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Is Smart City Sustainable? a Case Study of Bodø Municipality

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Is Smart City Sustainable? a Case Study of Bodø Municipality Emnekode: BE323E Navn / kandidatnr.: Line Kristin Haug / 17 Is Smart city sustainable? A case study of Bodø municipality Dato: 02.12.2019 Totalt antall sider: 74 What is the city but the people? William Shakespeare i ii Abstract As the Norwegian government decided to phase out the military aviation base in Bodø, a wave of despair hit the city. The despair soon turned into euphoria with the announcement of the project “New City – New Airport” (ny by, ny flyplass). By moving the airport and building a new city district, Bodø got the opportunity not only to overcome the loss of military jobs but also to build a city for the future, a so-called smart city. The Smart city project was initially planned top-down with a technical approach. There are, however, concerns connected to the sustainability of this development. Is the smart city development properly addressing the challenge of a sustainable future Bodø? This thesis is a case study of Bodø’ Smart city development, analysing the challenges of sustainability within the municipality. The analysis is mainly based on 5 interviews conducted November- December 2018, with different stakeholders working within Bodø municipality, but also draws on secondary literature. This thesis aims to highlight the challenges relating to the Bodø municipality’s assessment of Smart city development, along with providing a snapshot of the situation autumn 2018. Moreover, the thesis aims to study how the Smart city development has affected the municipality in terms of the environment, along with the economic and social impacts. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Ove Jakobsen for his guidance and valuable feedback in the process of writing this thesis. A special thanks to my friends and colleagues at the High North Center for business and governance for inspiring me. I would also express gratitude to all my interviewees, who shared their knowledge and points of view with me. As always, I am grateful for all the support from my parents. A special thanks to my mother for assistance throughout this process. I would also like to thank Siri for proofreading the thesis. Thanks to Andreas for all the support whenever needed. To Amanda. The world will be yours one day. I am responsible for any inaccuracies in this thesis. Line Kristin Haug Oslo, 01.12.2019 iv Map over Bodø city peninsular today. Retrieved from Power Point from Bodø Municipality. The green line = marks where the civilian airport is located today, and where the new city district will be built. The blue line = marks the location of the new civilian airport, where the military base is presently located. v 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Previous Research........................................................................................................ 1 Research question ........................................................................................................ 2 Bodø as a case.............................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Smart Bodø ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Bodø city lab – Bylab ........................................................................................... 7 Outline of the thesis ..................................................................................................... 8 2 Theory ................................................................................................................................ 9 Terminology ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Neoliberal economics versus ecological economics ............................................ 9 2.1.2 Smart city ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Defining sustainability ....................................................................................... 11 Strong vs weak sustainability .................................................................................... 13 Triple bottom line ...................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 New Public Management ................................................................................... 16 Hard vs soft focus ...................................................................................................... 16 Summary .................................................................................................................... 17 3 Methodical frameworks .................................................................................................... 18 Qualitative methods ................................................................................................... 18 Case study .................................................................................................................. 18 Data ............................................................................................................................ 19 Positionality ............................................................................................................... 19 Validity ...................................................................................................................... 20 Reliability .................................................................................................................. 20 The interviews ........................................................................................................... 21 3.7.1 The informants ................................................................................................... 22 Research ethics .......................................................................................................... 23 Other factors .............................................................................................................. 23 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 24 4 People - Social sustainability ........................................................................................... 25 Sustainable population ............................................................................................... 25 Employment in the Smart city ................................................................................... 27 Citizen involvement with Bylab ................................................................................ 28 A city of culture ......................................................................................................... 30 Internal communication ............................................................................................. 31 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 32 5 Planet - Environmental sustainability .............................................................................. 34 Smart environment .................................................................................................... 34 5.1.1 The status of the environment ............................................................................ 34 Building green – for whom? ...................................................................................... 35 Green and pristine – a selling point? ......................................................................... 37 Green technology ....................................................................................................... 37 Green transport .......................................................................................................... 39 New vs old ................................................................................................................. 39 Cleaning out the old ................................................................................................... 40 vi Green energy .............................................................................................................. 41 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 42 6 Profit - Financial sustainability ........................................................................................ 44 Financing smart ......................................................................................................... 44 The financial state of the municipality ...................................................................... 45 The companies ........................................................................................................... 47 The investors.............................................................................................................. 48 Bubbles or bust? ........................................................................................................ 49 Towards a new economic paradigm? ........................................................................ 50 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 52 7 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................
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