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Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985

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Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985 Reid , R. E.H . ,1 976,'Late Cretaceous clilllati(l trends, faunas and FIELDWORK AT GRE AT LANGDALE , CU MB RIA, 1985 _ INTERIM REPORT hydrography in Britain Ind Ireland ',Gegl . Haa. 11 3, 115_128 by Richard Bradley. Hark Edll'londs , Roy Entwistle, and Steve Ford Sargent , H. C. ,1 929 , 'Further studies In chert I ',Oeo1, Hag 66,399- 412 IntrOduction Shepherd , W. , 1972 , Flint : its origin. prgperties and yses, London, Considerable attention has been paid to the petrology and Faber and Faber distribution of lIeolithio axes , but less interest ha s been shown in the details of their production. SpeCialists have been unable Sheppard. T. , 1910, ' Neo11thie wo rkshops nelll' Br idllngton ', to decide between three radio ally different hypotheses , eaeh with Uatyralist . 293 - 298 its own 111'1plieations f or the eharaeter of contemporary society: a) DId axe production take place under mo nopoly eontrol , so Sh eppa rd, T. , 1920 , ' The origin of the materials used ln the that aCCeSS to the raw ma terials might be a source of pOwer? ma nufacture of prehistoric stone weapons In east b) Was there a class of speelallst axe makers or ' a xe York shi r e ' , Trans . Eo Riding Ant . Sag . 23, 311 - 54 trad er s ' ? c) Or did people enjoy free aecess to sources of raw Straw, A. ,1969 ,' Pleistocene events in Lincolnshire : a survey and material , In Which ca:!le the ' value ' of the finished produet might reV ised nom enclature' , Irans. Lingglnshire Nat. Un . 17, 85 - 98 depend on its rarity in other parts of the country? (~. B radley 198Q, Q8 - 57) . Wlekham-Jones , C. ,1 979 , ' Flaked stone technology 1n northern Brlt ain ', Scot. Archaeol , Forum 1" 36 - 112 These qUestions apply to all the major sourees in Neolithic Britain. but it is easiest to investigate these questions 1n Wilson , V., 1939 ,'The occurrence and origin of chert in the Cumb ria, the area of origin of Group VI axes (Buneh and Fell Corallian form ation in Yorkshire ', Prge, Ygrk s hire Phtl. 19 Q9 ; Houlder 1979) . Not only wa s thi s one of the l argest .s..a..c. , 1-17 prodUcers: despi te recent tourist erosion , the sources of this material :!I till su r vive relatively intact. More important, the Wood , C.J. , an d Smith, E. G. ,1 978 ,'Lithostratlgraphic classification production :!li tes themselves have been su rveyed to a high s tandard 'of the chalk in l10rth York s hire, Humberside and by a team drawn from the NatIonal Trust and the Cumbria a nd Lincolnshire' , Proo , Yorks hire Geol . Sgg . 42 , 263- 282 Lanoas hire Ar chaeological Unit, whose objeetlve was to doeume nt the archaeological sites with a view to their preservation and Young , R. , 19811 , 'Potentlii1l sources of flint >od ehert ,. th. management (Claris 1985) . Our own work in August and September north_ea st of Engliilnd ' ,Lithic3 5 , 3- 9 1985 was intended to eomplement the r esults of this survey. Its ma in aim wa s to find way s of analysing the nature of lithie produetion on the largest group of sites, those at Great Langdale. The project was essentially exploratory and was intended to devise a satisfactory methodology for future research i n this area. Our r e:!l earch de Sign divided into five com ponent s : 1. An investigation of the t echnology employed on the stone working sites themselves . This wa s de s igned to assess the efficiency and standardis ation of production at Great Langdale. 2. E~p e rimental stone working intended to a:!lsess the factors in f lUencing the siting of the lIeolithlc quar ries : how e f ficiently had these locations been seleeted? 3. Salllpling of t he hamme r stone:!l introduced to the quarry sites. 11 . field survey of areas of Gr oup VI r oek not examined in detail before. 5 . Field s urvey of areas around those t a rns and eoombes wi th pollen eVidence of nearby clearance (~ . Pennington 1975); also survey of the blanket peat on the plateau beh ind the main working sites. Despite appalli ng weather, all theSe objectives were me t , althou&h work on the tarns wa s cur tailed. 9 '0 Resylts the extent of the exposure and its accessibility. Using that Our pr ovisional result s can be considered under the same i nformation we could model the most efficient production strategy headIngs: at Great Lan gd ale and compare this with the actual amount of archaeological material at the same locations. The results of 1. Llthic technology. The survey carried out by the National Trust this exercise demonstrated that the best quality r ock was nearly and the Cumbria and Lancashire Archaeological Unit showed always used, but those working the stone showed little concern convincing evidence that ~ of the Group VI rock was quarried _ with the other factors, apart from a tendency to favour the work had not been confined to loose boulders or to material in larger , more obvious exposures of Group VI rock. Some of the most natural screes. In 1985 research wa~ concentrated at the quarries suitable areas were hardly used , if they were used at all, and themselves , where material still retaIned some integrity and quite often less satisfactory outcrops were preferred. This does where occasional pieces could even be refitt ed . A series of these not suggest the efficiency (or the knowledge of the sources) to locations was examined and standard samples of the lithic be expected of specialists, or even of people using the sites for debitage were recorded in detail . This preliminary work resulted any length of time (~. Bradley and Ford in press). in five main observations: 3. Hammerstooes . The hammerstones proved to have a restricted a) The rock was worked fairly summarily , with a high proportion distribution and were found mainly where there was clear field of hinge fractures, suggesting that the producers were under evidence of quarrying. It was already known that they fell into little pressure to use their time or their raw material d istinct size classes , and the large fragments collected in 1985 efficiently . This was not so true of t he secondary working floors were most probably used to detach pieces of rock from the l ocated away from the Group VI outcrop. In addition , there were outcrop. Smaller s tone or possibly antler hammers would have variations in the efficiency with wh ich t he stone was worked at been needed fo r making tools, and presumably these were carefully different poInts along the rock face. curated. b) Blades were made a s well as axes , and sometimes the i r A series of hammerstones were collected close to the quarry production was the result of careful oore preparation . In other faces and will be compared macroscopically and microscopically cases crested blades were struck from discarded roughouts. The with superficially similar cobbles sampled from local stream beds proportion of blades varied between different parts of the Great and from glacial deposits in the Great Langdale Valley . It has Langdale complex, but overall they were found at a restricted been suggested that hammerstones were being imported into this number of locations. part of Cumbria (e.g. Bunch and Fell 19~9,9) , and it will be important to find out whether or not the samples from the c) There were also a number of crude cores unsuitable for axe quarries oould have been of local origin. production, some of which resemble the forms taken by cores made of flint . Some of these used raw material from the lower part of In view of the restricted distribution of hammerstones, we the Gr oup VI outcrop. This is particularly hard , and experiment decided to investigate the methods of stone extraction in more has shown that it takes longer to make polished axes from this detail. For example, might the more complex techniques have material. The stone industry also included scrapers. Thus axe developed as the scale of axe- production inc reased during the production was not the only function of these sites . Late Neolithic period? It is clear that some stratified deposits must remain intact. For example , flake scars occur only 50 cm d) The roughouts suggest that axes were made to different sizes above the present ground level, suggesting a considerable build­ in d ifferent quarries and that separate types occur in varying up of material beneath the surface . Work undertaken by Chris proportions around the Great Langdale complex . It is clear , I Gaffney shows that the depth and even the character of such however, that the surface evidence is a palimpsest, resulting stratigraphy can be measured by geophys ical methods. At the same from numerous episodes of production , and such variations will time , it is possible that large- scale quarrying was aided by need to be studied in detail if the chronology of these sites is fire_setting, a common practice in the ethnographic record. This to be unravelled . I is particularly important since firing of the rock face might allOW thermoluminescence dating of the sites . Measu rements of e) Fieldwork al s O revealed possible grinds tones at the magnetic susceptibility were uninformative but a series of soil quarries . This may mean that s ome Langdale products were finished samp les have been taken for magnesium analysis which may alsO at the source of the raw material , although other explanations reveal evidence of burning. In addition , samples have been taken are pOssible. from the rock face itself, since evidence for burning may be revealed in thin section .
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