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Transition Eocène-Oligocène ''EOT''; Expressions des grands changements paléoclimatiques au Cénozoïque (transition Eocène-Oligocène ”EOT” ; Miocène moyen ”MMCO, MMCT”) en domaine côtier à partir de la géochimie des bivalves Justine Briard To cite this version: Justine Briard. Expressions des grands changements paléoclimatiques au Cénozoïque (transition Eocène-Oligocène ”EOT” ; Miocène moyen ”MMCO, MMCT”) en domaine côtier à partir de la géochimie des bivalves. Climatologie. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020TOU30168. tel-03162838 HAL Id: tel-03162838 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03162838 Submitted on 8 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Expressions des grands changements paléoclimatiques au Cénozoïque (Transition Eocène- Oligocène « EOT » ; Miocène moyen « MMCO, MMCT ») en domaine côtier à partir de la géochimie des bivalves Résumé L’ère Cénozoïque est caractérisée par le dernier passage d’un mode climatique « greenhouse » à un mode climatique « icehouse » avec la mise en place de la calotte Antarctique. Les premières traces de glaciations ont pu être mises en évidence à la Transition Éocène-Oligocène (EOT ; ~33.9 Ma) qui est ensuite suivie d’une période d’instabilité de la calotte correspondant à des phases de glaciations et de déglaciations jusqu’à l’établissement de la calotte polaire Antarctique moderne au cours de la Transition Climatique du Miocène Moyen (MMCT ; ~14 Ma). Cependant, les processus à l’origine de ces phases de glaciation-déglaciation restent aujourd’hui mal contraint et la pCO2 comme facteur principal n’explique pas la fonte de la calotte au cours de l’Optimum Climatique du Miocène Moyen (MMCO ; ~16 Ma) avec des pCO2 reconstruites comprises entre 380 et 500 ppm. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’apporter de nouvelles informations paléoclimatiques et paléoenvironnementales au cours de cette période charnière par l’acquisition de nouvelles données de température et de salinité en domaine côtier à l’aide d’une combinaison de traceurs géochimiques, 18 87 86 18 δ O, Δ47 et Sr/ Sr, mesurés sur des coquilles de bivalves. Le couplage δ O-Δ47 a tout d’abord été testé dans des différents types d’environnement allant d’environnements restreints tels que des lagunes et baies à des environnements côtiers ouverts. Les salinités calculées sont cohérentes avec les gammes de tolérance des organismes présents dans les 18 différents faciès rencontrés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que ce couplage δ O-Δ47 peut être utilisé avec succès pour déconvoluer l’évolution de la température et du δ18O de l’eau de mer locale dans des environnements allant de marin franc à saumâtre. Les résultats en 87Sr/86Sr ont également pu être reliés à l’activité du lessivage continentale et à la salinité lorsque celle-ci est assez basse et correspondant à un environnement saumâtre. Les données acquises montrent une chute de 10°C des températures côtières dans l’est de l’Atlantique Nord (Angleterre) pour l’accident EOT-1 ainsi qu’une baisse de salinité et une modification du réseau de drainage des rivières, davantage affectés par la chute du niveau marin associé à la mise en place de la calotte Antarctique. Une chute de ~8°C a également été mise en évidence dans des environnements marins ouverts dans l’ouest de l’Atlantique Nord (Floride) au cours de l’EOT associée à un contraste saisonnier de température et de salinité plus prononcé. Les données acquises pour le Miocène Moyen a mis en évidence une large gamme d’expression du MMCO, avec un refroidissement de ~10°C en Mer Méditerranée et un réchauffement concomitant de ~6°C dans l’Océan Atlantique Nord pour des sites situés à latitudes similaires mais dans des environnements côtiers et des bassins différents. Ces nouvelles données mettent en évidence la diversité de la réponse locale des environnements côtiers en réponse à un changement climatique global, qui complexifie l’utilisation d’archives provenant de ce type d’’environnement pour étudier l’évolution du climat. Abstract The Cenozoic era is characterized by the last transition from a "greenhouse" climate mode to an "icehouse" climate mode with the Antarctic ice-sheet build up. The first traces of glaciation are highlighted at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT; ~ 33.9 Ma) which is followed by a period of instability of the ice-sheet corresponding to glaciation and deglaciations phases until the terminal glaciation of the Antarctic ice cap during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). However, the processes governing these phases of glaciation-deglaciation remain poorly constrained today and pCO2 fluctuations are not sufficient to explain ice-sheet melting during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) with pCO2 ranging from 380 to 500 ppm. The main aim of this PhD is to provide new paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information during this key period, from coastal environments using a combination of different 18 87 86 18 geochemical proxies, δ O, Δ47 and Sr/ Sr, measured on bivalve shells. The δ O-Δ47 coupling was tested in a variety of environments ranging from restricted environments such as lagoon and bay to open coastal environments. The calculated salinities are in good agreement with the tolerance of the organisms present in the different facies encountered. 18 The results obtained with δ O-Δ47 coupling can be used successfully to deconvolve the evolution of temperature and local seawater δ18O in brackish to marine environments. The 87Sr/86Sr results could also be linked to runoff activity and for low salinities corresponding to a brackish environment. The new data acquiring for the EOT revealed a 10°C drop in temperatures for the EOT-1 accident in the eastern North Atlantic (England) as well as a salinity drop and a river drainage network modification more affected by the sea level fall occurring during the EOT. A drop of ~8°C was also recorded in open marine environments from western North Atlantic (Florida) during the EOT, associated to an increase in seasonal contrast in temperature and salinity. The new data acquired for the Middle Miocene highlight marks differences in the MMCO expression with a ~10°C cooling appearing during this climate optimum in the Mediterranean Sea and a contemporaneous warming of ~6°C in the North Atlantic Ocean for sites located at the same latitude but in different coastal environments and basins. These new data highlight the diversity in the local response of coastal environment in response to global climate change, that impedes the use of archives from this type of environment to study climate evolution. Sommaire Remerciements .................................................................................................................. 1 Liste des Figures ............................................................................................................... 5 Liste des Tableaux ......................................................................................................... 10 Introduction générale ...................................................................................................... 11 Références ....................................................................................................................... 17 Chapitre I : État de l’Art .............................................................................. 21 I.1. Les grands changements climatiques de l’Éocène au Miocène moyen .................... 26 I.1.1. Évolution des températures océaniques profondes ............................................... 26 I.1.2. Évolution des températures marines de surface .................................................... 30 I.1.2.1. Évolution des SSTs aux hautes latitudes de l’hémisphère Nord ............................... 31 I.1.2.2. Description des SSTs aux basses latitudes ................................................................ 33 I.1.2.3. Description des SSTs aux hautes latitudes Sud ......................................................... 35 I.1.3. Évolution des températures de l’air en milieu continental ................................... 37 I.1.3.1. Description des MATs en hémisphère Nord ............................................................. 39 I.1.3.2. Description des MATs en hémisphère Sud ............................................................... 41 I.2. L’origine des changements climatiques associés à la Transition Éocène-Oligocène et au Miocène moyen .......................................................................................................... 44 I.2.1. Variation du cycle du carbone : pCO2 atmosphérique .......................................... 45 I.2.2. Paléogéographie : Changement de circulation océanique .................................... 50 I.2.2.1. Ouverture des passages de Drake et de Tasmanie : Mise en place du courant ACC. 50 I.2.2.2. Fermeture de la Téthys .............................................................................................. 51 Références ......................................................................................................................
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