DOCSLIB.ORG

Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985 Reid , R. E.H . ,1 976,'Late Cretaceous clilllati(l trends, faunas and FIELDWORK AT GRE AT LANGDALE , CU MB RIA, 1985 _ INTERIM REPORT hydrography in Britain Ind Ireland ',Gegl . Haa. 11 3, 115_128 by Richard Bradley. Hark Edll'londs , Roy Entwistle, and Steve Ford Sargent , H. C. ,1 929 , 'Further studies In chert I ',Oeo1, Hag 66,399- 412 IntrOduction Shepherd , W. , 1972 , Flint : its origin. prgperties and yses, London, Considerable attention has been paid to the petrology and Faber and Faber distribution of lIeolithio axes , but less interest ha s been shown in the details of their production. SpeCialists have been unable Sheppard. T. , 1910, ' Neo11thie wo rkshops nelll' Br idllngton ', to decide between three radio ally different hypotheses , eaeh with Uatyralist . 293 - 298 its own 111'1plieations f or the eharaeter of contemporary society: a) DId axe production take place under mo nopoly eontrol , so Sh eppa rd, T. , 1920 , ' The origin of the materials used ln the that aCCeSS to the raw ma terials might be a source of pOwer? ma nufacture of prehistoric stone weapons In east b) Was there a class of speelallst axe makers or ' a xe York shi r e ' , Trans . Eo Riding Ant . Sag . 23, 311 - 54 trad er s ' ? c) Or did people enjoy free aecess to sources of raw Straw, A. ,1969 ,' Pleistocene events in Lincolnshire : a survey and material , In Which ca:!le the ' value ' of the finished produet might reV ised nom enclature' , Irans. Lingglnshire Nat. Un . 17, 85 - 98 depend on its rarity in other parts of the country? (~. B radley 198Q, Q8 - 57) . Wlekham-Jones , C. ,1 979 , ' Flaked stone technology 1n northern Brlt ain ', Scot. Archaeol , Forum 1" 36 - 112 These qUestions apply to all the major sourees in Neolithic Britain. but it is easiest to investigate these questions 1n Wilson , V., 1939 ,'The occurrence and origin of chert in the Cumb ria, the area of origin of Group VI axes (Buneh and Fell Corallian form ation in Yorkshire ', Prge, Ygrk s hire Phtl. 19 Q9 ; Houlder 1979) . Not only wa s thi s one of the l argest .s..a..c. , 1-17 prodUcers: despi te recent tourist erosion , the sources of this material :!I till su r vive relatively intact. More important, the Wood , C.J. , an d Smith, E. G. ,1 978 ,'Lithostratlgraphic classification production :!li tes themselves have been su rveyed to a high s tandard 'of the chalk in l10rth York s hire, Humberside and by a team drawn from the NatIonal Trust and the Cumbria a nd Lincolnshire' , Proo , Yorks hire Geol . Sgg . 42 , 263- 282 Lanoas hire Ar chaeological Unit, whose objeetlve was to doeume nt the archaeological sites with a view to their preservation and Young , R. , 19811 , 'Potentlii1l sources of flint >od ehert ,. th. management (Claris 1985) . Our own work in August and September north_ea st of Engliilnd ' ,Lithic3 5 , 3- 9 1985 was intended to eomplement the r esults of this survey. Its ma in aim wa s to find way s of analysing the nature of lithie produetion on the largest group of sites, those at Great Langdale. The project was essentially exploratory and was intended to devise a satisfactory methodology for future research i n this area. Our r e:!l earch de Sign divided into five com ponent s : 1. An investigation of the t echnology employed on the stone working sites themselves . This wa s de s igned to assess the efficiency and standardis ation of production at Great Langdale. 2. E~p e rimental stone working intended to a:!lsess the factors in f lUencing the siting of the lIeolithlc quar ries : how e f ficiently had these locations been seleeted? 3. Salllpling of t he hamme r stone:!l introduced to the quarry sites. 11 . field survey of areas of Gr oup VI r oek not examined in detail before. 5 . Field s urvey of areas around those t a rns and eoombes wi th pollen eVidence of nearby clearance (~ . Pennington 1975); also survey of the blanket peat on the plateau beh ind the main working sites. Despite appalli ng weather, all theSe objectives were me t , althou&h work on the tarns wa s cur tailed. 9 '0 Resylts the extent of the exposure and its accessibility. Using that Our pr ovisional result s can be considered under the same i nformation we could model the most efficient production strategy headIngs: at Great Lan gd ale and compare this with the actual amount of archaeological material at the same locations. The results of 1. Llthic technology. The survey carried out by the National Trust this exercise demonstrated that the best quality r ock was nearly and the Cumbria and Lancashire Archaeological Unit showed always used, but those working the stone showed little concern convincing evidence that ~ of the Group VI rock was quarried _ with the other factors, apart from a tendency to favour the work had not been confined to loose boulders or to material in larger , more obvious exposures of Group VI rock. Some of the most natural screes. In 1985 research wa~ concentrated at the quarries suitable areas were hardly used , if they were used at all, and themselves , where material still retaIned some integrity and quite often less satisfactory outcrops were preferred. This does where occasional pieces could even be refitt ed . A series of these not suggest the efficiency (or the knowledge of the sources) to locations was examined and standard samples of the lithic be expected of specialists, or even of people using the sites for debitage were recorded in detail . This preliminary work resulted any length of time (~. Bradley and Ford in press). in five main observations: 3. Hammerstooes . The hammerstones proved to have a restricted a) The rock was worked fairly summarily , with a high proportion distribution and were found mainly where there was clear field of hinge fractures, suggesting that the producers were under evidence of quarrying. It was already known that they fell into little pressure to use their time or their raw material d istinct size classes , and the large fragments collected in 1985 efficiently . This was not so true of t he secondary working floors were most probably used to detach pieces of rock from the l ocated away from the Group VI outcrop. In addition , there were outcrop. Smaller s tone or possibly antler hammers would have variations in the efficiency with wh ich t he stone was worked at been needed fo r making tools, and presumably these were carefully different poInts along the rock face. curated. b) Blades were made a s well as axes , and sometimes the i r A series of hammerstones were collected close to the quarry production was the result of careful oore preparation . In other faces and will be compared macroscopically and microscopically cases crested blades were struck from discarded roughouts. The with superficially similar cobbles sampled from local stream beds proportion of blades varied between different parts of the Great and from glacial deposits in the Great Langdale Valley . It has Langdale complex, but overall they were found at a restricted been suggested that hammerstones were being imported into this number of locations. part of Cumbria (e.g. Bunch and Fell 19~9,9) , and it will be important to find out whether or not the samples from the c) There were also a number of crude cores unsuitable for axe quarries oould have been of local origin. production, some of which resemble the forms taken by cores made of flint . Some of these used raw material from the lower part of In view of the restricted distribution of hammerstones, we the Gr oup VI outcrop. This is particularly hard , and experiment decided to investigate the methods of stone extraction in more has shown that it takes longer to make polished axes from this detail. For example, might the more complex techniques have material. The stone industry also included scrapers. Thus axe developed as the scale of axe- production inc reased during the production was not the only function of these sites . Late Neolithic period? It is clear that some stratified deposits must remain intact. For example , flake scars occur only 50 cm d) The roughouts suggest that axes were made to different sizes above the present ground level, suggesting a considerable build­ in d ifferent quarries and that separate types occur in varying up of material beneath the surface . Work undertaken by Chris proportions around the Great Langdale complex . It is clear , I Gaffney shows that the depth and even the character of such however, that the surface evidence is a palimpsest, resulting stratigraphy can be measured by geophys ical methods. At the same from numerous episodes of production , and such variations will time , it is possible that large- scale quarrying was aided by need to be studied in detail if the chronology of these sites is fire_setting, a common practice in the ethnographic record. This to be unravelled . I is particularly important since firing of the rock face might allOW thermoluminescence dating of the sites . Measu rements of e) Fieldwork al s O revealed possible grinds tones at the magnetic susceptibility were uninformative but a series of soil quarries . This may mean that s ome Langdale products were finished samp les have been taken for magnesium analysis which may alsO at the source of the raw material , although other explanations reveal evidence of burning. In addition , samples have been taken are pOssible. from the rock face itself, since evidence for burning may be revealed in thin section .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Axe Working Sites on Path Renewal Schemes, Central Lake District
    AXE WORKING SITES ON PATH RENEWAL SCHEMES, CENTRAL LAKE DISTRICT CUMBRIA Archaeological Survey Report Oxford Archaeology North June 2009 The National Trust and Lake District National Park Authority Issue No 2008-2009/903 OAN Job No:L10032 NGR: NY 21390 07921 NY 21891 08551 NY 27514 02410 NY 23676 08230 NY 36361 11654 (all centred) Axe Working Sites on Path Renewal Schemes, Cumbria: Archaeological Survey Report 1 CONTENTS SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Circumstances of the Project......................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectives..................................................................................................... 4 2. METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Project Design .............................................................................................. 6 2.2 The Survey ................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Archive......................................................................................................... 7 3. TOPOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................ 8
    [Show full text]
  • The Treacher Collection of Prehistoric Artifacts from Marlow
    THE TREACHER COLLECTION OF PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS FROM MARLOW I. F. SMITH and J. J. WYMER FOR some years prior to the outbreak of the Second World War a deposit of brickearth (NGR SU/861873), close to the north bank of the Thames and a mile north-east of Great Marlow, was worked by a small brick-making firm. The site was visited periodically by the late Llewellyn Treacher, who gradually amassed a collection of prehistoric artifacts discovered by the workmen. The deposit was about half a mile in diameter and the brickearth was dug out in long 3-ft.-wide trenches. Dates written on some of the specimens indicate that the finds were made between the years 1925 and 1936. On Treacher's death the collection was given by his widow to F. M. Underhill, Esq., F.S.A., who placed it on exhibition for a time in the Hambleden Museum. Since 1955 it has been in Mr. Underbill's possession, and he has recently invited the writers to prepare the present report upon it. None of the material has previously been published, except for occasional references to the Neolithic pottery and flints.1 In 1925 Treacher read a paper to the Berkshire Archaeolo- gical Society on an unaccompanied skeleton (possibly Romano-British) which had been found in the brickearth that year, and an abstract, giving a general description of the site, was printed shortly afterwards.2 The collection includes flint implements which range in type from Palaeo- lithic to Late Neolithic, a couple of stone tools, and some "Western" Neolithic pottery, as well as a few small sherds of Early Iron Age ware and a single fragment of a medieval cooking-pot.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Neolithic Tor Enclosures of Southwest Britain
    The Early Neolithic Tor Enclosures of Southwest Britain By Simon R. Davies A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of Ph.D. Funded by the AHRC. i University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Along with causewayed enclosures, the tor enclosures of Cornwall and Devon represent the earliest enclosure of large open spaces in Britain and are the earliest form of surviving non-funerary monument. Their importance is at least as great as that of causewayed enclosures, and it might be argued that their proposed associations with settlement, farming, industry, trade and warfare indicate that they could reveal more about the Early Neolithic than many causewayed enclosure sites. Yet, despite being recognised as Neolithic in date as early as the 1920s, they have been subject to a disproportionately small amount of work. Indeed, the southwest, Cornwall especially, is almost treated like another country by many of those studying the Early Neolithic of southern Britain. When mentioned, this region is more likely to be included in studies of Ireland and the Irish Sea zone than studies concerning England.
    [Show full text]
  • Supply and Demand in Prehistory? Economics of Neolithic Mining in Northwest Europe
    1 Supply and demand in prehistory? Economics of Neolithic mining in northwest Europe Peter Schauer1, Stephen Shennan1*, Andrew Bevan1, Gordon Cook2, Kevan Edinborough1, Ralph Fyfe3, Tim Kerig4 and Mike Parker Pearson1 *Corresponding author 1 Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK 2 Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK 3 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 4 Universität Leipzig, Historisches Seminar, Lehrstuhl für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Ritterstr. 14, 04109 Leipzig, DE Abstract The extent to which non-agricultural production in prehistory had cost-benefit motivations has long been a subject of discussion. This paper addresses the topic by looking at the evidence for Neolithic quarrying and mining in Britain and continental northwest Europe and asks whether changing production through time was influenced by changing demand. Radiocarbon dating of mine and quarry sites is used to define periods of use. These are then correlated with a likely first-order source of demand, the size of the regional populations around the mines, inferred from a radiocarbon-based population proxy. There are significant differences between the population and mine-date distributions. Analysis of pollen data using the REVEALS method to reconstruct changing regional land cover patterns shows that in Britain activity at the mines and quarries is strongly correlated with evidence for forest clearance by incoming Neolithic populations, suggesting that mine and quarry production were a response to the demand that this created. The evidence for such a correlation between mining and clearance in continental northwest Europe is much weaker.
    [Show full text]
  • The Stokerstoker
    September 2012 No. 114 TheThe StokerStoker Stoke Golding Village Magazine including 50p Dadlington Matters 1 Ruth Jane Note from the Editors The rec certainly doesn’t look the same after the removal of the beautiful horse chestnut tree, but children can carry on enjoying it by clambering over the stump and trunk for years to come. More changes to the village include the old Convent site development - it won’t be too long before houses are built there. Having lived in Stoke Golding for over fifty years between us, any changes always cause anxiety even though we know in our hearts that nothing can change the community spirit and friendliness here. It’s refreshing that some things don’t change though, including the Annual Garden Show (the 82nd) and the ‘Teddy Bear Jump’ off the church tower (a relatively new tradition). Jane and Ruth The Stoker Team Editors: Ruth Fisher (01455 212489) and Jane White (01455 212416) Production Team: Rachel Terheege, Simon Rees-Jones, Alan Taylor (01455 212605), Jill Webster, Rosemary Collier, Beth Ellis, Jan Pettyfer. Please send articles for the October 2012 issue of The Stoker to: The Editors, c/o 21, Hinckley Road, Stoke Golding by 15th September. If you can submit articles on disk, memory stick (Microsoft Word) or by e-mail it makes our job much easier. (500 words maximum please). If you send photos by e-mail, please keep the file size small - no larger than 150 Kb. All correspondence, including e-mails, must include your full name, home address and home telephone number. e-mails to ruthsg21@btinternet.com ‘What’s On’ inserts and all advertising enquiries should be sent to Jane White - email: janewhitesg@googlemail.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guide on Internal Audit of Mining and Extractive Industry
    Technical Guide on Internal Audit of Mining and Extractive Industry DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this Technical Guide are those of author(s). The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed by the author(s). Internal Audit Standards Board The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (Set up by an Act of Parliament) New Delhi © The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, from the publisher. Edition : March, 2012 Committee/Department : Internal Audit Standards Board E-mail : cia@icai.org Website : www.icai.org Price : ` 150/- (including CD) ISBN : 978-81-8441-527-8 Published by : The Publication Department on behalf of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, ICAI Bhawan, Post Box No. 7100, Indraprastha Marg, New Delhi - 110 002. Printed by : Sahitya Bhawan Publications, Hospital Road, Agra - 282 003. July/2012/1,000 Copies Foreword The mining industry is a key segment of the Indian economy, with India being highly endowed with vast mineral resources. The country's accelerated growth rate warrants a rapid development of the mining industry, on which most of the basic industries in the manufacturing sector depend. Extraction and development of minerals are closely interlinked with other natural resources like land, water, air and forest. Hence, the management of this precious resource and its optimal and economical use are matters of national importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Class G Tables of Geographic Cutter Numbers: Maps -- by Region Or
    G3937 SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. REGIONS, NATURAL G3937 FEATURES, ETC. .M5 Mississippi Sound 733 G3942 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. REGIONS, G3942 NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. .N3 Natchez Trace .N32 Natchez Trace National Parkway .N34 Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail .P5 Pickwick Lake .T4 Tennessee River 734 G3952 KENTUCKY. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. G3952 .A2 Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site .B3 Barkley, Lake .B34 Barren River .B35 Barren River Lake .B4 Beaver Creek Wilderness .B5 Big Sandy River .B55 Blue Grass Region .B7 Brier Creek [Whitley County] .B8 Buck Creek .C3 Cave Run Lake .C48 Clanton Creek .C5 Clarks River .C53 Clear Creek .C54 Clear Fork [Whitley County] .C6 Clifty Wilderness .C8 Cumberland, Lake .C83 Cumberland River, Big South Fork [TN & KY] .D3 Daniel Boone National Forest .F5 FIVCO Area Development District .G75 Green River .G76 Green River Lake .H4 Herrington Lake .H85 Humphrey Creek .J3 Jackson Purchase .K3 Kentucky, Northern .K35 Kentucky Highway 80 .K4 Kentucky Lake .K44 Kentucky River .L3 Land Between the Lakes .L38 Laurel River Lake .L4 Lee Cave .M29 Mammoth Cave .M3 Mammoth Cave National Park .M5 Mill Springs Battlefield .N63 Nolin Lake .N64 Nolin River .P4 Pennyrile Area Development District .P6 Port Oliver Lake .P8 Purchase Area Development District .R3 Raven Run Nature Sanctuary .R34 Redbird Crest Trail .R4 Red River Gorge .R68 Rough River .R69 Rough River Lake .S6 Snows Pond .T3 Taylorsville Lake .W5 White Sulphur ATV Trail 735 G3953 KENTUCKY. COUNTIES G3953 .A2 Adair .A4 Allen .A5 Anderson .B2
    [Show full text]
  • May 2012 Journal
    GEM & MINERAL JOURNAL Official Monthly Publication of the Gem & Mineral Society of MAY 2012 VOLUME 21~ ISSUE 5 Lynchburg, VA, Inc WWW.LYNCHBURGROCKCLUB.ORG Happy Mothers Day! well done and wish the best for You and Ann in your Presidents Message future move. Let them know at the May meeting how Hello To All, much their membership in the GMSL and all the I just received an E-mail from Ralph Torning that work they have contributed has meant to us and the he and Ann have plans for selling their home here in Club as a whole. I do have some good news to report. Lynchburg and moving out of state closer to their Our own Thom Noble has agreed to step up and children. Ralph as you know has been keeping our take the membership duties from Ralph and continue membership records for a number of years now, taking care of the record keeping of all the needed taking the burden off of our treasurer Frank Midkiff. information about Club members as entered on the Ralph has made several improvements to our record application forms. Remember the only way we have keeping with some special programming to keep up of sending your Gem & Mineral Journal monthly with all the members, who is paid up with news letter and contacting you about changes in membership, who is delinquent as well as new events is the correct info on your yearly membership members, who we have lost during the year and application. So please keep your info current with the mailing out current membership badges and advising Club.
    [Show full text]
  • Whence This Severance of the Head?”: the Osteology and Archaeology of Human Decapitation in Britain
    UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES “Whence this Severance of the Head?”: The Osteology and Archaeology of Human Decapitation in Britain KATIE TUCKER Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2012 UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Doctor of Philosophy “Whence this Severance of the Head?”: The Osteology and Archaeology of Human Decapitation in Britain Katie Tucker Decapitation burials (burials in which the cranium and mandible are displaced from correct anatomical position and replaced elsewhere in the grave) are a relatively common minority burial practice in Romano-British cemeteries. They have usually been ascribed to a post-mortem funerary ritual with various different motives being postulated. However, these interpretations seem to have largely been based on assumption rather than evidence from the archaeological context or the human remains, only small numbers of which have been subjected to detailed skeletal analysis. Decapitated burials are also found in the early medieval period, and, conversely, these are normally concluded to be the victims of judicial execution, an interpretation that is only very rarely used when discussing Romano-British examples. This thesis examines the archaeological and osteological data from a large sample of Romano- British decapitated burials and compares them with the wider Romano-British cemetery population, in order to better understand the differences between decapitated individuals and the rest of the population, in terms of burial practice, demographics, and ante-mortem health status. The evidence for decapitation in the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, early medieval, medieval and post-medieval periods was also examined, with the analysis of samples of decapitated individuals being undertaken where possible, in order to provide comparanda for the Romano- British examples, and assess whether there is any evidence for continuity in the practice between the periods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plight and the Bounty: Squatters, War Profiteers, and the Transforming Hand of Sovereignty in Indian Country, 1750-1774
    The Plight and the Bounty: Squatters, War Profiteers, and the Transforming Hand of Sovereignty in Indian Country, 1750-1774 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Melissah J. Pawlikowski Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John L. Brooke, Advisor Dr. Lucy Murphy Dr. Margaret Newell Copyright by Melissah J. Pawlikowski 2014 Abstract “The Plight and the Bounty: Squatters, War Profiteers & the Transforming Hand of Sovereignty in the Indian Country, 1750-1774” explores the creation of a European & Indian commons in the Ohio Valley as well as an in-depth examination of the network of interethnic communities and a secondary economic system created by refugee Euroamerican, Black, and Indian inhabitants. Six elements of creolization—the fusion of language, symbols, and legal codes; the adoption of material goods; and the exchange of labor and knowledge—resulted in ethnogenesis and a local culture marked by inclusivity, tolerance, and a period of peace. Finally this project details how, in the absence of traditional power brokers, Indians and Europeans created and exchanged geopolitical power between local Indians and Euroamericans as a method of legitimizing authority for their occupation of the Ohio Valley. ii Vita 2005 ............................................................... B.A., History, University of Pittsburgh 2007 ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Calvert, Marnie Meredith (2020) “Follow the Groove, Man.” an Exploration of Wayfaring in the Landscape of Neolithic Langdale
    Calvert, Marnie Meredith (2020) “Follow the groove, man.” An exploration of wayfaring in the landscape of Neolithic Langdale. MRes thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/81422/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ research-enlighten@glasgow.ac.uk “FOLLOW THE GROOVE, MAN.” An Exploration of Wayfaring in the Landscape of Neolithic Langdale Marnie Meredith Calvert MA (Hons) This dissertation is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Research in Archaeology. School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow September 2019 During the Neolithic period, the Langdale Pikes were the stage for the most prolific axe production in the British Isles, with its artefacts being distributed to all corners of the island through vast exchange networks. Their prevalence and popularity have led many archaeologists to ponder the significance of the mountainous location to Neolithic people. Like many axe production sites, Langdale has long been perceived as a liminal and even dangerous place, with the popularity of the axes attributed to their value as created by risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2013
    N A TIO NAL G ALL E R Y O F A R T 2013 ANNUAL REPORT ART & EDUCATION Louise Bryson BOARD OF TRUSTEES COMMITTEE Vincent J. Buonanno (as of 30 September 2013) Victoria P. Sant W. Russell G. Byers Jr. Chairman Calvin Cafritz Earl A. Powell III Louisa Duemling Frederick W. Beinecke Barney A. Ebsworth Mitchell P. Rales Gregory W. Fazakerley Sharon P. Rockefeller Doris Fisher Andrew M. Saul Aaron I. Fleischman Marina Kellen French FINANCE COMMITTEE Morton Funger Mitchell P. Rales Rose Ellen Greene Chairman Frederic C. Hamilton Jacob J. Lew Teresa Heinz Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin R. Jacobs Frederick W. Beinecke Sharon P. Rockefeller Victoria P. Sant Betsy K. Karel Sharon P. Rockefeller Chairman President Linda H. Kaufman Victoria P. Sant Mark J. Kington Andrew M. Saul Robert L. Kirk Jo Carole Lauder AUDIT COMMITTEE Leonard A. Lauder Frederick W. Beinecke LaSalle D. Leffall Jr. Chairman Edward J. Mathias Mitchell P. Rales Robert B. Menschel Sharon P. Rockefeller Diane A. Nixon Victoria P. Sant Tony Podesta Andrew M. Saul Frederick W. Beinecke Mitchell P. Rales Diana C. Prince Robert M. Rosenthal TRUSTEES EMERITI Roger W. Sant Robert F. Erburu B. Francis Saul II Julian Ganz, Jr. Fern M. Schad Alexander M. Laughlin Michelle Smith David O. Maxwell Luther M. Stovall John Wilmerding Ladislaus von Hoffmann Christopher V. Walker EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Diana Walker Victoria P. Sant Alice L. Walton President Andrew M. Saul John G. Roberts Jr. Walter L. Weisman Chief Justice of the Earl A. Powell III Director Andrea Woodner United States Franklin Kelly Deputy Director and HONORARY TRUSTEES’ Chief Curator COUNCIL William W.
    [Show full text]