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Gorgonolaureus Bicornutus Sp. Nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from Off South-East Taiwan with Notes on Morphology and Distribution

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Gorgonolaureus Bicornutus Sp. Nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from Off South-East Taiwan with Notes on Morphology and Distribution Zootaxa 3972 (3): 328–342 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3972.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8C688C67-9652-4DB7-8640-E1BA37EB76EC Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution GREGORY A. KOLBASOV1,4, BENNY K.K. CHAN2 & ALEXANDRA S. PETRUNINA3 1White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] 3Invertebrate Zoology Department, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new ascothoracidan species, Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., has been discovered off south-eastern Taiwan at a depth of 227 m. Five females were found in permanent cysts on the branches of a plexaurid octocoralian alcyonacean (for- mer “gorgonian”), Echinogorgia sp. These specimens are assigned to the genus Gorgonolaureus on account of their hav- ing an enlarged and inflated carapace with a long, slit-like aperture, long dorsal thoracic horns, no filamentary appendages associated with the first pair of thoracopods, and rudimentary telsonic spines. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus differs from its congeners in having two long, naked dorsal horns on thoracomeres 2 and 3, the number of seminal receptacles in the tho- racopods, and the higher number of stout setae on the fifth antennular segment. The characters that unite the genus Gor- gonolaureus are redefined as follows: i) the absence of filamentary appendages associated with the first pair of thoracopods; ii) the possession of 1–3 dorsal horns distributed singly among thoracomeres 1–3; iii) the absence of prom- inent proximal teeth medially on the mandibles; iv) the possession of short or rudimentary telsonic spines; and v) host pref- erence, with most species infecting octocorals of the suborder Halaxonia (mostly of the family Plexauridae) and never the calcaxonian families Chrysogorgiidae and Isididae. The gorgonian-infecting genera Gorgonolaureus and Isidascus are Tethyan relics that have survived only in the Western Pacific and the Eastern Atlantic, respectively, while their relatives in the genera Cardomanica and Thalassomembracis have disjunct Western Atlantic/Western Pacific distributions, thus ex- emplifying a major pattern of Tethyan reliction. Key words: Gorgonolaureus, Ascothoracida, taxonomy, morphology, distribution Introduction Species of the genus Gorgonolaureus Utinomi, 1962 together with the genera Isidascus Moyse, 1983, Cardomanica Lowry, 1985, Thalassomembracis Grygier, 1984, and probably Flatsia Grygier, 1991, represent a more advanced grade of morphological organization in the adult females of synagogid ascothoracidans compared with the most generalized (primitive) fully bivalved genera Synagoga Norman, 1888, Waginella Grygier, 1983 and Sessilogoga Grygier, 1990. Gorgonolaureus parasitizes colonies of halaxonid and calcaxonid octocoralian alcyanaceans (former gorgonians). The parasite is encapsulated and covered directly by a number of adjoining host polyps, forming a cyst. The inner body of Gorgonolaureus resides in an enlarged carapace with a slit-like ventral aperture. The adult stages have six-segmented, prehensile antennules and piercing mouthparts (especially maxillae). The dorsal sides of thoracomere 2, and sometimes thoracomeres 1 and 3, bear long dorsal horns. As in most Ascothoracida, these are dioecious species with large attached females and small motile cypridiform males, but these are described only for two species, G. muzikae Grygier, 1981 and G. tricornutus Grygier, 1991 (Grygier, 1981, 1991). Grygier (1981) originally interpreted these males as ‘protanders’, but later reinterpreted them as gonochoristic adult males (Grygier, 1987b). The true dioecious species of other ascothoracids of the order Dendrogastrida having large modified females accompanied with dwarf cypridiform males have a different morphology of the ‘male’ and ‘female’ cypridiform larvae. However, the cypridiform larvae of Gorgonolaureus, as 328 Accepted by D. Jones: 11 May 2015; published: 12 Jun. 2015 well as lower synagogids have not been studied. In light of this observation, it appears that until the morphological differences between putative ‘males’ and ‘females’ have been discerned, life histories (protandric and/or dioecious) among the lower Ascothoracida will remain unclear. At least five naupliar instars have been reported for G. muzikae and G. decurvatus and three naupliar instars for G. vietnamianus, based on retained naupliar molts carried by brooded larvae inside the carapace chamber of the females (Grygier 1981a, 1981b, 1987a, 1991). Gorgonolaureus muzikae has been noted to be frequently infected by hyperparasitic cryptoniscoid isopods (Grygier 1981b). Six species of the genus Gorgonolaureus were described previously from the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean and north-western Australia (Fig. 8). These are G. bikiniensis Utinomi, 1962 collected off Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, depth 213–221 m, from the gorgonian Paracis squamata (Utinomi 1962; Grygier 1981a); G. muzikae Grygier, 1981 from Hawaii, depth 326–460 m, from the gorgonians Placogorgia sp. and Astromuricea sp. (Grygier 1981b, 1987a, 1987b); G. decurvatus Grygier, 1991 off north-western Australia, depth 90–98 m, from the gorgonian Pterostenella plumatilis; G. vietnamianus Grygier, 1991 from South Vietnam, depth 83 m, from the gorgonian Placogorgia sp.; G. tricornutus Grygier, 1991 from New Caledonia, depth 640 m, from the gorgonian Eunicella sp. (Grygier 1991); and G. helenae Kolbasov, 2004 off South Vietnam, depth 120, from a gorgonian of the family Plexauridae (indicated as Paramuriceidae) (Kolbasov 2004). A new species, G. bicornutus, was collected off south-eastern Taiwan, depth 227 m, from the gorgonian Echinogorgia sp.that differs morphologically from all congeners described previously. This is the first finding of Gorgonolaureus in Taiwan and the fifth record of any kind of ascothoracidans from Taiwan or Taiwanese waters, including three unidentified petrarcid galls in scleractinian Turbinaria species from southern Taiwan and Lanyu Island (Grygier, 1991), and an undetermined laurid, Baccalaureus sp., from the zoanthid Palythoa sp. (Grygier, 1996). Materials and methods A large colony of plexaurid octocoral was collected by deep sea coral trawling boat in Bashi Channel off south- eastern Taiwan (Fishing Boat “Shun-Yi”). The colony was fixed with absolute ethanol and deposited in the collections of the Coastal Ecology Laboratory of the Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Six ascothoracidan cysts covered by living polyps were found in the colony. One cyst was empty but the other five contained living parasites (Fig 1A). Three specimens were studied with light microscopy (holotype) and SEM (two paratypes). Polyp tissues were removed from the parasite carapace by forceps and needles (Fig. 1B). The photos of the cysts and the carapace were made using a stereomicroscope Leica MZ 6. The carapaces of the holotype and two paratypes were dissected to observe the morphology of the body and its structures. The dissected holotype was mounted in glycerol on glass slides and examined using a WILD M 20 light microscope. Line drawings were made using oil immersion with an Olympus BX 51 microscope with Nomarsky differential interference contrast microscopy. Two dissected paratypes were post-fixed in 2% OsO4 for 2 hrs, dehydrated in acetone and critically point dried from CO2, sputter-coated with platinum–palladium and examined in a JEOL JSM-6380LA scanning electron microscope at operating voltages of 15–20 kV at the University of Moscow. The resulting photographs were touched up using a CorelDraw X3 Graphics Suite. Taxonomy Class Thecostraca Gruvel, 1905 Subclass Ascothoracida Lacaze-Duthiers, 1880 Order Laurida Grygier, 1991 Family Synagogidae Gruvel, 1905 GORGONOLAUREUS FROM TAIWAN Zootaxa 3972 (3) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 329 Genus Gorgonolaureus Utinomi, 1962 Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov. Type material. Six female specimens (holotype and 5 paratypes; no males found) in polyp-surrounded cysts on a single colony of an halaxonian alcyonacean (“gorgonian”) Echinogorgia sp. (Plexauridae; determined by Prof. T.N. Molodstova) in a jar from the collections of the Coastal Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, collected at 21º11’43.3’’ N, 120º51’47.3’’ E, depth 227 m, Bashi Channel, south-eastern Taiwan, and fixed in absolute ethanol. The holotype and 4 paratypes are deposited in the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University under registration numbers Mg. 1220 (holotype) and Mg. 1221 (paratypes). The other paratype (no. ASIZCR000327) is deposited in the Biodiversity Research Museum, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Diagnosis. Carapace of adult female 2.7–3.0 mm height, length 70–80% height; covered with simple and multifid teeth, anterior part of aperture with edge straight, posterior with edge scalloped. Two long, naked, dorsal horns on second and third thoracomeres. Fifth antennular segment with 14–16 stout spinulose setae; sixth segment without spines of surfaces; claw guard with 4 thick aesthetasc-like terminal setae;
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