“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that ‘all men are created equal.’” “Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow, this ground — The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here.” “It is rather for us, the living, to stand here, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that, from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the Lincoln1809 Bicentennial -2009last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” PAGE  / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL and farm. work involved with maintaining a frontier home and his sister responsible for the great amount of Lincoln was only nine years old when she died. cow that had eaten a toxic plant — white snakeroot. ness that occurred when one drank the milk from a Hanks, died of “Milk Sickness,” an often terminal ill- ing that 3/6 is the same as 1/2.) and understand the math of proportions, like know- (That means teachers had to be able to read, write readin’, writin’, and cipherin’, to the Rule of Three.”qualification was ever required of a teacher, beyond (his spelling) and, as for the teachers, he wrote, “no absolutely nothing to excite ambition for eduction” land titles in Ky.” slavery; but chiefly on account of the difficulty in partly on account of [his father’s opposition to] southern Indiana. moved approximately 90 miles to the northwest, to another five years until December 1816 when they The Lincoln family stayed on the Knob Creek place moved several miles away to a farm on Knob Creek. ily on the farm of his birth until 1811 when they better opportunities. Lincoln lived with his fam- his life on the frontier continually pushing west for The death of Lincoln’s mother left young Lincoln On October 5, 1818, Lincoln’s mother, Nancy As for education, Lincoln found that “There was As Lincoln wrote later in life: “This removal was Lincoln’s father was a farmer who spent much of www.nps.gov/archive/libo/my_ Read aPoem by Lincoln, My childhood_home3.htm The textandimagesinthissupplement arefrompublicdomainresourcesoftheLibrary of Congress,NationalParkService, Childhood’s Home at: Sketch ofayoungLincoln and othergovernment andnon-profitorganizations. Thissupplement isintendedprimarilyfor classroom usebyteachersand studentsand secondarilyto educatethegeneralpublicabout Abraham Lincoln’s life.Itmaybecopied forclassroomuseasneeded. later recalled that he “went to A.B.C. schools by children attended school when they could. Lincoln The new Lincoln family continued to farm and the proved a good and kind mother to A[braham].” home with his new wife and her three children, “She again to widow Sarah Bush Johnston and returned brother, Thomas, who died in infancy, was born in Lincoln.1812. Lincoln’s older sister, Sarah, was bornHe in was 1807 the and second his youngerof three children born to Thomas and Nancytucky, Hanks in a one-room log cabin. It had a dirt floor and no glass windows. On December 2, 1819, Thomas Lincoln married Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 near Hodgenville Ken- Abraham Lincoln Symbolic BirthCabin:This old logcabinwasoncethoughtto The Lifeof be thebirthcabinofAbraham Lincoln. members within ten years of one another on this Lincoln experienced the death of two close family ried Arron Grigsby in 1826, died while in childbirth. 20, 1828 when Lincoln’s sister Sarah, who had mar- amount to one year.” littles” and ‘the aggregate of all his schooling did not Tragedy again befell the Lincoln family on January Archives,

LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE 

™ to raise raise to

, 2009. This event will be broadcast be will broadcast event This 2009. , th oln City, Indiana) oln City, oric Site (Hodgenville, KY) (Hodgenville, oric Site pringfield, Illinois) pringfield, Washington, DC) Washington, FOR LINCOLN Lincoln Home National Historic Site Site Historic Home National Lincoln The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Lincoln Abraham National The Hist Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial National Boyhood Lincoln (Linc The Lincoln Memorial (Washington, DC) Memorial Lincoln (Washington, The DC) (Washington, Theatre Ford’s Cottage Lincoln’s President ( (S

GIVE A LINCOLN GIVE A LINCOLN Visit www.history.com/lincoln today to learn to today Visit www.history.com/lincoln • GIVE A LINCOLN FOR LINCOLN aims FOR LINCOLN GIVE A LINCOLN celebrate will proudly HISTORY™ 2009, Throughout • For information about the teacher and student and student about the teacher information For All donations collected through this campaign collected through donations All • • • • live via streaming video and will feature Lincoln Lincoln video and will feature via streaming live and a Q&A session with artifacts, scholars, students. legacy! Lincoln’s can help save you how

$200,000, or $1,000 for every year since Lincoln Lincoln every since year or $1,000 for $200,000, and preservation education for born, was for Contests sites. these six historic at programs Lincoln-themed create to and students teachers will boxes and coin short videos, lesson plans, the initiative. of element be another exciting April. through February from will run Contests to donate to how and instructions for contests This visit www.history.com/lincoln. this campaign, also includes original shortwebsite video form other links to and Presidency, life about Lincoln’s and information activities, Bicentennial Lincoln for electronic national field trip about HISTORY’s with the organized D.C. Washington schools in on Commission Bicentennial Lincoln Abraham 12 February the bicentennial of Abraham Lincoln’s birth Lincoln’s of Abraham the bicentennial FOR A LINCOLN GIVE entitled with an initiative Park the National with In association LINCOLN™. Historic for Trust National and the Foundation Americans encourages this program Preservation, five pennies, Lincoln-head donate of all ages to online donations or make larger dollar bills, with preserve help to associated six key sites and legacy. life Lincoln’s NPF and the NTHP for the to will be distributed are: sites The the six sites.

Lincoln moved moved Lincoln Joshua Speed above above Speed Joshua downtown Speed’s developed and store become would what friendship. lifelong a known collectively collectively known Nine,” “Long the as like — whom of all over were — Lincoln tall. feet six in Springfield to and 1837 of April law practicing began Stuart. T. John with with roomed He merchant Springfield During this time time this During field area legislators, legislators, area field and was in Springfield Springfield in was and Eliza- sister her visiting Edwards. Todd beth For the next several several next the For contin- Lincoln years, and law practice to ued Illi- the to reelected was 1838 in legislature nois 1840. in again and began also Lincoln Ann Mary courting from was Mary Todd. Kentucky Lexington, Lincoln and Mary both stayed in Springfield for for Springfield in stayed both Mary and Lincoln house rooming a into moved newlyweds The lived briefly family Lincoln the birth, Robert’s After Another, better documented, romance of Lincoln’s Lincoln’s of romance documented, better Another, roman- his in luck much have didn’t Lincoln While Lincoln and Mary became engaged but the wedding wedding the but engaged became Mary and Lincoln 1841, January,” of first fatal “the on off called was depression. severe a into Lincoln threw which mutual until other, each avoided but year, a over in courted They together. back them brought friends 4, November wedding, their of day the until secret saying friend a with corresponded later Lincoln 1842. to which marrying, my except here, new “Nothing wonder.” profound of matter is me, Springfield. downtown in Tavern Globe the as known the in born was Lincoln, Todd Robert son, first Their of one only the was Robert 1843. 1, August on Globe eighteen. of age the beyond lived who sons their on and Springfield, downtown in house rented a in cottage 1/2-story 1 small a into moved 1844 1, May was referred to as a “brain fever,” either typhoid or or typhoid either fever,” “brain a as to referred was Ann’s following grief Lincoln’s of degree The malaria. be to wanting his from ranges and debated is death buried is heart his that stating to her, with buried friend. a of loss the at sad felt he saying to her, with Ow- Mary with relationship his was time this during 1837, of fall the in Owens to proposed Lincoln ens. down. him turned she relief his to much but succeed. to continued fortunes political his life, tic approved legislature Illinois the 1837, February In Vandalia from capital Illinois the of transfer the of culmination the was move This Springfield. to Spring- other and Lincoln by efforts political intense first and only home Lincoln’s home, sitting room Lincoln’s Abraham & Mary Todd Lincoln’s Lincoln’s Abraham & Mary Todd When Lincoln was nineteen years old he made his his made he old years nineteen was Lincoln When was family Lincoln the 1830, in later, years Two Lincoln year following The Lincoln’s of year a Within New to return his Upon his won and surveying land up took he 1834 In that years Salem New the during also was It harsh frontier. It was also in Indiana that “in his tenth tenth his “in that Indiana in also was It frontier. harsh appar- and horse, a by kicked was [Lincoln] he year minutes, several after but, time.” a for killed ently consciousness. regained Lincoln with loaded boat flat a on hand hired a as trip first Orleans. New in sold be to goods produced locally at- were colleague his and Lincoln trip the on While escaped. but pirates river by tacked March In Illinois. to time this move, the on again miles ten River, Sangamon the along settled they log-cabin, a built they “Here Decatur. of southwest ofrails sufficient made and removed, they which into the broke and fenced ground, of acres ten fence to of crop a raised and ground, same the it upon corn sow[n] year.” to out himself hired again with loaded boat flat a take He Orleans. New to produce the completed successfully his Upon 1831. July in trip New to moved he return, his on live to Illinois Salem, time. first the for own he Salem, New at arrival by career political his began Illinois the for campaigning his But legislature. state interrupted was campaign volun- other joined he when Regiment, 31st the in teers to formed Militia, Illinois called uprising Indian an quell The War. Hawk Black the as Lincoln elected company later Lincoln and captain their had since not has “He recalled, gave which life in success any satisfaction.” much so him Lincoln 1832, July in Salem to attempt minute last a made he but seat legislative the win he 1833 In candidates. thirteen of out eighth in came as Berry William with store, Salem New a in invested post- appointed was he year, that Later partner. his Salem. New of master the in representative a as office public to election first and 1836 in reelected was Lincoln legislature. Illinois John of persuasion the under time, this during was it law. study to began Lincoln that Stewart, Todd recorded. are women with associations first Lincoln’s Ann with relationship his was known best The the of core the variations, are there While Rutledge. Rutledge and Lincoln following: the of consists story Ann’s after sometime involved romantically became to tend to east back went McNamara, Mr. a fiancée, three nearly 1835, of summer the In business. family what of died Ann departure, McNamara’s after years PAGE  / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL coln brought his family with him Congress. The following year Lin- a representative in the 30th U.S. in 1861. as partners until Lincoln’s departure They would continue to actively work Herndon with William H. Herndon. partner of the law firm of Lincoln & the firm. Logan wished to bring his son into firm was dissolved amicably because coln continued until 1844, when the T. Logan. The firm of Logan and Lin- formed a partnership with Stephen partnership in April 1841 and Lincoln attorney and politician. able to make a name for himself as an riding attorney, Lincoln was better Eighth Judicial Circuit. As a circuit- throughout central Illinois on the litical careers and traveled extensively son, Edward Baker Lincoln was born. on March 10, 1846, Lincoln’s second Lincoln ever owned. Two years later, Streets. This would be the only home at the corner of Eighth and Jackson In 1846 Lincoln was elected as In 1844 Lincoln became the senior Lincoln and Stuart dissolved their Lincoln continued his legal and po- First Lincolnphoto,about1846 cessful and sought after attorneys in Lincoln became one of the most suc- the train to many of the county seats. only now he was able to afford to take continued to ride the Eighth Circuit, himself to his law practice. He had Congress, Lincoln had largely devoted son, Thomas (Tad) on April 4, 1853. 1850. The family greeted their fourth William Wallace, on December 21, with the arrival of Lincoln’s third son, must have been lessened somewhat berculosis, after a fifty-two day illness. died of “consumption,” probably tu- and his law practice. completion he returned to Springfield fairly uneventful and upon its tasteless.” — no variety” made life “exceedingly that “having nothing but business months later, however, Lincoln wrote some in attending to business.” A few Lincoln thought Mary “hindered me ally left Washington in part because his term. Mary and the boys eventu- to Washington for the beginning of Since his 1847-49 term in the U.S. The sadness at the loss of Eddie On February 1, 1850, Eddie Lincoln Lincoln’s term in Congress was name for himself as an attorney and politician. riding attorney, Lincoln was better able to make a linois on the Eighth Judicial Circuit. As a circuit- and traveled extensively throughout central Il- election of a rival. candidate in order to prevent the ation and supported another Whig withdrew his name from consider- mate political goal. Lincoln, however, Senate had long been Lincoln’s ulti- he could run for the U.S. Senate. The resigned that seat, however, so that to the Illinois legislature in 1854. He took to the stump and was elected as he had never been before.” Lincoln Missouri compromise aroused him in his mind, when the repeal of the superseded the thought of politics above 36° 30’. the old Louisiana Purchase Territory slave state, and prohibited slavery in Maine as a free state, Missouri as a promise of 1820, which had admitted effect repealed the Missouri Com- slavery issue through election. This in Kansas and Nebraska to decide the the inhabitants of the territories of sas-Nebraska Act. This act allowed with the 1854 passage of the Kan- thrust Lincoln back into politics and draperies available. most stylish furnishings, wallpaper, It was decorated with some of the had grown to a full two-story house. Lincoln family home, which by 1856 prosperity, which was reflected in the nies. tions and powerful railroad compa- up of individuals as well as corpora- the state, and his client list was made Lincoln continued his legal and political careers Throughout 1855-57, Lincoln “In 1854, his profession had almost The nation’s sectional slavery crisis This success led to increased the atmosphereatcemetery beforeandafterthespeech. describing Lincoln’s arrival,the deliveryofhisaddress,and events leadinguptoLincoln’s deliveryofthisaddressand Make suretoprovidethe 5Ws (who,what,when,where, review theeventsofthat day. Write anewspaper article significant speechesinAmericanhistory. Researchthe The GettysburgAddressisconsideredoneofthemost why) andH(how)inthe first coupleparagraphs. Newspaper Activity: taste is in my mouth a little.” dential potential, but admitted, “the him to a higher office two years later. valuable exposure that helped propel the Senate race to Douglas, he gained the state of Illinois. While Lincoln lost ed stops at seven communities across coln-Douglas Debates, which includ- what came to be known as the Lin- South.” old as well as new—North as well as become alike lawful in all the States, cates will push it forward, till it shall of ultimate extinction; or its advo- rest in the belief that it is in course place it where the public mind shall will arrest the further spread of it, and other. Either the opponents of slavery, will become all one thing, or all the expect it will cease to be divided. It expect the house to fall—but I do the Union to be dissolved—I do not slave and half free. I do not expect cannot endure, permanently half not stand. I believe this government the Illinois state house. famous “House Divided Speech” in against Douglas and delivered his the Republican nomination to run A. Douglas. U.S. Senate, this time against Stephen speeches. In 1858, he again ran for the traveled extensively giving political continued to practice law, but also He was not convinced of his presi- With that speech Lincoln began “A house divided against itself can- On June 16, 1858 Lincoln accepted

March 4, 1861 Lincoln’s First Inaugration Lincoln’s First

LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE  Address Gettysburg Gettysburg “Four score and seven score and “Four years engaged we are a in “Now the living, to us, for is rather “It ago our fathers our ago brought forth, upon this continent,a new and conceived nation, in liberty, that the proposition dedicatedto created men equal.’” are ‘all testing whether great civil war, nation so or any that nation, can and soconceived, dedicated, met are on a We long endure. We great battlefieldof war. that a portion come dedicate to have resting as a final for place of it, that the those who died here, This we may, nation might live. in a But, in all propriety do. larger sense, dedicate we can not consecrate— we can not — we this ground hallow, can not living men, and The brave — who struggleddead, have here, poor our far above hallowed it, The power add or detract. to world will long nor little note, remember here; what we say while it can never forget what they did here.” be we dedicated here stand here, the great before task remaining to these honored from us — that, increaseddead we take devotion that causeto which for they the last full measure gave here, of devotion — that we here thesehighly dead shall resolve that the died in vain; have not a new birth shall have nation, of and that government offreedom, the the people the people by for perish shall not people, the from earth.” Inauguration, March 4, 1865 Lincoln taking the Oath at his second On September 17, 1862, what would prove to be the the be to prove would what 1862, 17, September On The Lincoln family felt the tragedy of the Civil War War Civil the of tragedy the felt family Lincoln The the made had Lincoln 1862 of summer the In of an act of desperation. of act an of General Union War, Civil the of day single bloodiest Confederate Lee’s E. Robert met McClellan B. George Maryland. Sharpsburg, near Creek Antietam at forces Virginia. into retreating began Lee day, following The war and on April 12, 1861 Fort Sumter in Charleston Charleston in Sumter Fort 1861 12, April on and war Con- the by upon fired was Carolina South re- Harbor, In later. days two surrendered fort The federacy. the volunteers, 75,000 for call a issued Lincoln sponse, his during make would Lincoln that calls many of first Lincoln that crisis Divided” “House The presidency. pass. to come had earlier years two predicted had on when, struck especially was and ways many in White the in died Willie son their 1862, 20, February fever. typhoid of probably House, that proclamation emancipation an issue to decision cabi- His States. Confederate the in slaves free would victory Union a for wait should he that suggested net appearance the have not did proclamation the that so Five days later Lincoln used his victory as this oppor- this as victory his used Lincoln later days Five invitation an received Lincoln 1863 2, November On Everett Edward speaker. main the be to not was He his that feeling Washington to returned Lincoln tunity to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclama- Emancipation preliminary the issue to tunity effect took and signed was Proclamation final The tion. 1863. 1, January on cemetery military a of dedication the at speech a give to Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, at invita- his received Lincoln before month a invited was to weeks two than less with President the leaving tion, appropri- “few his prepared Lincoln remarks. his prepare November the to prior House White the in remarks” ate Get- in touches finishing some added and ceremony 19 ora- two-hour the Following before. night the tysburg Lincoln Everett, Edward speaker featured the from tion Address.” “Gettysburg two-minute his gave and rose from letter a to responded and failure a was your in speech that, know to pleased am I with,” Everett Edward failure.” a entirely not was say did I little the judgment, would speech short his that know Lincoln did Little March 4, 1861 Ultimately eleven states would secede. The The secede. would states eleven Ultimately Lincoln’s First Inauguration Lincoln’s hroughout this hectic time, Lincoln had the the had Lincoln time, hectic this hroughout War Civil of crisis impending the of weight seceded had Carolina South shoulders. his on 1860. 20, December on Union the from Lincoln’s inaugural trip to Washington took twelve days days twelve took Washington to trip inaugural Lincoln’s the as inaugurated was Lincoln Abraham 3 March On be not must We friends. but enemies, not are “We approaching the stop to failed appeal minute last This Lincoln became the first Republican Republican first the became Lincoln On May 18, 1860 he was chosen as the the as chosen was he 1860 18, May On

Confederacy would include Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Florida, Arkansas, Alabama, include would Confederacy South Carolina, North Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Virginia. and Texas, Tennessee, Carolina, appear- public and stops several made he which during 23. February on Washington in arrived He ances. beginning thus States United the of president sixteenth in presidency difficult most the be to prove would out what held Lincoln crisis, of time this during Even history. address. inaugural his in peace for hope the must it strained, have may passion Though enemies. of chords mystic The affection. of bonds our break not patriot and battle-field, every from stretching memory, this over all heath-stone, and heart living every to grave, when Union, the of chorus the swell yet will land, broad angels better the by be, will they surely as touched, again nature.” our of T elected to the presidency on November November on presidency the to elected months three next the spent He 1860. 4, his writing members, cabinet selecting numerous greeting and speech, inaugural seekers. favor and well-wishers Republican nominee for the presidency presidency the for nominee Republican his of notification official received and home. Springfield his in nomination split was Party Democratic the that Given presiden- Lincoln’s candidates, three with assured. but all was cy PAGE  / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL trip back to Springfield where he was buried. his son Willie, departed Washington and began a 12-daycoln funeral train, with Lincoln’s remains and those of April 21, after funeral services in Washington, the Lin- 15, 1865, at 7:22 a.m., Abraham Lincoln died. although he was unconscious the entire time. On April remained alive for nearly nine hours after being shot, a rooming house across the street from the theater. He fired. put a derringer pistol to the back of Lincoln’s head, Johnand Wilkes Booth entered the presidential theater box,at Ford’s Theatre. At 10:30 p.m. southern sympathizer he had been in a long time. and talked of the future. He seemed more cheerful than dency. On April 14th he and Mary took a carriage ride the Union and life with his family following the presi- Civil War, he began to concentrate on reconstruction of and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”orphan — to do all which may achieve and cherish a just shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and hisin; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him towho see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we arecharity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to reunite the nation. “With malice toward none; assuredwith and Lincoln used the inaugural address to begin Address on March 4, 1865, Union victory was all but B. McClellan. whelmingly reelected, defeating former General George presidential candidate and on November 8, he was over-renamed Republican Party) nominated Lincoln as their June 8, 1864, the National Union Party (the temporarily speeches in history. become one of the best-remembered and most famous A shocked nation was thrown into mourning. On He was the first American president to be assassinated. Lincoln was immediately taken to the Petersen House, Later that evening Lincoln and Mary attended a play Now that Lincoln had guided the country through the By the time Lincoln gave his Second Inaugural Lincoln had decided to run for reelection in 1864. On plaintiff. and judgment was given for the Court, Illinois, to recover the amount, was brought in the Tazewell County paid when it became due, and suit taken in payment. The note was not Bailey, and a promissory note was servant, by Mr. Cromwell to Mr. been sold as a slave, or indentured well. A black girl named Nancy had in 1841 was known as Baily vs. Crom- T and that accordingly, the corporation had a right to Alton & Sangamon was superior and less expensive, the public interest, that the newer route proposed by nal charter when that charter can be amended in matter of law a corporation is not bound by its origi- its originally planned route. Lincoln argued that as a to the railroad on the grounds that it had changed Barret had refused to pay the balance on his pledge in a dispute with a shareholder, James A. Barret. case, he represented the Alton & Sangamon Railroad river barges and railroads. In one prominent 1851 largely on the competing transportation interests of of the questions related to slavery. sioned him a very careful and thorough examination connection with so weighty a suit undoubtedly occa- Lincoln was then thirty-two years of age, and his attention from its novelty as well as its importance. that it was. At that time, the case attracted great note was thus declared void, as Lincoln had alleged free State. The court reversed the judgment and the being could not be an object of sale and transfer in a not be bought and sold, the note was void. A human and under the laws of Illinois, a human being could for which the note was given was a human being, hibited slavery. He insisted that, as the considerationthe constitution of that State, which expressly pro- Territory, of which Illinois was a part, as well as byof 1787, slavery was prohibited in the Northwestern ery, since, under what was known as the Ordinance Lincoln’s use of judicial notice — a rare tactic at that time — to show lawyer camein1858,whenhedefendedWilliam“Duff”Armstrong, A celebrated case tried by Lincoln By the mid-1850s, Lincoln’s caseload focused who hadbeenchargedwithmurder. Thecasebecame famousfor Lincoln LegalCases Possibly themostnotablecriminaltrialofLincoln’s careerasa gued that the girl could not be held in slav- for the maker of the note, Bailey. He ar- Court of the State, and Lincoln appeared he case was then taken to the Supreme that aneyewitnesshadliedonthestand. Illinois State Supreme Court more than 400 times. volved. Lincoln and his partners appeared before the a writ, others were more substantial and quite in- many of these cases involved little more than filing Illinois alone during his 23-year legal career. Though acquitted. almost entirely on this evidence, Armstrong was enough illumination to see anything clearly. Based at such a low angle that it could not have provided Almanac to show that the moon on that date was crime by moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers’ stand. After the witness testified to having seen the time — to show that an eyewitness had lied on the Lincoln’s use of judicial notice — a rare tactic at that charged with murder. The case became famous for defended William “Duff” Armstrong, who had been Lincoln’s career as a lawyer came in 1858, when he right of land routes to bridge waterways. impediment to western expansion by establishing the in court for the railroad and won, removing a costly bridge was a hazard to navigation. Lincoln argued steamboat owner sued for damages, claiming the the first railroad bridge to span the Mississippi. The between Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa,lided with a bridge, built by the Rock Island Railroad, ily on the Mississippi river. In 1856 a steamboat col-to the river trade, which ran north-to-south, primar- strongly supported, was seen as an economic threat Company. America’s expansion west, which Lincolnwas the landmark Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge out the United States. was eventually cited by several other courts through- case, and the decision by the Illinois Supreme Court sue Barret for his delinquent payment. He won this Lincoln-Herndon LawOffices,Springfield,IL Lincoln was involved in more than 5,100 cases in Possibly the most notable criminal trial of The civil case which won Lincoln fame as a lawyer LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE  position against each other. topic in the news where the outlining the positions of the in the newspaper and online, should research the topic both government and/or citizens are Choose a controversial current Newspaper Activity: Newspaper to what to do. Groups of students will then chose opposing positions various parties involved. Students and then debate the merits of their struggling with making a choice as Secondly, That, “subject to the Constitution of the Constitution to “subject That, Secondly, That whether the holding a negro in Thirdly, Auxiliary to all this, and working hand in hand and working all this, to Auxiliary The full at: speech can be read http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government/over- point is made in order to deprive the negro, in ev- the negro, deprive to in order point is made oferyof the benefit possible event, provision the declares which Constitution States of United the “Theof citizens shall be entitled State each that all privilegesto of and immunities the in citizens States.” several a Ter- nor Congress neither States,” the United any from slavery ritorial can exclude Legislature This in or- point is made Territory. States United Territories with fill that individual men up the der without of danger as property, losing them slaves, of the chances permanency enhance to and thus all through the institution the future. to as him free, makes State in a free actual slavery courts will States the United against the holder, the be by decided to will but leave not decide, be forced the negro may state courts of slave any be not to This point is made, master. the by into if a in for immediately; acquiesced but, pressed the people at by indorsed and apparently while, the logical sustain to conclusion then an election, might do lawfully master Scott’s that what Dred of every State in the free Illinois, with Scott, Dred one, other with do lawfully any may master other or one thousand slaves, in Illinois, or in any other other in any or in Illinois, thousand slaves, one or free State… free what or of is left doctrine, it, the Nebraska withit, at least opinion, public and mould educate is to whether slav- care not to opinion, public Northern exactly This shows up. voted or ery down is voted whither we also, and partially, are; now we where tending... are view/22.html The several points ofThe several … are: Scott the Dred imported as such That no negro slave Firstly, since a policy was initiated with the avowed object with a policy was initiated since the avowed of to slavery promise end putting an and confident that the operation of that policy, Under agitation. has constantly but agitation not ceased, has not only it will until a not cease opinion, my In augmented. house “A and passed. been reached crisis shall have this I believe divided against itself cannot stand.” permanently half endure cannot slave government be dis- to not expect I do the Union and half free. I do but fall; not expect I do the house to solved; will all It become expect it will be divided. to cease of the opponents Either all or the other. thing, one willslavery and place the further arrest of spread it, in the belief mind shall the public rest it where that its ad- or ofit is in the course extinction, ultimate will till alike push it forward vocates it shall become as North old as well as new, in all the States, lawful well as South… can ever of and descendant slave, such Africa, from of in the sense as that term ofbe State, a citizen any This States. ofused in the Constitution the United A House Divided House A Convention that focused on the division between north and south and the Dred Scott Decision. Scott Dred the and south and north between division the on focused that Convention he formula, known as popular sover- known as popular he formula, temporarily satisfied both south- eignty, it since northerners, and some erners as Douglas democratic; appeared pointed Introduction and excerpts from Lincoln’s speech June 17, 1858 at the close of the Republican State State Republican the of close the at 1858 17, June speech Lincoln’s from excerpts and Introduction Mr. President and Gentlemen of and Gentlemen the Convention: President Mr. and whither we are, where know If first could we Speech Excerpts: The Dred Scott decision came just three years after Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois Illinois of Douglas Stephen Senator after years three just came decision Scott Dred The out, unless a majority ofout, people in a territory sup- the Dred In hold. not take it could ported slavery, Court had held that the Supreme Decision, Scott of out slavery the keep to had no power Congress that seemingly a decision nullified the territories, strongly Lincoln proposal. sovereignty popular Court’s the implications offeared the Supreme that the time was quickly recognized He ruling. stop to have would States when the United coming of the issue on and slavery making compromises be all a whether and for this would once for decide nation. a free or slave

we are tending, we could better judge what to do, do, what to judge better could we tending, are we year the fifth far into now are We it. do to and how T had engineered the Kansas-Nebraska bill through Congress. Pressure to build a transcon- a build to Pressure Congress. through bill Kansas-Nebraska the engineered had to continue would they declared southerners but intensifying, been had railroad tinental take to which to territory additional allowed were they unless legislation necessary the block of part northern the in slavery allow to proposal a with up come had Douglas slaves. their territory. the in settlers the of blessing the received ifit only but Purchase, Louisiana the PAGE  / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL the base alloy hypocrisy. of despotism can be taken pure, and without loving liberty—to Russia, for instance, where country where they make no pretence of to this I should prefer emigrating to some foreigners, and Catholics.” When it comes men are created equal, except negroes, and Know-Nothings get control, it will read “all created equal, except negroes.” When the We now practically read it “all men are declaring that “all men are created equal.” to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we begin by Our progress in degeneracy appears to me favor of degrading classes of white people? who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in certain. How could I be? How can any one “native-born” Americans. for public office, reserving these positions for bar foreigners and Catholics from running German Catholics. Its members wanted to and Irish of number alarge of immigration by the spurred immigrant movement the called American Party, was ananti- 1850’s, inanletter to Joshua F. Speed. the of party political anti-immigrant or American “Know Nothing Party,” an I am not a Know-Nothing. That is The Know-Nothing movement,also August 24, 1855: Lincoln on The

another.” moral right in connection with one man’s makingme athat slave ‘all of men are created equal’ and that there can be no sions. The following are some of his thoughts onpolitical the topic. career and he was obliged to address Theit onsubject many ofocca- slavery was a recurring one throughoutby his his political context. of his era, and that his views about racial equalityslavery. were shaped Most historians agree now that Lincolnvoting was citizens, a product even though they did deserve toAmericans be free were from not ready for full and equal participationspeeches throughout as his career in which he statedcitizenship that African rights for African Americans. Lincolnagainst made slavery several should have been matched by a includingdedication Frederick to Douglass, argued that Lincoln’sand former fightslaves varied over time. Many Africanabout equalAmericans, access to citizenship rights for African Americans H Indiana “ — partly on account of slavery.”that his father left Kentucky for tion to slavery. Lincoln claimed church because of their opposi- had withdrawn from another Baptist congregation, which however, were members of a Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, as Lincoln, owned slaves. before her marriage to Thom- mother, Nancy Hanks, lived family, with whom Lincoln’s 40 slaves. The Richard Berry may have owned more than slave. His father’s uncle, Isaac, Mordecai Lincoln, owned a age of 16 in 1811. His uncle, 1627 white males over the contained 1007 slaves and where he was born in 1809, Hardin County, Kentucky, was a native of a slave state. the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln,

Lincoln’s Thoughts On Slavery&Secession

“Although volume upon volume is written to Speech,prove slaveryPeoria, IL, October 16, 1854 “If the negro is a man, why then my ancient faith teaches argued passionately against slavery, his viewsviews about racial equality. Though Lincoln Lincoln’s role in the abolition of slavery andistorians his have made a distinction between (Credit: www.sonofthesouth.net) would tipthebalanceofpowerinCongress,whichiswhatmadeitsuchadifficultissue. to disposeoftheterritories—wouldtheyjoinunionasSlaveorFree?Theanswerthis States thatExportedSlaves.PartofthedisputewhichhelpedtriggerCivilWar washow not yetstates.TheRedStateswereSlaveImportingStates,andthePinkWere Slave Dark greenstatesarethefreestates.Thelight“Territories”, whichwere This isanoriginal1857MapoftheUnitedStatesShowingFreeandSlaveStates.The strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” peace.” ing over. It must be got out of the way, to give us permanent other off.” and the negro both, and there is no need of either pushing the white man.” of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitledof toIndependence these as the — the right to life, liberty,entitled and the topursuit all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration be a land of slavery.” good of it by being slave himself.” a very good thing, we never hear of a man who wishes to take Speech to 14th Indiana regiment, March 17, 1865 “Whenever I hear anyone arguing over slavery, I feel a Letter to James R. Gilmore, May 1863 “The blacks must be free. Slavery is the bone we are fight- Speech, New Haven, CT, March 6, 1860 “This good earth is plenty broad enough for the white man Debate, Ottawa, IL, August 21, 1858 “There is no reason in the world why the negro is not Speech, Bloomington, IL, May 29, 1856 “We cannot be free if this is, by our own national choice, to Fragment of letter, July 1, 1854 LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE  , , On the Declaration of Declaration the On have you if countrymen, my Now, Independence, August 17, 1858 17, August Independence, Illinois, Lewistown, at Speech a From against campaign senatorial his during Douglas A. Stephen with conflicting doctrines taught been Declaration the of landmarks great the listened have you if Independence; of away take would which suggestions to the mutilate and grandeur, its from if proportions; its of symmetry fair that believe to inclined been have you those in equal created not are men all our by enumerated rights inalienable to you entreat me let liberty, of chart fountain the to Return back. come blood the by close spring waters whose of nothing Think Revolution. the of political the for thought no take — me but — whomsoever man any of fate the in are that truths the to back come may You Independence. of Declaration you if choose, you me with anything do principles. sacred these heed but will the for me defeat only not may You put and me take may you but Senate, no pretending While death. to me do I honors, earthly to indifference contest this in actuated be to claim anxiety an than higher something by every drop to you charge I office. for for thought insignificant and paltry am I nothing; is It success. man’s any But nothing. is Douglas Judge nothing; emblem immortal that destroy not do of Declaration the — Humanity of Independence. American Secession Will Destroy Democracy Secession Is Unlawful Secession Fellow-citizens, we cannot escape we Fellow-citizens, Decem- Congress, to Message Annual I hold that, in contemplation of in contemplation I hold that, in that, proposition find the We Excerpts, Address Inaugural First history. We of and this this Congress We history. willadministration, be remembered personal No ofin spite ourselves. can or insignificant, significance, The fiery of another or one spare us. will lighttrial pass, we which through the to dishonor, or in honor us down, for are we say We generation. latest will The world not forget the Union. save to how know We this. say that we do we knows The world the Union. we — even We it. save to how know and bear the — hold the power, here to giving In freedom responsibility. the to freedom assure we the slave, in what we — honorable alike free shall We preserve. and what we give, the last lose, meanly or save, nobly best hope of earth. 1862 ber 1, universal law, and of the Constitution, of and Constitution, the law, universal ofthe union is perpetu- States these upon no State, follows....that al....It get lawfully can motion, its own mere and that resolves ofout Union; the legally that effect are to ordinances and that acts within of void; violence, against the author- States, or State any insurrec- are States, ity of the United to according tionary revolutionary, or consider therefore, I, circumstances. in view of and that, the Constitution is unbroken. the Union the laws, is per- the Union legal contemplation, by the historypetual of confirmed the older is much The Union itself. Union was formed, It than the Constitution. Articles of Association the by in fact, and contin- was matured It in 1774. the Declaration ofued by Indepen- was further It matured, in 1776. dence and the faith of all the thirteen States plighted and engaged that it expressly Articles of the by should be perpetual, in finally, And, in 1778. Confederation of one objects for the declared 1787, the Con- and establishing ordaining perfect form a more “to was stitution Union.” 1861 4, March Secession Secession Physically We We Physically We Are Friends Are We Equals Anarchy Equals Cannot Separate Cannot Friends. I am loth to close. We are are We close. to loth am I Friends. March Excerpt, Address Inaugural First Plainly, the central idea of secession is is secession of idea central the Plainly, March Excerpt, Address Inaugural First Physically speaking, we cannot sepa- cannot we speaking, Physically 1861 4, March Address, Inaugural First Lincoln understood this well, and and well, this understood Lincoln not enemies, but friends. We must not not must We friends. but enemies, not have may passion Though enemies. be of bonds our break no must it strained memo- of chords mystic The affection. and battlefield, every from stretching ry, and heart living every to grave, patriot land, broad this over all hearthstone, Union, the of chorus the swell yet will will they surely as touched, again when nature. our of angels better the by be, 1861 4, the essence of anarchy. A majority, held held majority, A anarchy. of essence the and checks constitutional by restraint in easily changing always and limitations popular of changes deliberate with only the is sentiments, and opinions Whoever people. free a of sovereign true anarchy to fly necessity of does it rejects impossible; is Unanimity despotism. or permanent a as minority, a of rule the so inadmissible; wholly is arrangement, principle, majority the rejecting that, is form some in despotism or anarchy left. is that all 1861 4, rate. We cannot remove our respective respective our remove cannot We rate. build nor other each from sections A them. between wall impassable an and divorced be may wife and husband the beyond and presence the of out go different the but other; each of reach this. do cannot country our of parts Excerpt that the thorn had been removed. The The removed. been had thorn the that dis- the with thrilled were monarchists many and States, United the of solution of end the celebrating parties held even democracy. “the as nation his described he when not were these hope,” best last world’s that believed truly Lincoln words. idle only not would it lost, were war the if career, political his of end the been have of end the even or party, his of that or war the if that believed He nation. his ended forever have would it lost, were a for everywhere people of hope the government. of form democratic

orld’s only existing democracy, democracy, existing only orld’s mericans and to the world, that that world, the to and mericans ot survive. ot ut friends. ut government of the people can can people the of government nd prove for all time, to future future to time, all for prove nd narchy. eparate. ecession will disintegrate into into disintegrate will ecession a Secession is unlawful. is Secession allows that government A s a a Physically the states cannot cannot states the Physically s That Americans are not enemies, enemies, not are Americans That b w Secession would destroy the the destroy would Secession n A

2. 2. 3 1. 1. Soon after Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Abraham after Soon 4. Those who supported monarchies monarchies supported who Those Lincoln may have thought the fifth fifth the thought have may Lincoln 5.

sion for these reasons: these for sion that right. He opposed seces- opposed He right. that claimed that they did not have have not did they that claimed to leave the Union. Lincoln Lincoln Union. the leave to tion every state had the right right the had state every tion according to the Constitu- the to according The secessionists claimed that that claimed secessionists The States, four more followed. followed. more four States, 16th President of the United United the of President 16th after he was inaugurated as the the as inaugurated was he after the Union. In March 1861, 1861, March In Union. the southern states seceded from from seceded states southern in November 1860, seven seven 1860, November in was elected to the presidency presidency the to elected was

it here”? In 1860 however, it appeared appeared it however, 1860 In here”? it say, “It works there. Why can’t we try try we can’t Why there. works “It say, could always point across the ocean and and ocean the across point always could sides. Those wishing for democracy democracy for wishing Those sides. government remained a thorn in their their in thorn a remained government but the United States experiment in self- in experiment States United the but the continent of Europe. of continent the disaster, French the by vindicated felt control in France, attempted to conquer conquer to attempted France, in control Napoleon Bonaparte, who, after seizing seizing after who, Bonaparte, Napoleon in self-government, rose a dictator, dictator, a rose self-government, in box. From the ashes of that experiment experiment that of ashes the From box. more to the guillotine than to the ballot ballot the to than guillotine the to more riorated rapidly, as the citizens resorted resorted citizens the as rapidly, riorated experiment in self-government dete- self-government in experiment century — France. Unfortunately, that that Unfortunately, France. — century ed in one other nation in the eighteenth eighteenth the in nation other one in ed America. Democracy had been attempt- been had Democracy America. major democracy: The United States of States United The democracy: major world, you would have found only one one only found have would you world, authoritarian rule. But in the all the the all the in But rule. authoritarian dictatorships, and other examples of examples other and dictatorships, would have found many monarchies, monarchies, many found have would every continent and every nation, you you nation, every and continent every traveled the earth in 1860, and visited visited and 1860, in earth the traveled point was the most important. If you you If important. most the was point

On Slavery & Secession Slavery On Lincoln’s Thoughts Thoughts Lincoln’s

PAGE 10 / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL ued applause.] in this American people. [Enthusiastic and contin- eradicating the light of reason and the love of liberty is in my judgment penetrating the human soul an — that it is a sacred right of self government — he not whether slavery is voted down or voted up,” lights around us. [Cheers.] When he says he “cares slavery, to establish it, he is blowing out the moral return. When he invites any people willing to have zling the cannon which thunders it annual joyous our Revolution, and to the extent of his ability, muz-contrary. Judge Douglas is going back to the era of Independence. Henry Clay plainly understood the says that the negro has nothing in the Declaration of that very thing in this community, [cheers,] when he Douglas is, by his example and vast influence, doing this country? [Loud cheers.] To my thinking, Judge and not till then, could they perpetuate slavery in soul, and eradicate there the love of liberty; and then lights around us; they must penetrate the human annual joyous return; they must blow out the moral dence, and muzzle the cannon which thunders its would do this, go back to the era of our Indepen- and ultimate emancipation, that they must, if they of men who would repress all tendencies of liberty my humble life — Henry Clay once said of a class ideal of a stateman, the man for whom I fought all one more word and I am done. Henry Clay, my beau equal to the best efforts of famed orator Henry Clay: throughout the nation. Portions of this speech are gued that Douglas’s approach would expand slavery to keep the nation together. Lincoln eloquently ar- compromise on the issue of slavery was the best way slavery on the federal level. He still believed that so there was no need to move towards eliminating use “unfriendly legislation” to discourage slavery,the Dred Scott decision, that territories could simply sovereignty” and had continued to argue, despite www.nps.gov/liho/historyculture/debates.htm Link to all seven Lincoln-Douglas debates at: Now, having spoken of the Dred Scott decision, in “popular Douglas believed las in Ottawa. in reply to Doug- Lincoln’s speech ing portion of the conclud- seven debates.) 26, 1858 (first of Thursday, August lican Newspaper, Rockford Repub- Debate in the Lincoln-Douglas from the Ottawa Lincoln’s speech We give below Extract from I (Cheers.) This is the sentiment embodied in that all men, and that all should have an equal chance. the weights should be lifted from the shoulders of It was that which gave promise that in due time to the world for all future time. (Great applause.) not alone to the people of this country, but hope but something in that Declaration giving liberty, separation of the colonies from the mother land; so long together. It was not the mere matter of the that kept this Confederacy great principle or idea it was inquired of myself, what (Applause.) I have often that Independence. the army, who achieved officers and soldiers of that were endured by the pondered over the toils of Independence—I have adopted that Declaration who assembled here and were incurred by the men over the dangers which I have often pondered dence. (Great cheering.) Declaration of Indepen- ments embodied in the not spring from the senti- feeling politically that did stand. I have never had a this hall in which we given to the world from to our distracted country.to ourdistracted gested to restoring methatinmy peace handsisthetaskof the institutions under which we live. You have sug- kindly the patriotism, thedevotion to principle, from which sprang here intheplace where were collected together thewisdom, I am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing with deep emotion atfinding I amfilled myself the sentiments which originated, and were far as I have been able to draw them, from sentiments I entertain have been drawn, so can say in return, sir, that all the political Find newsstoriesintheprinteditionandconductsearches inthee-edition country remaintogetheras onecountrylikeinourcivilwarorwoulditbe of thenewspapertofind stories aboutthesewars.Whereisthewartaking that onepartyisfighting for freedomandlibertylikeourown?Shouldthe There arecivilwarsandofliberationtakingplace allovertheworld. place? Whataretheissues thatarebeingfoughtover?Doyoubelieve Speech atIndependenceHall, better toseparatebecause ofthedifferencesinvolved? February 22,1861 Newspaper Activity: Independence Hall, Philadelphia, PA God, die by. willing to live by, and, in the pleasure of Almighty “no, no”), but I have said nothing but what I am therefore, have said something indiscreet, (cries of to do something towards raising a flag. I may, word when I came here—I supposed I was merely speech. I did not expect to be called upon to say a sentiment.”) one of the happiest men in the world if I can help upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be saved M y friends, this is a wholly unprepared cries of “That’s the proper it. (Prolonged applause and unless force is used against ment will not use force Government. The Govern- unless it be forced upon the there will be no blood shed and I may say in advance, in favor of such a course, necessity for it. I am not shed and war. There is no there is no need of blood- present aspect of affairs, surrender it. (Applause.) sinated on this spot than to say I would rather be assas- principle—I was about to without giving up that country cannot be saved be truly awful. But, if this upon that principle, it will to save it. If it can’t be saved Now, in my view of the LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE 11 the Writ of Habeas Corpus Habeas of Writ the Suspension of the Privilege of of Privilege the of Suspension The Writ TheofWrit Habeas Corpus is a protection The full 1861 ruling by Supreme Court Justice under whichthe law, says that a person may not be detained unless he has had the opportunity to go before a court, where the authorities must show that there is a compelling legal reason to hold him. Lincoln felt it was necessary to suspend this legal protection in parts of the country in order to control rebellious activities within Union territories, especially in Maryland, a slave state that had not seceded but where many felt loyalty to the Southern cause. Had Maryland seceded, the capitalnation’s would have been completely sur- rounded by the Confederacy. The Supreme Court ruled in the case Ex Parte Merryman in 1861 that only Congress, not the president, had the author- ity to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus. Lincoln ignored this decision, continuing to detain those considered rebels and to try the perpetrators of anti-Union activities in military rather than civil courts. His counterpart in the Confederacy, Jef- ferson Davis, also suspended Habeas Corpus and imposed martial In 1863, law. Congress agreed to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus in the whole nation, belatedly giving Lincoln the authority to do what had already been done. andRoger Taney aB. lesson plan may be accessed at: www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs/ activities_03/c02.html justified or not? opposed to it continuing? Newspaper Activity: Newspaper Fort Sumter Bombardment of the world. What is presently Iraq, Afghanistan, or other parts stories about how the president is using his authority to wage war in liberators, invaders, or occupation occurring? Are U.S. forces seen as How do you feel about the war: is it of U.S. armed forces. Find newspaper The President is Commander-in-Chief The President is Commander-in-Chief forces? Is the public behind the war or I appeal to all loyal citizens to favor, facilitate and and facilitate favor, to citizens loyal all to appeal I assigned service first the that say to proper it deem I the composing persons the command hereby I And aid this effort to maintain the honor, the integrity, and and integrity, the honor, the maintain to effort this aid perpe- the and Union, National our of existence the wrongs redress to and government; popular of tuity endured. enough long already to be probably will forth called hereby forces the to have which property and places, forts, the re-possess event, every in and Union; the from seized been with consistently observed, be will care utmost the any devastation, any avoid to aforesaid, objects the any or property, with, interference or of, destruction the of part any in citizens peaceful of disturbance country. peace- retire and disperse, to aforesaid combinations days twenty within abodes respective their to ably date… this from

fter the fall of Fort Sumter in Charleston, Charleston, in Sumter Fort of fall the fter was War Civil the 1861, 12, April on SC the of secession the Regarding way. under called Lincoln unlawful, as states southern STATES: A PROCLAMATION A STATES:

Proclamation Calling Militia and and Militia Calling Proclamation BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED UNITED THE OF PRESIDENT THE BY Whereas the laws of the United States have been been have States United the of laws the Whereas of President Lincoln, Abraham I, therefore, Now

Convening Congress, April 15, 1861 15, April Congress, Convening A for some time past, and now are opposed, and the the and opposed, are now and past, time some for South of States the in obstructed, thereof execution Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Carolina, powerful too combinations by Texas, and Louisiana judicial of course ordinary the by suppressed be to Marshals the in vested powers the by or proceedings, law. by vested me in power the of virtue in States, United the to fit thought have laws, the and Constitution, the by the of militia the forth, call do hereby and forth, call num- aggregate the to Union, the of States several suppress to order in thousand, seventy-five of ber duly be to laws the cause to and combinations, said immedi- be will object, this for details, The executed. through authorities State the to communicated ately Department. War the on the state militias to send 75,000 troops to recap- to troops 75,000 send to militias state the on to ultimately and Confederacy the by seized forts ture special a summoned also Lincoln union. the restore in Normally, 4th. July on meet to Congress of session until met have not would Congress the days, those lasted generally session legislative the as December, falling union the with year, That months. six than less in session special a held had Congress new the for apart, returned request, president’s the at then, in March, returning before 6, August to 4 July from session a convene. to them for time normal the December, PAGE 12 / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL Independence of the United States the 87th. thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and of the fourth day of September, in the year of our Lord one and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Military Commission. authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or prison, or other place of confinement by any military be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or or Military Commission: and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial ity of United States, shall be subject to martial law fording aid and comfort to Rebels against the author- militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, af- persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting aiders and abettors within the United States, and all suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for ways to the insurrection; measure and from giving aid and comfort in various the ordinary processes of law from hindering this disloyal persons are not adequately restrained by the insurrection existing in the United States, and militia of the States by draft in order to suppress service not only volunteers but also portions of the WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN Done at the City of Washington this twenty In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the Whereas, it has become necessary to call into reformist platform did not propose the exten- frequent targets of the Tribune. But the Tribune’sprostitution, and other common vices were alleviate the suffering of the poor. Liquor, tobacco,to improve the moral character of the nation and 1841 and made it a part of his lifelong campaign New York Tribune. Greeley founded his paper infervor for reform better than Horace Greeley’s their own to inform and persuade their readers. partisan positions, embarking on campaigns of from the front. And editors unabashedly took up gathered at newspaper offices, anxious for news the editorials from the latest journals. Civilians the trenches, some soldiers obtained and debated brisk trade selling papers to the soldiers. Even in the battlefields, along with newsboys, who did a hungrier for news. Correspondents headed for secession, and the war made the nation even circulation in the world at the time of the South’s Newspaper Opinions BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED Perhaps no newspaper reflected the national America had the largest per capita newspaper The New York Tribune STATES OF AMERICA: A PROCLAMATION

bune hisdeath until in1872. compromise. Horace Greeley edited theTri- counseledpaper ending thewarby way of presidency, but nothis second. By then, the backed Lincolnrun for hisfirst the during together theRepublican Party. Tribune The onposition abolition, cobble Greeley helped Slavery!”Extension of under theheadline “The Voice theNorth: No of Act, scathinganti-slavery editorials printing the Fugitive Slave Act andtheKansas-Nebraska Tribune’s. tookstandagainst paper The afirm moved toward abolition, outright sodid the promise on theissue. But asGreeley’s views the paper, like itspublisher, com- supported on the “peculiar institution” slavery. of Initially, Tribune delivered itsmostexcoriating attacks domestic sphere.traditional believed women the shouldremain within Margaret Fuller for theTribune, to write but aswhite men.and privileges He hired feminist African should haveAmericans thesamerights slavery outlawed, should be hedidnotbelieve sion to all. equal rights Greeleyof feltAlthough

that heknows hecanbetter hiscondi- better hiscondition hemay —when in the race of life, issuchin therace of free society for himself afterwards,for himself andfinally to Disappointed by the Whig Party’s lukewarm In thedecadeupto leading theCivil War, the look forwardlook andhopeto ahired be chance —andIbelieve ablack man laborer thisyear andthenext, work “When poor, one starts asmostdo is entitled tois entitled it—inwhich hecan tion.... manto have Iwantevery a hire men to work for him....” Speech inNewSpeech Haven, CT March 6, 1860: achievement of his administration. final Emancipation Proclamation. It wasdraft, the crowning and on January 1, 1863, Lincolnin composedthe political the and literary refinement of the July Proclamation, not its substance. The onlycourse wanted was set.the advice of his Cabinet on histhe qualifiedstyle of the support. Fortunately, opposedPresident civil Lincoln and political equality for tions.Blacks butAttorney gave General Edward Bates,the a Postmasterconservative, General, foresaw defeatP. in the Chase fall waselec- equally supportive, butcated Montgomery its immediate Blair, release. Treasuryand Secretary bring additional Salmon men into the Uniondesigned Army, both advo- to deprive the Confederacyly of interpretingslave labor the Proclamation as a militarywas mixed. measure Secretary of War Edwin M.in Stanton, a regularly correct- scheduled Cabinet meeting. The reaction H. Seward and Gideon Welles on Julythe 13, Emancipation 1862. Proclamation to Secretaries“Preliminary William Proclamation.” He read his initial draft of slavery. demonstrated an increasing public abhorrencestrain towardwith its limited initiative on emancipation,Congress relieved it the Administration ofgovernment, considerable provided the desired signal.freed Not the onlyslaves had of everyone in rebellionConfiscation against the Act by Congress on July from17, the1862, American which Public. The passage againstof the Secondslavery until he believed he hadprinciple, wider support Lincoln approved, but he postponedRepublicans action to issue an Emancipation Proclamation.Lincoln was pressured In by abolitionists and radical cause to the end of the war. remained a steadfast supporter of the Southern slavery by military action if necessary. The paper declaring the South’s willingness to preserve even more strident proponent of secession, openly out of harm’s way and provided for their needs. that kept intellectually and morally inferior blacks gued that slavery was a charitable Christian cause workers worse than slaves. Further, the paper ingar- that Northern factory owners treated their also took Northerners to task for hypocrisy, insist-pleased — including into the North. The Mercury right to take their human property where they issue, and that slave owners had a constitutional tional right to decide their own position on the of slavery asserted that the states had a constitu- and abolitionists in particular. unleashed daily attacks on the North in general cousin of the abolitionist Grimké sisters, the paper Under the direction of editor R.B. Rhett Jr., a adopted a fiery pro-slavery, pro-secession stance.Confederate rebellion, the Charleston Mercury The Cabinet meeting of September 22, 1862, resulted Nine days later, on July 22, Lincoln raised the issue Lincoln had already drafted what he termed his Almost from the beginning of his administration, As war grew closer, the Mercury became an The Mercury’s eloquent, self-righteous defenses Published in the city that lay at the heart of the Emancipation Proclamation The Charleston Mercury LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE 13 addressed. on their editorial and express the opinions of Every day newspapers Now find an important editors or other writers are facts and which are commentaries, marking write your own editorial the persuasiveness of the which sections you think of facts or opinions affect editorial or commentary? least two editorials and/or opinions. How did the use believe the issue should be issue in the newspaper and commentary pages. Read at Newspaper Activity: Newspaper about it, expressing how you And I hereby enjoin upon the people upon enjoin I hereby And known, and make I furtherAnd declare believed sincerely upon this act, And hereunto I have witnessIn whereof, this Done at the City ofWashington, By the President: the President: By ABRAHAM LINCOLN SEWARD, WILLIAM H. Secretary of State. States, including the military including and naval States, willand recognize authorities thereof, ofmaintain the freedom said persons. all from abstain to be free to so declared unless in necessary self-defence; violence, in all that, them to and I recommend they labor faithfully cases when allowed, wages. reasonable for of persons that such condition, suitable the armed service into ofwill bereceived garrison posi- to States forts, the United and to places, and other stations, tions, ofman vessels all sorts in said service. warranted the be an act by to of justice, I upon military necessity, Constitution, judgment of the considerate man- invoke ofAlmighty and the gracious favor kind, God. hand and caused the seal ofset my the be affixed. to States United ofyear in the our of January, day first the Executive government of the United of the United government the Executive Lord one thousand eight hundred and thousand eight one hundred Lord sixty three, and of the Independence of of and sixty the Independence three, ofAmerica the eighty- States the United seventh. Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the (except Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, the and for virtue by And of the power, ing said rebellion, do, on this first day day this first on do, ing said rebellion, of one in the year our Lord of January, and sixty-three, thousand eight hundred purpose with so to my and in accordance the full period for proclaimed publicly do first the day from of days, hundred one as and designate order mentioned, above and partsthe States of the wherein States this day are people thereof respectively, the States, againstin rebellion the United wit: to following, Plaquemines, Bernard, ofParishes St. James St. Charles, St. John, St. Jefferson, La- Terrebonne, Assumption, Ascension, and Orleans, Martin, St. Mary, St. fourche, the City of Orleans) Mis- including New South Georgia, Florida, Alabama, sissippi, Virginia, and Carolina, North Carolina, the forty-eight designated counties (except of and also the counties Virginia, West as Eliza- Northampton, Accomac, Berkley, and Nor- Ann, Princess York, beth City, the cities and of including Norfolk folk, parts, excepted and which Portsmouth[)], as if precisely left this present, the for are not issued. were proclamation and declare order I do purpose aforesaid, within said that all held as slaves persons and parts are, ofdesignated States, States, and that shall be free; and henceforward

Emancipation Proclamation reading with Lincoln’s cabinet with Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation reading A Proclamation. January 1, 1863

hereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in of day September, the twenty-second on hereas, of thousand eight one the year hundred our Lord the by was issued a proclamation and sixty-two, among containing, States, of the United President Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation The Emancpation Proclamation, The Emancpation Proclamation, “That on the first day of January, in the year ofyear one in the Lord our of “ThatJanuary, day the first on of January day the first on aforesaid, will, “That the Executive of the United President Lincoln, Abraham I, therefore Now,

other things, the following, to wit: to the following, things, other all held as slaves persons and sixty-three, thousand eight hundred designated part or the people whereof State ofwithin any a State, shall be then, States, shall be against then in rebellion the United Government and the Executive free; and forever thenceforward, the military including authority and naval States, of the United of will and maintain the freedom persons, such recognize thereof, of any or them, persons, such and will no act repress acts do or to actual their freedom. for efforts make they may in any in and parts if the States designate of any, States, proclamation, by shall be then in rebellion respectively, the peoplewhich thereof, the people or State, and the fact that any States; against the United in the Con- represented in good faith, be, shall that day on thereof, at elections thereto chosen members by States ofgress the United a majoritywherein of of shall have voters State such the qualified of testimo- absence in the countervailing strong shall, participated, and the people State, evidence that such be conclusive deemed ny, States.” against in rebellion the United not then are thereof, virtue by as Commander-in- of in me vested States, power the in time of States of actual the United and Navy ofArmy the Chief, ofarmed against rebellion the authority the and government suppress- and as a fit and necessaryfor war measure States, United W PAGE 14 / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict theconflict of that thecause Neither anticipated or theduration, ithasalready which attained. for thewar, expected Neither party themagnitude, it. of enlargement theterritorial than to restrict to domore noright claimed thegovernment while would rend theUnion,the insurgents by war; even thisinterest for which was theobject and extend thewar. of the cause To perpetuate, strengthen, interest. All thatthisinterest knew was, somehow, andpowerful slavesapeculiar These constituted Union, it. of part but localized intheSouthern colored slaves, generally the over not distributed war ratheritperish. And thanlet thewar came. would andtheother accept survive; thenation let would make them but oneof war ratherwar; than deprecated parties Both effects, by negotiation. to dissolvewar—seeking the Union, anddivide to destroy seeking itwithout were inthecity theUnionsaving war, without agents insurgent todelivered from altogether thisplace, devoted to avert it. While theinaugural address was being civil-war.impending All dreaded sought it—all ago, directed were to anxiously an thoughts all ventured. hope for thefuture, inregard noprediction to itis to all. andencouraging Withsatisfactory high public anditis, asto reasonably myself; Itrust, to the known well isas depends, chiefly else all presented. The progress our which of arms, upon couldbe thenation, of littlethatisnew energies the andengrosses theattention, absorbs still contestwhich thegreat of andphase point every on declarations have forth constantly called been public four of which years,the expiration during and proper. fitting pursued,be seemed Now, at to indetail, acourse of a statement, somewhat address thanthere was atthefirst.extended Then office,the presidential there is lessoccasion for an Second InauguralAddress One eighth of the whole population were population thewhole of eighth One to thisfour theoccasion corresponding years On to takeAt of theoath appearing thissecond Fellow Countrymen: among ourselves, and with all nations. all among ourselves, andwith ajust, peace, andalasting andcherish achieve his widow, may which doall andhisorphan—to have shall thebattle,for himwho andfor borne are in;toupthenation’s bind wounds; to care we onto finishthe work usstrive let the right, givessee us to right, as God inthe firmness with altogether” righteous said be theLord, of “the judgments and are true was saidthree thousandago, years itmust still so thesword, drawn by another paid with be shall as thelash, drop drawn blood with of every and until unrequited sunk,years be of toil shall and fifty by thebond-man’s piled the wealth hundred two away. Yet, all thatitcontinue, until Godwills if war of may scourge pass speedily this mighty pray—that dowe Fondly hope—fervently dowe to Him? Godalways inaLiving ascribe believers the which attributes from divine those departure any therein came,the offence discern we shall war,terrible asthewoeby duewhom to those and thatHe to both North gives andSouth, this His to appointedtime,remove, He now wills through come,needs continued but which, having God, of must which, intheprovidence offences that suppose shall American those is one of Slavery we If cometh!” theoffence to that manby whom but woe come; for thatoffences itmust be needs purposes. “Woe offences! of because unto theworld answeredfully.been The Almighty hasHis own has bothneither of couldnotanswered;that be us judge not not be judged. thatwe The prayers bread from men’s other of thesweat but faces; let their to ask ajustGod’s inwringing assistance It may strange thatany should seem dare men invokesGod; andeach His theother. aidagainst readBoth thesameBible, andpray to thesame andastounding.and aresult lessfundamental should looked cease. triumph, for Each aneasier before, itself theconflict oreven with, cease might With for all; towardcharity malice none;with sistance, it… never they havingout been of without, into theUnion, or only gave them proper as- whether, indoing theacts, hebrought theStates from each forever after, innocently indulge opinion hisown cal relations between theseStates andtheUnion; and to restoringdoing necessary theproper theacts practi- ever had they abroad. been whether join Let in usall selves safely athome, itwould utterly be immaterial theUnion, outbeen of it. thanwith Findingthem- or even considering, theseStates whether have ever sible, but infact, easier to do this, deciding, without proper relation. practical Ibelieve itisnotonly pos- in regard to thoseStates isto them get into again that thegovernment, of the soleobject andmilitary, civil their proper theUnion; relationout of with andthat the mode, manner, reconstruction… andmeansof that we, theloyal people, differ among ourselves asto elements. Nor embarrassment additional isitasmall with, andmouldfrom, disorganized anddiscordant the rebellion for any other man. We simply must begin us to treat with. No to give one manhasauthority up independent nations, there for isnoauthorizedorgan great difficulty.with between awar Unlike acase of much more closely uponourattention. It isfraught from thought thefirst, alargehad share of is pressed reconstruction—which has the nationalauthority— was notinreach to take active part. men, belongs. all Navy gallant The stood ready, but is mine. To Gen. Grant, hisskilfulofficers, and brave thehonor,to you; of but nopart for planor execution, news thegood much of transmitting pleasurehigh of others.with wasnearthefront, Imyself the andhad overlooked. honors Their must parceled notbe out rejoicing, harder giveswhose be usthecauseof part H midst of this,midst of however restrained.can notbe In the joyouspeace whose expression andspeedy arighteous hope of insurgentthe principal army, give Richmond, and thesurrender of Petersburg of evacuation The and sorrow, heart. of but ingladness (excerpts from hislastpublic address) (excerpts www.historyplace.com/lincoln/reconst.htm Full at: speech …We thattheseceded agree all States, socalled, are By theserecent successes there-inauguration of We thisevening, meet notin Speech onReconstruction,

be dulybe promulgated. Nor must those prepared, isbeing thanksgiving andwill forgotten.not be forA call anational e from flow, blessings all whom must April 11,1865 , LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times Monday, February 12, 2009 / PAGE 15 Lincoln Lincoln. tomb.htm Humanities Lincoln Tomb Lincoln Lincoln Home Home Lincoln Lincoln Cottage, Cottage, Lincoln Washington, DC Washington, Washington, DC Washington, Poem by Lincoln, Lincoln, by Poem www.nps.gov/linc www.nps.gov/liho Mount Rushmore Mount Mary Todd Lincoln Mary Todd www.nps.gov/moru Controversial essay: Controversial Lincoln Memorial in Memorial Lincoln National Historic Site: Historic National org/Library/newsletter. childhood_home3.htm My Childhood’s Home: Childhood’s My asp?ID=130&CRLI=178 http://lincolncottage.org/ http://edsitement.neh.gov Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Lincoln Mr. W.E.B. DuBois Lincoln on W.E.B. Loyola University Chicago University Loyola books/presidents/site19.htm National Endowment for the Endowment for National www.teachingwithlincoln.com www.nps.gov/archive/libo/my_ Then click on Search, and enter and enter Search, on click Then Response to critics to ofResponse his essay: inside.asp?ID=15&subjectID=2 Teaching with Primary Sources Teaching www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/ www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom. library/index.asp?document=556 library/index.asp?document=555 www.luc.edu/orgs/lincolnatloyola www.illinoishistory.gov/hs/lincoln_ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/ The Lincoln Institute, main site and main site Institute, The Lincoln www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org five companion web pages about Mr. web about pages Mr. companion five www.nps.gov/history/history/online_ celebrate the Bicentennial. the celebrate War C-SPAN blackhawk/ Civil War: Civil documents documents documents home.html debates.htm www.alplm.org Nebraska_Act www.abrahamlincoln200.org Black_Hawk_War Congress established the ALBC to recommend recommend to ALBC the established Congress Debates of Debates 1858 Lincoln-Douglas History Channel Library & Museum Digitization Project: Library of Congress Gettysburg Address: Gettysburg Dred Scott Decision: Scott Dred Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC): (ALBC): Commission Bicentennial Lincoln Abraham found on the website to share your school’s plans to to plans school’s your share to website the on found http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu Black Hawk War of 1832 War Hawk Black Lincoln Resources Online: Resources Lincoln History Classroom site: History Classroom http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ php?flash=true&doc=28 Abraham Lincoln Papers Lincoln Abraham http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ www.history.com/lincoln appropriate ways to commemorate the 200th birthday birthday 200th the commemorate to ways appropriate www.nps.gov/archive/liho/ www.nps.gov/archive/liho/ Abraham Lincoln Historical Historical Lincoln Abraham collections/papers/file.html community/cc_lincoln.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lincoln Legacy School recognition program, sponsored sponsored program, recognition School Legacy Lincoln www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd www.history.com/classroom Interactive Lincoln website: Lincoln Interactive Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Act Kansas-Nebraska Abraham Lincoln Presidential Presidential Lincoln Abraham abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org http://memory.loc.gov/learn/ http://memory.loc.gov/learn/ www.ourdocuments.gov/doc. Abraham Lincoln’s Classroom: Lincoln’s Abraham http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Emancipation Proclamation: lincolndouglas/nhdebate.html of Abraham Lincoln in 2009. Sign up to participate in the the in participate to up Sign 2009. in Lincoln Abraham of government/overview/22.html http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/ by the History Channel. To participate, use the application application the use participate, To Channel. History the by http://bensguide.gpo.gov/9-12/ http://bensguide.gpo.gov/9-12/ www.cspan.org/lincoln200years http://hnn.us/articles/30860.html Abraham_Lincoln_and_the_Civil_ www.landmarkcases.org/dredscott/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas- www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_ www.freemaninstitute.com/scott.htm A doctor in the audience immediately went went immediately in the audience A doctor in conspirators at least four were There appeared into the night horseback. into on appeared The bullet had entered the box. to upstairs ear and lodged left behind Lincoln’s through was paralyzed and barely He his right eye. Street, was carried Tenth He across breathing. but the theater, opposite house a boarding to hours Nine best efforts failed. the doctors’ died. Lincoln 15th, April AM on at 7:22 later, in the mayhem. Booth involved addition to whileBooth hiding was shot and captured and Virginia, in a barn Green, near Bowling Four 1865. 26, April the same day, died later Atzerodt, George Lewis Paine, co-conspirators, hanged were and Mary Surratt, Herold, David the on ofat the gallows the Old Penitentiary, 7, July on McNair, Fort ofsite present-day 1865. Share them as a class. Newspaper Activities: them. Give your speech to your class. n the evening of April 14, 1865, 1865, 14, ofApril n the evening a specialwhile perfor- attending Amer- “Our ofmance the comedy, Abraham President ican Cousin,” Lincoln Assassination Then write an obituary that captures Lincoln’s life and his importance. Then write an obituary that captures Lincoln’s You’ve just been elected President. Use newspaper stories and editorials to just You’ve want to search online for recent inaugural speeches. Now write your own want to search online for recent inaugural speeches. Now write your One of the most useful ways to reflect on the significance of any leader is to One of the most useful ways to reflect on the significance of any leader understand the issues that you’ll need to address as President. You may also understand the issues that you’ll need to address as President. You inaugural speech detailing what the issues are and what you plan to do about inaugural speech detailing what the issues are and what you plan to write an obituary. Read one or two obituaries in the newspaper as examples. Read write an obituary. The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, dropped dropped Booth, Wilkes John The assassin,

Lincoln was shot. Accompanying him at Ford’s him at Ford’s Accompanying was shot. Lincoln Mary Todd his wife, that nightTheater were named officer a twenty-eight year-old Lincoln, and Rathbone’s Rathbone, Henry R. Major was in the play After Harris. Clara fiancée, figure a with a drawnderringer pistol progress, and aimed, box, the presidential into stepped forward. slumped president The fired. Rathbone a dagger. and waved the pistol and though slashed in the arm, at him, lunged Booth leapt the railing. the killer to forced and caught the spur of his the balcony from and the rail, bootleft a flag draped on over Though a bone in his leg landing. on shattered and dis- he rushed door, the back out injured, O PAGE 16 / Monday, February 12, 2009 A Newspaper In Education Supplement to The Washington Times LINCOLN BICENTENNIAL