DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparison of Temperature and Salinity Conditions on the East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparison of Temperature and Salinity Conditions on the East A COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY CONDITIONS ON THE EAST AND WEST COASTS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATE POPULATION PERSISTENCE IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE by BRIANNA LYNNE IWABUCHI B.Sc. Dalhousie University, 2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in the Department of Biological Sciences Thesis examining committee: Dr. Louis Gosselin (PhD), Thesis Supervisor, Department of Biological Sciences Dr. Lauchlan Fraser (PhD), Supervisory Committee Member, Department of Biological Sciences Dr. Shane Rollans (PhD), Supervisory Committee Member, Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dr. Mary Sewell (PhD), External Examiner, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland September 2019 Thompson Rivers University © Brianna Lynne Iwabuchi, 2019 ii Thesis Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr. Louis Gosselin ABSTRACT Climate change is altering the physical and chemical conditions of ocean habitats, including changes to seawater temperature, pH and salinity. Such changes to ocean conditions have the potential to impact marine organisms by altering population abundance or by driving evolutionary change in adaptive traits. The rate at which these abiotic conditions change is important, as this may determine whether populations adapt or are extirpated. Given the significant effects of temperature and salinity on the physiology and performance of marine animals, knowledge of temporal trends and the extent of spatial variations in these conditions is essential to understand the selective pressures that have influenced the evolution of extant populations and to make predictions regarding their persistence in the face of climate change. Therefore, to improve our understanding of the regional climate conditions on the southern coast of Vancouver Island, I have (1) characterized the long-term trends in sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) experienced by coastal marine animals during the most stressful time of year, and (2) documented variation between east and west coasts of Vancouver Island in terms of SST, SSS, and intertidal rock surface temperature during low-tide emersion. I then examined the effects of the distinct local climate conditions on east and west coasts on the tolerance thresholds of populations on each coast. Using a series of common garden experiments, the tolerance thresholds of populations of four benthic intertidal invertebrates (Littorina scutulata, Littorina sitkana, Balanus glandula and Nucella lamellosa) were determined for (1) elevated temperature during low tide emersion, (2) elevated water temperature, and (3) low salinity. This study found that over an 82 y period, from 1935 to 2016, summertime SST on both coasts increased by 0.67– 0.78 °C (i.e. 0.82 – 0.97 °C per century). Trends in salinity differed between coasts: east coast salinity increased by 3.9 PSU while west coast salinity decreased by 0.64 PSU. Although long-term SST trends are the same on both coasts, east coast waters are on average 4.3 °C warmer, and salinity is 7.8 PSU lower, than on the west coast. Rock temperature in the mid and upper intertidal zone during daytime low tides is 3.9 iii – 4.2 °C warmer on the east coast. Populations of marine organisms inhabiting the coasts of Vancouver Island have therefore been experiencing long-term changes in abiotic stress as well as persistent spatial variation in climate-related conditions during the most stressful months of the year. Laboratory experiments revealed three important findings regarding population tolerance thresholds to SST, SSS and emersion temperature among marine invertebrate species. Firstly, substantial differences in tolerance to increased SST and emersion temperature conditions were discovered between species, secondly, similar tolerances to the abiotic parameters existed between east and west coast populations of species, and finally, acute exposure to increased SST and emersion temperature or decreased SSS conditions is not an immediate threat to the populations studied. Overall, it appears that populations are living well within their tolerance limits and their present-day tolerances are well-suited to withstand the predicted changes in ocean conditions. Keywords: Northeast Pacific; acute environmental stress; climate change; climate change variability; population persistence iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEGMENTS ........................................................................................................ viii DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1: General Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE CITED .......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: Long-term trends and regional variability in extreme temperature and salinity conditions experienced by coastal marine organisms on Vancouver Island, Canada ................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 10 METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 13 Sea surface temperature and salinity................................................................................... 13 Study sites ....................................................................................................................... 13 Study design .................................................................................................................... 13 Sea surface temperature .............................................................................................. 13 Sea surface salinity ..................................................................................................... 16 Daytime intertidal rock surface temperature data ............................................................... 16 Study sites ....................................................................................................................... 16 Study design .................................................................................................................... 17 Recording intertidal rock surface temperature ............................................................ 17 Calculation of intertidal rock surface temperature...................................................... 18 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................... 19 v Climate change trends on the south coast of British Columbia ...................................... 19 Sea surface temperature and salinity........................................................................... 19 Comparisons of east and west coast climate-related conditions ..................................... 20 Sea surface temperature and salinity........................................................................... 20 Daytime intertidal rock surface temperature ............................................................... 20 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 20 Climate change trends on the south coast of British Columbia .......................................... 20 Sea surface temperature .................................................................................................. 20 Sea surface salinity ......................................................................................................... 21 Comparisons of east and west coast climate-related conditions ......................................... 23 Sea surface temperature .................................................................................................. 23 Sea surface salinity ......................................................................................................... 23 Weather-related trends on the south coast of British Columbia ......................................... 25 Daytime intertidal rock surface temperature ................................................................... 25 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 28 Climate change trends on the south coast of British Columbia .......................................... 28 Current and predicted trends in sea surface temperature ................................................ 28 Current and predicted trends in sea surface salinity ....................................................... 28 Comparisons of east and west coast climate-related conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DISCOVERY PASSAGE SCHOOL CLOSU RE CONSULTATION PROCESS Late Submissions
    DISCOVERY PASSAGE SCHOOL CLOSU RE CONSULTATION PROCESS Late Submissions CONSULTATION INDEX DATE DESCRIPTION 03-05-2016 Claire Metcalfe 03-01-2016 Curtis and Amanda Smith i Lee-Ann Kruse From: Claire Metcalfe <[email protected]> Sent: March-OS-16 9:09 AM To: facilities plan; Susan Wilson; Ted Foster; Richard Franklin; Daryl Hagen; John Kerr; Gail Kirschner; Joyce McMann Cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Subject Fwd: SD72 School Closures Trolly kids All of the students in our district are standing on the train tracks and there is an out of control trolly headed for them all. Do we toss a few in the way (the elementary school kids who will also be tossed again when it comes to rebuilding the high school) to prevent them from all being hurt? Or do we ask no one to budge and see who survives? This is a morality question that has been presented to the trustees before, and I believe at a very appropriate time. Lers do something different. Pick an answer that isn't already proposed. I propose that we ask them to all step away from the tracks and let the train (Christy Clark) go along on it's merry way. I know the solution is not that simple. There has to be another way of building new schools in our district and supporting our childrens education other than following the paths that other districts are, just because it is what we are supposed to. Our district staff and trustees are smart, creative leaders of our community, and I would like for them to come up with another way to go about this.
    [Show full text]
  • British Columbia Regional Guide Cat
    National Marine Weather Guide British Columbia Regional Guide Cat. No. En56-240/3-2015E-PDF 978-1-100-25953-6 Terms of Usage Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment Canada’s Inquiry Centre at 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) or 819-997-2800 or email to [email protected]. Disclaimer: Her Majesty is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in the reproduced material. Her Majesty shall at all times be indemnified and held harmless against any and all claims whatsoever arising out of negligence or other fault in the use of the information contained in this publication or product. Photo credits Cover Left: Chris Gibbons Cover Center: Chris Gibbons Cover Right: Ed Goski Page I: Ed Goski Page II: top left - Chris Gibbons, top right - Matt MacDonald, bottom - André Besson Page VI: Chris Gibbons Page 1: Chris Gibbons Page 5: Lisa West Page 8: Matt MacDonald Page 13: André Besson Page 15: Chris Gibbons Page 42: Lisa West Page 49: Chris Gibbons Page 119: Lisa West Page 138: Matt MacDonald Page 142: Matt MacDonald Acknowledgments Without the works of Owen Lange, this chapter would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Site Potential for Underwater Turbines in Tidal Channels Using Numerical Modeling and Advanced Ocean Current Measurements
    Assessing the Site Potential for Underwater Turbines in Tidal Channels Using Numerical Modeling and Advanced Ocean Current Measurements David B. Fissel, Jianhua Jiang, Rick Birch, Jan Buermans and David Lemon ASL Environmental Sciences Inc., 1986 Mills Rd., Sidney, BC, V8L 5Y3, Canada, Phone Number (250) 656-0177, [email protected] Abstract -A combination of advanced ocean current profiling level differences exist between two sides of the dam with the measurements and high resolution 3D numerical models was maximum heads up to 1.5 m during spring tides and 0.8 m used to assess site potential for underwater turbines in tidal during neap tides. The difference in water levels on either channels of the inland waters off the coast of British Columbia, side of the dam has the potential for significant renewable Canada. The measurements involved the use of ADCP transects energy through installation of underwater turbines for through potential sites. Due to the very strong tidal currents of up to 10 knots or more, special procedures are required to generating electrical power. Numerical modeling simulations generate accurate and reliable maps of the very strong ocean of the currents and water levels were conducted, including the currents. The three-dimensional, coastal circulation model present conditions for model calibration and verification, COCIRM was used to map these detailed flows under different possible future conditions in which the dam is completely scenarios and assess the potential at various sites for operation removed and the Pass is restored to its original configuration, of underwater turbines after validated using available water and possible future conditions in which the dam is partially elevation and ocean current data.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Canada Explorer Featuring Vancouver, Victoria and Whistler
    Antioch Seniors AND TravelCenter Travel & Tours presents... 9 DAY HOLIDAY Western Canada Explorer featuring Vancouver, Victoria and Whistler July 24 - August 1, 2020 Tour Dates: Western Canada Explorer Unforgettable experiences await 9 Days • 15 Meals in Canada’s Golden Triangle featuring mountain gondolas, a First Nations cultural experience, a regional Foodie Tour and an incredible wildlife cruise. TOUR HIGHLIGHTS 4 15 Meals (8 breakfasts, 3 lunches and 4 dinners) 4 Round trip airport transfers 4 Spend 3 nights in cosmopolitan Vancouver 4 Take a panoramic tour of Vancouver to see its downtown core, spectacular North Shore and beautiful Stanley Park and visit Capilano Suspension Bridge 4 Travel the scenic “Sea to Sky Highway” to and enjoy the PEAK 2 PEAK experience, a 1.88-mile long gondola ride between Blackcomb and Whistler Mountains 4 Travel by BC Ferry to Vancouver Island and visit world-famous Butchart Gardens 4 Included city tour of Victoria with its delightful English flavor, red double-decker buses and Tudor-style buildings Cross the Capilano Suspension Bridge and enjoy views of the spectacular rainforest 4 Visit Victorian-era Craigdarroch Castle and take the walking Victoria Food Tour, a delicious culinary experience 4 Enjoy a First Nations Cultural Experience at the I-Hos Gallery DAY 1 – Arrive in Beautiful British Columbia featuring a weaving workshop and included lunch with traditional Welcome to Canada’s rugged Northwest in Vancouver and transfer Bannock bread to your hotel. Meet your Tour Manager in the hotel lobby at 6:00 4 Spend 2 nights at the illustrious Painter’s Lodge, located on the p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanographic and Environmental Conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia
    Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2017/071 National Capital Region Oceanographic and environmental conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia P.C. Chandler1, M.G.G. Foreman1, M. Ouellet2, C. Mimeault3, and J. Wade3 1Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences 9860 West Saanich Road Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 5T5 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada Marine Environmental Data Section, Ocean Science Branch 200 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6 3Fisheries and Oceans Canada Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch 200 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6 December 2017 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2017 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Chandler, P.C., Foreman, M.G.G., Ouellet, M., Mimeault, C., and Wade, J. 2017. Oceanographic and environmental conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes-Of-The-Salish-Sea-Pp18.Pdf
    NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 18 Fishes of the Salish Sea: a compilation and distributional analysis Theodore W. Pietsch James W. Orr September 2015 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Professional Penny Pritzker Secretary of Commerce Papers NMFS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan Scientifi c Editor Administrator Richard Langton National Marine Fisheries Service National Marine Northeast Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Service Maine Field Station Eileen Sobeck 17 Godfrey Drive, Suite 1 Assistant Administrator Orono, Maine 04473 for Fisheries Associate Editor Kathryn Dennis National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Science and Technology Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 178 Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 Managing Editor Shelley Arenas National Marine Fisheries Service Scientifi c Publications Offi ce 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, Washington 98115 Editorial Committee Ann C. Matarese National Marine Fisheries Service James W. Orr National Marine Fisheries Service - The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS (ISSN 1931-4590) series is published by the Scientifi c Publications Offi ce, National Marine Fisheries Service, The NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series carries peer-reviewed, lengthy original NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, fl ora and fauna studies, and data- Seattle, WA 98115. intensive reports on investigations in fi shery science, engineering, and economics. The Secretary of Commerce has Copies of the NOAA Professional Paper NMFS series are available free in limited determined that the publication of numbers to government agencies, both federal and state. They are also available in this series is necessary in the transac- exchange for other scientifi c and technical publications in the marine sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10. Strait of Georgia
    PART IV OCEANOGRAPHY OF INSHORE WAmRS Chapter 10. Strait of Georgia The Strait of Georgia is by far the most important tains and the intrusive, metamorphic, and sedimentary marine region of British Columbia. More than 70%of the rocks of Vancouver Island (Fig. 10.1).On the average, it is population of the province is located on its periphery and about 222 km (120 nm) long and 28 km (15 nrn) wide; its shores provide a foundation for expanding develop- islands occupy roughly 7% of its total surface area of 6800 ment and industrialization. The Strait is a waterway for a km2 (200 nm2). The average depth within the Strait is variety of commercial traffic and serves as a receptacle for around 155 myand only 5%of the total area has depths in industrial and domestic wastes from the burgeoning ur- excess of 360 m. The maximum recorded depth of 420 m ban centers of greater Vancouver. Salmon msto the is immediately south of the largest island in the Strait, rivers that enter the Strait of Georgia are the basis for one Texada Island, and is rather shallow compared with of the world's largest commercial salmon fisheries; its soundings obtained in some of the adjoining inlets resident coho and chinook salmon form an important and (depths in Jervis Inlet reach 730 m). ever-increasing recreational fishery. The Strait also To the north, the Strait of Georgia is hked to the provides an area for the spawning and growth of herring Pacific Ocean via several narrow but relatively long chan- and is the largest overwintering location for waterfowl in nels, notably Discovery Passage and Johnstone Strait, and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Kayak Destinations Quadra Island South Coast, BC
    Kayak Destinations Quadra Island South Coast, BC Nice trip option is a circumnavigation of Read Island Paddling Notes Can be combined with Desolation Sound area for a longer trip Von Donop Inlet is a fabulous day or side trip Current tables and timing required to go to Octopus Islands Lodge-based daytrips possible from Discovery Islands Lodge Trip Basics No. of Days 3 or more (on the water) Paddle Distance 28+ nm (circumnavigation of Read Island) SKGBC Water Class. Map (I-IV) Class II – Sutil & Hoskyn Channels, Whiterock & Drew Passages Class III – elsewhere Recommended Launch Sites: Heriot Bay: the Heriot Bay Inn offers boat launch, overnight parking, showers at reasonable prices, plus pre- or post-paddle food and accommodation Discovery Islands Lodge: offers boat launch, overnight parking, B&B accommodation, kayak rentals and tours Getting There Driving Directions Google Maps: Museum of Vancouver to Heriot Bay Travel Distance - Total 248 km 5 h 4 min - Ferry 58 km + 2.8 km 1 h 40 min + 10 min - Gravel 0 km Ferry Info Horseshoe Bay to Departure Bay; Campbell River to Quadra Island Paddle to nearest campsite West side of Read Island, north of Sheer Pt: 7.6 nm from Heriot Bay launch East side of Read Island, NW of Frederic Pt: 8.6 nm from Heriot Bay launch No outhouse, no fresh water Planning Nautical Charts 3538 1:40,000 Desolation Sound and Sutil Channel 3539 1:40,000 Discovery Passage 3541 1:40,000 Approaches to Toba Inlet Marine Trail BC Marine Trails Map Trip Planning Maps Wavelength: BC Coastal Recreation Maps – Desolation Sound Coast Mountain Expeditions Discovery Islands Chart Suggested Guide Books The Wild Coast Volume 3 by John Kimantas (in the library) Kayak Routes of the Pacific Northwest (in the library) Park & Camping Info.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History Feeding
    BRITISH COLUMBIA VANCOUVER ISLAND GEOLOGY The Creation of the Johnstone Strait Over a span of thousands of years and a combination of processes such as tectonics, volcanism, erosion and glaciation the 110km Johnstone Strait off of Vancouver Island was formed. Formally known as Wrangellia, a land mass that collided with North America causing it to fold and buckle forming the many of the mountains and ranges we associate with British Columbia today. The formation of the narrow channels that make up Northeastern Vancouver Island dates back to the ice ages when glacial ice sheets settled in the area. During the Pleistocene Epoch Ice Age ice sheets carved their way through the igneous rock or the channel creating what is now known as Johnstone Strait, Queen Charlotte strait, and the Discovery Passage. Glacial carving transpires through the slow movement of the ice sheet. Due to their sheer size and weight combined with gravity ice sheets move slowly down mountain valleys, and across plains. As glaciers move they sculpt the land via erosion and deposition. While they gradually move across the landscape the ice erodes the surface beneath it, creating fjords, glacial valleys, and horns. During this erosion the ice actually picks up and retains sediment and particles depositing them along the way. This process of deposition, depositing of material as the glacier retreats and melts away, forms moraines which are narrow ridges that show where the ice used to be. Robson Bight Ecological Reserve ceremonial purposes. Ubiquitous to the area are manmade geological features known as clam beds. For the First Nations’ people clams were a staple not only for their food source but for their economy as Ecological Reserves were formed in Canada in 1971 as a way to encourage the preservation of natural well for they used them in trade with other tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12. Johnstone Strait Region
    Chapter 12. Johnstone Strait Region The complex system of waterways that extends sea- environment. Experience has demonstrated, for example, ward from the northern end of the Strat of Georgia that the channels ofthe Johnstone Strait region form a key provides access to some of the most spectacular scenery on link in the migration route of Pacific salmon. Indicative of the British Columbia coast. Snow-capped mountain this importance is the fact that fypically 10-20% of Eraser peaks, cascading waterfalls, steep-sided channels, and sur- River sockeye salmon that return to the coast every 4 yr ging tidal narrows contribute to a stark ruggedness (Fig. enter the river via Johnstone Strait rather than Juan de 12.1).Settlements are few and far between, but wildlife is Fuca Strait. In certain years of the 4yr cyde, this ‘‘hver- abundant, and it is not uncommon to see a pod of killer sion” of salmon through the northern passages is close to whales or a school of porpoises movin easily through the half the returning run. In 1978, for example, approx- cMy waters. The large numbers ofkiller whales that imately 57% of the run chose this route rather than Juan frequently gather in Robson Bight, at the western end of de Fuca Strait, and in 1980 there was a record diversion of Johnstone Suait, create an impressive sight, unequalled in 70%. few areas of the coast. Because the three main channels carry most of the water that flows between the Pacific Ocean and the north- em end of the Strait of Georgia, they further influence the physical oceanographic structure of the inside passage and adjoining fiords.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Distribution, Abundance, and Habitats of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia
    Chapter 29 Marine Distribution, Abundance, and Habitats of Marbled Murrelets in British Columbia Alan E. Burger1 Abstract: About 45,000-50,000 Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus birds) are extrapolations from relatively few data from 1972 marmoratus) breed in British Columbia, with some birds found in to 1982, mainly counts in high-density areas and transects most parts of the inshore coastline. A review of at-sea surveys at covering a small portion of coastline (Rodway and others 84 sites revealed major concentrations in summer in six areas. 1992). Between 1985 and 1993 many parts of the British Murrelets tend to leave these breeding areas in winter. Many Columbia coast were censused, usually by shoreline transects, murrelets overwinter in the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound, but the wintering distribution is poorly known. Aggregations in sum- although methods and dates varied, making comparisons mer were associated with nearshore waters (<1 km from shore in and extrapolation difficult. Much of the 27,000 km of coastline exposed sites, but <3 km in sheltered waters), and tidal rapids and remains uncensused (fig. 1). narrows. Murrelets avoided deep fjord water. Several surveys showed Appendix 1 summarizes censuses for the core of the considerable daily and seasonal variation in densities, sometimes breeding season (1 May through 31 July). Murrelet densities linked with variable prey availability or local water temperatures. are given as birds per linear kilometer of transect. It was Anecdotal evidence suggests significant population declines in the necessary to convert density estimates from other units in Strait of Georgia, associated with heavy onshore logging in the several cases, and this was done in consultation with the early 1900s.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast
    CANADIAN SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 56 DFO - L bra y / MPO B bliothèque Oceanography RI II I 111 II I I II 12038889 of the British Columbia Coast Cover photograph West Coast Moresby Island by Dr. Pat McLaren, Pacific Geoscience Centre, Sidney, B.C. CANADIAN SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 56 Oceanography of the British Columbia Coast RICHARD E. THOMSON Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ocean Physics Division Institute of Ocean Sciences Sidney, British Columbia DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS Ottawa 1981 ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1981 Available from authorized bookstore agents and other bookstores, or you may send your prepaid order to the Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Service Canada, Hull, Que. K1A 0S9 Make cheques or money orders payable in Canadian funds to the Receiver General for Canada A deposit copy of this publication is also available for reference in public librairies across Canada Canada: $19.95 Catalog No. FS41-31/56E ISBN 0-660-10978-6 Other countries:$23.95 ISSN 0706-6481 Prices subject to change without notice Printed in Canada Thorn Press Ltd. Correct citation for this publication: THOMSON, R. E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 291 p. for Justine and Karen Contents FOREWORD BACKGROUND INFORMATION Introduction Acknowledgments xi Abstract/Résumé xii PART I HISTORY AND NATURE OF THE COAST Chapter 5. Upwelling: Bringing Cold Water to the Surface Chapter 1. Historical Setting Causes of Upwelling 79 Origin of the Oceans 1 Localized Effects 82 Drifting Continents 2 Climate 83 Evolution of the Coast 6 Fishing Grounds 83 Early Exploration 9 El Nifio 83 Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]