DOCSLIB.ORG

Continuing Fire Regimes in Remote Forests of Grand Canyon National Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Continuing Fire Regimes in Remote Forests of Grand Canyon National Park Continuing Fire Regimes in Remote Forests of Grand Canyon National Park Peter Z. Fulé Thomas A. Heinlein W. Wallace Covington Margaret M. Moore Abstract—Ponderosa pine forests in which frequent fire regimes Kaibab Plateau. It took another 78 years before the first continue up to the present would be invaluable points of reference European settlement was begun by Mormon explorers and for assessing natural ecological attributes. A few remote forests on pioneers in 1854. Fighting with Utes and Navajos kept the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park come close to this settlers out of the Arizona Strip until 1869. With the ideal: never-harvested, distant from human communities and fire establishment of peace, there was a rapid expansion of suppression resources, and with several low-intensity fires in the livestock grazing, logging and mining activity. past century—a highly unusual recent fire regime in the Southwest. Frequent fire regimes were disrupted in forested high- Recent fires appear to have played a crucial role in preventing the lands of the Arizona Strip as early as 1870 in the Mt increases in forest density that characterize most southwestern Trumbull area (Fulé and others, unpublished data). As pine forests. The study sites are not unaffected by the ecological elsewhere in the Southwest, early livestock grazing was changes associated with settlement, but they do present an impor- excessive (Altshul and Fairley 1989) and removed fine tant reference resource for study and management of ponderosa herbaceous fuels, stopping fire spread. The establishment pine ecosystems. of the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in 1893 and creation of Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP) in 1919 brought organized fire detection and suppression crews. On the North Rim, Wolf and Mast (1998) found complete fire Ponderosa pine forests in which historically frequent fire exclusion by about 1920 in ponderosa pine and mixed regimes continue up to the present would be invaluable conifer forests. Even in the high-elevation spruce-fir for- points of reference for assessing natural attributes of eco- ests, with historically longer fire-return intervals and more logical structure and function. Grand Canyon National Park severe fires, protracted fire exclusion has led to the devel- contains one of the largest old-growth forests in the South- opment of increasingly dense, homogeneous stands (White west, where tree harvesting has not occurred and grazing and Vankat 1993). Park management policy has changed has been eliminated for over 60 years. Although most fire in recent decades to favor restoration of natural ecological disturbance regimes in the park have been disrupted since processes, including fire (GCNP 1992), but the presently European settlement, a few remote sites may retain near- dense forests and heavy fuel loads hinder effective re- natural conditions. The majority of the forested area lies on introduction of fire on much of the North Rim. Fuel prob- the North Rim, part of the Kaibab Plateau, which supports lems are not only an ecological concern: the difficulty of fire ponderosa pine, mixed conifer and spruce-fir forests at management on the North Rim has been cited by Pyne elevations ranging from 7,500 to 9,165 feet on well-drained (1989) as a major factor impeding the Park’s plan for limestone soils. wilderness designation of the area (Morehouse 1996). The North Rim is remote from modern human communi- Among the challenges faced by managers are: 1) lack of ties, but Altshul and Fairley (1989) document the long knowledge about natural ecological conditions as a point of human history of the region. The lower elevations of the reference for restorative management (Moore and others rim were densely populated by Native Americans prior to 1999), 2) uncertainty about the appropriate mix of pre- 1250-1300 A.D. Six tribes—the Paiute, Hopi, Havasupai, scribed fire and tree thinning for treating accumulated Hualapai, Navajo, and Zuni—have ancestral and current fuels (Nichols and others 1994), and 3) a host of off-site connections to the canyon and rim habitat. An expedition issues including air quality, developing management pro- led by the Spaniards Dominguez and Escalante in 1776 cedures suitable for wilderness areas and working in a marked the first European presence on the Arizona Strip, highly charged political environment. the land north of the Colorado River that includes the Our study focuses on the first of these questions: charac- terizing fire regimes on several sites that may be among the least impacted by recent fire exclusion in the Southwest. The northwestern points and plateaus of the North Rim In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T.; O’Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference— have the most frequent lightning ignitions in the Park Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23– (GCNP fire records). As part of a broader study on fire and 27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. forest structure in the Park, we selected three representa- Peter Z. Fulé is Assistant Research Professor, Thomas A. Heinlein is tive sites: Powell Plateau, a mesa separated from the Research Specialist, W. Wallace Covington is Regents’ Professor, and Marga- Kaibab Plateau “mainland,” Fire Point, the westernmost ret M. Moore is Professor, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona Universiy, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 U.S.A. extension of the rim, and Rainbow Plateau, a peninsula to 242 USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 2000 the southeast (fig. 1). The forests are dominated by old average January minimum of 30° F (GCNP1992; White trees, with lush understory vegetation and substantial and Vankat 1993). Vegetation includes ponderosa pine evidence of recent fires. The sites are not without recent (Pinus ponderosa), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelli), and human impact: these areas were grazed prior to construc- New Mexican locust (Robinia neomexicana) trees, with an tion of the North Rim boundary fence in 1938 (Schroeder, understory of forbs and perennial grasses (Bennett 1974). personal commnication) and fire suppression was practiced Fire-scarred tree sampling was done in June-July, 1998. here through much of the 20th century (Pyne 1989). How- Partial cross-sections were cut from scarred “catfaces” on ever, we anticipated that the limited water for livestock and trees, logs, and stumps of conifers that appeared to repre- difficult access for firefighters might have minimized dis- sent the oldest and/or most extensive fire records. Samples ruption of the fire regime. Our goals were to quantify the fire were mapped when collected and were well-distributed regime, describe any post-settlement changes and assess throughout the study areas. In the lab, samples were management implications. mounted, surfaced with progressively finer sandpaper and crossdated (Stokes and Smiley 1968) using characteristic patterns of narrow marker years: 1722, 29, 35, 48, 52, 72, 82 Methods _______________________ (false ring), 1810, 13, 20, 22, 45, 47, 73, 79, 96, 99, 1902, 04, 51, 63, 77, 96. All dates were independently confirmed by The study sites totaled nearly 1,700 acres. The Powell another dendrochronologist. The season of fire occurrence Plateau site covered 780 acres, ranging from 7,400 to 7,660 (Baisan and Swetnam 1990) was estimated from the relative feet in elevation. The Fire Point site was 333 acres, 7,570 to position of each fire lesion within the annual ring. 7,770 feet in elevation. The Rainbow Plateau site was 550 Fire history data were analyzed with the FHX2 software acres, 7,550 to 7,658 feet in elevation. Soils have not been (Grissino-Mayer 1995). Analysis at each site began with the mapped in detail for these sites, but North Rim soils in first year with an adequate sample depth (Grissino-Mayer general are predominantly of the Soldier series, derived and others 1994). Fire return intervals were analyzed statis- from Kaibab limestone. Average annual precipitation on the tically in different categories related to the size and/or North Rim is 23 inches, with an average annual snowfall of intensity of past fires. The fire data were filtered to look at 129 inches. Temperatures are cooler than on the South Rim, progressively greater proportional scarring as a proxy for ranging from an average July maximum of 79° F to an Figure 1—Study sites on the North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 2000 243 fire size (Swetnam and Baisan 1996). First, all fire years, even America, we usually find sites with good records but no fires those represented by a single scar, were considered. Then, we (USA—Swetnam and Baisan 1996) or many fires but limited included only those fire years in which 10% or more, and 25% records (Mexico—Fulé and Covington 1997, 1999). The Grand or more, of the recording samples were scarred. The statisti- Canyon sites in the present study have both recent fires and cal analysis of fire return intervals includes several measures written historical data: fire records maintained at GCNP of central tendency: the mean fire interval (MFI, average since 1924 provide an unusual opportunity for a quantita- number of years between fires), the median and the Weibull tive test of the utility of fire scars in reconstructing the median probability interval (WMPI). temporal and spatial pattern of past fires. The relationship between climatic fluctuations and fire The fire record data were used with caution. The database occurrence was compared by superposed epoch analysis was patchy in the early years. Many recorded fire sizes and (SEA), using software developed by Grissino-Mayer (1995). geographic locations were considered approximate, and some A locally developed, ponderosa pine tree-ring chronology evident errors were observed, such as coordinates that served as a proxy for climate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Birds of Coniferous Forest on Mount Graham, Arizona
    Wilson Bull., 107(4), 1995, pp. 719-723 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Birds of coniferous forest on Mount Graham, Arizona.-Because of interest in the effect upon the biota of Mount Graham by current development for astronomy, I repeated observations and censuses made there forty years ago. Avifaunal changes have occurred. Unlike my companion study in the Sierra Nevada (Marshall 1988), the losses at Mount Graham of nesting species-all at the lower altitudinal limit of Pinus Zeiophylla chihuahuana and P. ponderosa arizonica-lack an obvious connection to human interference with the environment. Study area.-Mount Graham, in southeastern Arizona, is capped with old growth Engel- mann spruce and alpine fir from 3000 m to the summit at 3267 m. This boreal forest of 8 km* is at its southernmost limits on the North American continent. Descending, one passes through other vegetation zones in sequence: Douglas firs and white firs mixed with spruce, and then mixed with Mexican white pines; south slopes of New Mexican locust and Gambel oak; ponderosa pine with Gambel oak, ponderosa pine mixed with silver-leaf oak; and finally Chihuahua pine with Arizona oak (Martin and Fletcher 1943, Hoffmeister 1956, Marshall 1957, Mohlenbrock 1987). From memory, notes, and photographs I detect no change in vegetation during the forty-year study period. Specifically, the trees at the mapped census area in Wet Canyon (Fig. 1) have not closed ranks about the little openings suitable for those foothill birds that forage among grasses, boulders, manzanitas, and nolinas. The mesic luxuriance of Mount Graham’s vegetation is shown by running streams sup- porting tall groves of maples, by the enormous Douglas firs that remain, by the profusion of understory flowers and green forbs, and by the gigantic stature of clear-trunked alders dominating Wet Canyon.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona Forest Action Plan 2015 Status Report and Addendum
    Arizona Forest Action Plan 2015 Status Report and Addendum A report on the strategic plan to address forest-related conditions, trends, threats, and opportunities as identified in the 2010 Arizona Forest Resource Assessment and Strategy. November 20, 2015 Arizona State Forestry Acknowledgements: Arizona State Forestry would like to thank the USDA Forest Service for their ongoing support of cooperative forestry and fire programs in the State of Arizona, and for specific funding to support creation of this report. We would also like to thank the many individuals and organizations who contributed to drafting the original 2010 Forest Resource Assessment and Resource Strategy (Arizona Forest Action Plan) and to the numerous organizations and individuals who provided input for this 2015 status report and addendum. Special thanks go to Arizona State Forestry staff who graciously contributed many hours to collect information and data from partner organizations – and to writing, editing, and proofreading this document. Jeff Whitney Arizona State Forester Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial On the second anniversary of the Yarnell Hill Fire, the State of Arizona purchased 320 acres of land near the site where the 19 Granite Mountain Hotshots sacrificed their lives while battling one of the most devastating fires in Arizona’s history. This site is now the Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial State Park. “This site will serve as a lasting memorial to the brave hotshots who gave their lives to protect their community,” said Governor Ducey. “While we can never truly repay our debt to these heroes, we can – and should – honor them every day. Arizona is proud to offer the public a space where we can pay tribute to them, their families and all of our firefighters and first responders for generations to come.” Arizona Forest Action Plan – 2015 Status Report and Addendum Background Contents The 2010 Forest Action Plan The development of Arizona’s Forest Resource Assessment and Strategy (now known as Arizona’s “Forest Action Plan”) was prompted by federal legislative requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • 236 Pinaleño Mountains in the Twentieth Century Atalanta Hoyt
    Pinaleño Mountains in the Twentieth Century Atalanta Hoyt Throughout the twentieth century, a few major events dominated the history of the Forest Service. First, the founding of the National Forest Service in 1905 replaced the Bureau of Forestry and led to the creation of modern National Forests. The new service was created under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture with the purpose of securing a long term supply of timber for the American people.1 Second, the great depression of the 1930s, Franklin Roosevelt’s creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the expansion of the Forest Service changed the shape of National Forests.2 This time period featured a major transition from timber management to hands on putting resources into the forest. The Forest Service and CCC planted trees, carved trails, built roads, and conducted research; actively molding forests and applying the latest forestry techniques instead of letting the forest take its course.3 A third period of great change came in the 1970s during the environmental era.4 The emphasis changed from conceptualizing the forests as resources to be converted into marketable goods to seeing them as wilderness in need of preservation. While conservation has always been an important part of the Forest Service - advocated by both those who saw an intrinsic value in wilderness and by those who used the wilderness for recreational purposes - increased urbanization highlighted the uniqueness of forests. Efforts to catalog and protect the environments of forests became a main priority while ecologists and conservationists gained status.5 These three main shifts defined the Forest Service in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • KAIBAB DEER HERD MUST BE REDUCED IMMEDIATELY -- October 13,1924
    U.S.DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE Office of the Secretary , Pra serviq ” _, RELEASED FOR PUBLICATION, MONDAYMORNING, OCTOBER13, 19+: -9 KAIBAB DEER HERD MUST BE REDUCEDIXMEDIATELY Immediate reduction of the deer herd on the Kaibab National Forest in northern Arizona is strongly urged by the special committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to study and report on the conditions existing on the Grand Canyon Game Preserve, announces the Forest Service, United States Depart- ment of Agricu&are. ! The special committee is composed of John B. Burnham, chairman, repre- senting the American Game Protective Association; Heyward Cutting, of tho Boone and Crockett Club; T. Gilbert Pearson,, of the Audubon Society and the National Parks Association; and T. W. Tomlinson, of the American National Livestock Association. This ccmmittee has made its report to the Secretary of Agriculture following a personal inspection of the Kaibab Plateau on which the Grand Canyon &me Preserve was estabZ.shed in 1906 by President Roosevelt. This area also forms part of the Kaibab Nakional Forest and is under the supervision Of the Forest Servi&. _ . , Upwards of 30,000 head of mule deer are now on the Kaibab Plateau, according to the report of the committee. This is fully twice as many deer as the vegetation can support and the entire herd is in imdnent danger of extinction through starvation unless reduced to a safety number. Moreover, the condition of That forage is still to be found on the ' arsa is far below nornal and several years will be required to grow new forage crops before the region can support more than 15,009 head of deer'in addition to the scattering amal 1 herds of domestic livest.ock owned by settlers living in and around the Kaibab Forest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands
    The Tectonic Evolution of the Madrean Archipelago and Its Impact on the Geoecology of the Sky Islands David Coblentz Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Abstract—While the unique geographic location of the Sky Islands is well recognized as a primary factor for the elevated biodiversity of the region, its unique tectonic history is often overlooked. The mixing of tectonic environments is an important supplement to the mixing of flora and faunal regimes in contributing to the biodiversity of the Madrean Archipelago. The Sky Islands region is located near the actively deforming plate margin of the Western United States that has seen active and diverse tectonics spanning more than 300 million years, many aspects of which are preserved in the present-day geology. This tectonic history has played a fundamental role in the development and nature of the topography, bedrock geology, and soil distribution through the region that in turn are important factors for understanding the biodiversity. Consideration of the geologic and tectonic history of the Sky Islands also provides important insights into the “deep time” factors contributing to present-day biodiversity that fall outside the normal realm of human perception. in the North American Cordillera between the Sierra Madre Introduction Occidental and the Colorado Plateau – Southern Rocky The “Sky Island” region of the Madrean Archipelago (lo- Mountains (figure 1). This part of the Cordillera has been cre- cated between the northern Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico ated by the interactions between the Pacific, North American, and the Colorado Plateau/Rocky Mountains in the Southwest- Farallon (now entirely subducted under North America) and ern United States) is an area of exceptional biodiversity and has Juan de Fuca plates and is rich in geology features, including become an important study area for geoecology, biology, and major plateaus (The Colorado Plateau), large elevated areas conservation management.
    [Show full text]
  • Summits on the Air – ARM for the USA (W7A
    Summits on the Air – ARM for the U.S.A (W7A - Arizona) Summits on the Air U.S.A. (W7A - Arizona) Association Reference Manual Document Reference S53.1 Issue number 5.0 Date of issue 31-October 2020 Participation start date 01-Aug 2010 Authorized Date: 31-October 2020 Association Manager Pete Scola, WA7JTM Summits-on-the-Air an original concept by G3WGV and developed with G3CWI Notice “Summits on the Air” SOTA and the SOTA logo are trademarks of the Programme. This document is copyright of the Programme. All other trademarks and copyrights referenced herein are acknowledged. Document S53.1 Page 1 of 15 Summits on the Air – ARM for the U.S.A (W7A - Arizona) TABLE OF CONTENTS CHANGE CONTROL....................................................................................................................................... 3 DISCLAIMER................................................................................................................................................. 4 1 ASSOCIATION REFERENCE DATA ........................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Program Derivation ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 General Information ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Final Ascent
    [Show full text]
  • Stories of the Sky Islands: Exhibit Development Resource Guide for Biology and Geology at Chiricahua National Monument and Coronado National Memorial
    Stories of the Sky Islands: Exhibit Development Resource Guide for Biology and Geology at Chiricahua National Monument and Coronado National Memorial Prepared for the National Park Service under terms of Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit Agreement H1200-05-0003 Task Agreement J8680090020 Prepared by Adam M. Hudson,1 J. Jesse Minor,2,3 Erin E. Posthumus4 In cooperation with the Arizona State Museum The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Beth Grindell, Principal Investigator May 17, 2013 1: Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona ([email protected]) 2: School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona ([email protected]) 3: Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona 4: School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona ([email protected]) Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................3 Beth Grindell, Ph.D. Ch. 1: Current research and information for exhibit development on the geology of Chiricahua National Monument and Coronado National Memorial, Southeast Arizona, USA..................................................................................................................................... 5 Adam M. Hudson, M.S. Section 1: Geologic Time and the Geologic Time Scale ..................................................5 Section 2: Plate Tectonic Evolution and Geologic History of Southeast Arizona .........11 Section 3: Park-specific Geologic History – Chiricahua
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Arizona Ecological Services Office 9828 N
    United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Arizona Ecological Services Office 9828 N. 31st Avenue Ste C3 Phoenix, AZ 85051 Telephone: (602) 242-0210 Fax: (602) 242-2513 AESO/SE 22410-2011-F-0210 September 27, 2016 Ms. Laura Jo West, Forest Supervisor Coconino National Forest 1824 South Thompson Street Flagstaff, Arizona 8600 I RE: Rock Pits Project, Coconino and Kaibab National Forests Dear Ms. West: Thank you for your request for formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) pursuant to section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544), as amended (Act). Your request and biological assessment (BA) were dated March 29, 2016, and received by us on April 4, 2016. This consultation concerns the potential effects of activities associated with the development and operation of rock pits on the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests in Coconino and Yavapai Counties, Arizona. The Forest Service has determined that the proposed action may affect, and is likely to adversely affect, the threatened Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidenta/is lucida) and its critical habitat. You have also requested our concurrence that the proposed action may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect the endangered California condor (Gymnogyps ca/ifornianus) outside of the lOj experimental nonessential population area, and "is not likely to jeopardize" the condor within the 1Oj experimental nonessential population area. We concur with your determinations. The basis for our concurrences is found in Appendix A. You also requested that we provide our technical assistance with respect to compliance with the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Arizona IGHWAYJ:~~-= E.Mber · · · - Narrow and Unsafe Bridges
    ARIZOnA IGHWAYJ:~~-= E.mBER · · · - Narrow and Unsafe Bridges A Lasting Monument . TO A GREATENGINEER Are Quickly, Economically and Lastingly Replaced With UILDER, executive, soldier, friend - Tom O'Connell has joined that silent host of Billustrious engi neers whose achievements are their end uring monuments. Armco Multi Plate Waterways His death on November 3, 1937, mark ed the end of a career of distinguished service Full Circles 01· Arches, Singly or in Battery, they care for streams up to his state and country ·that covered a period of almost a quarter of .a century. Time, to several hundred square feet in cross sectional area. Write for Illus­ immutable yardstick of values, will list his name conspiciously in the roll of those who trated Literature. built America's great Southwest. His works will long live af ter him. Western Metal ManufacturingCompany 1500 South Central Avenue P. 0. Box 1585 Phoenix, Arizona DECEMBER,1937 ARIZONA HIGHWAYS 3 The courtesy of the open range was are many denominational hospital s and Tucson numbers some of the most pr om­ th e rule most of th e time, except when sanitoriums, private sanitoriums, rest inent people, and man y of them come the Apaches went on a rampage, slaying, homes and "rest ranches," where privacy just for th e rod eo. Tucs on is also host pillaging and running off all available and specialized supervision are ava ilable. to many persons of international fam e. livestock. A welcome to strangers One of the most outstanding of these Each year it is becoming more and mor e meant offering the best.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic Names
    GEOGRAPHIC NAMES CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES ? REVISED TO JANUARY, 1911 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 PREPARED FOR USE IN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE BY THE UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY, 1911 ) CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. The following list of geographic names includes all decisions on spelling rendered by the United States Geographic Board to and including December 7, 1910. Adopted forms are shown by bold-face type, rejected forms by italic, and revisions of previous decisions by an asterisk (*). Aalplaus ; see Alplaus. Acoma; township, McLeod County, Minn. Abagadasset; point, Kennebec River, Saga- (Not Aconia.) dahoc County, Me. (Not Abagadusset. AQores ; see Azores. Abatan; river, southwest part of Bohol, Acquasco; see Aquaseo. discharging into Maribojoc Bay. (Not Acquia; see Aquia. Abalan nor Abalon.) Acworth; railroad station and town, Cobb Aberjona; river, IVIiddlesex County, Mass. County, Ga. (Not Ackworth.) (Not Abbajona.) Adam; island, Chesapeake Bay, Dorchester Abino; point, in Canada, near east end of County, Md. (Not Adam's nor Adams.) Lake Erie. (Not Abineau nor Albino.) Adams; creek, Chatham County, Ga. (Not Aboite; railroad station, Allen County, Adams's.) Ind. (Not Aboit.) Adams; township. Warren County, Ind. AJjoo-shehr ; see Bushire. (Not J. Q. Adams.) Abookeer; AhouJcir; see Abukir. Adam's Creek; see Cunningham. Ahou Hamad; see Abu Hamed. Adams Fall; ledge in New Haven Harbor, Fall.) Abram ; creek in Grant and Mineral Coun- Conn. (Not Adam's ties, W. Va. (Not Abraham.) Adel; see Somali. Abram; see Shimmo. Adelina; town, Calvert County, Md. (Not Abruad ; see Riad. Adalina.) Absaroka; range of mountains in and near Aderhold; ferry over Chattahoochee River, Yellowstone National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Mount Graham Red Squirrel Recovery Plan
    MOUNT GRAHAM RED SQUIRREL Tamiasciurus hudsonicus arahamensie RECOVERY PLAN Prepared by Lesley A. Fitzpatrick, Member, Recovery Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Phoenix, Arizona Genice F. Froehlich, Consultant, Recovery Team U.S.D.A. Forest Service Coronado National Forest Safford, Arizona Terry B. Johnson, Member, Recovery Team Arizona Game and Fish Department Phoenix, Arizona Randall A. Smith, Leader, Mt. Graham Red Squirrel Recovery Team U.S.D.A. Forest Service Coronado National Forest Tucson, Arizona R. Barry Spicer Arizona Game and Fish Department Phoenix, Arizona for Region 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Albuquerque, New Mexico Date: Disclaimer Page Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions which are believed to be required to recover and/or protect the species. Plans are prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, sometimes with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will only be attained and funds expended contingent upon appropriations, priorities, and other budgetary constraints. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions or approvals of any individuals or agencies, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, involved in the plan formulation. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service & after they have been signed by the Regional Director as aDproved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Literature citations should read as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Mount Graham Red Squirrel Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Grand Canyon
    U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Investigations Series I–2688 14 Version 1.0 4 U.S. Geological Survey 167.5 1 BIG SPRINGS CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS LIST OF MAP UNITS 4 Pt Ph Pamphlet accompanies map .5 Ph SURFICIAL DEPOSITS Pk SURFICIAL DEPOSITS SUPAI MONOCLINE Pk Qr Holocene Qr Colorado River gravel deposits (Holocene) Qsb FAULT CRAZY JUG Pt Qtg Qa Qt Ql Pk Pt Ph MONOCLINE MONOCLINE 18 QUATERNARY Geologic Map of the Pleistocene Qtg Terrace gravel deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Pc Pk Pe 103.5 14 Qa Alluvial deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Pt Pc VOLCANIC ROCKS 45.5 SINYALA Qti Qi TAPEATS FAULT 7 Qhp Qsp Qt Travertine deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Grand Canyon ၧ DE MOTTE FAULT Pc Qtp M u Pt Pleistocene QUATERNARY Pc Qp Pe Qtb Qhb Qsb Ql Landslide deposits (Holocene and Pleistocene) Qsb 1 Qhp Ph 7 BIG SPRINGS FAULT ′ × ′ 2 VOLCANIC DEPOSITS Dtb Pk PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 30 60 Quadrangle, Mr Pc 61 Quaternary basalts (Pleistocene) Unconformity Qsp 49 Pk 6 MUAV FAULT Qhb Pt Lower Tuckup Canyon Basalt (Pleistocene) ၣm TRIASSIC 12 Triassic Qsb Ph Pk Mr Qti Intrusive dikes Coconino and Mohave Counties, Pe 4.5 7 Unconformity 2 3 Pc Qtp Pyroclastic deposits Mr 0.5 1.5 Mၧu EAST KAIBAB MONOCLINE Pk 24.5 Ph 1 222 Qtb Basalt flow Northwestern Arizona FISHTAIL FAULT 1.5 Pt Unconformity Dtb Pc Basalt of Hancock Knolls (Pleistocene) Pe Pe Mၧu Mr Pc Pk Pk Pk NOBLE Pt Qhp Qhb 1 Mၧu Pyroclastic deposits Qhp 5 Pe Pt FAULT Pc Ms 12 Pc 12 10.5 Lower Qhb Basalt flows 1 9 1 0.5 PERMIAN By George H.
    [Show full text]