THE APHID FAUNA (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) of WATERMELONS
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Grapevine Virus Diseases: Economic Impact and Current Advances in Viral Prospection and Management1
1/22 ISSN 0100-2945 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452017411 GRAPEVINE VIRUS DISEASES: ECONOMIC IMPACT AND CURRENT ADVANCES IN VIRAL PROSPECTION AND MANAGEMENT1 MARCOS FERNANDO BASSO2, THOR VINÍCIUS MArtins FAJARDO3, PASQUALE SALDARELLI4 ABSTRACT-Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a major vegetative propagated fruit crop with high socioeconomic importance worldwide. It is susceptible to several graft-transmitted agents that cause several diseases and substantial crop losses, reducing fruit quality and plant vigor, and shorten the longevity of vines. The vegetative propagation and frequent exchanges of propagative material among countries contribute to spread these pathogens, favoring the emergence of complex diseases. Its perennial life cycle further accelerates the mixing and introduction of several viral agents into a single plant. Currently, approximately 65 viruses belonging to different families have been reported infecting grapevines, but not all cause economically relevant diseases. The grapevine leafroll, rugose wood complex, leaf degeneration and fleck diseases are the four main disorders having worldwide economic importance. In addition, new viral species and strains have been identified and associated with economically important constraints to grape production. In Brazilian vineyards, eighteen viruses, three viroids and two virus-like diseases had already their occurrence reported and were molecularly characterized. Here, we review the current knowledge of these viruses, report advances in their diagnosis and prospection of new species, and give indications about the management of the associated grapevine diseases. Index terms: Vegetative propagation, plant viruses, crop losses, berry quality, next-generation sequencing. VIROSES EM VIDEIRAS: IMPACTO ECONÔMICO E RECENTES AVANÇOS NA PROSPECÇÃO DE VÍRUS E MANEJO DAS DOENÇAS DE ORIGEM VIRAL RESUMO-A videira (Vitis spp.) é propagada vegetativamente e considerada uma das principais culturas frutíferas por sua importância socioeconômica mundial. -
Virus Particle Structures
Virus Particle Structures Virus Particle Structures Palmenberg, A.C. and Sgro, J.-Y. COLOR PLATE LEGENDS These color plates depict the relative sizes and comparative virion structures of multiple types of viruses. The renderings are based on data from published atomic coordinates as determined by X-ray crystallography. The international online repository for 3D coordinates is the Protein Databank (www.rcsb.org/pdb/), maintained by the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB). The VIPER web site (mmtsb.scripps.edu/viper), maintains a parallel collection of PDB coordinates for icosahedral viruses and additionally offers a version of each data file permuted into the same relative 3D orientation (Reddy, V., Natarajan, P., Okerberg, B., Li, K., Damodaran, K., Morton, R., Brooks, C. and Johnson, J. (2001). J. Virol., 75, 11943-11947). VIPER also contains an excellent repository of instructional materials pertaining to icosahedral symmetry and viral structures. All images presented here, except for the filamentous viruses, used the standard VIPER orientation along the icosahedral 2-fold axis. With the exception of Plate 3 as described below, these images were generated from their atomic coordinates using a novel radial depth-cue colorization technique and the program Rasmol (Sayle, R.A., Milner-White, E.J. (1995). RASMOL: biomolecular graphics for all. Trends Biochem Sci., 20, 374-376). First, the Temperature Factor column for every atom in a PDB coordinate file was edited to record a measure of the radial distance from the virion center. The files were rendered using the Rasmol spacefill menu, with specular and shadow options according to the Van de Waals radius of each atom. -
The Role of Rnai and Micrornas in Animal Virus Replication and Antiviral Immunity
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 23, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW The role of RNAi and microRNAs in animal virus replication and antiviral immunity Jennifer L. Umbach and Bryan R. Cullen1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA The closely related microRNA (miRNA) and RNAi path- enzyme, and its cofactor TRBP. Binding of Dicer/TRBP ways have emerged as important regulators of virus–host to the base of the pre-miRNA is followed by cleavage to cell interactions. Although both pathways are relatively release the terminal loop, yielding an RNA duplex of ;20 well conserved all the way from plants to invertebrates bp flanked by 2-nt 39 overhangs (Fig. 1A; Chendrimada to mammals, there are important differences between et al. 2005). The RNA strand that is less tightly base- these systems. A more complete understanding of these paired at the 59 end is loaded into the RNA-induced differences will be required to fully appreciate the re- silencing complex (RISC) and forms the mature miRNA lationship between these diverse host organisms and the (Khvorova et al. 2003; Schwarz et al. 2003). The miRNA various viruses that infect them. Insights derived from then guides RISC to mRNAs bearing complementary this research will facilitate a better understanding of target sites (Hammond et al. 2000). viral pathogenesis and the host innate immune response Although the vast majority of miRNAs are generated as to viral infection. described above, some exceptions exist. For example, some miRNAs are derived from short, excised introns, MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs ;22 called mirtrons, which resemble pre-miRNA hairpins, nucleotides (nt) in length that are typically derived from bypassing the need for Drosha, and only require Dicer for a single arm of imperfect, ;80-nt long RNA hairpins maturation (Berezikov et al. -
Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4
Plant Pathology Circular No. 395 Fla. Dept. of Agric. & Consumer Serv. ____________________________________________________________________________________July/August 1999 Division of Plant Industry Peanut Stunt Virus Infecting Perennial Peanuts in Florida and Georgia1 Carlye Baker2, Ann Blount3, and Ken Quesenberry4 INTRODUCTION: Peanut stunt virus (PSV) has been reported to cause disease in a number of economically important plants worldwide. In the southeastern United States, PSV is widespread in forage legumes and is considered a major constraint to productivity and stand longevity (McLaughlin et al. 1992). It is one of the principal viruses associated with clover decline in the southeast (McLaughlin and Boykin 1988). In 2002, this virus (Fig. 1) was reported in the forage legume rhizoma or perennial peanut, Arachis glabrata Benth. (Blount et al. 2002). Perennial peanut was brought into Florida from Bra- zil in 1936. In general, the perennial peanut is well adapted to the light sandy soils of the southern Gulf Coast region of the U.S. It is drought-tolerant, grows well on low-fertility soils and is relatively free from disease or insect pest problems. The rela- tively impressive forage yields of some accessions makes the perennial peanut a promising warm-sea- son perennial forage legume for the southern Gulf Coast. Due to its high-quality forage, locally grown perennial peanut hay increasingly competes for the million plus dollar hay market currently satisfied by imported alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). There are ap- proximately 25,000 acres of perennial peanut in Ala- bama, Georgia and Florida combined. About 1000 acres are planted as living mulch in citrus groves. Fig. 1. A field of ‘Florigraze’ showing the yellowing symptoms of Peanut Popular forage cultivars include ‘Arbrook’ and Stunt Virus. -
Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Suppressors of Invertebrate Antiviral RNA Silencing
Viruses 2014, 6, 4314-4331; doi:10.3390/v6114314 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Suppressors of Invertebrate Antiviral RNA Silencing Scott T. O’Neal, Glady Hazitha Samuel, Zach N. Adelman and Kevin M. Myles * Fralin Life Science Institute and Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.T.O.); [email protected] (G.H.S.); [email protected] (Z.N.A.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-540-231-6158. External Editor: Rollie Clem Received: 19 September 2014; in revised form: 28 October 2014 / Accepted: 31 October 2014 / Published: 11 November 2014 Abstract: The natural maintenance cycles of many mosquito-borne viruses require establishment of persistent non-lethal infections in the invertebrate host. While the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood, antiviral responses directed by small RNAs are important in modulating the pathogenesis of viral infections in disease vector mosquitoes. In yet another example of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen, some plant and insect viruses have evolved to encode suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Whether or not mosquito-borne viral pathogens encode VSRs has been the subject of debate. While at first there would seem to be little evolutionary benefit to mosquito-borne viruses encoding proteins or sequences that strongly interfere with RNA silencing, we present here a model explaining how the expression of VSRs by these viruses in the vector might be compatible with the establishment of persistence. -
Virus Diseases of Trees and Shrubs
VirusDiseases of Treesand Shrubs Instituteof TerrestrialEcology NaturalEnvironment Research Council á Natural Environment Research Council Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Virus Diseases of Trees and Shrubs J.1. Cooper Institute of Terrestrial Ecology cfo Unit of Invertebrate Virology OXFORD Printed in Great Britain by Cambrian News Aberystwyth C Copyright 1979 Published in 1979 by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 68 Hills Road Cambridge CB2 ILA ISBN 0-904282-28-7 The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) was established in 1973, from the former Nature Conservancy's research stations and staff, joined later by the Institute of Tree Biology and the Culture Centre of Algae and Protozoa. ITE contributes to and draws upon the collective knowledge of the fourteen sister institutes \Which make up the Natural Environment Research Council, spanning all the environmental sciences. The Institute studies the factors determining the structure, composition and processes of land and freshwater systems, and of individual plant and animal species. It is developing a sounder scientific basis for predicting and modelling environmental trends arising from natural or man- made change. The results of this research are available to those responsible for the protection, management and wise use of our natural resources. Nearly half of ITE's work is research commissioned by customers, such as the Nature Con- servancy Council who require information for wildlife conservation, the Forestry Commission and the Department of the Environment. The remainder is fundamental research supported by NERC. ITE's expertise is widely used by international organisations in overseas projects and programmes of research. The photograph on the front cover is of Red Flowering Horse Chestnut (Aesculus carnea Hayne). -
Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Hawai‘I
Plant Disease August 2014 PD-101 Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Hawai‘i Mark Dragich, Michael Melzer, and Scot Nelson Department of Plant Protection and Environmental Protection Sciences ucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is Pathogen one of the most widespread and The pathogen causing cucumber troublesomeC viruses infecting culti- mosaic disease(s) is Cucumber mo- vated plants worldwide. The diseases saic cucumovirus (Roossinck 2002), caused by CMV present a variety of although it is also known by other global management problems in a names, including Cucumber virus 1, wide range of agricultural and ecologi- Cucumis virus 1, Marmor cucumeris, cal settings. The elevated magnitude Spinach blight virus, and Tomato fern of risk posed by CMV is due to its leaf virus (Ferreira et al. 1992). This broad host range and high number of plant pathogen is a single-stranded arthropod vectors. RNA virus having three single strands Plant diseases caused by CMV of RNA per virus particle (Ferreira occur globally. Doolittle and Jagger et al. 1992). CMV belongs to the first reported the characteristic mosaic genus Cucumovirus of the virus symptoms caused by the virus in 1916 family Bromoviridae. There are nu- on cucumber. The pandemic distribu- merous strains of CMV that vary in tion of cucumber mosaic, coupled with their pathogenicity and virulence, as the fact that it typically causes 10–20% well as others having different RNA yield loss where it occurs (although it Mosaic symptoms associated with satellite virus particles that modify can cause 100% losses in cucurbits) Cucumber mosaic virus on a nau- pathogen virulence and plant disease makes it an agricultural disease of paka leaf. -
RNA Silencing-Based Improvement of Antiviral Plant Immunity
viruses Review Catch Me If You Can! RNA Silencing-Based Improvement of Antiviral Plant Immunity Fatima Yousif Gaffar and Aline Koch * Centre for BioSystems, Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 April 2019; Accepted: 17 July 2019; Published: 23 July 2019 Abstract: Viruses are obligate parasites which cause a range of severe plant diseases that affect farm productivity around the world, resulting in immense annual losses of yield. Therefore, control of viral pathogens continues to be an agronomic and scientific challenge requiring innovative and ground-breaking strategies to meet the demands of a growing world population. Over the last decade, RNA silencing has been employed to develop plants with an improved resistance to biotic stresses based on their function to provide protection from invasion by foreign nucleic acids, such as viruses. This natural phenomenon can be exploited to control agronomically relevant plant diseases. Recent evidence argues that this biotechnological method, called host-induced gene silencing, is effective against sucking insects, nematodes, and pathogenic fungi, as well as bacteria and viruses on their plant hosts. Here, we review recent studies which reveal the enormous potential that RNA-silencing strategies hold for providing an environmentally friendly mechanism to protect crop plants from viral diseases. Keywords: RNA silencing; Host-induced gene silencing; Spray-induced gene silencing; virus control; RNA silencing-based crop protection; GMO crops 1. Introduction Antiviral Plant Defence Responses Plant viruses are submicroscopic spherical, rod-shaped or filamentous particles which contain different kinds of genomes. -
(Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), Parasitoids of Pea Aphid – Acyrthosiphon Pisum Harr
UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF BIOLOGY Mustafa E. Ghaliow Morphological and molecular characterization of Aphidius eadyi species complex (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), parasitoids of pea aphid – Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Doctoral Dissertation Belgrade, 2018 УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ БИОЛОШКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ Mustafa E. Ghaliow Морфолошка и молекуларна карактеризација врста Aphidius eadyi комплекса (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), паразитоида зелене луцеркине ваши – Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) докторска дисертација Београд, 2018 Mentor: _______________________________________ Dr Željko Tomanović, Professor University of Belgrade Faculty of Biology Members of the committee: _______________________________________ Dr Andjeljko Petrović, Associate Professor University of Belgrade Faculty of Biology _______________________________________ Dr Milana Mitrović, Senior Research Fellow Institute for Plant Protection and Environment Department of Plant Pests Date of defence: ____________________ Acknowledgments Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my main supervisor and mentor Professor Željko Tomanović for his academic support of my Ph.D. study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Thank you for all your efforts and all the time invested in planning this dissertation as well as for all the support you have provided me during the research. I am grateful to my second supervisor Dr. Andjeljko Petrović on all the suggestions and corrections to improve and complete this research, thank you for having all the patience and help with my research. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this dissertation. Thank you very much to Dr. Ana Ivanović for the helping in morphometrics, for all the knowledge that she gave me in the statistical data processing, and thank her for all useful suggestions when writing the dissertation. -
Population Genetics in Biological Control: Cryptic Species, Host-Associations, and the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution
Population Genetics in Biological Control: Cryptic Species, Host-associations, and the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution By Jeremy C Andersen A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science Policy and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Nicholas J. Mills, Chair Professor George K. Roderick Professor Rasmus Nielsen Spring 2015 ABSTRACT Population Genetics in Biological Control: Cryptic Species, Host-associations, and the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution by Jeremy C Andersen Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Nicholas J Mills, Chair In this dissertation I expand upon our knowledge in regards to the utility of population genetic approaches to be used for the study of the evolution of introduced biological control agents and their target pests. If biological control methods are to provide sustainable pest management services then more long-term studies will be necessary, and these studies should also include the use of population genetic approaches. For existing biological control programs, post-release population genetic studies could be initiated using museum voucher specimens for baseline data. In Chapter 2, I explored what factors influence our ability to extract usable genomic material from dried museum specimens, and whether we could use non-destructive techniques for parasitic hymenoptera. I found that the age of the specimen was the most important determinant for the amplification of PCR products, with nuclear loci having a higher probability of amplification from older specimens than mitochondrial loci. With these sequence results I was able to differentiate voucher specimens of different strains of the biological control agent Trioxys pallidus and I was able to confirm the identification of an unknown parasitoid reared from the invasive light brown apple moth. -
An Exotic Invasive Aphid on Quercus Rubra, the American Red Oak: Its Bionomy in the Czech Republic
Eur. J. Entomol. 104: 471–477, 2007 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1256 ISSN 1210-5759 Myzocallis walshii (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), an exotic invasive aphid on Quercus rubra, the American red oak: Its bionomy in the Czech Republic JAN HAVELKA and PETR STARÝ Biological Centre, AS CR, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 ýeské BudČjovice, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Aphididae, Myzocallis walshii, Quercus, parasitoids, expansion, Czech Republic, exotic insects Abstract. Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii (Monell), a North American aphid species associated with Quercus rubra was detected for the first time in Europe in 1988 (France), and subsequently in several other countries – Switzerland, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Belgium and Germany. Recent research in 2003–2005 recorded this aphid occurring throughout the Czech Republic. The only host plant was Quercus rubra. The highest aphid populations occurred in old parks and road line groves in urban areas, whereas the populations in forests were low. The seasonal occurrence of the light spring form and the darker summer form of M. (Lineomyzocal- lis) walshii as well as their different population peaks were noted. Four native parasitoids species [Praon flavinode (Haliday), Tri- oxys curvicaudus Mackauer, T. pallidus Haliday and T. tenuicaudus (Starý)] were reared from M. (Lineomyzocallis) walshii. INTRODUCTION (Lineomyzocallis) walshii manifested peculiar population pat- terns in the spring of 2004, these populations were sampled Accidental introductions and establishments of exotic repeatedly in the course of a whole year to determine the key species of aphids are occurring all over the world. Subse- population characteristics and the complete life cycle of the quently, they interact either with their formerly intro- aphid. -
Toxicity of Some Commonly Used Pesticides to Trioxys Pallidus and Its Establishment in Filbert Orchards of Willamette Valley
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Mohammad Saeed for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology presented on July 25 1989. Title: Toxicity of Some Commonly Used Pesticides to Trioxys pallidus and Its Establishment in Filbert Orchards of Willamette Valley. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. M. T. AliNiazee A parasitic wasp, Trioxys pallidus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was imported from Europe and initially released against the filbert aphid Myzocallis coryli (Goetze) in hazelnut (filbert) orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon beginning in 1984. In the present study, I investigated the establishment rates of this parasitoid. A total of 13 orchards in 1987 and 30 orchards in 1988 were sampled twice per year. Five to ten trees were selected at random in each orchard and these trees were sampled by collecting and examining ten twigs per tree and counting the number of aphids and aphid mummies on four leaves per twig. The rate of parasitization was calculated by Total No. of mummies / Total No. of aphids + mummies X 100. Data show that the parasitoid has established in many commercial orchards and out of the total of 30 orchards studied eleven had breeding population of Trioxys pallidus and that is rapidly moving to adjoining orchards. The parasitoid appears to have survived the standard insecticide applications in commercial orchards. The level of resistance of a field collected population of Trioxys pallidus to the most commonly used pesticides in the filbert system including Metasystox-R, Pydrin, Zolone, Diazinon, and Lorsban was determined. Adult parasitoid populations continuously exposed to Pydrin (2 sprays per year) and carbaryl (1 sprayper year) since 1985, were collected near Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon and their response to various insecticides was assessed.