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Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico

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Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico Linga-Bibliothek Linga B/951497 National Geographic Society-Tulane University Program of Research on the Yucatan Peninsula Excavations at Dzibilchaltun, Yucatan, Mexico E. WyllysjiAndrews IV and E. Wyllys Andrews V With an appendix on Vertebrate Faunal Remains by Elizabeth S. Wing and David Steadman Publication 48 Middle American Research Institute Tulane University New Orleans 1980 Contents List of Illustrations Structure 605 (Formative period) 25 List of Tables xvi Period 1 (Nabanche 1) 26 Preface xvii Phase A 26 Acknowledgments xix Phase B, subphase a 27 1. Introduction 1 Phase B, subphase b 27 The Natural Setting 1 Phase C 27 The Problem of Environmental Change 3 Phase D 27 Middle American Research Institute Archaeological Period 2 (Nabanche 2) 28 Investigations on the Yucatan Peninsula, Phase A 28 1955-77 4 Phase B 28 The National Geographic Society—Tulane Phase C 29 University Program of Research at Phase D, subphase a 30 Dzibilchaltun 4 Phase D, subphase b 30 Early Investigations 4 Phase E 30 The 1956-57 Season 5 Phase F 31 The 1957—58 Season 6 Phase G 31 The 1958—59 Season 6 Period 3 (Nabanche 2 and Komcl 31 The 1959—60 Season 7 Phase A 31 The 1960—61 Season 7 Phase B, subphase a 34 The 1961—62 Season 8 Phase B, subphase b 34 The 1962-63 Season 8 Phase B, subphase c 34 The 1963—64 Season 9 Phase B, subphase d 35 The 1964-65 and 1965--66 Seasons 9 Phase B, subphase e 35 Research in 1967 and 1968 9 Phase B, subphase f 35 The National Geographic Society—Tulane Phase B, subphase g 35 University Program of Research in Campeche, Phase C 35 1968-71 10 Period 4 (Xculul) 35 Analysis and Publication 11 Subperiod a 35 The Archaeological Zone of Dzibilchaltun 13 Subperiod b 35 The Central Plaza 13 Period 5 (Chechem) 35 Other Major Complexes at the Center of Burials 1—11 36 Dzibilchaltun 13 Caches 1—7 40 Raised Causeways and Radiocarbon Dates 41 the East and West Terrace Groups 15 The Komchen Group 41 Formative Period Architectural Structure 450 (Formative period) 42 Remains 15 Period 1 (Nabanche) 43 Architectural Types and Groupings 16 Phase A 43 The Size and Population Phase B 43 of Dzibilchaltun 16 Phase C 45 The Identification of Dzibilchaltun in Ethnohistorical Phase D 45 and Early Historical Accounts 17 Phase E 45 2. The Excavations 20 Period 2 (early Komchen) 46 Introduction 20 Phase A 46 The Mirador Group 21 Phase B 46 vn viii Contents Phase C 46 Structure 1-sub 87 Period 3 (late Komchen and Xculul 1) 46 The Platform 87 Phase A 47 The Temple 91 Phase B 47 Cache 1 97 Phase C 47 Radiocarbon Dates 97 Phase D 48 Graffiti 98 Phase E 49 Structure 1 103 Period 4 (Xculul) Cache 2 106 Period 5 (Xculul) Structures 1 and 1-sub in the Decadent Phase A 52 Period 109 Phase B 52 Remodeling of the West Stairway 109 Masonry 53 The Inner Chamber of Structure 1-sub as a Burials 1,2 53 Decadent Period Shrine 112 Caches 1—5 53 Analysis of the Decadent Period Painted Medallions Radiocarbon Date in the Temple of the Seven Dolls, Structure 500 (Formative period) 56 by J. Eric S. Thompson 116 The Xculul Group 58 Decadent Period Caches 3—6 117 Structure 226 (Formative period) 58 Reconstruction of Structure 1-sub 117 Period 1 (Xculul 1) 59 Floors 119 Period 2 (Xculul) 59 Walls 119 Phase A 59 Substructure Retaining Walls 119 Phase B 59 Doorway Lintels 120 Period 3 (Platform 1, Xculul 2) 61 The Stucco Facade 120 Period 4 (Platform 2, Xculul 2) 61 Vaults 120 Period 5 (Xculul 2) 62 The Roof 120 Phase A (Platform 3) 62 The Tower 123 Phase B 62 The Temple of the Seven Dolls: Dating and Period 6 (Xculul 2) 62 Architectural Comparisons 123 Phase A (Platform 4) 62 Structures 2 through 12 127 Phase B 63 Introduction 127 Period 7 (Xculul 2) 63 Structure 2 129 Phase A 63 Structure 3 129 Phase B 63 Cache 1 129 Period 8 (late Xculul 2 or early Piim) 63 Structure 4 129 Burials 1—6 64 Structure 5 132 Caches 1—4 65 Cache 1 135 Radiocarbon Date 66 Cache 2 136 Structure 225 (Formative period) 68 Structure 6 137 Structure 612 (Early period I and II) 68 Burial 1 139 Period 1 (late Piim) 68 Cache 1 139 Phase A 68 Structure 7 139 Phase B 69 Cache 1 139 Phase C 72 Cache 2 140 Period 2 (early Copo 1) 73 Structure 8 140 Period 3 (Copo 1) 74 Structure 9 and Caches 1—5 140 Period 4 (Copo) 75 Structure 10 142 Period 5 (Chechem) 78 Structure 11 143 Burials 1-3 79 Structure 12 143 Caches 1—4 81 Burial 1 144 Radiocarbon Date 82 Construction and Occupation Sequence The Seven Dolls Group (Early period II) 82 in the Seven Dolls Group 145 The Terrace of the Seven Dolls 82 The Seven Dolls Group: Structures 1 and 1-sub (the Temple of the Seven Architectural Comparisons 146 Dolls) 85 Structures 13,14, and 15 (Early period II) 148 Contents Structure 13, Burial 1 150 Structure 810 205 Structure 14, Burial 1 150 Structure 2631 205 The Structure 38 Complex (Early period II Structure 2641 205 and Pure Florescent period) 151 Structure 3047 205 Structure 38-sub (Early period II) 153 Structure 6029 205 Substructure 153 Structure 6808 .. 205 Superstructure 153 Structure /336o643 205 Dating and Architectural Structure /336o649 206 Comparisons 155 Structure /377o617 206 Structure 3 8 (Pure Florescent period) 158 Structure /177o953 206 Dating and Architectural Structure /198o949 206 Comparisons 162 Structure /216o390 206 Structures 38 and 3 8-sub in Structure I898w938 206 the Decadent Period 163 Structure 722 206 Burials 1-8 165 Discussion 206 Caches 1—4 168 Structures 95,95A, and 96 (Pure Reconstruction of Structures 38 Florescent period) 207 and 38-sub 169 Structure 96 207 The Northeast Corner of the Central Plaza: Structures Substructure 207 33,36,36A, 39, and 50 (Early period II to Decadent The Early Terrace Floor 209 period) 169 Superstructure 209 Structure 36 169 Secondary Walls 211 Structure 36A 175 Facade Decoration 211 Late Additions to the Structure Burials 1—9 212 36 Stairway 176 Caches 1,2 216 Structure 33 and Cache 1 178 Discussion of Burials and Caches 217 Structure 39 180 Dating and Occupation Sequence 217 Interior Constructions 186 Structure 95 218 Decadent Period Additions to Burials 1—3 222 the Structure 39 Platform 186 Structure 95A 223 Consolidation 187 Structures 95 and 95A: Secondary Constructions, Structure 50 (Decadent or Occupation Sequence, and Dating 230 Colonial period) 187 Late Stela Platforms and Shrines 232 Stelae on the North Side of the Central Plaza: Structures 47,48, and 49 232 Evidence for Destruction andResetting 187 Structure 48 233 Structure 57 (Early period II) 190 Structure 49 234 Architecture and Masonry 192 Structures 60 and 61 235 Excavations, Secondary Constructions, Structure 60 and Cache 1 236 and Occupation Sequence 195 Structure 61 238 North Room 195 Miscellaneous Investigations 240 East Room 195 Structure 55 (The Palace) 240 West Room 196 Burial 1 241 South Room 197 Burial 2 241 Decadent Period Structure at Structure 3558 241 the Southeast Comer 198 Cenote Xlacah/ 242 Burials 1-6 199 The Survey and Test-pitting Program: Caches 1,2 201 Burials and Caches 245 Dating and Architectural Comparisons 202 Structure 18 and Cache 1 246 Post-Conquest Glazed Pottery from Structure 30 and Burial 1 246 Structure 57 203 Structure 160 and Cache 1 246 Platform West of Structure 57 203 Structure 175 and Cache 1 247 Early Period II—Pure Florescent “Transitional” Structure 359 and Burial 1 247 Vaulted Buildings 204 Structure 701 and Burial 1 247 Structure 701 204 Structure 717 and Burial 1, Cache 1 247 X Contents Structure 722 and Burial 1 247 Absolute Dating of Dzibilchaltun Periods and Ceramic Structure 731 and Burial 1 249 Complexes 271 Structure 737 and Burial 1 249 The Formative Period 271 Structure 742 and Cache 1 249 The Early Period 272 Structure 777 and Caches 1,2; Burial 1 The Florescent Period 274 Structure 782 and Burial 1 250 The Decadent Period 2 75 Structure 784 and Burial 1 250 The Correlation of Maya and Christian Structure 790 and Burial 1 250 Calendars 275 Structure 810 and Burials 1—3 251 Radiocarbon Determinations 281 Structure 825 and Burial 1 252 4. Architecture 286 Structure 1003 and Burial 1 252 Middle Formative Period 286 Structure 1005 and Burials 1, 2 253 Nabanche 1 Phase 286 Structure 1009 and Cache 1 255 Nabanche 2 Phase 287 Structure 1185 and Cache 1 255 Late Formative Period 288 Structure 2000 and Burial 1 255 Komchen Phase 288 Structure 2002 and Cache 1 255 Xculul Phase 289 Structure 2006 and Burial 1 255 Early Period I (Piim Phase) 291 Structure 2009 and Burial 1 257 Early Period II and Pure Florescent Period Structure 2014 257 (Copo Phase) 292 Structure 2020 and Burial 1 257 Internal Subdivisions and Architectural Structure 3000 and Burial 1 257 Assemblages 292 Structure 3003 and Burial 1 257 An Interpretation of Ruin Clusters at Structure 3022 and Burial 1 257 Dzibilchaltun 293' Structure 3023 and Burial 1 259 Orientation 294 Structure 3107 and Burial 1 259 Materials and Tools 295 Structure 3110 and Burial 1 259 Masonry 296 Structure 3536 and Burial 1 259 Substructures 297 Structure 3554 and Cache 1 259 Superstructures 298 Structure 3558 and Burial 1 260 Types of Buildings: Plans and Functions 301 Structure 3615 and Burial 1 260 Platforms 301 Structure 3616 and Cache 1 260 Unvaulted Structures 301 Structure 3622 and Cache 1 260 Vaulted Structures 301 Structure 3707 and Burial 1 260 Specialized Structures 302 Structure 3715 and Burial 1 260 Substructures 303 Structure 3717 and Burial 1 262 Building Platforms 304 Structure 3721 and Burial 1 262 Stairways 304 Structure 6807 and Cache 1 262 Floors 304 Structure 6844 and Burial 1 262 Superstructures 305 Structure 6862 and Burial 1 262 Walls 305 Structure 6870 and Burial 1 262 Doorways 306 Structure 6938 and Burial 1 263 Wall Sections and Piers 306 Structure 6965 and Burials 1, 2 263 Wall Openings 306 Structure 6969 265 Wall Depressions 307 Vaulted Tombs (Burials 1—5) 265 Altars and Benches 307 Offerings at the Base of the Stairway 266 ■ Vaults, Roofs, and Roof Structures 308 Burials and Offerings in the Moldings 308 Vaulted Chambers 266 Exterior Decoration 309 Cache 1 268 Interior Decoration 310 Structure 8000 and Burial 1 268 Raised Causeways 310 3.
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