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The Bible and Violence in Africa. Papers Presented at the Bias 20 BiAS - Bible in Africa Studies Johannes Hunter & Joachim Kügler (Ed.) THE BIBLE AND VIOLENCE IN AFRICA Papers presented at the BiAS meeting 2014 in Windhoek (Namibia), with some additional contributions 20 Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien Bible in Africa Studies Études sur la Bible en Afrique Bibel-in-Afrika-Studien Volume 20 edited by Joachim Kügler, Lovemore Togarasei, Masiiwa R. Gunda In cooperation with Ezra Chitando and Nisbert Taringa 2016 The Bible and Violence in Africa Papers presented at the BiAS meeting 2014 in Windhoek (Namibia), with some additional contributions Johannes Hunter & Joachim Kügler (Eds.) 2016 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Hochschulschriften-Server (OPUS; http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg erreichbar. Kopien und Ausdrucke dürfen nur zum privaten und sons- tigen eigenen Gebrauch angefertigt werden. Herstellung und Druck: docupoint, Magdeburg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press, Anna Hitthaler Umschlagbild und Deco-Graphiken: J. Kügler Text-Formatierung: J. Kügler/ I. Loch Druckkostenzuschuss: Bamberger Theologische Studien e.V. © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2016 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2190-4944 ISBN: 978-3-86309-393-8 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-394-5 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-461656 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ............................................................................................7 Johannes Hunter & Joachim Kügler How to deal with Violence in Biblical Texts....................................11 Ottmar Fuchs The Bible and Others: Root of Violence in Africa?..........................35 Jeremy Punt Rethinking the Role of Group Thought in Religious Violence and Extremism.................................................................................59 Obert Bernard Mlambo & Clive Tendai Zimunya Compassion - A Uniting and Binding Ethos for Pluralistic Africa...75 Theophilus Ugbedeojo Ejeh The Historical Jesus and (non-)Violence.........................................91 Eben Scheffler Marginalisation and Electoral Violence.........................................117 Solomon Olusola Ademiluka Rwanda, Auschwitz, Shechem – Locations of Violence in Africa, Europe and in the Bible......................................................133 Stephanie Feder The Bible and faith-based Homophobia/Homomisia in Africa....147 Joachim Kügler Precursor to Restoration: Biblical Violence in Perspective...........171 Canisius Mwandayi & Lucky Hwati Violence in Africa and Violence in the Atonement: Possible Solutions ........................................................................................179 Pieter Verster The Applicability of Jesus’ Ethics as a Panacea to the Thorny Issue of Peace and Reconciliation in Zimbabwe, 2008-2013 .......203 Sheila Wimbai Chamburuka & Phillemon Munyaradzi Chamburuka 5 BiAS 20 | HUNTER & KÜGLER, The Bible and Violence in Africa | UBP 2016 Proverbs 31 Woman: Pentecostalism and ‘Disempowering Femininities’ and ‘Oppressive Masculinities’ in Zimbabwe .......223 Kudzai Biri The Pentecostal Understanding of Violence vs. Peace in Zimbabwean Society......................................................................239 Francis Machingura The Bible, Violence, Women, and African Initiated Churches in Zimbabwe...................................................................................257 Elizabeth Vengeyi Zimbabweans and the Prophetic Frenzy.......................................269 Molly Manyonganise “A voice is heard in Ramah!” (Jeremiah 31:15).............................285 Nyasha Madzokere & Francis Machingura Christianisme et Islam au Cameroun............................................301 Jacques Fulbert Owono Notes on the Contributors.............................................................321 Information on the BiAS series at UBP.........................................325 6 Foreword Johannes Hunter & Joachim Kügler Following the Conference on “Bible and Practice” held in 2009 at Bam- berg, Germany, the thought of dedicating a volume to the same theme but with special focus on Africa was born. And the result was not only a book, (BiAS 4),1 but a series of meetings also. Since then the University of Bamberg, on the initiative of Prof. Joachim Kügler and his team, holds a biannual conference on Bible in Africa Studies. This conference is jointly organized with colleagues in the fields of Theology and Bible Studies, and other related fields in Africa. The conference has the aim of deliberating on pressing issues in the world and, more particularly, in Africa. The initiative started with the first conference held in Germany in 2010 at the overwhelming Kloster Banz (cf. BiAS 7), with the second held in Gaborone, Botswana, in 2012 (cf. BiAS 17). In 2012, those who attended the conference on social and political issues relating to the Bible and its use in Africa unanimously decided to next hold a conference on the Bible and Violence in Africa. It was decided that the conference of 2014 should be held at the University of Namibia in Windhoek, in cooperation with colleagues from the University of Bam- berg in Germany. Because of the presence of a number of Alexander von Humboldt fellows, who indicated that they will attend, a proposal was made to the German Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to designate this conference as a Humboldt-Kolleg (a conference mainly sponsored by the Foundation to tackle pressing issues in various parts of the world). The proposal was successful and all our guests joined me in thanking the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for its generous support for this Kolleg. Without this sponsorship we would not have been able to present such a successful event for this particular week of discussing an issue very close to the heart of Biblical scholars and all Christians. We were overwhelmed with applications for papers from colleagues in various countries in Africa and also Germany. Colleagues from Nigeria, 1 All the volumes of BiAS series are listed at the very end of this volume. 7 BiAS 20 | HUNTER & KÜGLER, The Bible and Violence in Africa | UBP 2016 Tanzania, Kenya, Cameroon, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia indicated their attendance, which is also an indication of the enormous interest that exists in the theme of Violence and the Bible. The continual and, in certain countries continuous, violence that upset the livelihood of enormous numbers of inhabitants of Africa is well- known. The current refugee crisis rocking mainly the African and Euro- pean continents (but also influencing the rest of the world), bringing with it a major humanitarian crisis, is of such a scale that crisis meet- ings have been held all over the world in order to amicably address, not only the intense humanitarian consequences for the people and peoples involved, but also to address the main cause of the migration crisis, namely the extreme violence that uproots people so much that they leave their livelihood, the places where they have been born, and where gen- erations have lived, for nowhere but for the hope that they would be re- ceived somewhere, not to live as normal citizens, but at least in safety, albeit as refugees. The violence in Africa is, to a large extend, even unjustifiably so, attrib- uted to religious differences, particularly, religious extremity. In many cases this may not be the main or real reason for violence, and religion may in many cases only be the veil of hidden political expectations, yet religion always seems to be drawn into the picture. Of course, large scale violence, war and destruction are not the only forms of violence. African countries, such as Namibia or South Africa enjoy peace and even stability in terms of the grand and terrorist types of violence plaguing other parts of Africa. In these countries other types of violence are at the order of the day. For example, South Africa had to deal with xenophobic outbreaks recently and may not have seen the end of that. In Namibia, domestic violence is said to be the highest per capita in the world. Governments in Africa do not necessarily ignore religion but its role in society is often not recognized as much as it should be in countries with a secular constitution. This often gives an opportunity for the mush- rooming of all kinds of small and house churches. In a recent raid on such churches, the Namibian government discovered that many of these churches are driven by greed and, in many cases, by foreigners who seek the opportunity to make money by exploiting the deeply religious people of Namibia. Namibia is going through a phase of the mushrooming of churches as many other African countries are experiencing, but apart from that, 8 despite having a secular constitution, the country’s government leaders have called for a day of prayer on the 6th of March, 2014, to pray for a joint effort by all the people of the country to stop the terrible spate of gender-based violence, or so-called “passion killings”, gripping the coun- try at the time. It is most upsetting to report that between January and March, 2014, 36 people were murdered through this kind of violence in the scarcely populated country of only 2.1 million people. Weapons in these “passion
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