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Crater Lake National Park Student Study Guide

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Crater Lake National Park Student Study Guide Crater Lake National Park National Park Service Science & Learning Center U.S. Department of the Interior Student Study Guide Name: ________________ eople protect everything at Crater Lake National Park. PFor the last 100 years, park rangers have protected living things like pikas and mountain hemlocks, non-living things like rocks and water, and even ideas like wilderness and spirituality. For at least 10,000 years, local American Indian tribes have protected the stories of the place's violent past. Mountain hemlock trees survive the winter at Crater Lake. NPS Photo These people all practice stewardship. You can practice stewardship today by learning about what makes Crater Lake special. In the future, you can visit and create your own reasons Stewardship to love our national parks. protecting something important in a responsible way Glossary of keywords on back page Meet the American pika! Pikas (pai-kuhs) are about the size of hamsters. They live year- round on mountainsides and they don’t hibernate! They only survive in air temperatures about as cold as a refrigerator—not freezing, but not as warm as your classroom. In fact, a pika could not survive in your classroom! Do you think you could An American pika keeps watch for predators. NPS Photo survive on a mountainside? Crater Lake used to be a giant volcano named Mount Mazama. Mount Mazama erupted regularly NPS Photo for half a million years. It grew larger and taller as layers of lava cooled on top of each other. Then during one enormous eruption Mount Mazama disappeared. A Scientific Story After studying lava rocks inside of the caldera and volcanic ash spread across the globe, volcanologists wrote a story of the geologic formation of Crater Lake. This story changes as Paul Rockwood's painting of Mount Mazama erupting during its growth phase. Paul Rockwood's painting of Mount Mazama erupting during its growth more scientists research the caldera. Although the Crater Lake caldera is one of the most researched volcanoes in the world, mysteries remain. Mystery: What will happen to the lake if the Crater Lake caldera erupts? Step 1: The magma chamber Step 4: Precipitation fell beneath Mount Mazama Step 2: Lava erupted into the Step 3: After the eruption, the into the caldera and filled it overfilled with magma. sky, the volcano crumbled newly formed caldera filled with fresh water, creating the Too much pressure led to a and collapsed into the empty with lava and debris, sealing off deepest lake in the USA (1,943 cataclysmic eruption. magma chamber. its bottom. feet deep)! Crater Lake on a peaceful spring day. NPS Photo Is it safe to visit Crater Lake today? Scientists studying the lake floor with submarines determined that the Crater Lake caldera is dormant, but still poses risks to humans. Volcanologists monitor Crater Lake for tectonic activity 24/7 to help keep people safe. They're looking for earthquakes that might warn us about future eruptions! Don't worry! Park rangers won't let you near the volcano if there have been recent signs of volcanic activity! Click here to learn more about volcanic hazards at Crater Lake! The High Cascades The Crater Lake caldera is one of thirteen major volcanoes in the High Cascades Range that spans from northern California to southern British Columbia. Eleven of the thirteen volcanoes have erupted in the past 4,000 years, and seven of those have erupted in the past 200 years. Mount Mazama's cataclysmic eruption (7,700 years ago) was the largest eruption in the High Cascades in the last million years! Volcanologists consider these volcanoes to be dormant, meaning they could all erupt again. Do you live near one of these dormant volcanoes? USGS Photo Lava splatter at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. NPS Photo The Legend of the Lake Again the voices soothed him like a Background Photo: Matt Witt By June Poitras, lullaby and he slept. Again and again from Vina Kirk's collection, circa 1940 he spent the night above the lake and each time seemed to get more strength. Many, many moons before the coming of the pale ones, a band of brave After many nights on the cliff he was The Klamath Tribes (Klamath, Klamath hunters came unexpectedly drawn irresistibly to climb down the Modoc, and Paiute-Snake) are upon a great bowl in a mountaintop. They steep walls to the waters. He bathed were struck dumb with the beautiful himself in the cool, blue depths. He saw the original stewards of Crater yet fearsome sight of the majestically mysterious beings glide to the surface; steep walls and the water below which they resembled his brothers except they Lake. For these people, the was bluer than the wing of a jay. Most lived in the water. Again and again lake and surrounding peaks fearfully they gazed over the edge of he returned to spend the night and to the steep cliffs to the motionless depths bathe. Suddenly, he became hardier and Photo: Meta L. Maxwell L. Meta Photo: are the most important places below. They sensed that here indeed much stronger than the other hunters. dwelt the Great Spirit and they bowed He had much more power than any other on Earth. Knowledge of Mount in frightened humility and reverence. member of the entire Klamath tribe. Mazama and the surrounding They crept back down the mountainside and camped at a safe distance. When the others realized that he got landscape has been passed down for his power from the depths of the lake, Restoration Celebration. Celebration. Restoration A dancer holds his daughter at the Annual Klamath Tribes Tribes Klamath Annual the at daughter his holds dancer A One young brave, though weary from they too found the courage to bathe thousands of years. a day of hunting, found no rest by the there. Old warriors sent their sons to flickering fire. He lay on his back and visit this region and receive strength looked into the depths of the stars and to cope with neighboring tribes in Knowledge of a violent, he felt the presence of the Great Spirit. battle and to be successful hunters. volcanic landscape Silently he arose and walked back and The Klamaths knew then that Llaos forth. His moccasins turned again dwelling in the lake made it powerful. Orin “Buzz” Kirk, an elder toward the blue lake. He could not member of the Klamath Tribes, help himself. He stood on the edge high One evening a young brave, becoming tells of eruptions from both above the smooth water. Finally he built proud and arrogant over his marvelous a small fire and lay down. He closed strength, dared to slay a monstrous Yamsay Mountain and Mount his eyes and then heard voices rising fish that appeared at the surface of the Mazama. Kirk's ancestors from the deep water. His spirit seemed water. Suddenly the infuriated Llaos witnessed the eruptions and soothed and happy. He slept soundly. swarmed to the surface and quickly believed the mountains were killed the young dare devil. They tore fighting because as soon as When he awoke the sun was high up his body into small pieces which they one volcano erupted the other and getting very warm. He went threw to their children in the blue depths. How do we know that American would erupt in retaliation. This quickly and joined his fellow hunters Indians lived near Mount Mazama account has been passed down far down the mountain. Again at Never again could anyone get strength over 10,000 years ago? for countless generations. Kirk night he was unable to sleep and from the blue water. The magic was the voices calling him from the blue gone. No Klamath dared venture was given this story by his In 1938, Archaeologist Luther waters became too strong for him. near the home of the angry Llaos. grandfather (Seldon Kirk, elder Cressman discovered dozens of shoes Standing again high above the lake and tribal chairman) in 1954, made of sagebrush bark in Fort Rock he was filled with exultation. when he was 14 years old. Cave (60 miles from Crater Lake). They were buried under the volcanic ash Geologists estimate that Yamsay that erupted from Mount Mazama Mountain (35 miles east of the 7,700 years ago. This means they had Crater Lake caldera) has been to have been made before the great dormant for about 11,000 years. eruption. Carbon dating reveals that This means that Kirk’s traditional Click here to learn more they were hand-crafted about 10,000 knowledge of the area goes back 10,000 year old sagebrush bark sandals about the Klamath Tribes! years ago! excavated from Fort Rock Cave. more than 11,000 years. Photo: University of Oregon What kinds of living represents some of the living things that you might see at Crater Lake in things survive at Crater the spring. After winter, longer days Lake? and warmer afternoon temperatures melt and refreeze snow forming a firmer snowpack. This process allows The life cycles of many organisms at animals to walk on top of the snow Background Photo: Matt Witt Crater Lake depend on snow. Some and collect food throughout the park. species' winter adaptations are so However, these species only have about extreme that they cannot survive in four months to enjoy the warmth and other types of habitats. When winter get ready for another snow season. begins, some organisms go dormant The snow season at Crater Lake can or hibernate, some become extra last for eight months! active, and some migrate to warmer climates. Can you name five of the living things in the collage? An answer This photo collage key is on the back page! Click here to watch a video about experiments performed by my great-great-great- grandpa, Squeak! Or go to https://youtu.be/t2h3xxZnPUo.
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