Childhood in Kentucky (1809-1816) One Day In
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Chapter One "I Have Seen a Good Deal of the Back Side of This World": Childhood in Kentucky (1809-1816) One day in the middle of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln carved time from his busy schedule to pen some wise paternal advice to a young Union captain who had been squabbling with his superiors. Quoting from Hamlet, the president wrote that a father’s injunction to his son – “Beware of entrance to a quarrel, but being in, bear it that the opposed may beware of thee” – was good counsel, “and yet not the best.” Instead, Lincoln enjoined the captain: “Quarrel not at all.” The reasons he gave were practical: “No man resolved to make the most of himself, can spare time for personal contention. Still less can he afford to take all the consequences, including the vitiating of his temper, and the loss of self-control. Yield larger things to which you can show no more than equal right; and yield lesser ones, though clearly your own. Better give your path to a dog, than be bitten by him in contesting for the right. Even killing the dog would not cure the bite.”1 Born into emotional and economic poverty, Lincoln early on “resolved to make the most of himself” and did so, adhering to those precepts. ANCESTRY: PATERNAL GRANDFATHER 1 Lincoln to James Madison Cutts, Jr., Washington, 26 October 1863, Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), 6:538. 2 Michael Burlingame – Abraham Lincoln: A Life – Vol. 1, Chapter 1 Like many another exceptional child of unexceptional parents, Abraham Lincoln was quite curious about his ancestors, especially his grandfathers, neither of whom he knew.2 So intrigued was he that he planned to conduct genealogical research after finishing his second term as president.3 In 1858, when asked about his forbears, he revealed more than a passing acquaintance with his family tree: “I believe the first of our ancestors we know anything about was Samuel Lincoln, who came from Norwich, England, in 1638, and settled in a small Massachusetts place called Hingham, or it might have been Hanghim.”4 (Lincoln loved wordplay.) The following year, Lincoln told a Yorkshireman that he planned to visit England, 2 David C. Mearns, ed., The Lincoln Papers: The Story of the Collection with Selections to July 4, 1861 (2 vols.; Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1948), 1:28; William E. Barton, Lineage of Abraham Lincoln (Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill, 1929), 1-6; Thomas L. Purvis, “The Making of a Myth: Abraham Lincoln's Family Background in the Perspective of Jacksonian Politics,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 75 (1982): 151; Charles H. Coleman, “Lincoln's Knowledge of His Ancestry,” Lincoln Herald 59 (winter 1957-58): 18-21; Henry Clay Whitney, Life on the Circuit with Lincoln, ed. Paul M. Angle (1892; Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton, 1940), 46; Lincoln to Solomon Lincoln, 6 and 24 March 1848; to David Lincoln, 24 March and 2 April 1848; to Jesse Lincoln, Springfield, 1 April 1854; to Richard V. B. Lincoln, Springfield, 6 April 1860; to Samuel Haycraft, Springfield, 28 May and 4 June 1860; to John Hanks, Springfield, 24 August 1860; to Nathaniel Grigsby, Springfield, 20 September 1860; to John Chrisman, Springfield, 21 September 1860, et al., eds., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), 1:455-56, 459-60, 461-62; 2:217-18; 4:37, 56, 69-70, 100-1, 116, 117. Henry C. Whitney alleged that Lincoln “told me much of his kinfolk.” Whitney to Caroline Hanks Hitchcock, n.p., 17 January 1895, copied in “Hanks Family Notes,” vol. 1, p. 102, unpublished typescript, Hanks Family Papers, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston. Lincoln carefully recorded in his family's Bible the births, deaths, and marriages of his siblings and stepsiblings, parents and stepmother. Ibid., 2:94-95. For a different interpretation, see L. Pierce Clark, Lincoln: A Psycho-Biography (New York: Scribner's, 1933), 249-50, and David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 19. 3 In 1877, Lincoln's secretary of the navy, Gideon Welles, observed that the sixteenth president “knew not his own lineage and connections. The deprivation he keenly felt. I heard him say on more than one occasion that when he laid down his official life he would endeavor to trace out his genealogy and family history.” Welles, “Administration of Abraham Lincoln,” The Galaxy 23 (January 1877): 15. Welles said he “had two or three conversations” with Lincoln “concerning his family history.” In Lincoln, Welles “saw a craving desire to know something more of his family history.” Welles to Robert Todd Lincoln, Hartford, 25 June, 5 July 1875, Nicolay-Hay Papers, box 1, Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield. 4 James Grant Wilson, “Recollections of Lincoln,” Putnam’s Magazine 5 (February 1909): 515. 3 Michael Burlingame – Abraham Lincoln: A Life – Vol. 1, Chapter 1 the home of his ancestors.5 In two brief autobiographical sketches written for the campaign of 1860, he devoted much space to his lineage.6 His father's father, after whom the future president was named, was known as Captain Abraham, a rank he attained by 1776 while serving in the Virginia militia. Born in 1744 in Pennsylvania, he moved with his father John and the rest of the family to the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia around 1766. They settled along Linville Creek in Augusta (later Rockingham) County, where John Lincoln farmed a tract of 600 acres, one third of which he sold to his son Abraham in 1773. The following year Abraham participated in Lord Dunmore’s expedition against the Shawnees, and during the Revolution he joined General Lachlan McIntosh’s futile campaign against Fort Detroit. In 1780, for unknown reasons, the Captain departed with his wife and children on a 250- mile trek to the remote and dangerous Indian hunting grounds of Kentucky, while the Revolutionary War still raged and attacks on settlers were common.7 In 1784 alone, Indians killed more than a hundred migrants traveling the Wilderness Road from Virginia to Kentucky, which was little more than the trail first blazed by Daniel Boone in 1775.8 Perhaps Grandfather Abraham wished to avoid taxes, or he may have been lured westward by the prospect of easy 5 Reminiscences of George Hartley, Chicago Daily News, 28 January 1909. 6 Autobiography written for Jesse W. Fell, enclosed in Lincoln to Fell, Springfield, 20 December 1859, and autobiography written for John L. Scripps, [ca. June 1860], Roy P. Basler et al., eds., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols. plus index; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), 3:511-12; 4:60-67. 7 D. M. Coleman, “Thomas Lincoln: The Father of Abraham Lincoln” (pamphlet; privately printed, 1956), 7; John W. Wayland, The Lincolns in Virginia (Staunton, Virginia: McClure, 1946), 24-57; Barton, Lineage of Lincoln, 47- 55; communication from Paul H. Verduin, 25 December 1997. 8 Robert L. Kincaid, The Wilderness Road (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1947), 175. In 1783, the Rev. Mr. James Smith of Powhatan County, Virginia, toured Kentucky and reported that the Cumberland Gap, where the Wilderness Road passed from Virginia into Kentucky, “is a very noted place on account of the great number of people who have here unfortunately fallen a prey to savage cruelty or barbarity. The mountain in the gap is neither very steep nor high, but the almost inaccessible cliffs on either side [of] the road render it a place peculiar for doing mischief.” Ibid., 183 n. 2. 4 Michael Burlingame – Abraham Lincoln: A Life – Vol. 1, Chapter 1 gains in land speculation.9 One historian thought Captain Abraham’s decision to sell a large farm in western Virginia for paper money showed “a sad lack of judgment” because “Rockingham is probably one of the best counties in the United States,” which was “settled mainly by Germans, who turned it into a garden.” There “for the most part the soil is very fine. That Abraham Lincoln could not make a satisfactory living there would indicate a shiftless disposition.”10 Before the war, Captain Abraham had participated in Lord Dunmore's 1774 expedition against the Shawnees, and during the Revolution he joined the General Lachlan McIntosh’s futile campaign against Fort Detroit. The Indian who killed the Captain in 1786 may have belonged to a tribe that had earlier fought against him.11 Captain Abraham died a violent death on the "dark and bloody ground" of frontier Kentucky. As a boy, Abe often heard this harrowing tale which he called "the legend more strongly than all others imprinted upon my mind and memory."12 While working his farm one spring day in 1786, forty-two-year-old Grandfather Abraham was ambushed by an Indian, who shot him dead before the terrified eyes of his young son Thomas (father-to-be of the sixteenth president). As the Indian prepared to kidnap the lad, his older brother Mordecai ran back to the family cabin, grabbed a rifle, drew a bead on the silver ornament dangling from the Indian's neck, and squeezed the trigger. Luckily for Tom, his brother's aim was true, and the boy escaped 9 Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1858 (2 vols.; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), 1:7-8. Theodore Calvin Pease speculated that “Land speculation . would seem a more probable reason” than tax evasion. Annotation by Pease on a draft of Beveridge’s first chapter, Beveridge Papers, Library of Congress. 10 Hamilton J.