CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE An imprint of Elsevier Limited © 2003, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. The right of Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior permission of the publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. First published 2003 ISBN 0 443 017201 9 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notice Medical knowledge is constantly changing. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the Publisher nor the editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. The Publisher Printed in China To our wives, Lucy Melzack and Mary Wall, with love and gratitude for all their encouragement and support. Commissioning Editor: Michael J Houston Project Development Manager: Aoibhe O’Shea, Glenys Norquay Project Manager: Camilla Rockwood Illustration Manager: Mick Ruddy Designer: Sarah Russell Illustrator: Marion Tasker Contributors List Robert M Bennett MD Eduardo Bruera MD Department of Medicine Chair, Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine Oregon Health Sciences University UT/MD Anderson Cancer Centre Portland, OR Houston, TX USA USA Charles B Berde MD PhD Kay Brune MD PhD Pain Treatment Service Professor and Chairman Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Experimental and Clinical Boston, MA Pharmacology USA University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Aleksandar Beric´ MD DSc Germany Associate Professor of Neurology Department of Neurology Arthur L Burnett MD Hospital for Joint Diseases Department of Urology New York, NY Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA Baltimore, MD USA Karen J Berkley PhD Department of Psychology Nathan I Cherny MB BS FRACD MD Florida State University Director, Cancer Pain and Palliative Care Tallahassee, FL Department of Medical Oncology USA Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Laurence M Blendis MD FRCP FRCP(C) Israel Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto Manon Choinière PhD Visiting Professor, Sackler School of Medicine, Institut de Cardiologie Tel-Aviv University de Montréal Institute of Gastroenterology Centre de Recherche Sourasky Tel-Aviv Medical Center Montreal, Quebec Tel-Aviv Canada Israel C A Chong MBBS FRCA Jörgen Boivie MD PhD Pain Fellow Department of Neurology St Bartholomew’s and University Hospital Whipps Cross University Hospitals Linköping London Sweden UK William Breitbart MD John J Collins MB BS PhD FRACP Chief, Psychiatry Service Head, Pain and Palliative Care Service Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Children’s Hospital at Westmead Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Westmead, NSW New York, NY Australia USA vii Contributors Michael Cousins AM MBBS MD Jan M Gybels MD PhD Pain Management and Research Centre Professor Emeritus of Neurosurgery University of Sydney Department Neurosciences and Psychiatry St Leonards, NSW Belgium Australia Scott Haldeman DC MD PhD FRCPC Paul Creamer MD MRCP Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology Consultant Rheumatologist University of California, Irvine Department of Rheumatology Santa Ana, CA Southmead Hospital USA Bristol UK Per Hansson MD PhD DDS Professor of Clinical Pain Research Shreelata Datta BSc Specialist in Neurology and Pain Medicine Cambridge Department of Surgical Sciences UK Karolinska Hospital/Institute Barbara de Lateur MD MS Stockholm Professor, Director and Lawrence Cardinal Shehan Sweden Chair Raymond George Hill BPharm PhD Department of Physical Medicine and Executive Director of Pharmacology, The Rehabilitation Neuroscience Johns Hopkins University Research Centre and Visiting Industrial Baltimore, MD Professor of Pharmacology, USA University of Bristol. David Dubuisson MD PhD Essex Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery, UK University of South Carolina Anita Holdcroft MB ChB MD FRCA Columbia, SC Reader in Anaesthesia and Honorary Consultant USA Anaesthetist Howard L Fields MD PhD Magill Department of Anesthesia Professor of Neurology and Physiology Imperial College London Department of Neurology Chelsea and Westminster Hospital University of California London San Francisco, CA UK USA Paul D Hooper DC MPH Lucia Gagliese PhD Chair, Department of Principles and Practice Assistant Professor Southern California University of Health Sciences School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York Whittier, CA University USA Department of Anesthesia, University Health Malcolm IV Jayson MD FRCP Network Emeritus Professor of Rheumatology Toronto, Ontario University of Manchester Canada Salford Vivienne X Gallegos PhD UK Registered Psychologist Troels Staehelin Jensen MD PhD West Vancouver, British Columbia Professor of Experimental and Clinical Pain Canada Research Danish Pain Research Center Ann Gamsa PhD Aarhus University Hospital Director of Psychological Pain Services Denmark McGill University Health Centre Montreal General Hospital Pain Centre Montreal, Quebec viii Canada Contributors Julie A Jolin MD Henry McQuay DM FRCA FRCP(Ed) Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Professor of Pain Relief and Research Director UCLA Medical Center Pain Relief Unit Los Angeles, CA Churchill Hospital USA Oxford UK Justus F Lehmann MD Professor and Chair, Retired Ronald Melzack OC FRSC PhD Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Psychology University of Washington School of Medicine McGill University Seattle, WA Montreal, Quebec USA Canada Donlin M Long MD PhD Harold Merskey DM FRCP FRCPC FRCPsych Distinguished Service Professor Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry Department of Neurosurgery London, Ontario Johns Hopkins Hospital Canada Baltimore, MD Kerry R Mills PhD MB FRCP USA Professor of Clinical Neurophysiology Thomas Lundeberg MD PhD Academic Neuroscience Centre Professor, Department of Physiology and King’s College Hospital Pharmacology London Karolinska Institute UK Stockholm Richard Monks MDCM FRCP(C) Sweden Clinical Associate Professor Marco Maresca MD Department of Psychiatry Researcher University of British Columbia Dipartimento di Area Critica Medico Chirurgica Canada Università di Firenze Andrew Moore DSc DPhil Florence Pain Relief Unit Italy Churchill Hospital Oxford Bruce Masek PhD UK Associate Professor of Psychiatry Division of Child Psychiatry Rajesh Munglani MD Massachusetts General Hospital Dept of Anaesthetic & Pain Clinic Boston, MA West Suffolk Hospital USA Bury St Edmonds Suffolk John S McDonald MD UK Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Chair, Department of Anesthesiology Dianne J Newham PhD MCSP Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Professor of Physiotherapy Torrance, CA GKT School of Biomedical Sciences USA King’s College London London Robert F McLain MD UK Director, Spine Surgery Fellowship Director, Spine Research Laboratory Lone Nikolajsen MD PhD Associate Professor, Ohio State University School Consultant, Derpartment of Anaesthesia of Medicine Viborg Sygehus Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Viborg The Cleveland Clinic Denmark Cleveland, OH USA ix Contributors Carl R Noback MD Peter S Sándor MD Los Angeles, CA Neurology Department USA University Hospital Akiko Okifuji PhD Zürich Associate Professor Switzerland Dept of Anesthesiology Cicely Saunders FRCP Pain Research and Management Center Founder, St Christopher’s Hospice Salt Lake City, UT London USA UK Stephen D Passik PhD John W Scadding MD FRCP Director, Symptom Management and Palliative Consultant Neurologist Care The National Hospital for Neurology and Associate Professor of Medicine and Behavioral Neurosurgery Sciences London University of Kentucky – Markey Cancer Center UK Lexington, KY USA Jean Schoenen MD PhD Professor of Neuroanatomy and Consultant Michael Platt Neurologist Consultant Anaesthetist Headache Research Unit St Mary’s Hospital Department of Neuroanatomy and Neurology London University of Liege UK Belgium Ian Power MD FRCA FFPMANZCA, FANZCA Yair Sharav DMD MS Professor of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine Professor of Oral Medicine Royal Infirmary Hebrew University - Haddassah Little France Jerusalem Edinburgh Israel UK Anders E Sola MD MS Paolo Procacci MD Seattle, WA Professor of Internal Medicine USA The