently is federalism (Adeney 2012) Herze

Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan in 2010 curtailed Presidential powers to dissolve the dissolvethe to Presidential powers curtailed 2010 in ofPakistan Constitution the of Amendment Eighteenth

tralization withthe 18 tralization govina and Ethiopia are also Be that as it may, while looking specifically at non at specifically looking while may, it as that Be .

constitutional amendment in2010

reased the the reased fully not are that structures federal with countries are there but exa mples of federal states with amount allocated for provinces out of the federal reserve by reserve federal outthe ofprovinces for amount allocated 6

- democratic countries, suitability of suitability countries, democratic 1 . ethnic territorial reorganization

CEU eTD Collection systems partyand parties analyze the significantto is th to regards with specificities provide not does Pakistan in and Pakistan based on the fact that these parties are active in the national politics parties political and 2013 Mainwaring 2003) “ on research Mainwaring’s and Scor Elections of 2013 by using the data analyze nationa the governanc federal more for path a paved which taken progressivesteps gr and powers Presidential c the in amendment Eighteenth of passing as Amendment, Constitutional Eighteenth government, federal the and Pakistan provinces two the among sharing power of patterns the evaluate Methodology and Data Collection their es (PNS) I conduct the analysis to assess I calcuate the party nationalization index for the General Elections of 2008 and the General For over the last , respectively linkage with linkage the purposes of analysis, I analysis, of purposes the are calculated by incorporating the Gini coefficient method as proposed by Jones Jones by proposed as method coefficient Gini the incorporating by calculated are in Pakistan Pakistan in . lization of political partieslization befo I analyze few few . . It is noteworthy to mention that this analysis does not take into account all the provincial politics in Pakistan. in politics provincial the decades. anting more autonomy to provinces to autonomy more anting rather a selection of only of selection a rather the vote sharesparty eachreceived inthe The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems Party and Parties of Nationalization The

of of the Election Commission of Pakistan.

use qualitative research met research qualitative use the degree of nationalization of political parties in Pakistan respectively. My analysis primarily is primarily analysis My respectively. devolution of power to provinces occurred after the after occurred provinces to power of devolution

nttto o Pksa i 2010. in Pakistan of onstitution 7

re and afterthischange. . Icollect.

five to six to five As e role of political parties political of role e the previous literature on f on literature previous the data regarding the description and description the regarding data

by fiscal federalism were a few a were federalism fiscal by

hods such as process tracing to to tracing process as such hods major political political major

of Punjab and Baluchistan in Baluchistan and Punjab of and and General Elections of2008 e in Pakistan. Therefore, I Therefore, Pakistan. in e in forming government

Party Nationalization based on the post the on based The removal of of removal The parties is parties , therefore, it it therefore, , ”

(Jones and and (Jones ederalism

made made

of of -

CEU eTD Collection thefor research. basic some posses and Pakistan) langua other of of knowledge language national the is which Urdu, (besides Punjabi speaking in fluent am I 2 websites. of assemblies provincial and governments provincial of composition

Furthermore, Furthermore, I was able to access all the primary information/documents. As I belong to one of the provinces

ges spoken in the region as well which was advantageous in gathering and analyzing data data analyzing and gathering in advantageous was which well as region the in spoken ges

Pakistan

from their official official their from -

Punjab, Punjab,

CEU eTD Collection seperate province for Ha for demand the movement, nationalist Baloch The identities. multiple claim that individuals of grievances the balance it does nor cohesion, religious and sectarian have magnified over time. Religion no longer anremains element of social Moreover, from country time. up inherited from the partition 2014) feder to Pakistan related that encountered contentions visible most the of one also is 1970s in movements separatist and Bengalis strengthening accommodating the cultural and lingual chall 1996) Ahmed been on building a Pakistani leadershi Pakistani the by made fo the as structure federal a through identities ethnicaccommodate been have efforts constructive few very However, cru the of one been has diversity ethnic managing 2005) (Juhász federation consisting of multi Chapter1: Pakistan: An Ethno . It is largely attributed to the institutional imbalance in the form of bureaucratic The multiple mil multiple The ethno an is Pakistan that argued been has it Pakistan, in diversity ethnic the to Owing

(Rahman 1996) (Rahman the the fissures within . The sec The . . Urdu as an official language of Pakistan, not catering to the multiple multiple the to catering not Pakistan, of language official an as Urdu

anann a ecfl eortc tutr ad oiia isiuin building. institution political and structure democratic peaceful a maintaining As Pakistan is not a fully established democracy and a deeply divided society, society, divided deeply a and democracy established fully a not is Pakistan As Saraikis Saraikis e itary takeovers in the history of Pakistani g Pakistani of history the in takeovers itary ssion of East of ssion . T . - he immense armed conflict in Baluchistan to repress the nationalist the repress to Baluchistan in conflict armed immense he identity while subjugating the regional and sub al - society along the lines of identity, be it linguistic, ethn are some of the many examples which Pakistani ethnic groups divided along cultural, linguistic and ethnic identities - rvne eain ad ethno and relations province

- Pakistan in 1971 is also perceived as an example of not of example an as perceived also is 1971 in Pakistan - Federal State? enge of Bengali people, as the 9

zara province in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and a a and Pukhtunkhwa Khyber in province zara il sus t a faced has it issues cial

- ainl movements national cus of the centralized the of cus overnance have prevented the the prevented have overnance ruling el - national identities

s ic is inception. its since tate has to counter.

ite focused on grievances of of grievances ic, cultural or M S Khan S. (M. - military set

state has has state to p

(F. - -

CEU eTD Collection Pakistan in Amendment Constitutional 3 NWFP w provinces autonomy the the first 1937; Baluchistan 1849, in Punjab of Pakistan were previously under the indirect imperial control. 2010) Pakistan in Federalism subcontinent. religion of name the in established After inception. its since tumultuous been institutions. civilian democraticandgrowth agenciesof hampered the dictatorship military under majorly been has it past, the In federation. parliamentary 1. astep towardsis it disintegration of follow ethnic Ifyes,boundaries. is it a positive step for alleviating ethnic tensions in the region or analyze chapter This

NWFP is the North NWFP 1

1935 IndiaAct 1935

Nature of Democracy and Constitutional Development in Pakistan in Development and Constitutional Democracy of Nature

After the establishment of Pakistan, of establishment the After a to centralized and unitary being from evolved has governance of history Pakistan’s s a rld y h Cnrs. egl n Snh rdcd ek olto governments, coalition weak produced Sindh and Bengal Congress. the by ruled was interim constitution

to what extent extent what to

to the provinces in the British India British the in provinces the to ere evalua Owing to the le the to Owing

not g not NWFP - West Frontier province which is now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) afterthe 18 (KPK) KhyberPakhtunkhwa nowiscalled which province Frontier West

in 1970

which was adopted was which tes the the tes

iven proper autonomy proper iven 3

emerging out of Punjab in 1901; in Punjab of out emerging Pakistan is becoming an ethno an becoming is Pakistan

(Waseem, Pakistan 2010,4) in Federalism role federalism can play in allieviating ethn allieviating in play can federalism role

(Khalid 2013, 202) . gacy of British India, it it India, British of gacy

During the rule of British India, various states which are now now are which states various India, British of rule the During

– kistani nationalism. kistani nationalism. at the time time the at Islam the t - he Government of India Act of 1935 was adopted as as adopted was 1935 of India Act of Government he -

“ partition of the subcontinent i subcontinent the of partition s sepa a as Punjab never had a Muslim League government. government. League Muslim a had never Punjab . 10

F (Samad 2013) (Samad ederalism in both Ind

to accommodate diversity and grant and diversityaccommodate to has been a federation ever since since ever federation a been has - rate homeland for the Muslims of the the of Muslims the for homeland rate federal state and whether and state federal Sindh after separation from Bombayin from separation after Sindh

. They were regarded as provinces;

However, the However, . T

ia ia and ic tensions in Pakistan. It Pakistan. in tensions ic he path of democracy of he path n 1947, n Pakistan is based on

Muslim Pakistan was Pakistan provinces its

provincial (Waseem, - s majority th , which which ,

part has has

CEU eTD Collection 78) WestPakistan and East between divided equally Democrats Basic 000 80, of elections 4 1962 of Constitution the in presidentialism to parliamentarism from governance of form the was abrogated 1958 in power into came Khan Ayub when country 2010, 7) category of identity, hence, unresolved remained still lines linguistic along groups ethnic facilitate to reorganized legislature unicameral 1956 in drafted was Pakistan of Constitution the Pakistan of Constitution this and theotherin half h than structurewith more Pakistan) independence movement for a separate homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent (now called areas, demanded majority League Muslim in Muslim states which independent in passed was Resolution Lahore the 1940, In the outside operating sometimes

The sys .

bill was passed was bill dis tem introduced by General Ayub Khan in 1959 to develop a political culture of democracy as he held held ashe democracy of culture political develop a 1959to in Khan Ayub General by introduced tem parity between two wings of the country which also formed the basis of 1956 and 1962 and 1956 of basis the formed also which country the of wings two between parity w yas ae, hs c this later, years Two post The .

(Waseem 2010, 5) 2010, (Waseem and under the guise of - independence phase from 1947 to 1956 was deeply entrenched in dealing with dealing in entrenched deeply was 1956 to 1947 from phase independence in 1955 in the

Amd 00 19) 2010, (Ahmad west(present wing (Samad 2013, 3) 2013, (Samad

alf of its population residing in the east wing ( east the wing residing population its in alf of Amd 00 19) 2010, (Ahmad the . After independence, Pakistan ended up with an with up ended Pakistan independence, After . to merge th merge to

ntttoa fiue ae the faced failure onstitutional demands of language of demands command structure of the Muslim Muslim the of structure command Basic Democracies e provinces of West Pakistan into ‘ into Pakistan West of provinces e . . - In order to deal with this administrative administrative this with deal to order In day Pakistan). day Pakistan). oee, h fdrtd nt wer units federated the However, . 11

eiin a cniee t b a constitutional a be to considered was Religion hs resolution this and it it and

(Ahmed and Begum 2015) Begum and (Ahmed - based identity based allocated 4

system

, and the issue of regional languages languages regional of issue the and ,

enforceme ae bcm fudto of foundation became later

in 1959 150 seats for each wing in a a in wing each for seats 150

were delegitimized League. present (Ahmed and Begum 2015, Begum 2015, and (Ahmed t f ata lw n the in law martial of nt , Ayub Khan ” One Unit One (Waseem 2010, 5) 2010, (Waseem imbalanced nt territorially not e . The constitution constitution The . - day predicament Bangladesh) ’ overturned . The first The .

(Waseem separate separate

federal federal the . ,

CEU eTD Collection percent ten by reserve o provinces the for allocated amount financial the increased which Award (NFC) 7 enactment ofthe by the has done been stepstaken.positive This Presidential certain of removal and curtailing acts, unconstitutional of invalidation and takeover military a to sanctity legal of abrogation The governance. federal for procedure democratic more for path of Pakistan todateamendments theConstitution in development constitutional and militar 1999 in Musharaf Pervaiz General of period the in later and constitutio 2010) gove the country towards a 1973 of as so constitution the of the country in 1971” all overdeveloped, military an domination, Punjabi with rife constitutions, 1962 and 1956 accommodat of mechanisms 78) (Ahmed Begum and 2015, rnment .

ization ization of the entire political structure in the period of Musharaf destab Howe It is is It tragi was Pakistan East of fall the Although , a bicameral legislature was introduced to stifle majoritarianism stifle to introduced was legislature bicameral a , - bureaucratic oligarchy and insensitivity to ethnic differences resulted in the tragic brea n of 1973 was suspended

the passing of the Eighteenth Eighteenth the of passing the powers, granting more autonomy to provinces by fiscal federalism were some of the of some were federalism fiscal by provinces to autonomy more granting powers, while accommodating the cultural and lingual recognitions of the provinces the of recognitions lingual and cultural the accommodating while ver, the route the todem ver,

federal to pave the way the paveto

(Ahmad 2010) (Ahmad (Ahmad 2010,20) (Ahmad - ing provincial demands provincial ing parliamentary . The second Constitution of The Constitution second in ocracydisrupted bymilitary beena has of series takeovers

Pakistan. with

. It also marks a shift towards more fiscal federalism as the the as federalism fiscal more towards shift a marks also It . for a consistent federal arrangement.federal consistent a for the reign of military dictator General Zia . Constitutional amendment in 2010 which has paved a paved has which 2010 in amendment Constitutional

arrangement T he constitutional history of Pakistan witnessed 21 witnessed Pakistan of history constitutional he 12

c in itself, the itself, in c (Dawn 2015) . “The centralized state organization of the the of organization state centralized “The . -

each each province having its own provincial Pakistan in1962dealt withnofederal Amd n Bgm 2015) Begum and (Ahmed . th efforts were geared to r to geared were efforts

National Finance Commision (Samad 2013, 4) 2013, (Samad With t With ilized ilized the democratic ut of the federal federal the of ut - he Constitution he ul - Haq Haq - powerful powerful (Ahmad (Ahmad edesign edesign in 1977 . It led led It . . The The . . The . The kup

CEU eTD Collection amendment 18 the following responses judicial and legal administrative, political, various of analysis the on pivoted has Pakistan representation and proportional deli as such devices, of number fair and just for minority groups electoral laws in the provinces reforms inthe workingsexpansion ofnewly and reserved institutions provincial ministrie and federal various of capacities institutional the Pakistan, of Constitution the in amendment federations amongvaries and levels societies of across marginalized communities and diverse ethnicities but Federation’s capacity to adminis the for compliant more is governance of system federal system, centralized the to compared As and to harmonize the sentiments of autonomy without suggests that Pakistani federation is well suited for co NWFP 14.62% and “ allotted it as Baluchistan the share the increasing and Punjab of Moreover, account to accommodate the concerns of other provinces as such distribution criterion for finances Moreover, with the recent changes to the constitution, the constitution, the to changes recent the with Moreover, h scholars Various

oet, eeu gnrto ad nes pplto dniy ae lo en ae into taken been also have density population inverse and generation revenue poverty, t he (Waseem 2010) (Waseem ratio of the resource distributi resource the of ratio

s were devolved and reoriented to improve coordination among provinces, and Baluchistan 9.09%” ave worked on the prospects of f of prospects the on worked ave . What is lacking, however, is an assessment an is however, lacking, is What . under ” ,

mitation of electoral districts, separate electorates, reservations, reservations, electorates, separate districts, electoral of mitation

and thereby (M. S. Khan 2014, 127) 2014, (M. S.Khan has also been altered. I

the Federal Legislative List making

the development of f of development the (Waseem, Federalism Pakistan 2010,13) in (Waseem, , on to provinces also altered by decreasing the share the decreasing by altered also provinces to on

to enhance their political representation through any 13

- affecting the unity of the state existence of multiple interests and identities, (Mushtaq 2009) nstead of population density, other indices

. The majorf on scholarship . The (Waseem, Federalism in Pakistan 2010) ederalism in Pakistan. Pakistan. in ederalism ederalism, its reform packages and and packages reform its ederalism, Punjab 51.74%, Sindh 24.55%, 24.55%, Sindh 51.74%, Punjab federa (Chandio 2013) . As a result of Eighteenth a Eighteenth result of . As “ electoral electoral processes more l government can alter can government l of how this reform has reform this how of th

(Khalid 2013) constitutional . rm Khalid Iram ederalism in ederalism in . ter diversity

. .

CEU eTD Collection ethno the Pakis with link its and movement nationalist Baluchistan and movement Baluchistan, and provinces other the in development economic less and resources natural of extraction the from distribution m exist interests units’ protectedwell underfederal as the system. smaller other have to important is it but informal or formal be could sharing serve proportionality autonomy, segmental cultural coalition, grand of consisting groups. between relations harmonize to Punjabi language. the while people speaking been raised to divide Southern region of Punjab along and ethnic lines as it constitutes Army of mainly Saraiki the in and Assembly bureaucracy, the oth National the in representation majority with Pakistan in mainly divided onlingual identities and Punjab 1.2 more ethnicization. created has it if or Pakistan in minorities ethnic of concerns the of accommodation the impacted Pakistan has survived as a federation without splitting up since 1971; however, serious tensions

Federalism, Ethnicity and Secessionist Mov Secessionist and Ethnicity Federalism,

tan. as an alternative to majoritarian democracy to establish peace establish to democracy majoritarian to alternative an as ainly due to lack of representation of smaller units at the center, deficiency in the revenue the in deficiencycenter, the at units smaller of representation of lack to ainlydue Pakistan, being an ethni an being Pakistan,

(Adeney 2012)

t s seta t lo at look to essential is it In such a scenario, it is er three provinces begrudge its dominance

. I

n ord rest of Punjab majorly Punjab of rest cally diverse society, consists of several ethnic gr ethnic several of consists society, diverse cally er to understand the ethnic tensions of

(Map 1) essential that the feder

. As Punjab isconsidered. AsPunjab the core tobe region ethnic s ipat suggests Lijphart As h oii ad mat f aak sprt province separate Saraiki of impact and origin the 14

central Punjab central ements: The case of Baluchistan Baluchistan of case The ements:

(Adeney 2012) al design -

consists of people who speak speak who people of consists oscainl arrange consociational

(Lijphart 1999) (Lijphart the two provinces of Punjab distributes distributes power and mutual vetos can can vetos mutual and . The demands have oups oups - eeaim in federalism . The power The . which are are which - sharing ments ments

CEU eTD Collection i Saraiki of resurgence the as nature in historical experiences. The Saraiki language movement started in 1960s which was largely cultural cannoton a cultu besolely formed province is opposed by the Pakistani state, society and the stakeholders on the basis that a province Saraiki the of demand the However, identity. separate a of basis the on but basis administrative the for province separate a of claim Saraikis’ The decade. last the during South Punjab region. Even though the demand itself is not new, it gained considerable momentum fro alienation res the other dominating ethnic political less the and Pakistan, of capital representation and misallocation of resources puts them in a constant struggle over resources with economic and political the of out left have belt infrastructure, Punjab, Southern in process development since Ever structure. the within identities their accommodate to state Pakistani the demanding forces regionalist 1.

2.1 ources is highlyources is skewedas well

Saraiki The formation of Sa of formation The and deprivation exploitation, victimhood, of sense the to contribute factors these All of resurgences the witnessed has which area, Saraiki the as known is Punjab South m the Pakistani central state which led to the assertion of a separate province in the in province separate a of assertion the to led which state central Pakistani the m health and education facilities education and health

Province Movement Province

needne te oenet a son ite neet o ntae any initiate to interest little shown has government the independence, raiki identity i identity raiki groups intheregion. In of of thedistribution budget terms allocation,

ral basis. andlinguistic (Siddiqa 2011) (Siddiqa

dentity was started by the Saraiki intellectuals in order to order in intellectuals Saraiki the by started was dentity s based on based s

(Bengali 2012) (Bengali r h Srii et The belt. Saraiki the or 15

language, culture and the collectivization of collectivization the and culture language,

. Moreover, the people of the Saraiki Saraiki the of people the Moreover, ir community is not on on not is community ir

ein ak proper lacks region

state

CEU eTD Collection Bangladesh a asWestPakistan, known polity one into merged were Pakistan 5 name of and national integration unification va of languages andcultures the is it may, th Be sovereignty. of clashesdisharmony to leadand will it and so doing in jeopardizedbe inte national afraidtheythat areas lines ethnic on provincesof formation complicated. Furthermore, Pakistani stateand some political partiesyet are not ready toallowthe Saraiki a dominated Saraiki the province.T Saraiki 2000s. to put forth the political demands of Saraiki people. Later, of primary education within the wh for instruction of medium the as Punjabi implement to decision government the to response in 2011) merger of Bahawalpur province in the Punjab changed the dynamics of Saraiki movement Unit One of dissolution the 1970s, early the in However, rights. economic and political get

The On

Saraiki as anSaraiki Moreover, independent language as politicalcreated platform the was inthe 1980’s. . The turning point was point when in1975 . The turning

e Unit policy was launched by the Government of Pakistan in 1954 under which all the four provinces of of provinces four the all which 1954under in of Pakistan Government the by launched was policy e Unit oee, hr ae aiu cmlxte i te iiin f ujb o ae a make to Punjab of division the in complexities various are there However, language is also spoken in other provinces of Pakistan makes the division more more division the makes Pakistan of provinces other in spoken also is language ) important to acknowledge ethnic diver ethnic acknowledge to important

he Saraiki nationalist demand that demand nationalist Saraiki he

rea s of Punjab which includes 22 includes which Punjab of s

rious ethnic groups, rather than suppress ethnic differences in the differencesin ethnic suppressrather than groups,ethnic rious ole Punjab

(Shackle (Shackle 1977) an an (F. Ahmed 1996) (F.Ahmed All 16 sity

- Pakistan Saraiki Literary Conference was held LiteraryPakistan Saraikiwas held Conference , treat all e all treat , the nd the other unit was unit the other nd

districts new Saraiki province should include all all include should province Saraikinew this this movement became forceful in early . The efforts led .

thnic groups equally groups thnic (Feyyaz 2011) (Feyyaz East Pakistan (now Pakistan East grity of the country will will country the grity of

to the state recognition

and the fact that that fact the and

and promote and

separate (Javaid at as itas at 5

and

CEU eTD Collection started uprising catastrophic the However, 1970. in Khan Yahya General by LFO of imposition 1963 in clash third the after and policy, Unit (Dunne 2006) Baluch when 1948 in escalated it amongfeel nationalist the instigated governmentcentral of authoritythe when time Sui gas allocation for their daily usage. These sentiments of neglect trace back to the post center gets all the profits from the resource extraction and the Baluchis and Ormara Gwadar of basesnaval two has alsoIndia. Moreover, it to Turkmenistan fromother the andIndia Baluchist from gas Sui and minerals enormousIran, amountsIndia of the US. Pakistan extracts as and international China, world such and countries neighboring other to also but government Pakistani the to only not significance Pakist of part a is which province Baluchistan The Afghanistan. hardly relies on linguistic features since Baluchis speak two languages mainly Baluchi and Brahui. w construct political a is ideology The ethnic. than rather grievances political and economic movement nationalist Balu in spirit nationalist instigated eventually atrocious B Baluchi, 1. 2.2

Baluch However, the Baluchis have suffered have Baluchis the However, and Iran Pakistan, countries three among divided administratively is region Baluchistan devel least the is Baluchistan Punjab, Unlike

ilns u to due killings rahvi and Pashto speaking Pashto and rahvi

(Dunne 2006, 3) (Dunne 2006, . The second conflict

Nationalist Movement

(Dunne 2006) (Dunne

unfair treatment and negligence by the central government which which government central the by negligence and treatment unfair .

is rebelled against the Pakistani forces’ invasion in Baluchistan in invasion forces’ Pakistani the against rebelled is that that an and two major pipelines pass through it through pass pipelines major two and an . The rise of the Baluch nationalism is based more on the on more based is nationalism Baluch the of rise The .

groups. It has been historically subjected to violence and and violence to subjected historically been has It groups. arose in 1958

at the hands of Pakistani central government as the the as government central Pakistani of hands the at - 17 Unit One the 69, ch leaders and transformed into the Baluch Baluch the into transformed and leaders ch

- 59 was the armed resistance against the One pd province oped program came to end with the the with end to came program an has economic and strategic strategic and economic has an do hc comprises which not not even receive enough -

one from Iran to to Iran from one Baluchis - partition

mainly mainly hich hich

and

CEU eTD Collection claims. Baluchistan, which arises here a as present may Baluchistan of region the for system federal a under grounds ethnic on state a of reorganization to the unity of the federation by the central government state peop naturalresources themanipulation of bythe theBaluchiand the incessantpeople of disregard Baluchistan. 97) carri attacks 730 with 2010, in increased Violence approximately recorded; “ escalated. Baluchistan in violence years later leadership of Pakistan of government the by leaders Baluch other Akbar eventuallyguerilla warfare led tothe government thecentral against NAP. ruling the the and on Baluchistan prohibition of government provincial the of discharge the with 1977 to 1973 from .

, they claim that they should be recognized as a separate state which is is which state separate a as recognized be should they that claim they , le of Punjab Hence, it becomes essential to analyze the existing conflict situation and insurgency in in insurgency and situation conflict existing the analyze to essential becomes it Hence, Bugti was killed by Pakistan Army in 2006 and the illegal imprisonment and abduction of abduction and imprisonment illegal the and 2006 in Army byPakistan killed was Bugti aig xmnd h stain f tnc ofit i te rvne o Pna and Punjab of provinces the in conflicts ethnic of situation the examined Having According to the Baluch nationalists, the existing predicament in Baluchistan is a result of Nawab leader Baluch the as increased violence the began, insurgency ethnic the 2004 In Both provinces demand regional autonomy regional demand provinces Both I argue that both provinces differ in their demands

President ZardariPresident (Dunne 2006, 5)

is that if ethniconly regard. federalism the inthis viableis thatif is solution feasible

2 ecn o te tak wr lne t Blc ntoait milita nationalist Baloch to linked were attacks the of percent 92

administrative and constitutional solution. Nonetheless, solution. constitutional and administrative

the conflictthe . h frain o formation The Moreover, reduced the people who argue for I 18 n 2009, 792 attacks resultin attacks 792 2009, n

ed out resulting in 600 deaths.” 600 in resulting out ed the f

with the civilian government

but in different ways different in but

Kpc 21, 97) 2012, (Kupecz Baluchistan People’s Liberation Front, Front, Liberation People’s Baluchistan unne 2006, 6) of ethnic recognition and territori

(Abbas 2005) an independent Baluchistan . Hence, . . g in 386 deaths were were deaths 386 in g In the case of South of case the In perceived as a threat a as perceived In 2008, under the the under 2008, In the possibility of , however, inthe

. (Kupecz 2012, 2012, (Kupecz

the question question the

nts. al al

CEU eTD Collection and majority of name the in done injustices any against voices their raising and interests political its protecting for required is group political a of representation effective the as essential, relatively smaller number of units. It is noteworthy to mention the th among tensions caused have apparatus state the in groups smaller other of representation of units the federation, decisi the to access with federations other to compared resource the and administertoit distribution informal or formal it be groups those for power of institutionalization the design depends on the quantity of units a federation has, the division of a core group, the extent of demands. group’s ethnic the consider to government federal the of readiness the and provinces the to grants it autonomy of extent the constitutes, manag in federation the 1.3 to analyze isready ifPakistani state for analys further into delve Into order claim. sovereigntyseparate involves this and have they as recognized ethnically lines ethnic along thePunjab, Saraiki people demand

Is Pakistan ready for(ethno ready Pakistan Is n h cs o Pksa, h peec o oe cr’ tnc region ethnic ‘core’ one of presence the Pakistan, of case the In Whether Pakistan’s shift towards federalism and the adoption of ethnic federalism will help may result in division of thecore indivision happenedIndiaresult an as region in

more stable that federationis that stable more , and making of a separate province under the state. However, Baluchis, However, state. the under province separate a of making and , on making as yet. Adeney highlights Adeney yet. as making on ing ethnic diversity ethnic ing

(Adeney2012)

a separate province but they demand separation from the state state the from separation demand they but province separate a ethnic recognition byethnic recognition a ) federalism ) core group which is not divided, and not enough formal formal enough not and divided, not is which group core adopting . As Pakistan has relatively smaller number of units as units of numberrelatively hassmaller Pakistan As .

or not depends on three on depends not or (Adeney 2012, 543) (Adeney2012, 19 ethno

According to Katharine Adeney, t Adeney, Katharine to According ? -

federalism

territorial reorganization ofterritorial reorganization that the greater the number of units in a a in units of number the greater the that at power . Nonetheless, Nonetheless,

yet

factors: the federal design it it design federal the factors: .

d Germany.d - sharing sharing mechanisms are

n te inadequate the and the largerthe is, it is pertinent pertinent is it is,

the province h e federal e number number are are

CEU eTD Collection equitable resource distribution. proced fair representation, political equal for ask to right democratic their is It groups. ethnic the and government federal the between rift the to led groups those of demands political 2014) (Adeney Lanka Sri in residing Tamils of case the in happened it as group that of autonomy of demands Adeney Katharine to according and state the of power centralized lines ethnic along boundaries territorial of reorganization the regard goods and services. lack of human resources also pose questions for the capability of the local governments to provide Finance National Commission made estimate the to compared as substantially decreased have center the it lacked the provision of sufficient financial resources to execute it. Moreover, the revenues from Eighteenth o devolution the the amendment, Constitutional after As revenues. own their of amount greater the generate to provinces the on responsibilitymore puts Alternatively,this financialprocedures. in lapses any foraccountable accountability and enhanced the with people to closer government the bringing in help may level provincial the to (Adeney 2012,544) representati This dominance. As far as the inclin M oreover

(NFC) was passed was (NFC) . Moreover, i Moreover, . , evaluatingextent ofprovincial the autonomy, thedevolution ofresponsibilities administrative administrative efficiency, as people can directly hold the .

ation of the central go n the case of Punjab and Baluchistan, the denial of the economic andeconomic the of denial the Baluchistan,and Punjab of case the n on can be formal as in the case of Belgium or informal as in India in as informal or Belgium of case the in as formal be can on

, in 2010 in

the

ih la twrs oe eaait sentiments. separatist more towards lead might eesoit lmns eeo de o eil f legitimate of denial to due develop elements secessionist (Adeney 2012) (Adeney f seventeen ministries to the provinces did occur, but occur, did provinces the to ministries seventeen 20 vernment vernment

. T . is co he abolition of the concurrent list and and list concurrent the of abolition he ncerned, it seems beto reluctant to as it would undermine the undermine would it as provincial government However, ures and and ures

CEU eTD Collection play linkage between nati ethno and devolution of power to the denationalized politics. Pakistan leads further to identities regional institutionalization of diversity within the governing structure is essential the of wouldrequireit the Pakistani federation would be divided into several ministates boundaries, ethnic follow provinces the if may, it as that well. as disparity this How to linked are movement province Saraiki and movement Nationalist of upheavals The institutions. state core the in underrepresentation their and Punjab of dominance the of because units smaller the among dissatisfaction of sentiments the inculcates it if region the of tensions ethno of implementation With the adoption of ethno of adoption the With t As ever, the ever, and how (de)national they are. The next chapter deals with the further analysis - federalism ethnic grou ethnic his chapter has has chapter his ir demands are demands ir power might cause p Wa i mr itrsig o e i ta i aoto o ethno of adoption if that is see to interesting more is What .

onal and provincial politics, it is essential to analyze what role political parties (Sisk 1996) (Sisk - sharing mechanisms mechanisms sharing - federalism, the prospects are that ethno that are prospects the federalism, hw ta the that shown

properly institutionalized is mainly

denationalization of parties and party systems. subnational level - federalism, it is it federalism, Therefore, .

to preserve their ethnic identities by territorial separation. Beseparation. by identities territorial ethnic their preserve to aitn federation Pakistani of for the successful working of ethno of working successful the for governing coalitions and 21

As withtheatt in the country perceivable that it may it that perceivable

. The current federal design of Pakistan of design federal current The .

with the adoption of ethno of adoption the with , it could be expected that adopting empts of p empts of . For territorial autonomy to work, faces several challenges in the the in challenges several faces - federalism may alleviate ethnic ethnic alleviate may federalism - legitimate representation

lead to lead be be it formal or informal. olitical decentralization In order to assess the

strengthening - federalism, the federalism, - in this regard. eeaim in federalism - federalism, th e Baluch of

CEU eTD Collection c other with perspective comparativea in Pakistan of putting while systems party andparties political nationalization affect which factors the highlights also chapter This results. of discussion scoresnationalization are calculated for selection the the After measurement. of methods its and systems parties in Pakistan by evaluating nation the at devolution ofpower after and before scores nationalization party calculate level national the at representationforce oras ofdisintegration? a shou how so, If Pakistan? in politics de expect we can provinces, the to power of devolution more and 2010 federalism ethnic and systems (de)nationalization o g on impact Chapter2: Nationalization Politicof ountries. The chapter discusses the This Owing to the segmented party systems in Pakistan, it is expected that the politic the that expected is it Pakistan, in systems party segmented the Owingto

overnance of the country the of overnance chapter deals with understanding the conception of nationalizatio al level. Hence, level. al of method is made for calculating the party nationalization scores. The party party The scores. nationalization party the calculating for made is method of , f the party systems in Pakistan,

can be can as in2010 occurred

quite de quite

this chapter this . With the passing of the Eighteenth Constitutional amendment in amendment Constitutional Eighteenth the of passing the With

the sup

various conceptualizations of nationali . - nationalized. nationalized. In order to evaluate to order In port port parties have at the national level and across

the dominantpolitical parties followed inPakistan by the ld we evaluate this fact/trend: as strengthening local local strengthening as fact/trend: this evaluate we ld ,

will lower the scores ofpolitical lower nationalization partieswill analyze

22 al Parties

hrfr,i re o etti yohss I hypothesis, this test to order in Therefore, this this chapter the degree of nationalization of the po the of nationalization of degree the detailed the

if in

analysis of different methods used methods different of analysis adopting ethnic federalism leads to to leads federalism ethnic adopting eouin I yohsz ta the that hypothesize I devolution.

Pakistan anal yzes zation zation of parties and party -

the nationalization of party of nationalization

n of intersection intersection of party parties and their provinces al partiesal litical . ,

CEU eTD Collection systems party and parties political Scott Mainwaring The proposed. been have measurements various systems atthenational leve two the to converges hence, and districts, across ‘linkages’ form to motivation which provides minister prime or president the be to desire the as such considerations other are there bi to lead not does structure electoral level district analysis tothe national party systemsaswell. However, Gary disagrees Cox and suggests thatthe the and party systems at the district level and his Hypothesis suggests that proportional representation (PR) level party systems. As 2010) of systems. Rekha Diwakar highlights that the national party system is formed depending on the le assumed that the factors which impact district level party systems also influence the national party the understanding es is for it systems, party of nationalization that is adopted approach general The countries. across considerably differ nationalization of degree and patterns the as parties and systems party of nationalization sc Various governance. national the and governance local of dynamics Parties 2.1

'aggregation' or 'linkage' between district level and the national level party systems party level national the and level district between 'linkage' or 'aggregation'

Conceptualization and Measurement: Nationalization of Party Systems and and Systems of Party Nationalization Measurement: and Conceptualization . Maurice Duverger has done tremendous work to assess how electoral systems affect district While evaluatingWhile theconceptualization of thenationalization of party andparties, systems linkagethe betweenthe understanding crucialfor is parties political of role Analyzingthe

obe alt aoiy system majority ballot double

uses th Duverger’s Duverger’s Law suggests that the elections under plurality rule lead to two e Gini coefficient method to measure l (Cox 1997) (Cox

for

. sential to analyze the district level party systems as it is is it as systems party level district the analyze to sential ed o multipartism to lead the cases of the US, Canada and and Canada US, the of cases the

23 landmark landmark

- partism study conducted by Mark P. Jones and Jones P. byMark conducted study

at the national level. He argues that that argues He level. national the at

the the degree of the nationalization of Dvre 1954) (Duverger holars have worked on the on worked have holars 5 ai American Latin 15 H etns his extends He .

(Diwakar - party vel vel

CEU eTD Collection 4) 2004, Kollman diffe at compete parties same the which in “one systems. party national of formation the on Kollman andtime asothercomparison of well countries. as the 143) 2003, Mainwaring and (Jones parties the all for product this of sum the taking then and share vote national its by party every the that political party. The party is more nationalized as the score increases. Similarly, they calculated from 1 (PNS= 1 coefficient Gini the subtract to i.e., coefficient Gini of inverse the taking by score the calculate sub one in every sub region/province. coefficient “A Gini of0signifiesthat a party received the same share ofthe vote (PNS) Score and(Jones Mainwaring140) 2003, their vote share while denationalized p 140) system, the major pa party nationalized weakly a In next. the to province one from much differ not do shares vote “A follows: as countries. at Sse Ntoaiain crs (PSNS) Scores Nationalization System Party .

Similarly, for a highly nationalized party the geographic units have less variation in terms of The alternative approach of alternativeTheapproach calculate they coefficient, Gini inverted of measure the Using - national unit and 0 percent in all the rest.” rest.” the all in percent 0 and unit national

(Jones (Jones and Mainwaring 2003) - national unit. AGinicoefficient unit. national of1 means received that it 100percent vo ofits .

Gn coefficient Gini A highly nationalized party system is the one in which the major parties’ respective parties’ major the which in one the is system party nationalized highly -

Gin .

In other words, the party system is nationalized when the party the when nationalized is system party the words, Inother rties’ rties’ vote shares vary widely across provinces.” i coefficient). A high PNS score signifies a high degree of nationalization for

. esrs h vrain f oe a at rcie i every in received party a votes of variation the measures . This measure allows to analyze changes in the system over over system the in changes analyze to allows measure This . party aggregation party

arties’ vote share differ substantially across geographic units . . They defined 24 rent levels of vote aggregation vote of levels rent

y utpyn te nation the multiplying by

142) 2003, Mainwaring and (Jones is T nationalization nationalization of parties and party systems hey define nationalized party systems as systems party nationalized define hey proposed

by (Jones (Jones and Mainwaring 2003,

Pradeep the Party Nationalization Party alization scores for for scores alization

Chhibber and Ken Ken and Chhibber ”

(Chhibber and (Chhibber systems at the at systems . They They . te in

CEU eTD Collection for and votes, receiving n parties For ofthe seats. or vote ofthe proportions squared the sum of ofthe formulathe inverse is The 6 the and district/region the of system partyeach of election an in difference the account into takes rather party for values ofnationalization theparty systems national level than in the districts. The low score suggests better party aggregation and hence, more systems party 164 level regional the at parties of number effective average the and l national the at parties of effectivenumber the differencebetweenaccountthe into bytaking systems. partyof nationalization of extent the see to score parties the lower ‘N’ signifies that votes are not that fragmented rather concentrated on a small number of across votes politics, however, effective number of parties points to the political parties which are competitive. partie political numerous exist there as parties of number US the and Britain Great political parties at the national level i use they study, national the at systems party the of pattern the reflects levels regional or provincial

“The - 165) effective number of parties ind parties of number effective

Unlike the measure used by Jones and Mainwaring, this measure does not have particular have not does measure this Mainwaring, and Jones by used measure the Unlike of distribution the provides ‘N’ parties political of number effective the analysis, their In 6

. The score of 0 indicates that party systems at the provincial level are the same as the as same the are level provincial the at systems party that indicates 0 of score The . (Chhibber and Kollman 2004, Kollman and (Chhibber p parties. The higher ‘N’ indicates the fragmentation of votes among parties whereas whereas parties among votes of fragmentation the indicates ‘N’ higher The parties. i

representing the proportion of popular votes received by received party votes ofpopular proportion representing the nationally and the score of more than 0 indicates that more parties are there at the the at there are parties more that indicates 0 than more of score the and nationally

Laakso and Taagapera’s (1979) measure ‘N’ to calculate the effective number of of number effective the calculate to ‘N’ measure (1979) Taagapera’s and Laakso

national party system. Moreover, their work on the formation of national of formation the on work their Moreover, system. party national

(Chhibber and Kollman 2004, 39) 2004, Kollman and (Chhibber

N gives increasing weight to parties that get higher proportions of the vote. vote. ofthe proportions gethigher that parties to weight givesincreasing N (Chhibber Kollman 2004,165) and n elections of

165) 푁 = . Furthermore, they calculate the party aggregation party the calculate they Furthermore, .

25 ∑ 푖 푛

= lower house for four countries − 1 1 푝 푖 2

s which are not active in the national national the in active not are which s Party Aggregation Score Aggregation Party . It is important to have an effective an have to important is It . i .” .” (Chhibber and Kollman 2004, 2004, Kollman and (Chhibber (Chhibber and Kollman 2004, 5) Kollman and 2004, (Chhibber .

India, C level. Intheir level.

is calculated is anada, evel

CEU eTD Collection national level, and is based on the effective number of political parties. He uses the inflation factor 1999) score. nationalization of calculation the modifies and inflation of measure the incorporates democratic the with system party experience national established firmly a or nationalization greater i better and system party the of institutionalization another to election wherea election 9) 2011, dividing by 2. The mathematical expression is as follows: (Σ |v difference the of sum the taking then and another to election one from party the by lost or 9) variation in aggregate party vote shares from one election to another” Martinez Erik and role inthe parties victory ofpolitical According to their analysis, the authority associated with the levels of government play significant governm of levels lower the towards drifts power when emerge parties regional whereas power, political and economic the yields government national the when formed are systems partynational Hence,the in. powerresides the government of levelwhich on depen established are systems party national that argue They government. of levels different of dynamics power the and systems party between connection the assesses also systems party . They calculate the electoral volatility by taking the difference in the percentage of votes gained

codn t Cx te lcoa codnto hpes t oh h dsrc lvl n th and level district the both at happens coordination electoral the Cox, to According W of approach Another . The low volatility score reflects that the party has consistent support from election to election from support consistent has party the that reflects score volatility low The . ie sn te ae ocpulzto a ue by used as conceptualization same the using hile (Moser and(Moser Scheiner2012) s the high electoral volatility is reflective of a gap in the vote shares from one from shares vote the in gap a of reflective is volatility electoral high the s

uot. h eetrl volatility electoral The Kuhonta. Hce ad uot 21, 9) 2011, Kuhonta and (Hicken electoral volatility electoral (Chhibber and Kollman 2004) and (Chhibber .

26 is used by t by used is

nstitutionalization of party systems entails the entails systems party of nstitutionalization measures “the degree to which there is is there which to degree “the measures Te oaiiy cr rfr t the to refers score volatility The . he study conducted by Allen Hickens Hickens Allen by conducted study he

Chhibber and Kollman, Kollman, and Chhibber it

– ent i.e., provincial governments. provincial i.e., ent

v . it+1

(Hicken and Kuhonta 2011, |) / 2) (Hicken and Kuhonta Gary Cox Cox Gary (Cox

ding and and e

CEU eTD Collection Kollman and developing another measure of nationalization of party system and Chhibber of measure ‘dispersion’ and Cox by studied as ‘inflation’ of dimensions two the electoralcountry that system ahas is it if type executive of presidentialism or parlia factor institutional the by influenced is nationalization dynamic unstable nationalized unbalanced, focused, locally types: four into parties grouped They age. party or democratic and fractionalization ethnic federalism, systems, electoral systems, executive of a multivariate regression ana Castagnola(Morgenstern, and 2009,1322) Swindle time” across uniformly changes districts various the in vote party’s a which to degree “the to refers nationalization dynamic the whereas time” in point particular a at country a across support Castagnola Andrea nationalization dynamic the and the measure nationalization and inflation,thedecreased. withthe increased nationalization of follows: measu this dividing By system. party local over system party national the of inflation resultant larger ENP = D i.e., district each at of the effective parties number of at the natio (I) to measure the linkage between the local parties and the national parties. He takes the difference re of ‘D’ by the effective number of parties at the national level, gives the inflation factor as The The empirical analysis I = 100*[( approach approach adopted by (Morgenstern, Swindle and Castagnola 2009, 1336) 2009, Castagnola and Swindle (Morgenstern,

. ENP The static/distributional nationalization measures “the consistency of party’s party’s of consistency “the measures nationalization static/distributional The mentarism, and the static/distributional nationalization is dependent on the nat

– lysis lysis on 60 parties across 28 countries using the institutional variables

ENP nat on

Kasuya and Moenius adds to the –

two dimen avg is

ENP (Morgenstern, Swindle andSwindle 2009, 1336) Castagnola(Morgenstern,

conducted by Scott Morgenstern, Stephen M. Swindle and and Swindle M. Stephen Morgenstern, Scott by conducted ) / ENP avg

. The increased ‘D’ represents a poor linkage and the the and linkage poor a represents ‘D’ increased The . sions sions of party nationalization nat nal level andthe average effective number ofparties ] 27 (Cox 1999, 155)

. They tested these two aspects by conducting aspectsconducting two by these . They tested . This provides the percentage for

previous previous literature by combining . Their results suggest that the that suggest results Their . -- the static/distributional (Kasuya and Moenius .

, and and ,

CEU eTD Collection suggested b level na party of extent the evaluate and countries other with perspective comparative a in Pakistan put countries country not is method coefficient Gini the methods, do factor inflation the or parties time over parties within and countries within parties across time, over systems party within systems, party across but parties across only not evaluated be can nationalization of degree of comparison comparison varying of party degrees By nationalization. of theGini using Ma and Jones that mention to noteworthy avg. avg. relative to the vote share at the national level while calculating ENP not necessarily be the case; hence, the w may This same. the almost is district each in votes of number total the i.e., size district the when only used be can ‘I’as inflation of measure weighted calculatingthe by Cox measureof inflation similar strength across sub 2008) tionalization. tionalization. ) /ENP (Kasuya and Moenius 2004) Moenius (Kasuyaand (Jones provincial parties in the case of Pakistan, I am unable to use to unable am I Pakistan, of case the in parties provincial . They define degree of party nationalization as “the extent to which parties compete with compete parties which to extent “the as nationalization party of degree define They . hl eautn te bv mnind ehd pooe b vros coas i is it scholars, various by proposed methods mentioned above the evaluating While (Jones (Jones and Mainwaring 2003, 142) w -

y and Chhibber and Cox Kollman.

avg and Mainwaring 2003) Mainwaring and ] *100 ] Moreover, due to the limited data availability of availability data limited the to due Moreover, (Kasuya 550) and Moenius 2004, - national geographic units” . The weighted inflation facto inflation weightedThe .

not cater to this this to cater not . However eights are allocated based on the vote share of each district . This is beneficial for my analysis as it enables me to naigs ehd of method inwaring’s

, the , 28 comparison aspect comparison

other (Kasuya and Moenius 2008) - pcfc i allows it specific, .

methods using the effective number of of number effective the using methods r is as follows: I follows: as is r the district the avg.

the district level district the N calculation PNS in such a way a such in The new measure is ENP

coefficient method,the o cmaio across comparison for - level i.e., provincial i.e., level w = [(ENP = . They modified . Unlike other other Unlike . analysis is apt for for apt is nat -

ENP

as w w - -

CEU eTD Collection e (PPP), Party People’s League Muslim Pakistan Pakistan: of national level aredescribed inthe Table 1. the at dominant are which parties political major The government.the form to coalitions makeor Paki in parties political major few a by driven is politics national in variation the to purposed and the l for the case of Pakistan. Gini coefficient pa 2. - 2 naf (PTI) Insaaf rties and party systems, I systems, party and rties

Selection of the method: Measuring the Nationalization of Measuring themethod: Selection Political theNationalization of Parties Pakistan in However, for the for However, After

having analyzed the the analyzed having a uig at i KK (2015) KPK in party ruling a , (Jones and Mainwaring and (Jones 2003) imited imited availability of the district support of politica of support

the party which made made which party the The

purposes of this paper, I paper, this of purposes Source: Election Commission of Pakistan ofPakistan Commission Election Source: Table 1:Major PoliticalParties inPakistan 7. Jamat e Islami 6. Pakistan Tehreek 5. Awami (ANP) Party National 4. Pakistan Muslim (PML) League Quami3. Muttahida Movement (MQM) 2. PakistanParty People’s (PPP) 1.Pakistan Muslim League 9.Pakistani Awami Tehr 8. Jamat e Ulema

choice of method is made depending on the suitability for comparison use the method proposed by Jones and Mainwaring wit Mainwaring and Jones by proposed method the use PoliticalParties Pakistan in various measures proposed by scholars for nationalization of nationalization for scholars by proposed measures various l parties from all four provinces at the national level. level. national the at provinces four all from parties l - (PML N

previous government previous

for calculatingfor 29 ; - -

e N), -

take into account into take and level data. - Insaaf (PTI) Insaaf

eek h cret uig at i 2015; in party ruling current the uthd Qai oeet (MQM) Movement Quami Muttahida - N (PML

The selection is

(ECP 2013) (ECP Party

- stan which won either majority either won which stan N)

(2008 the Nationalization S Nationalization

following political parties parties political following - 2013);

also

Pakistan Tehrik Pakistan made in relation h the use of use the h cores

Pakistan (PNS)

The The a ,

CEU eTD Collection coefficient Gini of value the subtracting by calculated are (PNS) Scores Nationalization Party The not. or province every in votes of share same received party that if indicates it party,each for share vote the of variation by provided method party each for coefficients Gini calculated and Pakhtunkhwa Khyber and Baluchistan party 2.3 G Pakistan a 2008 of Elections Co Eighteenth with the 18 consideration analysis of purposes the For Pakistan. of Commission Election institution established constitutionally the by held Assembly National of consisting the government won either have They politics. national the analyzing in role significant a play parties these because made is parties political coaliti significant eneral and Election of 2008

Calculation of Party Nationalization Scores Scores Nationalization Party of Calculation - wise total votes casted for each par each for casted votes total wise In order to calculate the party nationalization scores of political parties in Pakistan, I took Itook Pakistan, in parties political of scores nationalization party the calculate to order In legislature bicameral a with republic democratic parliamentary federal a is Pakistan As database th

amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan, for the National Assembly of Pakistan of Assembly National the for nstitutional Amendment. T Amendment. nstitutional

at level. the national on party for party on

(ECP (ECP 2013) , d Ge nd the General Elections General the Jns n Miwrn 2003) Mainwaring and (Jones from 1 as used by used as 1 from nera 2013 is attac2013 is . The detailed list of the vote bank of all federal government federal majority Eetos f 03 s taken is 2013 of Elections l

a lower house and Senate and house lower a

and made feder made and he data for party wise total votes polled for the General the for polled votes total wise party for data he ticular party from all the provinces i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Sindh, Punjab, i.e. provinces the all from party ticular hed in the appendicesthe endhed 1and of 2at inthe thepaper of 2008 and 2008 of (Jones and Mainwaring 2003) Mainwaring and (Jones 30

since 1980s since

. As devolution of power occurred in 2010 in occurred power of devolution As . A a Gini a As . al government or made or government al General Elections General the analysis is for Pakistan Pakistan for

- rm h Eeto Cmiso of Commission Election the from

an upper house. The house. upper an

(ECP 2013) (ECP

coefficient provides with the the with provides coefficient

the political parties for the based based on

of 2013 are taken into into taken are 2013 of .

. The choice of these these of choice The It is noteworthy to noteworthy is It

coalitions to form form to coalitions

the pre and post elections are elections

using the the using .

CEU eTD Collection provinces other the to compared score nationalization score nationalization low of category the under falls 2008 of Election sconationalization natio Nationaliza Party the follows: as selected 2003) Mainwaring and for gauging the extent of high and low nationalization score is de of trend the indicates which low quite is parties in the calcul not included hence, it is of2008, Elections the General boycotted Note: arefollows: as mention here that the unit of analysis used is political parties

aiain cr, h PS hc le i bten 0.7 between in lies which PNS the score, nalization It is noteworthy to mention here that one of the major political parties parties political major ofthe one that mentionhere to isnoteworthy It

4. Pakistan Tehreek Quami3. Muttahida Movement (MQM) 2. PakistanParty People’s (PPP) 1.Pakistan Muslim League According to this criterion, the nationalization score of all political parties in the General the in parties political all of score nationalization the criterion, this to According the all almost for (PNS) Score Nationalization Party the that yields analysis The Table 2

: Party NationalizationScores fo re and the PNS abovere thePNS and 0.8is for PML Party Name . Based on their analysis, the point of reference of point the analysis, their on Based . - e - - N indicates that Insaaf (PTI) Insaaf

as it is a Punjab a is it as

- N (PML

- N) in cr o blw . is 0.7 below of Score tion

it it draws more support fr categorized as a high nationalization score.categorized as a nationalization high 31 r the Generalr the Elections of2008

based party based - nationalized parties in Pakistan. The criterion The Pakistan. in parties nationalized Gini Coefficient 0.742 0.485 0.70 -

of . The total number of votes PML votes of number total The .

- adapted from the research of

and not party systems. PakistanTehreek . is 0.8 ation of PNS scores for scores ofPNS ation

om the Punjab province as eadd s intermediate as regarded

for this research this for Nationalization Nationalization Scores (PNS) Tbe 2 (Table Party 0.257 0.515 considered as low low as considered 0.30 - e

- -

Insaaf (PTI) (PTI) Insaaf

2008. ). ). The details

The has been been has political

(Jones

low low - N

CEU eTD Collection the province’s votes. 5 around PML received provinces, other all in and Punjab from votes national their all of 87% got party the 134,758 votes and Sindh from votes 592,954 KPK, from votes 856,135 are: provinces other from votes the and Elections General low of category the to belong also parties provincial level theprovi in a active is which party regional strong a is it fact the reinforces This provinces. other from provinces’votes the of 1% sharethan vote less veryaround a little andSindh from votes national votes. provinces’ the of (ECP 2013) are: The total number of votes PPP received in Sindh is around 4 accounts for a bit more than half of the national population. In all numb total the 133 is Punjab in received , 656 563057 political all of scores nationalization the 2013, of Elections General the for Furthermore, Similarly,

votes from Sindh and - 6% of the provinces’votes6% of

(Appendix (Appendix 1). PPP secured 56% of all their national votes from Sindh and around 8% votes from KPK, from votes from from Baluchistan er of the votes, the party got 92 got party the votes, the of er PPP , -

10% of the provinces’ v provinces’ the of 10% the largest Punjab largest the

5594061

is aSindh Moreo nce ofSindh 15 and the votes from other provinces are: provinces other from votes the and ver, MQM ver, 5548153 (ECP (ECP 2013) - , based party 208 .

- votes based poli based (ECP 2013) (ECP votes from Punjab and Punjab from votes -

otes and in Punjab the party received around 40% of 40% around received party the Punjab in and otes from Baluchistan

another Sindh another nationalization scores as shown in Table 3 Table in shown as scores nationalization (Appendix (Appendix 2). Based on the total number of the votes, and and 32 % of all their national votes from Punjab which which Punjab from votes national their all of % tical party received 11,365,363 received party tical it

3611644 has more suppo has more

(Appendix 1). (Appendix - based party, based and the votes from the other provinc (ECP (ECP 2013)

other provi 563057 rt from the province of Sindh. theprovince ofSindh. rt from

277 received 98% of all their all of 98% received

votes from Baluchistan from votes (Appendix (Appendix 1). Based on nces, PML , 559

votes from KPK, from votes

votes in Pun in votes - N received . In 2013 In t the t jab - es es N

CEU eTD Collection accordance withthe theoretical depicts in Pakistan parties of Scores of Nationalization (de)nationalization of degree the in variation the assess to made is 2013 and 2008 of Elections General the in scores nationalization party 2.4 the vote shares of the provinces’ votes is of T p other from votes provinces’ the of 1% around share vote little very a and Sindh from and around 3 Baluchistan from votes 51976 and Punjab from votes 2,464,812 KPK, from votes 472,550 and Sindh, in

aking into account the vote shares of PTI, it has 74% of its national votes from Punjab and 16% 16% and Punjab votesfromnational its of 74% has it PTI, sharesof vote the account aking into the provinces’ votes from the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) whereas around 9% of 9% around whereas (KPK) Pakhtunkhwa Khyber of province the from votes provinces’ the

Discuss 2. 1.Pakistan Muslim League 4. Pakistan Tehreek Quami3. Muttahida Movement (MQM) As with the devolution of power to the provinces occurred in 2010, the comparison of the of comparison the 2010, occurredin provinces the to power of devolution the with As Similarly, the major political party in the province of S Table 3 PakistanParty People’s (PPP) (ECP 2013) (ECP ion of Results Results ion of - 7% 7% of the provinces’ vo : Party NationalizationScoresGeneral for the Elections of2013 Party Name

(Appendix 2). PPP secured 52% of all their national votes from Sindh from votes national their all of 52% secured PPP 2). (Appendix - and Analysis e - Insaaf (PTI) Insaaf

expectation

- N (PML tes. Moreover, from restthe of the

However, w

- N) h ted f de of trend the 33

MQM Gini Coefficient hile evaluating thenationalizationscores 0.547 0.736 0.462 0.655 received 97% of all their national votes

provinces indh, PPP had 3,209,686 total votes - na

inlzd oiis hc is which politics tionalized aitn Oeal the Overall, Pakistan.

(ECP 2013) (ECP

Nationalization Nationalization Scores (PNS) Party 0.425 0.264 0.537 0.344

(Appendix (Appendix 2).

rovinces. Party

CEU eTD Collection 18 of passing the of years five after even that highlights Faiz Asma As decentralization. political towards change the institutionalize to time more systemneeds political Thepractice. in done be to needs and process recommende as devolution towards steps the of implementation 2013 analysis rather increased little a thandecreasing. depicts the Ge of analysis the in were they as analysis 2013 of Elections same the almost be to out came parties political of scores nationalization the h a constitutional Elections. A General 2008 the for PNSs the to compared as lowered be will Elections General an 2008 of Elections General both of ence, ccording to the hypothesis, hypothesis, the to ccording 4. Pakistan Tehreek 3. Muttahida Quami 2. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) 1.Pakistan Muslim League decreased It is interesting to note that the Party Nationalization Scores for the General Elections of of Elections General the for Scores Nationalization Party the that note to interesting is It Table 4 comparison of PartycomparisonNationalization Scores of for mendment in Pakistan in mendment :

Party Comparison of th

Party NameParty co Nationalization Scores i Scores Nationalization siuinl mnmn i Pksa, h fdrl oenet ep its keeps government federal the Pakistan, in amendment nstitutional

- Movement (MQM) e - and Insaaf (PTI) the increased devolution of power to the provinces after provinces the to power of devolution increased the - General Elections Party Scores for Nationalization th N (PML

should have led to led have should 2013, d

- N)

34 n the expectation was that the PNSs for the 2013 2013 the for PNSs the that was expectation the the

2013 of Pakistan 2013 General 2013 Scores (PNS) 2008 This couldbe Nationalization more de more both elections of Pakistan. both elections of Party Party 0.257 0.515 0.300 -

neral Elections of 2008. of Elections neral d post d

- Elections’ analysis Elections’ n e General Elections of2008 Generale Elections

partlydue tothe fact that the ationalization of parties and parties of ationalization -

18 th

amendment is still in still is amendment Nationalization Scores (PNS) Party Party 0.425 0.264 0.537 0.344 o te General the for 2013

However, However, Table 4 Table the

CEU eTD Collection Mainwaring 2003, 151) support mostly Mainwaring 2003,154) 0.59 of score averagenationalization the with Brazil of partyPSDB and 0.55, of PNS RP political party of Canada with the average PNS of 0.54, the PRE party of Ecuador with average 0.5 countries of parties political of scores c While countries. other with perspective comparative a in Pakistan 2.4.1 Comparison Party of and MQMrespectively. nation rest theof than higher i.e., 0.515isrelatively MQM and year higher isalittle 2013 which is0.537 than of variations among is parties overall (de)nationalization. trend of the with provide to able be not might elections of years two just with comparison The time. of be done. centralized character . It lies It . to essential is it nationalization, of degree and nature the understand to order In Moreover, w As Another reason could be that we might need to evaluate this impact over the longer period as anal as

, closer to the political party political the to closer

respectively. Furthermore, for the year 2008, the Party Nationalization Score for PPP for Score Nationalization Party the 2008, year the for Furthermore, respectively. CONDEPA from the yzed by Jones and Mainwaring, Pakistan Mainwaring, and Jones by yzed hile evaluating the n (Faiz 2015) (Faiz . Similarly, RP . Department of La Paz.

(Conciencia de Patria) Patria) de (Conciencia

Pakistan with the nationalization score nationalization the with Pakistan

interesting to note. The Party Nationalization Score for PPP for the Nationalization Scores of Pakistan with other countriesNationalization Scores Pakistan with of other . The transition towards political still decentralization remains to

of CONDEPA of Boliv of CONDEPA of –

ationalization the Reform Party of Canada is a right

the rest for PTI, of0.425, 0.344and 0.264 PM Hence, it is a weakly nationalized party 35 is

alization scoresalization of a

populist populist scores in co

has average PNS score of around 0.4 around of score PNS average has ia with the average PNS of 0.4 of PNS average the with ia at i Bolivia in party mparative perspective, the trend s of s omparing

0.30 and 0.30

political parties political - wing populist party the nationalization the 0.257 for 0.257 which draws its its draws which (Jones and and (Jones (Jones (Jones and

of other of PML situate , the , L

- - N N -

CEU eTD Collection parties political of nationalization country. a in and Castagnola 2009,1328) fractionalization to see its impact on both the dimensions of nationalization Castagnola and Swindle Morgenstern, variation for calculating thenumber of parties 2004) (Caramani party of ethno and social levels the to contributes hence and nationalization” support party of patterns influences units nation that highlighted have scholars some 2 Thenationalization. explanatory possible are variables discussed below. factors which analyze to necessary is it nationalization, of degrees 2013) the is a less nationalized party with the West 1988 (Abedi 2004) .4.2 Factors

PSDB (Jones (Jones and Mainwaring 2003, 151) but managed to have a 2% of the vote which showed that it is highly concentration in the in concentration highly is it that showed which vote the of 2% a have to managed but

alization. As Allan Sikk and Daniel Bochsler argue that “ethnic heterogeneity of territorial of heterogeneity “ethnic that argue Bochsler Daniel and Sikk Allan As alization. s lo eainlzd s t a a o PS cr o 0.59. of score PNS low a has it as denationalized also is Furthermore, the presence of federalis of presence the Furthermore, Taking into account the various factors which impact the nationalization of political parties, –

Brazilian Social Democracy Party which is a centrist political party in Brazil in partypolitical centrist a is which PartyDemocracy Social Brazilian

which has a low nationalization score of 0.54.

ogntr, wnl ad Castagnola and Swindle Morgenstern, affecting Nationalization of party systems and parties and affecting systems Nationalizationofparty - Sk ad ohlr 08 2) 2008, Bochsler and (Sikk . linguistic cleavages influence the degree to which a party system is nationalized systemis partya which to degree the cleavagesinfluence linguistic Cox also Cox . shares the same point of view while he takes into into takes he while view of point same the shares

PNS PNS of 0.55 s hy xet ht te eetaie pltcl structures political decentralized “the that expect they as . Moreover, rsne of presence

lo nal te ntttoa vral o ethnic of variable institutional the entails also

m also influences the level of party nationalization party of level the influences also m . Moreover, as studied by Daniele Caramani that that Caramani Daniele by studied as Moreover, . (Cox 1997) (Cox 36 (Jones and Mainwaring 2003, 150)

PRE PRE ihih ta the that highlight ethnic diversity affects the degree of of degree the affects diversity ethnic – . Furthermore, empirical the analysis of Ec

It first uadorian Roldosist Party While evaluating the varying varying the evaluating While contested national elections in

xli te aine in variance the explain

(Morgenstern, Swindle federalism

account the ethnic the account . Furthermore,

lowers the the lowers in Ecuador

(PSDB

CEU eTD Collection Pakistan. Pakistan. in parties of nationalization the lowering or strengthening in role a play parties provincial which to extent the examine to crucial is it Hence, dimension. ethnic and regional more have may parties provincial that plausible is Pakistan. ethno if evaluate to order in politics 159) 2003, governance of level centralized the to compared as competition electoral encouraged 159) 2003, Mainwaring and reflectinggreater that underline They study. their the level ofnationalization static/distributional nationalization. However, the on combined effect of federalismboth and ethnic heterogeneity lowers impact positive a has heterogeneity ethnic while negatively both but affects federalism the that fractionalization to gauge the impact of both on the nationalization of parties. Their results sug he static/distributional, dimensions both from parties of nationalization the lower systems federal the centralization” (d party political on impact positive and direct a have should (de)centralization administrative (non differentiation political yield should (federalist) The low nationalization of parties is also related to federalism by Jones and Mainwaring in

As the presence of (ethno) federalism strengthens the ethnic cleavages in the society, society, the in cleavages ethnic the strengthens federalism (ethno) of presence the As . Be that as it may, it bec it may, it as that Be . to

gather participate and (Morgenstern, Swindle and Castagnola 2009, 1328) 2009, Castagnola and Swindle (Morgenstern,

variance inparties’variance electoral across performances thesub c, hy noprt te neato tr o fdrls ad ethnic and federalism of term interaction the incorporate they nce,

dynamic dimension more than the static/distributional nat static/distributional the than more dimension dynamic (Morgenstern,and Castagnola 2009,1334 Swindle . They argue that with the presence of federalism, the parties are are parties the federalism, of presence the with that argue They . “ the federal countries tend to have lower nationalizati lower have to tend countries federal the -

federalism will lead to further denationalization of parties in parties of denationalization further to lead will federalism at the omes essential to comprehend the dynamics of provincial provincial of dynamics the comprehend to essential omes

state and level h nx chapte next The 37

– nationalized politics), because political political because politics), nationalized hence, cultivate more cultivate differences hence, inthe aaye te rvnil par provincial the analyzes r . According to their analysis, their to According . (Jones and Mainwaring Mainwaring and (Jones - national units - - 1335)

the dynamic and dynamic the .

ionalization ionalization

on scores on ”

is in ties (Jones gest e) it -

CEU eTD Collection in federalism on studies previous The Pakistan. in governance national the and governance Therefore, my research is a first Pakistan. of regions the in parties political of (de)nationalization the on done been has work no seem, may it surprising and scanty, quite is Pakistan of governments provincial the on literature ethno analyze and region the of minorities ethnic of interests the accommodating o go proper implementation for As Asma Faiz highlightsthat e 18 governm alongethnic be linesexploredfurther. needs to th whether of question the identities, regional segmented identities, and the people own their regional identities more than their national ones. Owing to the Punjab gov local of dynamics the understanding regional parties also competing at the national level. The regional parties play a significant role in Pakistan in politics provincial The Chapter3: Provincial Political Parties in Pakistan hr n fo the from and ther th

Constitutional amendment Constitutional - eeaim a alvae tnc esos f h rgo. e tha Be region. the of tensions ethnic alleviate can federalism , Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa depict their own cultural and ethnolinguitsic This chapter federal The This chapter deals with the role of provincial political parties and party systems in Pakistan. ents but the extent to which power is decentralized to decentralized is power which to extent the but ents explore tutr o Pksa poie te rvne wt ter w provincial own their with provinces the provides Pakistan of structure ainl at sses It systems. party national s

why the provincial party systems in Pakistan are different from each of political inpractice decentralization ven after the 18

is not visible in the political system of Pakistan Pakistan of system political the in visible not is step step towards analyzing the linkage between the dynamics of local

is quite different from the national politics despite some some despite politics national the from different quite is ernance in the country. All country. the in ernance th

Constitutional amendment, there isalong way to lo discuss also

e regional political parties are driven driven are parties political regional e es

the provincial l provincial the

the role of regional parties in in parties regional of role the -

Is All PoliticsLocal? four provinces in Pakistan in provinces four (Faiz 2015) (Faiz t as it may, the scholarly scholarly the may, it as t s

the extent to which which to extent the evel (Waseem 2015) (Waseem .

even after the after even

– .

CEU eTD Collection case where the subnational units have a ‘weak autonomy’ and ‘residual autho decisions” political make to right have actors Daniele Treisman As aptly points out matters. that decision specific on legislate to autonomy have to has system that rather system presence of different levels of government does not fulfill the criterion of a politically decentralized independent have that decision government of levels multiple among power of division vertical a is th r which in legislatures regional have to form regional parties, and voters to vote for them, because decentralized systems of government politicians encourages decentrali decentralization “Political writes: she as political parties regional of strengthening that argues Brancati Dawn region. the in buildings government apparatus, protection of regional identities and the prospects of democratic institution 3.1 ethnic political parties parties political level provincial the at areactive po and understudied regard. resources, is inthis role however,the ofpolitical parties Pakistan has focused more on analyzing the intergovernmental relations or fiscal transfers of power e case innationallegislatures litical decentralization on governance of the country. It also

Political Decentralization and Regional Parties Regional and Decentralization Political According to of workings the analyzing in role significant a play parties political regional The chapter This - aig pow making of Punjab and Baluchistan. and Punjab of Brancati, political decentralizat rel discuss briefly r vr t es oe su area issue one least at over er at the provincial level, will it leadthe provincialit to(dis)integrationat of level, political will ”

in Pakistan but focusesthe on but Pakistan in (Brancati 2007,136) (Brancati es egional parties have a greater opportunity to govern than is than govern to opportunity greater a have parties egional -

making decen h udrinns f einl part regional of underpinnings the Moreover, i Moreover, (Treisman 2002, 32) 2002, (Treisman 39

ion is tralization tralization is the “extent to which subnational . ”

t assesses i assesses t Bact 20, 654) 2006, (Brancati

“a system of government in which there discuss

detailed analysisdetailed f more strength is given to the to given is strength more f . He categorized Pakistan as a as Pakistan categorized He . es

the political parties which ies and the impact of of impact the and ies rity’ ain ed t the to leads zation Nonetheles .

on the provincial the on (Treisman 2002,

parties. s, the the s,

CEU eTD Collection political and transfers, fiscal intergovernmental decentralization, fiscal which to “degree and Bakke M. Kristin by conducted study the Furthermore, Thus, it a with communities it and groups, minority of concerns the account into take to able aregovernments member issuperior districts but toallother electoralinstitutions proportional representation enables better minority representation as it is not only better than single confl and tensions ethnic legislatures ethnic reduces through minorities politicalof groups. recognition rights The ethnic of state or provincial level allows for proper representation given to each group and ensures minority recognition and autonomy group more for demands increase may lines ethnic along parties regional of strength flourish to allowed aggravates them. As Philip Roader has the highlighted fear of secessionism if ethnic federalism is Nonet peace. ethnic and social for ground fertile a serve may federalism of mechanisms institutional authority tolegislate h specif not areas policy on legislate to right exclusive legislatures subnational gives “constitution when defined is to legislate on at least one specific policy area to subnational legislatures” and a residual authorit 32) . He uses the term weak autonomy to describe when the “constitution reserves exclusive right exclusive reserves “constitution the when describe to autonomy weak term the uses He . heless, it remains contentious if political decentralization leads to less ethnic tensions or it it or tensions ethnic less to leads decentralization political if contentious remains it heless, Moreover, political decentralization provides for more regional autonomy, the regional regional the autonomy, regional more for provides decentralization political Moreover, the with along decentralization political of strengthening the Pakistan, of case the In lessens the pros (Brancati 2006) (Brancati cly sind n constitution in assigned ically

Ree 2009) (Roeder sense of satisfaction that their rights and regional identities are preserved. preserved. are identities regional and rights their that satisfaction of sense ighlight the degree of decentralization a regional the degreeighlight ofdecentralization government has. pects of ethnic conflicts or se cs hn hy ae etr representation better have they when icts . Be that as it may, I argue that Iargue may, it as that Be . Smlr co Similar . 40 ” cr hs en xrse by expressed been has ncern

Tesa 20, 14) 2002, (Treisman cessionist forces arising among ethnic groups.

rk Wibbels Erik dec

(Lijphart 2004) entralizing power down to the to down power entralizing . According to Lijphart, the the Lijphart, to According . .

hs vrain i the in variations These

ihihs that highlights aact ta the that Barancati .

provi des ethnic ethnic des

the the y

CEU eTD Collection provinces well is Punjab in Punjab reflect and Baluchistan province. p respective taken are assemblies provincial and governments provincial of composition and r Hen Pakistan. in very the understanding at the provincial as 3.2 political parties essential. is t order nee governments regional the state central inequality an Such among ethnic minority and majority groups may pose a danger the to stability of decentralization. composition” ethnic its and wealth of level society’s a on depends peace to contribute can government of tiers across copartisanship egarding thepolitical parties ( olitical parties of all four provinces, the focus will be on the prominent political parties of Punjab

Pakistan of Parties Political Provincial little little o understand the dynamics of regional politics in Pakistan, the analysis of provincial provincial of analysis the Pakistan, in politics regional of dynamics the understand o h oiis n ujbi qiedfeet rmteohrpoics The provinces. other the from different quite is Punjab in politics The As Pakistan has a multi scholarly scholarly – official Sindh (Bakke and Wibbels 2006) Wibbels and (Bakke s

the patterns of partie - e I ae cesd aa mainly data accessed have I ce, Blcitn and Baluchistan , c the not is it However, system. party national the into integrated

ethno

websites. websites. well as at the national level, a exacerbates the redistributive claims redistributive the exacerbates literature is available on th on available is literature - political grievances of the people. It is noteworthy to mention here that here mention to noteworthy is It people. the of grievances political

lhuh this Although d to ensure efficient resource efficient ensure to d - The detailedis list attached inthe party system with a diverse 288 political parties s at the national level, hence, it could be argued that the politics (Bakke and Wibbels 2006, 3) 2006, Wibbels and (Bakke hbr Pakhtunkhwa Khyber . T herefore

eto wl briefly will section e subject matter for the for matter subject e 41 nalyzing the role of political

, for ,

rm h Eeto Cmiso o Pakistan of Commission Election the from the

that minorities minorities that

effective working of decentralization, of working effective s hy ae oiia pris ih a with parties political have they as allocation and resource controls. resource and allocation appendix appendix at the end rvd te vriw of overview the provide . Hence, the level of inequality of level the Hence, .

provincial political parties parties political provincial are likely to make on the the on make to likelyare parties is crucial for (ECP (ECP 2013)

at ytm in system party ase wi ase ) . The details from th

major other ctive ctive their their In

CEU eTD Collection Baluchistan: of Government Punjab: of Government Sources: provincial assemblies given is 4and inTable 5. level. legislative national but assembly provincial and government provincial dimension regional marked (KPK) KhyberPakhtunkhwa 4. Government of Baluchistan 3. Government of 2. Government Sindh of 1. Government Punjab of ProvincialGovernments

Table 4: Composition ofallTable Provincial Governments ofPakistan 4: Composition http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/

Th http://www.punjab.gov.pk/

h pltcl ate o tee rvne are provinces these of parties political The e detailed detailed e Peshawar, KPK Lahore, Punjab Karachi, Sindh Baluchistan Location Quetta,

composition of the provincial governments and the the and governments provincial the of composition

, Government of KPK: KPK: Government of , Sarwar(PTI) Mohammad , Government of Sindh: Sindh: Government of , Khan(PML Mehtab Ahmed Achakzai (PMAP) Mohammad Khan (MQM) Khan Ishrat they have have they Governor -

- Ibad

- N) very limited representation at the at representation limited very

http://www.pakp.gov.pk/2013/ http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ Sharif Muhammad Shahbaz Pervez Khattak (PTI) (NP) Abdul MalikBaloch Qasim (PPP) AliShah Chief MinisterChief effective

(PML

N) in making making in

CEU eTD Collection Sindh Assembly Sindh 5). (Table party Assembly (Table 5). leadership (husband of Benazir Bhutto) B – Bhutto in1967 (PPP) and Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM). PPP is a federalist party fo http://www.pabalochistan.gov.pk/index.php/hom http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/bydistrict/en Assembly: Sources: Punjab Assembly Pakhtunkhwa 4. Khyber Assembly 3. Baluchistan Assembly 2. Sindh Assembly 1.Punjab first hutto’s hutto’s Assemblies Provincial

maintaining second position in the Sindh Assembly Sindh the in position second maintaining in 1970 and then in 1977 under Bhutto’s leadership, later in 1988 and 1993 under Benazir under 1993 and 1988 in later leadership, Bhutto’s under 1977 in then and 1970 in – The politics in Sindh is dominated b is The inSindh politics I shrat leadership (

- ul

(A. Khan 2002) - Ibad Khan Khan Ibad Table 5: Composition ofallTable Provincial Assemblies of 5: Composition Pakistan Moreover, the se daughter daughter of Z Khan Durani Asad Qaiser Mir Jan Iqbal Khan Agha Siraj Speaker Rana M. http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/home/en Jamali

Both parties make provincial government provincial Both Si make in parties is affiliated with MQM and the Chief the and MQM with affiliated is M.

. It. hascome

ulfikar ulfikar Ali Bhutto) and lastly

Imtiaz Syeda Shehla Ali GorchaniAli cond largest party in Sindh is MQM which is a liberal Sardar Sher Mir Abdul Speaker Bizenio Quddus Deputy (Pakistan Peoples Party n.d.) Raza e/en

Shahid y parties major political two

, KPK Assembly: Assembly: KPK , into powerinto and made

, Baluchistan Assembly: Baluchistan , 43

number of Total Total Seats 168 371 124 65

, Sindh Assembly: Sindh , http://www.pakp.gov.pk/2013/

(Akhtar 2011) (Akhtar

in 2008 under Asif Ali Zaradari’s national governmentnational five times Minister PTI (56), JUI(F) (17), PML BNP Awami BNP ANP (2), (1), MWP (1), NP(10), JUI(F) (8), PML(Q) (4), PML PML PPPP (67), MQM(47), PTI (4), BNA PMLN(1) (1), PPPP(8), (8), PML PML AJIP PPP (5), (5) QWP(10),(16), JI(8), ANP(5), . Party Party wise It holds 67 seats in the Sindh - - - – N (22),PKMA(14), PML(F)N (7), (8) PTIN(312), PML(Q) (30), Pakistan People’s Party People’s Party Pakistan ndh as the Governor of of as theGovernor ndh .

unded by Zulfikar Ali It has 47 seats in the the in seats 47 has It of Sindh Sindh of

- (1)

Number of seats

– Z JI(1), (3) Q asim Ali asim -

secular secular - N

CEU eTD Collection fun quite are Party Awami Milli Pukhtoonkhwa and Party National national the at represented rarely is level regional the at dominated party national party system. Howeve PML as such Punjab of parties political major by both provinces have quite dissimilar patterns. As national politics in Pakistan is heavily influenced 3.2.1 QaumiBaluchistan Movement, National and Party the region include Jamiat Ulama Muslimeen Leagu Muslim Pakistan Party, Awami Milli Pukhtoonkhwa parties: political following the includes Assembly Baluchsitan the in alliance government the As parties. political various of leadership National Partyand Jamaat Ulama Khatak belongs to PTI (Table 4). province.the in governmentcurrently is running and 56 won it LeagueMuslim Shah

Comparison of Punjab and Baluchistan and Punjab Comparison of Provincial Politics is associated with associated is e - - e While While comparing the po the Furthermore, in politics The N (PML N - Islam

out of 124 seats in the in seats 124 of out

(Provincial Assembly of Baluchistan 2015) Baluchistan of Assembly (Provincial - - (JUI F F (PML F - N), Pakistan Muslim League Muslim Pakistan N), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber - F), Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan, Qoumi Wattan Party, Awami Awami Party, Wattan Qoumi Pakistan, Ittehad Jamhuri Awami F), - PPP (Table 4). (Table PPP F)NationalParty and People’s - e - litics in the province of Baluchistan has been influenced by the the by influenced been has Baluchistan of province the in litics provincial provincial dynamics o Islami Pakistan r, it is opposite in the case of Baluchistan. In Baluchistan, the major - Other prominent political parties active in the province are Jamiat e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber - Islam - Other political parties active in Sindh include Pakistan include Sindh in active parties political Other F (JUI

(ECP 2013) (ECP is dominated by Pakistan Teh Pakistan by dominated is - Q (PML Q 44 - F), -

N, the provincial politics in Punjab mirrors the mirrors Punjab in politics provincial the N, f Punjab and Baluchis (ECP 2013) (ECP

Awami National Party, Awami Party, Jamote The current Chief Minister of KPK of Minister Chief currentThe

- Assembly in 2013 elections 2013 in Assembly (Table 5). 5). (Table (ECP 2013) (ECP Q), National Party and Majlis Wahdatul Majlis and Party National Q), .

ctional at the provincial level provincial the at ctional The other political parties of of parties political other The .

tan, level. For instance, the instance, For level. reek that party systems in - e - Insaaf (PTI) as as (PTI) Insaaf (ECP 2013) (ECP – Pervez

CEU eTD Collection (…) are of regional nature” ob regional of formation party parties. regional 3.2.2 their demands beautonomy forandwill propelled power more parties, ethnic regional the to granted is power more if that Roeder Philip by made argument the their own regional government but they demand more access to region independentBaluchistan, thean have with case people of regional inthe autonomy, while, cas the In government. central the from demands their in differ also provinces two The Baluchistan. of province the in deeper roots its dig might secessionism of fear the regions, the to power more federalism might exacerbate the already caseBaluchistan as of compared toPunjab. that weakly a of nationalized criterion party system provided the by to according Baluchistan of case the in system party the of nature 4). Party o Governor level provincial the at support government national the into it made never they e of Punjab, the demand for the division of Punjab is based on gaining a separate territorial and However, the parties do not have support at the national level. national the at support have not do parties the However, the effect of more devolution or political decentrali political or devolution more of effect the

(PMAP) (PMAP) and the Chief Minister If Regional Parties are Ethnic? are Parties Regional If In order to evaluate region more is Baluchistan in politics the As f Baluchistan f

Régis Dandoy Régis

– (Dandoy 2010, 197) M if regional parties are ethnic, ohammad Khan Achakzai Achakzai Khan ohammad edience, whose ideological, program and organizational identity organizational and program ideological, whose edience, as they make current provincial government in Baluchistan. The Baluchistan. in government provincial current make they as highlights that regional parties can be defined be can parties regional that highlights – (Jones (Jones and Mainwaring 2003) A ingrained ingrained separatist sentiments in the people. Hence, with bdul Malik Baloch

. 45

He He emphasizes underlines that t

EP 2013) (ECP

it it is vital to comprehend what constitutes belongs to belongs zation would zation - ae, h ipeetto o ethno of implementation the based, is from the National party powe (Roeder 2009) (Roeder .

Both parties have tremendous tremendous have parties Both

. Therefore, it could be argued It depicts the de the depicts It r and resources. This reiterate Pukhtoonkhwa Milli Awami Milli Pukhtoonkhwa be more prominent in the in prominent more be . as “an autonomous “an as

he regional parties

- nationalized (NP)

(Table -

CEU eTD Collection evaluate specificby ameans region, which can it a in majority the constitutes that but state, the in population the of majority the from differs that t by adopted as autonomy political Pakistan of state the from independence ‘independent category, ‘secessionist’ under fall which order) international to (challenges demands radical or strong the as characterized be can Baluchis of framework for a separate province federal a in powers and authority demanding and nature, in ‘federalist’ category, ‘decentralist’ Saraiki people can be categorized asdemands mild (challenges tointernal order) under which fall South Punjab are ethno ethno as regional parties parties in nature. partie regional the that argue hence, and basis territory on parties recognition ethnic and identity regional identity’ group ethno the aspect, territorial the besides him, to According s national of reorganization demand they when ethnic are ensions ,

The ethno The Given the dynamics of provincial political parties, it seems that they cannot be categorized . He n acrig o i, tnc ate cno b ietcl o einl parties regional to identical be cannot parties ethnic him, to according and - the history of their demands and aspirations. Given the nature of ethnic dynamics of the the of dynamics ethnic of nature the Given aspirations. and demands their of history the regional parties. However, the demands of the people of the regions of Baluchistan and and Baluchistan of regions the of people the of demands the However, parties. regional As defines territorial political autonomy as “ Maxmilián always ethn Dno 21, 197) 2010, (Dandoy - regional trend of the demands of Baluchis and Saraikis is quite evident if we we if evident quite is Saraikis and Baluchis of demands the of trend regional - regional. According to the typology presente

Strmiska Strmiska highlights that ethno o - regional

of Saraiki uh Lapidoth Ruth .

(Strmiska 2003) ec, h ethno the Hence,

express its di express its (Dandoy 2010, 198) 2010, (Dandoy (Dandoy 2010, 206) 2010, (Dandoy (Dandoy 2010, 206) 46

suggests an alternative alternative an suggests an arrangement aimed at granting to a group stinct identity” - . regional parties are a subgroup of regional

- einls pris emphasize parties regionalist - regional parties require ‘an exclusive exclusive ‘an require parties regional ae structures tate . Some scholars categorize regional regional categorize scholars Some . . Perhaps the notion of territorial of notion the Perhaps . On the other hand, the demands ist’ in nature, and demanding demanding and nature, in ist’ s may not necessarily be ethnic ethnic be necessarily not may s d by Dandoy, the demands of

(Lapidoth 1996,33) (Lapidoth Dno 21, 196) 2010, (Dandoy for alleviating ethnic ethnic alleviating for o d all do nor . n both on

CEU eTD Collection to analyze ofethnic what parties intheregional presence a factorswouldkeep country together further evaluation is that can ethno of Pakistan, the paradox is that even the politi nationalized The apart. On the other hand, it concerns. groups’ minority ethnic the facilitating in and regions the to autonomy more granting t On it. strengthening than rather for the national politics or needs what provinces,

leads to further de to be analyzed is that if the provincial the if that is analyzedbe to if they act as a centrifugal force a cal parties are a source of source a are parties cal - he one hand, the strength of strength the hand, one he federalism work without the nationalized parties? It is pertinent - nationalization nationalization of party politics and might pull a federation ‘ national 47 ’

parties are not na integration for a federation but in the case the in but federation a for integration nd sway politics away from the national political parties play a unifying role role unifying a playparties political

regional parties is beneficial for beneficial is parties regional tional. The question that needs .

CEU eTD Collection practice. in devolution of implementation the lacks still country the of system federal current the because to need we because the nation E S Nationalization Party the ethno th in slope slippery a quite is it Hence,federation. the of unity andintegration national to threat a as However, from the statecentralist point the for allows it as step good con Baluchistan and Punjab of provinces the of people the view, of point nationalist no or development positive a is it of demands the that likely Pakistan. in politics of denationalization further to lead will it place, takes lines ethnic along provinces of reorganization territorial if i.e., boundaries ethnic follow provinces if that argued have I that. separate of process the in is Pakistan Conclusion lections of 2008 and 2013. My findings did not meet the expectation that after the devolution, the after that expectation the meet not did findings My 2013. and 2008 of lections is regard. - federalism can The second This

Saraiki alization alization scores will be decreased

Moreover, the literature on ethno thesis ith the adoption of federalism and devolution of power to the provinces, the to power of devolution and federalism of adoption the ith

province and Baluch nationalists demanding an ind an demanding nationalists Baluch and province has level level of analysis dealt with the na evaluate this trend over a longer period of time, with more data, and partly partly and data, more with time, of period longer a over trend this evaluate

contribute to contribute conducted two levels of analysis. of levels two conducted the ethnic groups in Punjab and Baluchistan and Punjab in groups ethnic the cores before and after devolution after and before cores becoming an ethno an becoming preservation and territorial recognition of their ethnic identities. identities. ethnic their of recognition territorial and preservation t depends on the perspective we perspective the on depends t

social and ethnic peace societies. inethnically divided of view, the shift towards ethno ,

however, - federalism federalism is also ambivalent on the 48 - federal state. The claim The state. federal

tionalization tionalization of parties in Pakistan. I evaluated

the scores increased instead. This was partly

The first The

by taking into acco into taking by

view it from. it view level of analysis suggests analysis of level ependent Baluchistan ependent

- may strengthen. strengthen. may federalism federalism might be seen s of Saraiki people Saraiki of s

From the ethno the From unt the General General the unt extent extent to sider it as a as it sider Whether it seems seems it

depict which which

for a a for that -

CEU eTD Collection (ethno) federali of working successful the for necessary are decentralization political and provinces the to power be demands group’s ethnic the consider to government o extent the constitutes, diversity ethnic managing in federation the help will structure. federal the through institutionalized group ethnic the of representation require would it ethno the of implementation the if Nonetheless, future. near the in ethno of establishment properly, two inthenext bevisible results might its orthreeelection periods. institutionalized. and implemented be to time more be should amendment system visibl be to devolution of effect the for but level regional the at impact more has denationalized depicts it (yet)but ethnic that argue I parties, system the national level

strengthe

, n iu f h rssac fo te etaie Pksai tt, h possibility the state, Pakistani centralized the from resistance the of lieu In For evaluating the

as devolution as w tig ae required. are things two ned to accommodate various ethnic identities ethnic various accommodate to ned sm in Pakistan and tensions.sm in alleviatingethnic

proper power proper but provin

due due to the lack of evidence there, occurs at th occursat - implemented properly. Second, in order for devolution to work, it work, to devolution for order in Second, properly. implemented federal units and the division of the core group seems to be not that likelythat not be to groupseems core the of division the and units federal f autonomy it grants to the regions regions the to grants it autonomy f

nationalization nationalization of cial political parties have a distinct regional dimension, which is not not is which dimension, regional distinct a have parties political cial - sharing sharing e provinciale

First, the steps for devolution as identified in the Eighteenth Eighteenth the in identified as devolution for steps the First, (Sisk 1996) (Sisk mechanisms mechanisms politics in Pakistan.in politics political parties, I analyzed level . It is also essential that the that essential also is It . Whether Pakistan’s shift towards shift Pakistan’s Whether 49

Having analyzed both national and provincialand national Havingboth analyzed . If the steps for devolution are imp are devolution for steps the If such as governing coalitions and legitimate and coalitions governing as such

Moreover, I shifted the analysis

r o dpns on depends not or .

Be that as it may, it as that Be My findings suggest that devolution devolution that Mysuggestfindings

n te edns o te federal the of readiness the and the political institutions institutions political the - federal structure doe structure federal

the

territorial autonomy territorial

effect effect of devolution at to the provincial party h fdrl ein it design federal the

the devolution of devolution the ethno e in the political the in e - federalism federalism s happen, happen, s le

requires

need to need mented f the of is

CEU eTD Collection

Map 1: Map Ethno - Source: Katharine Adeney’s adoption of the mapofthe Adeney’sadoption Katharine Source: linguistic composition in Pakistan 50

(Adeney 2012, 545) 2012, (Adeney

CEU eTD Collection S.No 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 .

Source: Election Commission Pakistan of Appendix 1: Party totalwise votespolled

Pakistan ns Muslim Pakistan Parliamentaria Peoples Pakistan Pakistan Awami Hazara Jamiat Pakistan Jamait Bachao Pakistan Pakistan (Shaheed Pakistan Awami Pakistan National United Sindh Pakistan (Awami) Balochistan (Sherpao) Pakistan Peoples National Pakistan National Awami Pakistan Mutthida Pakistan Muttahida Independent Party

Name

Ulama Ahle

Himayat Democratic Party

Party Citizen Democratic (MMA) (Elahi Peoples Peoples Muslim Muslim

Bhutto) Majlis

Qaumi

- National

Hadith

Party -

- Zaheer) -

Islam Party Movement

Tehreek Party

Party Party

e Party Party League League League

- Movement Amal

Party

Party Party

(S)

(N) (F)

Assembly National 10666548 2573795 3865954 6805324 8007218 141975 148892 685684 704811 766240 http://ecp.gov.pk/Misc/partywisevotebank.pdf 14292 19248 27076 33641 64505 72956 2929 3174 3885 4008 5147 5441

51 Balochistan

203526 348103 449950 165959 (PB) 64231 15208 10534 68150 410 315 5149 7629 5450 2518 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (General Elections2008)

KPK 578405 496990 820695 277559 435932 563057 215465 2927 6242 619 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PF)

Punjab 3270598 5594061 5852907 5548153 160515 182753 22418 14378 25244

2887 4637 1571 327 257 110 143 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PP)

2592509 1181298 3611644 174848 533385 199613 133656 Sindh 23328 69138 82424 2923 1408 (PS) 527 79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CEU eTD Collection Source: Election Commission Pakistan of 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23

Punjab National Punjab Pasban Bedar Pakistan Seraiki (Niazi) Jamiat Wardag) (Rehmat Tehrik Party Labour Balochistan Freedom Pakistan Qaumi Pakistan Qaumi Pakistan Aman Pakistan Pakistan Markazi Gharib Pakistan Pakistan Muslim Pak Muhafiz Pakistan Pakistan Azad Sunni Pakistan Wattan Jamhoori Total Total Polled

Tehreek Pakistan

Ulama

Sooba e

Jamiat

(FK) Khan Ittehad Istaqlal Tehrek

National Votes

Alliance

Pakistan Movement

Party

- Party

Ulema

League Pakistan Party

Party Tehreek Party

Party Party

- Party Inqalab

Party

- e

http://ecp.gov.pk/Misc/partywisevotebank.pdf

52 1480 1492 1501 1670 2173 2263 2318 181 197 215 235 874 72 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 9

20694543

116 350 41 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 2

38 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3993 2105 4495 293 361 662 354 132 160 689 241 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2869 1785 157 15 29 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CEU eTD Collection National Balochistan National (Noorani) Jamiat Pakistan Awami Jamhuri Pakistan Muslim League Tehreek Sindh United Pakistan Awami Muslim Pakistan Jamiat Ulama Party Bahawalpur National Pakistan Muslim National Peoples Party Pukhtoonkhwa Milli MUTAHIDA DEENI Awami National Jamaat Pakistan Muslim League Pakistan Muslim Jamiat Ulama Muttahidda Qaumi Independent Parliamentarians Pakistan Peoples Pakistan Pakistan Muslim League Party Appendix 2: Party totalwise votespolled (General Elections2013)

Name

- Ulma e -

Party Tehreek e -

Islami - Tahaffuze

e Party - -

- e e

Pakistan Pakistan League - -

Pakistan Islam Party Islam Ittehad

Party Party League(Z) League - e -

Movement Insaf

Awami

Party

Pakistan

MAHAZ Awami

Nazryati (F)

(J) (F) (N)

14874104 1072846 1409905 1461371 2456153 5880658 6911218 7679954 103098 113365 128510 197829 214631 360297 453057 963909 61148 63979 67966 71175 71773 76358 82634 93046 mbly Asse onal Nati

Balochistan 53 207167 352300 134758 167900 53305 51976 24030 76018 81217 63956 10070 31122 1927 2753 3627 (PB)

760 385 251 16 0 0 0 0 0

Pakhtunk hwa Khyber 1039719 733777 867989 472550 856135 556525 404895 63497 16036 38378 5991 7903 3705 7575 1049 7393 8401 222 0 0 0 0 0 0 (PK)

Punjab 11365363 1377130 6217856 2464812 4951216 153398 114734 134369 489772 13968 51374 45010 61136 63509 12511 60174 1319 1776 847 76 0 0 0 0

(PP)

Sindh

1138400 2510853 3209686 105799 873171 607383 592954 208499 117713 131141 64718 20904 68648 23722 1171 2092 2115 276 548 42 12 0 0 0

(PS)

CEU eTD Collection All All Pakistan Muslim Mutahidda Qabil Inqilabion Ki Mohib Movement Christian Islami Tehreek Pakistan Justice Awami Justice Party Pakistan Falah Pakistan Kissan Pakistan Saraiki Jamote Qaumi Pakistan Mohajir Qaumi Hazara Democratic (Awami) Balochistan National Awami Warkers Qoumi Wattan (STP) Sindh Taraqi Passand Pakistan Sunni Sunni Ittehad Pakistan Majlis Tehreek Qaumi Watan Party (Shaheed Pakistan Peoples League Pakistan National

- - e

e - - -

Wahdat e Wattan

Bhutto) Progressive -

Suba

Anjuman Council

Movement

Party Party Pakistan Tehreek

Movement Hazara Ittehad Party

Party Party - Nowjawan Party

Party e

Muslim -

Muslimeen Party

League (

Pakistan Party

Sherpao)

Party

19253 23397 25485 37732 41520 43265 46574 50046 52398 54231 10468 10575 11052 12866 18650 2399 2503 2523 2694 3230 3803 4207 4367 5236

11976 12354 10667 8799 696 657 571 108 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

193964 22611 21933 7452 1450 1320 7633 931 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

61851 34592 37444 21805 55783 26222 4613 1399 2425 9044 2010 6870 2494 537 196 771 251 39 0 0 0 0 0 0

36868 24528 2973 4521 9965 6398 1374 4778 960 101 877 45 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CEU eTD Collection Tehrik (Zehri Pakistan Muslim League Azad Pakistan Pakistan Muhafiz Watan Pakistan Muhajir Pakistan Brohi (Pakistan) Movement Afgan League Pakistan Muslim League Pakistan Muslim Ghareeb Awam Communist ofParty Democratic Pakistan National Ittehad Hazara Awami Istiqlal Pak Wattan Pakistan Istehkaam Sindh Dost Ittehad (SDI) Pakistan Gharib Jamiat Ulama Pakistan Human Rights Islami Inqalab Tehreek Awami Himayat of Menecracy Action Party Movement Mutahida Baloch Party

Pakistan

Name

Qomi - Group)

- Party e Pakistan Council

Muttahida - Pakistan Movement Masawaat

Pakistan e

Party

- Party

Party e

Party

- Party

Islam

Party

League

Pakistan

(S)

Party

bly Assem nal Natio

149 152 152 172 174 191 191 214 218 220 240 250 256 258 266 274 330 447 471 101 116 126 134 99

Balochistan (PB) 101 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pakhtunk hwa Khyber 7952 1127 258 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (PK)

Punjab 2775 257 146 642 376 141 269 32 29 94 29 50 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

(PP)

Sindh 192 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PS)

CEU eTD Collection Pakistan Islami Justice Pakistan Qaumi Minded) Humkhiyal (Like Pakistan Muslim Pakistan Motherland AMAL MUTTHIDA Pakistan Aman All Pakistan Bayrozgar Party Hazara Qaumi Pakistan Rah Qaumi Haqiqi Jamote Hadith Markazi Jamiat Hadith Markazi Jamiat Al Afghan National Pak Muslim AwamiQomi Pakistan Awami Pakistan Awami Quwat Punjab National Working All Pakistan Youth Farman Aalay Kalam Ullah Pakistan Muhammadi Pakistan (Niazi) Jamiat Aap Janab Sarkar Salam Pakistan Tehreek

Name

Ulma Movement Pakistan (Sajid PAKISTAN

Rasool

e Party - Wafaq

Alliance -

- MAJLIS

e Tehreek Mir) e -

- Mahaz

Party (saw) Party Haq

Ahl Party

Party Inqalab Party

League

Pakistan

Party -

Party

Party -

Party

E Party

Party

y Assembl l Nationa

13 14 15 24 27 30 34 48 54 55 64 68 69 71 89 0 0 0 0 7 9 0 0 0 0

Balochistan 56 (PB) 499 15

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pakhtunkh wa Khyber 19975 1882 355 491 19 (PK) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Punjab 1246 168 150 362 10 21 32 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PP)

Sindh 2451 209 505 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PS)

CEU eTD Collection Total Pakistan Green National Awami League Peoples Muslim Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Tehreek Pakistan Welfare Pakistan Justice and Development Ullah Jamat Alaye Kalam Khidmatgar Pakistan Inqilabi Pakistan Mutahida Awam Tehreek Pasmanda Party Source: ofPakistan Election Commission

Furman Name

Pakistan

Pakistan -

e Party

- karwan Insaniat

Tehreek -

Party -

Party Rasool

League - e

Pakistan -

Party

45388404 ly Assemb al Nation

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

http://ecp.gov.pk/Misc2013/voteBank.pdf Balochistan 1311482 57 (PB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pakhtunkh wa Khyber 5383033 (PK) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Punjab 27875857 135 596 33 40 44 53 56 0 0 0 0

(PP)

Sindh 9836050 14901 39079 378 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(PS)

CEU eTD Collection 2013. Chandio, Jami. Cederman,Lars Caramani, 2004. Daniele. Brancati, 2007."The Dawn. Origins and Brancati, 2006."Decentralization: Dawn. Fueling theFire Dampening FlamesEthnic or the of Bengali, Kaiser. 2012. 2006."Diversity,Bakke, Wibbels. Kristin M,andErik, Federal Disparity, in Conflict and Civil ofAkhtar,"Role Parties Political in Nadeem. theDemocratic 2011. ofPakistan." System 1 Ahmed, Sheikh Nadeem, andSajidaBegum. "Historicalof Political and 2015. Perspective Ahmed Ahmad, Raza. 2010."The EndemicPakistan." Federalism of in Crisis Adeney, Katharine. 2014. Adeney, "AInclusive Katharine. Federalism 2012. StepTheoft Towards Pakistan? Politics in Adegehe,"Federalism,AK. FederationsEthnicConcepts 2009. Conflict: and Theories." 23 Abedi, 2004. Amir. Abbas, Hassan. 2005. Bibliography , Feroz. 1996. "Ethnic Fragmentation or National Integration?" Fragmentation 1996."Ethnic , Feroz. orNational Discussion Paper ,Strengthening Organization. Participatory New Data and Analysis." Press. SciencePolitical Conflict andSecessionism." States." Science DevelopmentConstitutional Pakistan." in Development Review Economics 18th Amendment." 53. Routledge .

77 World Politics - Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian 2010. "WhyErik, Min. and Andreas Wimmer, Groups DoEthnic

89. 15 Anti - The Federalism of inPakistan:Issues Crisis and Challenges.

Pakistan's Drift Drift Extremism.into Pakistan's 31. The Case for a NewProvince. Case fora The - 135 Political Political

The Nationalization of The of Nationalization Politics. Ethnic autonomy Asia:Aprelude inSouth tosecession? The Journal ofFederalism The Journal

- 631 159.

1 - - 50. World Politics 45.

Establishment Parties: AComparative Analysis.

International Organization

Strengths ofRegional PartiesStrengths ." 58

87 IOSR Journal Of Journal IOSR

- 119.

May 25. 539 New Press. Delhi :Pentagon

Cambridge:University Cambridge - 565.

651 Humanities AndSocial -

685. The LahoreJournal of The Pakistan

British Journal of Journalof British

March 05. SPO SPO London :

Rebel? Rebel? - 46.

CEU eTD Collection Faiz, Asma. 2015. Ruben,Enikolopov, and Ekaterina2007. "DecentralizationZhuravskaya. and Political Elazar, Daniel 1966. Judah. 2013. Duverger, Maurice. 1954. 2006. S. Dunne, Justin Diwakar,"PartyIndia: The 2010. Rekha. AggregationState level in analysis." RameshDutta.Dikshit, 1975. Deiwiks, 2009."The Christa. curse ethno of Dawn. 2015. Dandoy, Régis. "Ethno 2010. — GaryCox, 1999."Electoral W. Coordination." and Rules Electoral — Chhibber, PradeepKenK., and Kollman. 2004. . 1997. . 2004. ECP. May 30,2015. Inst Y. Crowell Company. New Wiley. York :John Movement Pakistan . in 477 . andStability Origins Association. conflict."boundaries and secessionist Islamabad, January 06. Federalism Cambridge:University Press. Cambridge Science Press. GreatCanada, Britain, States. Federalism Great andParty inCanada, Competition India, andthe Britain, United Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Strategic CoordinationCount: Making inthe Votes Electoral Party Systems: National The in Formationof Federalism Competition andParty itutions." –

February Accessed http://ecp.gov.pk/. May 17. 23,2015. 496.

Parliament passes 21stConstitutional Amendment,Amendment.Parliament Act Army

Princeton University Press.

145

Development AdvocatePakistan. 194 -

161. Geneva. 1 Journal of Public EconomicsJournal of

- Crisis Baluchis in 220.

Political Parties: Their Political andActivityOrganization inthe Modern State. American Federalism: AView fromthe States.

regionalist Europe: parties atypology ." in Th DelhiIndia. :Macmillan of Co. -

21. India, andtheUnited States. June .

e Geography Political ofFederalism: the into AnInquiry

tan: AHistorical Analysisofthe Baluch Nationalist

- federalism? Ethnic groupfederalism? regions,subnational Annual Meeting of the Swiss Political ofthe Swiss Annual Meeting Science 59 The Formati

2261

Policy Pakistan . Accessed Report ,UNDP – 2290.

New University Jersey: Princeton on of National on ofNational Party Systems:

Annual Review Political of

Perspectives on

New York :Thomas Party Politics Systems.

CEU eTD Collection Kasuya,and Moenius. 2008."The Johannes Nationalizationof Yuko, Party ConceptualSystems: Kasuya,and Moenius.2004."MeasuringLinkage Johannes Yuko, Party Districts:Some across 2005.József. "EthnoJuhász, Mark and P., Jones, Scott Mainwaring."The Nationalization of Parties 2003. and Party Umbreen.Javaid, Bahawalpur 2011."MovementProvince." for Jaffrelot, 2002. Christophe. Donald.Horowitz, 1991. Martinez Kuhonta.Hicken, Allen,and Erik Hayek,F.A. 1948. Harrison, 1981."In S. Selig Baluch Afghanistan's andSovie shadow: nationalism Hardgrave, 1994. Robert, Jr. Hale, Henry. 2001. Hale,"Divided Henry.Institutional we 2004. sourcesethnofederal stand: statesurvival and of Gurr, Ted 2000. Robert. 2011. 2013. Feyyaz, Muhammad. 2011. Government Sindh. of Gove Issues and Alternative District PartyInflationIndices System and Their Properties." Systems." andPublishers Distributers . Society. Institutionaliz Carnegie Endowment Peace International for University Press. and Keeping Stable. Russia collapse." Washington, D. PILDAT. rnment of Baluchistan . Baluchistan of rnment

Berkeley :University ofCaliforniaPress.

World Politics Party Politics Party Individualism andEconomicIndividualism Order. Ethnofederalism: Lessons for Rebuilding Afghanistan, Afghanistan, forRebuilding Lessons PreservingEthnofederalism: ation inAsia ." C: United States Institute United StatesC: Press. ofPeace

Peoples RiskintheNew at Versus Minorities States: Century. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional EngineeringA Democratic Constitutional aDivided in SouthAfrica? Pakistan: Nationalism Pakistan: Nationalism Without A Demand forSaraiki Province. -

India: ofDiversity. The Dilemmas Accessed http://www.sindh.gov.pk/. May 19, 2015. Federalism:and Challenges Opportunities." 245

SA 165

PolicyIndiana University Memo, . Accessed 13,2015.http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/. May GE Publications.

- Comparative Political Studies Political Comparative 193. - Focused Measures."

2011. "Shadows From the Past: Party2011. "ShadowsFrom thePast: System 60

Chicago: University Press.of Chicago - 28.

Background Paper , Islamabad:Background , Paper Electoral Studies

Party Politics

Nation.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Baltimore:Johns

Punjab University Punjab University

1 -

New DelhiNew :Manohar 26.

543

126 - 263. - 564.

- t temptations." 135.

Pakistan, 57.

CEU eTD Collection IanLustik, Eidelson. and Miodownik, and Dan J. S., Roy 2004."Secessionism inMulticultural — — DesignLijphart,"Constitutional Divided Socities." for Arend. 2004. Lee, Soo Lapidoth, 1996. Ruth. Laakso, Taagepera.and"'Effective' Markku,Rein Number 1979. of AMeasure with Parties: Kymlicka, 1998. Will. Kupecz,Baloch"Pakistan's Mickey.Insurgency: 2012.History,Conflict drivers, and Regional 2015. Khan,"EthnicFederalism Maryam Pakistan: Federal 2014.of in Ethno S. Design, Construction Khan, Gulawar. 2014. Khan, Adeel. 2002."Pakistan's Sin Irum.Khalid, ofFederalism 2013."Politics Pakistan: ProblemsandProspects." in Ethnic to Kaufman,Impossible"Possible Civil Solutions and Wars." 1996. Chaim. . 1999. . 1977. Khyber Assembly Pakhtunkhwa . Review States:It?" Does Sharing Prevent orEncourage Power University Press. 109. Perspective." InstituteUnited States Peace of Press. Application Europe." toWest R Implications ." 77 Identitylinguistic and Conflict ." Group . inPakistan Baluchistan Threat"Indianization"." of Studies Security - outledge Press. Young, and Andrew B. 2008."GovernmentAndrew Whitford. Young, andComparative Effectivenessin Patterns of democracy.Patterns of Societies:Plural Democracy AComparative Exploration. in - 129.

209 199 133 – - 212. – 229. Social Science Research Network 75. Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic to Conflicts. FlexibleAutonomy: Solutions Politics of nationalism, of federalism, andseparatism: ThecasePolitics of International Affairs Review Affairs International Is Federalism toSecessionism? aViableAlternative

London ,Septembe New University Haven: Yale Press. University ofCaliforniaPressUniversity dhi Ethnic Nationalism:Migration,dhi Ethnic and the Marginalization, Comparative Political Studies Political Comparative

Accessed June 1,2015.http:/ June Accessed

61 Harvard Journal onRacial andEthnicHarvard Justice

95 r . -

110. 1 - 49.

American Political SciencePolitical American

213

(12): 3 Journal of Democracy of Journal /www.pakp.gov.pk/2013/. -

229.

New Haven:New Yale

Washingt

- New York : 27.

South Asian South Asian on, D.C: International

96 -

CEU eTD Collection Harrison.Riker, William 1975. "Federalism, Handbook in of Science." Political Rahman, Tariq. 1996. 2012. 1997. 2013. 2015. n.d. O O'Neil, Kathleen."Decentralization as an electoral 2003. strategy." Oates, Wallace E.1972. O’Leary, McGarry. Brendan,and 1995. John Norris, 2008. Pippa. Mushtaq, Muhammad. 2009."Managin Moser, Robert G., Scheiner. and Ethan 2012. Morgenstern, and Stephen Scott, M.Swindle, Andrea"Party Castagnola. 2009. Nationalization andMcGarry, Brendan pluri John, "Must O'Leary. 2009. Majeed,"Ethnicity Pakistan." Gulshan. in and 2003. Ethnic Conflict rnstein,and Turns"As the Norman,Coursen World Democratic: Kimberly. Federalism 1992. Pakistan Peoples Party . Pakistan Peoples Party Punjab Portal . Punjab Portal Punjab Assembly . PSDB. . ofBaluchistan Provincial Assembly Political SciencePolitical http://www.pabalochistan.gov.pk/index.php/members/govt_n_opp/en/0#ga. Finds Favor." Studies York :Cambridge University Press. CambridgeUniversity Press. European Journal ofScientific Research University Press. Effects andEstablished Rules New Vary of Across Democracies. Institutions."and 5 51 – 25. - 63.

Accessed MayAccessed 06,2015.http://www.psdb.org.br/.

1068 - Driving Democarcy:Driving Do Power 1091.

American Enterprise American Accessed May 18,2015.http://www.punjab.gov.pk/. Language inPakistan. andPolitics

Fiscal Federalism .

93 The Jo Accessedhttp://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/home/en. May 19,2015.

- 172.

Accessed http://www.ppp.org.pk/. May 15,2015. urnal ofPolitics urnal

gDiversityand Pakistan." Ethnic Federalismin

Accesse

New YorkNew :Harcourt. Electoral Systems Context: andPolitical How the Electoral Re – 24. 62

gulating Nations andEthnic Nations Communities. gulating 279 1322

d May 18,2015. - - Sharing Institutions Work? Institutions Sharing 294. - 1341. - national federations fail?"

Karachi University Oxford : Press.

Comparative Political Political Comparative

Journal of Political Studies Political of Journal

New York : CambridgeYorkNew

In Handbookof New : York

Ethnopolitics

New

CEU eTD Collection InteractionTsebelis, George. 1990."Elite Building inConsociational and Constitution Treisman,"Defining Daniel.and Decentralization: 2002.Measuring AGlobal Perspective 1 ." Tiebout, CharlesLocal M.1956."A Expenditures." Pure Theoryof Tahir, Pervez. 2009. 2003. Maxmilián. Strmiska, "Conceptualization Stepan, Alfred."Federalism andDemocracy: 1999.Beyond theU.S. Model." TimothySisk, D.1996. 2015. Allan, andBochsler.Sikk, Danielof ethnic 2008."Impact party heterogeneity on nationalisation Siegle, and Patrick Joseph, O' Mahony. 2000. Ayesha.Siddiqa, 2011. LanguageShackle, A Pakistan." C.1977."Siraiki: in Movement Sambanis,Branko Nicholas, and "Explaining Milanovic.for thedemand 2005. sovereignty." Samad, Yunas. 2013. Roeder, 2009." andthe Philip. mismanagement Ethnofederalism of conflicting nationalisms." 2006. Rodden, Jonathan. Sindh Assembly. Societies." 38. Economy Note onMethodology." Democracy Deadly Conflict. InstituteYork :United States ofPeaceand onPreventing theCarnegie Commission http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/bydistrict/en. in the Balticof ECPR Sessions Joint France, states." 2008 Workshops, 1 GovernanceGovernance. OfficeDemocracy Programming USAID’s and Handbook, of Co Working Paper Islamabad, Institute Development :Sustainable (SDPI). Policy Regional andFederal Studies CambridgeUniversity Press. nflict Mitigatingnflict Strategy.

416 Journal ofTheoretical Politics

19 The News: Gas andsugar. The - Managing Diversity inPakistan:. GoingManaging Beyond Federalism 424. -

34. Accessed 16,2015. May . The Express UpPunjab. Dividing Tribune:

Power Sharing and International Mediation EthnicPower SharingandInternational in Confl

Hamilton’s Paradox: ThePromise andPeril ofFiscal Federalism.

Central EuropeanReviewCentral Studies Political .

Revision tothe DecentralizationRevision andLocal Democratic 203 - 219. Assessing the Merits of Decentralization as a theMeritsas Decentralization of Assessing

63 September 25. and Typology Regional ofEuropean Parties: A

5 - 29.

Modern Asian Studies . Studies Modern Asian

April 03. The Journal ofPoli The Journal

Journal of - 32.

Policy Paper

icts. tical

New

CEU eTD Collection Ronald L.Watts, 1996. Waseem, Mohammad. 2015. Waseem, Mohammad. 2010. Intergovernmental Relations,Queen’s University. Islamabad, Advocate Pakistan :Development . Comparing FederalComparing Systems The Post Federalism inPakistan. - 18th Amendment Federalism inPakistan. 64

in the 1990s.

The ForumFederations. of

Kingston Ontario: Institute Ontario:Kingston of

Policy Analysis