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Gender and Religion In) Ciudad Quesada De San Carlos

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Gender and Religion In) Ciudad Quesada De San Carlos UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Wrestling with God: Peer Groups, the "Reformation of Machismo," and the "Restructuring of Latin American Religion" in San Carlos, Costa Rica Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pp301cm Author Dawley, William Christopher Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Wrestling with God: Peer Groups, the “Reformation of Machismo,” and the “Restructuring of Latin American Religion” in San Carlos, Costa Rica A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by William Christopher Dawley Committee in Charge: Professor Suzanne A. Brenner, Chair Professor Joel L. Robbins, Co-Chair Professor John H. Evans Professor David E. Pedersen Professor Nancy G. Postero Professor Babak Rahimi 2018 Copyright William Christopher Dawley, 2018 All Rights Reserved ii The Dissertation of William Christopher Dawley is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ (Co-chair) ____________________________________________________________ (Chair) University of California San Diego 2018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. vi Vita ...................................................................................................................................... xix Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xx Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Part One: Being a man in San Carlos .................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2: Understanding (gender and religion in) Ciudad Quesada de San Carlos ................................................................................ ........................................ 39 2.1 The place of Quesada de San Carlos in Costa Rica and Latin America ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.2 Javier on San Carlos's rurality: “A farmer people” ............................................. 45 2.3 Toward an understanding of gender identity, religion, and the “crisis of masculinity”/“crisis of the family” ....................... .................................... 53 Chapter 3: The casa and the calle: the decline of gendered public/private divides like the “home,” the “street” – and “work” .................................................. 60 Chapter 4: The impact of changes in family law and family planning technologies on gender and the family ....................................... .......................................... 74 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 74 4.2 The 1949 constitution and subsequent amendments ........................................... 76 4.3 The Family Law Code (El Código de la Familia), 1973 ..................................... 77 4.4 The Law on Woman’s Social Equality (La Ley de la Igualdad Social de la Mujer), 1990 ........................................................................................... 78 4.5 The Law on Nursery Schools and Day Cares (La Ley de las .............................. Guarderías), 1994 ...................................................................................................... 79 4.6 The Law against Domestic Violence (La Ley contra la Violencia Doméstica), 1996 ....................................................................................... 80 4.7 The Law on Child Support (La Ley de Pensiones Alimentarias), 1997 ............................................................ ....................................... 81 4.8 The Code on Childhood and Adolescence (El Código de la Niñez y la Adolescencia), 1998 .......................................... ....................................... 83 4.9 The Law against Sexual Harassment in Employment and in the Classroom (La Ley contra el Hostigamiento Sexual en el Empleo y la Docencia), 1995 .................................................................................... 84 iv 4.10 Laws concerning reproductive management .................................................... 84 4.11 The Law on Responsible Paternity (La Ley de Paternidad Responsable), 2001: Securing the gains of the Law on Child Support ................................................................................ ...................................... 92 Chapter 5: Changing gender logics, changing gender identities: constructing machismo, marianismo, and alternative gender identities through logics of carnality/spirituality and activity/passivity ............................................... 102 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 102 5.2 Omar and the crocodiles ..................................................................................... 106 5.3 Machismo: logics of gender, logics of religion? ................................................. 110 5.4 Zaca(rías): machismo, egoismo, and violence .................................................... 126 5.5 Isaac: from religious traditions to spiritual relationships .................................... 134 Part Two: From the calle to the grupo: how the evangelical and support group movements use the social atmosphere of peer groups to shape a new masculinity ....................................................................................................... 143 Chapter 6: The ethos of religion and the ethos of spirituality: framing the support group and Methodist model(s) of organization .................................................. 144 6.1 Some notes on ethos and on the cultures of religion and spirituality in San Carlos ........................................................................................... 144 6.2 Examples of the humorous ethos of peer groups and its Relationship to group organization ........................................................................... 156 6.3 Local perspectives on the ethos and discursive practices of peer groups ................................................................................................................. 166 Chapter 7: The development of the “Methodist model” ........................................................ 182 Chapter 8: The further development of the “Methodist model” in support group culture ........................................................................... ................................. 238 Chapter 9: Support groups and the development of emergent masculinities in Costa Rica ................................................................................................... 265 9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 265 9.2 Hombres Íntegros and the “spiritual retreat” ...................................................... 278 9.3 Individual identity transformation and identification with ‘ others: Wém .............................................................................................................. 296 9.4 Group organization and individual redemption: the AA group “A Miracle in [Barrio] San Martín” ................................................................ 306 Chapter 10: Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 315 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 326 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................... 344 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I base these acknowledgments on two main acknowledgments: first, that at present I doubt whether any text or other human expressions can be wholly “authored” by a single person; and second, that ethnography in particular often tries to arrange knowledge about people's lives in ways that are not only meaningful but drawn from their own senses of meaning. In the broadest sense, I could not have written this dissertation or come to these conclusions about the transformation of masculinity and religion in Latin America without the people of Ciudad Quesada de San Carlos, “The city of Quesada, of San Carlos county.” To varying extents, the inhabitants and their social lives deserve credit for authoring this book alongside me, although I cannot hope or pretend that every analysis I offer will be thought satisfactory
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