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Home , Abid Hasan, Andhra movement, Annexation of Hyderabad, Bathukamma, Boggulkunta, Bonalu

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Historical Background:

Telangana is one of the 29 states in . It was formed on 2 June 2014 with the city of as its capital. is bordered by the states of , Chhattisgarh to the north, and to the west, and to the south, east and north east. It also shares a small border with Orissa. As the twelfth largest state in India, Telangana has an area of 114,840 square kilometers (44,340 sq mi), and a population of 35,286,757 (2011 census) Its major cities include Hyderabad, , Nizamabad, , Ramagundam and .

Telangana acquired its identity as the Telugu-speaking region of the of Hyderabad, ruled by the , joining the Union of India in 1948. In 1956, the was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganization of states, Telangana was merged with former to form Andre Pradesh. Following a popular movement for separation, it was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014.

Hyderabad will continue to serve as the joint capital city for Andre Pradesh and Telangana for a period of not more than ten years. Telangana is situated on the , in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 114,840 square kilometers (44,34 sq.mi). The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of the catchment area and about 69% of the river catchment area, but most of the land is arid. Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as the Baima, the Manjeera and the Musi.

The annual rainfall is between 900 to 1500 mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900mm in southern Telangana, from the southwest monsoons. Various soil types abound, including chalks, red sandy soils, dubbed, deep red loamy soils, and very deep back soils that facilitate planting mangoes, oranges and flowers.

Climate :

Telangana is a semi-arid and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers starts in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 420c (1080F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 755mm (29.7inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures in the 22-230c (72-730F) range.

Ecology :

The central Deccan plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregion covers much of the state, including Hyderabad. The characteristic vegetation is woodlands of Hardwicke binate and Albazia amara. Over 80% of the original forest cover has been cleared for agriculture, timber harvesting, or cattle grazing, but large blocks of forest can be found in Nagarjuna sagar-srisailam Tiger Reserve and else where. The more humid Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests cover the Eastern Ghats in the eastern part of the state.

National parks and Sanctuaries

Telangana has three National Parks : Kasu Brahmananda National Park in Hyderabad district, and Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and in .

Wildlife sanctuaries in Telangana include Eturunagaram Wildlife sanctuary and Paha Wildlife sanctuary in Warangal District, Kawal Tiger Reserve and Pranahita Wildlife sanctuary in Aliabad district, Kinnerasani wild life sanctuary in Khamma m-district, Manjira wildlife sanctuary in , Nagarjunasagar- Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Algona and Mahabub nagger districts, Pocharam wildlife sanctuary in Medak and Nizamabad districts, ram Wildlife sanctuary in .

Sacred groves are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves Telangana -two in Aliabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four in Khammamdistrict, nine in district, four in Medak district, nine Nalgona district, then in Range Reddy district, and three in Warangal district.

The is mainly driven by agriculture. Two important rivers of India, the Godavari and Krishna, flow through the state, providing

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] irrigation. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigaion. Rice is the major food crop. Other important crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as Sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation projects and Nagarjuna sager Dam, the world’s highest masonry dam.

The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. Telangana is one of top IT exporting states of India. There are 68 special Economic Zones in the state.

Telangana is mineral-rich state, with coal reserves at singareni collieries.

Agriculture :

Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. Other important crops are maize, tobacco, mango, cotton and sugar cane. Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state’s economy. Important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna flow through the state, providing irrigation. A part from major rivers, there are small rivers as TungaBhard, Bema, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Pranahith, Peddavagu and Taliperu. There are many mule-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation projects and Nagarjuna Sager Dam, the world’s masonry dam.

Agra export zone for the following produce are proposed at the place mentioned against them:

 Gherkins - Mahabubnagar, Rangareddy, Medak, karimnagar, Warangal.  Mangoes and grapes - Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahabubnagar.

Industries :

Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly around Hyderabad. Automobiles and auto components industry, spices, mines and minerals, textiles and apparels, pharmaceutical, horticulture, poultry farming are the main industries in Telangana. In terms of services, Hyderabad is usually nicknamed as cyber bad due to its information technology foray and location of major software industries in the city. Prior to secession, it contributed 15% to India’s and 98% to Andhra radish’s exports in IT and ITES sectors last 2013 with

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Hyderabad as in the front line of Telangana’s aims to promote information technology in India, the city boasts the HITEC City as its premier hub.

The state government is in the process of developing Industrial parks at different places, for specific group of industries. The existing parks are software park at Hyderabad, HITEC city for software units, Apparel park at , Export Promotion park at Pashamylarm, Bio-technology park at Turkapally.

Hyderabad is also a major site for healthcare related industries including and pharmaceutical organizations such as Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Apollo Hospitals, and Dr.Reddy’s Laboratories. In addition, Hyderabad based healthcare non-profits include the Indian Heart Association, a cardiovascular disease NGO.

Tourism

Telangana state Tourism Development Corporation (TSTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, waterfalls, forest and .

Power

Hyde and thermal power projects in the state meets the power requirements of the state. Number of new power projects are coming up in the state which is expected to generate additional power capacity in the state.

Transport

The state is well connected other states with , rail, airways. However, since Telangana is landlocked, it does not have any seaports.

Roads

The Telangana state Road Corporation (TSRTC) is the major public transport corporation that connects all the cities and villages. Mahatma Bus Station (M.G.B.S) in Hyderabad is one of the largest bus stand in Asia. Jubilee Bus station in Secundrabad serves inter city bus services. Asia’s biggest inter city bus Terminal (ICBT) is being built in (Hyderabad), which would house nearly 200 bus bays and for parking nearly 1,000 buses.

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Railways

The history of railways in this region dates back to the time of inseam of Hyderabad in 1874. It operates under the auspices of the South Central Railway founded in 1966. The landmark boiling Rail Nilayam in is the Zonal Headquarter office of South Central Railway. Secunderabad and Hyderabad are the main divisions of South Central Railway that fall in the state.

Airports

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport at is an international airport serving the city of Hyderabad. It is largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports in the country. The government has plans to upgrade Warangal Airport, Naziabad Airport and Ramagundam Airport . It also plans to construct airports in Karimnagar and Kothagudem. Warangal has a domestic airport in Mamunooru which was established in the year 1930 during Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through the Warangal Airport.

Culture

Telangana culture combines cultural customs from Persian traditions, embedded during rule of the region by the Moguls, Qutub shahis and Nizams with prominent and predominantly south Indian traditions and customs. The state has a rich tradition in classical music, painting and folk arts such as Burra katha, shadow puppet show, and Perini Shiva Tandavam, Gusadi Dance, Kolatam.

Monuments

Kakatiya Kala Khorana, Warangal, , , Qutub shahi Tombs, , , Birla Mender and Fort, are some of the monuments in and around Hyderabad.

Religious tourism

 Bhadrachalam is a temple to Lord in the town of Bhadrachalam in .

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 Gnana Temple is a temple to Saraswati goddess in the town Basra in Aliabad district.

 Jogulamba temple, Illampu (also known as Dashing Kasha or Navabrahmeshwar Teethe) - a famous temple located in . Jogulamba (also known as Yogulamba/yogamba) is one of the eighteen peethas)

 Yadagirigutta Temple located in Nalgona District, only 46km from Hyderabad.

 Keesaragutta Ramalingshwara swami temple is very famous. Shivratri is very well celebrated every year.

 Pillalamarri, an 800 years old banyan tree located in Mahabubnagar.

 Ramapo Temple is an unbelievably architecture located near Mulugu which is 79 km away from Warangal.

 Vemulawada - Sri Raja Rajeswara Swami temple is a very famous temple also called as Dakhshin (south) Kais. This temple was built by Chaluky kings between the 750 AD and 973 AD. This town is very busy and visited by devotees from all over the state for the Shivratri festival every year.

There are few other very old and historic temples in the town of vemulawada, Karimnagar District.

Warangal - The , built by the , is one of the oldest temples of .

Other religious places include, Medak Cathedral at Medak, Buddhist canters at Nelkondapalli, Dhulikatta phanigiri and Kolapaka.

Water falls :

Kuntala water fall located in Kuntala, Aliabad district, at 45 meters (148ft) , is the biggest in the state.

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Education :

Telangana has multiple institutes of higher universities along with numerous primary and secondary schools. The state is home to a number of institutes, which impart higher education. The Department of Higher education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the state of telangana. The Government has established University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Telangana. The higher education includes many colleges, Universities and research institutes providing professional education in the fields of arts,humanities, science, , law, medicine, business, and veterinary sciences, with undergraduate and post graduation.

Tribes of telengana :

Banaras : The Banaras (also called Lambadi and Gomati) are a community usually described as nomadic people from the Indian state of , now spread out all over Indian subcontinent.

Origin :

According to Barman the name Leman was popular long before the name Banjara, and leman Banjars originally came from Afghanistan before settling in Rajasthan and other parts of India. The Lemans, according to him, are originally from the independent province called Gor in Afghanistan.

Banjaras were traditionally suppliers of bullock and salt merchants. The word Banjaras is said tube derived from sanskritword vana char (wanders in jungle). The word Lambadi or Lamani is derived from word lavana (salt) which was the principal good they transported across the country.

Culture

Language

Banjaras speak Banjari language ; also called Gor Boli it belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of languages. Most Banjaras today’s are bilingual or multilingual adopting the predominant language of their surroundings.

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Art

Banjaras art is rich and includes performance arts such as dance and music to folk and plastic arts such as rangoli, textile embroidery, tattooing and painting. The Banjaras embroidery and tattooing are especially prized and also form a significant aspect of the Banjaras identity. Lambadi women specialize in “Lepo” embroidery which involves stitching pieces of mirror, decorative beads and coins on to clothes.

Festivals

Banjaras people celebrate the festival of during Shravana (the month of August). In this festival young unmarried Banjaras girls pray for a good Groom. They sow seeds in bamboo bowls and water it three times a day for nine days and if the sprouts grow “tick and high”, it is considered as good omen. During Teej the seedling- baskets are kept in the middle and girls sing and dance around them. Banjaras also celebrate the festival of Holy. Banjaras have a sister community of singers known as Dadhis or Gajugonia. They are Muslim Banjaras who traditionally traveled from village to village singing songs to the accompaniment of sarangi.

Religion

The main deities of Banjaras people are Sati and saint several. They also worship Hindu gods like Balaji, Jagadamba. Devior Thulja Bavani, Ganesh, Mahadev, Khandoba/Kanhoba and . They also hold Guru Nanak in great respect.

Several or sevabhaya is the most important saint of the Banjaras. According to Banjaras accounts he was born on 15 February 1739 in Sirsi, Karnataka, to Baima Naik and Dharmin Bai, and died on 4 December 1806. A cattle merchant by profession he is said to have been a man of exemplary truthfulness, a great musician, a courageous warrior, a rationalist who fought against superstition and devotee of Goddess Jagadamba. The colonial British administrators also quote his stories but they place him in the 19th century and identify his original name as Siva Rathode.

Society

Distribution

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There are Banjara in Telangana and 1.1 million living in Karanataka as of 2012.

In India, Banjaras people were transporters of goods from one place another and the goods they transported included salt, grains, firewood and cattle. During 18th century, the British colonial authorities brought the community under the purview of criminal tribes act of 1871. By enforcing this act the curbed the movement of Banjaras people. The stigma attached to this continued until 1952 when the act was abolished by the newly Independent India.

Classification

In some states of India, they are considered as scheduled caste while in other states they are categorized as scheduled tribe. In the state Rajasthan, they are Other back ward classes (OBC) category. In the state of they are Backward classes (BC) and in Karnataka they are categorized as scheduled caste since 1977.

Chencuh people :

The Chenchus are a designated scheduled tribe in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Odessa. They are an aboriginal trible whose traditional way of life has been based on hunting and gathering. The chenchus speak the chenchu language, a member of the Dravidian language family. In general, the chinch relationship to not-tribal people has been largely symbiotic. Some chenchus have continued to specialize in collecting forest products for sale to non-tribal people. Many chenchus live in the dense Nallamala forest of Andhra Pradesh. The Chenchus are referred to as one of the primitive tribal Groups that are still dependent on forests and to do not cultivate land but hunt for a living. Caste living among them rent land from the chenchus and learned agriculture from them, and the nomadic Banjaras herders who graze their cattle in the forest also have been allotted land there. The chenchus have responded unenthusiastically to government efforts to induce them to take up farming themselves. Chenchus are very good people and very innocent they don’t how to speak eighth other than their caste even other caste able to understand their behavior as well as mentality.

Gondi people

The Gondi or Gonad people are a Dravidian people of central India, spread over the states of , eastern Maharashtra (), Chhattisgarh, , Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Western Odessa. With over ten

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] million people, they are the largest treble in central India. They are a designated scheduled tribe in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, , Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Odessa and . The Gonad are also known as the Raj Gonad. The term was widely used in 1950s, but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gonad Rajas. The Gondi language is closely related to the Telugu, belonging to the Dravidian family of languages. About half of Gonads speaks Gondi languages while the rest speak Indo-Aryan languages including Hindi. According to the 1971 census, their population was 5.1million. Since past few decades they have been at the receiving end due to Naxality-Maoist insurgency in central part of India. Gondhi people are also used as shields against Naxalizes by government of Chhattisgarh through salwa judum.

Telangana religion:

The religious makeup of Telangana is 86% Hindu, 12.4% Muslim, and 1.4% Christian, and 0.4% others. About 77% of the population of Telangana speak Telugu, 12% speak , and 13% speak other languages angina religion.

Telangana Arts and crafts:

The arts, culture and traditions of Telangana is a fusion of the Telugu and Persian culture dating back to the Nizams and Mughals. Hence, there is an influence of and . Science Buddhism was the dominant religion up to the 6th century it was also the home of Mahayana Buddhism. This can be observed in the monuments of Nagarjunakonda and the world University at the sir Pervata presided by Achary Nagarjuna. In the 12th century the Kakatiyas and the chalukya’s revived Hinduism and Krishnadeva Raya of the vijayanagar empire restructured old temples and built new ones.

Art

Nirmal Arts

Amidst the hills and forests of Aliabad one of the districts of Telangana is the small town of Nirmal. It has been considered the land of art and crafts. The big community of craftsmen in Nirmal are referred to as ‘Nakkash’. This town is famous for its paintings known as Nirmal paintings. These paintings were greatly admired and patronized by the Mughal rulers in the medieval period and it is said that Lady Hydri later on brought the craftsmen to Hyderabad to promote their

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] growth and development. In this, traditional art scenes are painted from epics - and . The paintings have been influenced by the Indian schools of art like Ajanta, Kanga and from Mughal miniatures. The color used in these paintings especially the familiar gold color are produced indigenously from extracts of herbs, gum, vegetable dye and minerals. The paintings, whether depicting the grace of a dancer or the rhythm of a musician, enrapture the viewer. It is said that in the past the Nizam of Hyderabad on visiting normal was given a grand welcome with the artisans banana bud suspended over the Nizam’s seat unfurled and a cascade of golden petals were showered on the Nizam. This so overwhelmed him that he began to patronize the artisan.

Deccan Paintings

Deccan paintings are a style of miniature paintings which flourished among the Deccan sultanates in peninsular India in the late 16th century. It was a combination of Vijayanagar wall paintings and Persian influence with elongated figures and landscapes with floral backgrounds. The colors used were rich and luminous predominantly in gold and white.

Kalahari paintings

This paintings originated from the word ‘Kalama’ meaning pen and ‘Kari’ meaning work. Colorful designs are applied on cloth using vegetable dyes. Scenes from are depicted though per signs are applied on cloth using vegetable dyes. Scenes from Hindu mythology are depicted though Persian designs and motifs are included due to the influence of Muslim rulers. Hand carved blocks are used to do the outlines and main features and the pen is used for finer details.

Chervil scroll paintings

These paintings are stylized versions of Nakashi art which is an art form practiced in chemical district of Warangal in the Telangana region. They are used for storytelling and their themes are drawn from folklore and mythology like the piranhas and Epics. The format of these paintings is narrative like a film role or a comic strip. They were traditionally used by the balladeer or story telling community known as ‘Kaki Padagollu’. They went from village to village singing and narrating their ballads with music and dance displaying these scrolls in a series of horizontal or vertical panels on a stage erected on four poles with a horizontal bar. The length of the scroll depended on the length of the story and each scroll could have about 50 panels. The panel depicting that particular part of the story

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] would be displayed as the bard would narrate the story. In modern times instead of a continuous scroll single pictures are painted as wall decorations. The making of the canvas is an elaborate procedure eighth cotton, rice starch, white mud, boild tamarind seeds and gum water. The artists then sketch the outline on the canvas with a brush made of a stick with squirrel’s hair. They are painted in vivid hues with the red color predominantly in the background.

Sculptures :

Sculptures made of stone, marble or wood are made in the Telangana region into various animal and bird forms. Sculptures of deities in various forms in intricate and aesthetic styles are crafted by the artisans. Examples of fine sculptures can be seen in the Ramapa temple in Warangal, the thousand pillar temple built by the Kakatiyas in the town of Hanamakonda in Telangana and the Allampur temples in Mahbubnagar.

Cultural sites – Museums :

Telangana has many museums which have prized collections of different civilizations depicting the culture of various kingdoms of the state. They are---

Salar Jung Museum :

It is one of the three National museums of India is located in the city of Hyderabad in Telangana. The art objects were collected by three generations of the Salar Jung family with the major portion of the collection acquired by salar Jung III (Anwar Mir Yusuf Ali Khan) who devoted his entire life to collecting rare and precious art objects. It was originally stored in his ancestral place ‘Dewan Deodi’. There after his heirs decied to form a museum to store the various artifacts, books and manuscripts in 1968. The collection comprises antiques and art objects not only from India but also from Western, Middle East and Far East countries. It is a treasure house of art from different cultures like Roman, Greek, Hindu, Jain Buddhist, Islamic and Christian culture and a culture centre for research projects, exhibits as well as an educational centre. These include paintings, sculptures, metal ware, carvings, ceramics, ivory, lacquer ware, porcelain, metal ware, glass etc and a huge library of books, journals and manuscripts.

Hyderabad Museum :

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It is located at Hyderabad’s public garden and is the state’s oldest museum. It has many galleries containing bronze and stone sculptures, paintings, textiles, manuscripts, arts and antiquities representing Vijayanagara and Chalukya period including Buddhist artifacts.

Nizam Museum or city Museum :

This museum which is situated in the palace (Purani Haveli) of the last Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah VII (Osman Ali Khan Bahadur) contains treasures which include artifacts so swords, daggers studded with precious stones, figurines, Neolithic pottery, coins of satavahana period etc.

National History Museum :

This museum is located inside the in Hyderabad and contains many artifacts and stuffed dummies of extinct animals and birds.

Crafts :

Bird craft

This craft form is said to have originated in Iran centuries ago and brought down by migrants. It has been nourished and maintained by future generations of practitioners and is said to have derived its name from the town of the erstwhile princely Hyderabad state now currently part of Karnataka. It is the unique art of silver engraved on metal. It involves four stages of manufacturing namely casting, engraving, inlaying and oxidizing. Black colors for surface ornamentation are used for Bidri art which does not fade easily and is accompanied by silver and gold coatings. An alloy of zinc and copper called gunmetal is used for this art. Flower vases, jeweler boxes, key chains and other artifacts are made is very popular all over the world.

Dora Metal Craft :

This metal craft could be seen centuries earlier in the artifacts of Mohenjo Daro. It is a bell metal craft which combines skills of metallurgy with wax technique and though it originated in West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand it travelled to Orissa and Andhra Pradesh mainly in the district of . Dokra is an ancient technique of casting where in wax threads are wrapped around an inner core of clay model. Molten brass or bronze is poured into an opening which has

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] been covered with another layer of clay. It is a very labor intensive work and each piece crafted is different from the other. Simple art forms and traditional designs are made like tribal Gods, figurines, caskets, bowls etc and its aesthetic beauty is in great demand in India and abroad.

Nirmal toys and handicrafts :

Initially the Nirmal artisans restricted them selves to art from. But later local talent was exploited and decorative and utility articles began to be manufactured. Nirmal toys are carved out of Punic wood or ‘Puniki Chekka’ which is flexible and light and can be cut into various shapes and sizes. The various parts of the toys are then coated with ‘Chinta Leppam’ which is a specially prepared glue prepared from boiled tamarind seeds and sawdust and coated with white clay which smoothens any depression or ridges present in the toys. The artifacts and wall plaques are made of teak wood which is well finished on lathe before painting the preconceived design. Then Duco paint in the desired background color is sprayed on the plaque and finally the artisan paints the design. The quality and beauty of the finished products is breath taking. In modern times experimentation with various hues and shades without moving away from tradition has been evolved. A variety of aesthetic household and office furniture and decorative furnishings too are made by the craftsmen.

Banaras Needle Craft :

This needle craft is practiced by the Banjaras or tribal’s Telangana. It is made up of needle work with geometric patterns of squares, diamonds and triangles. Colorful and different types of stitches with mirror work, beads and shells are made on rich and brightly colored clothes. These are different from the embroidery and design work of the tribal’s of Gujarat and Kutch region. These beautiful designs and intricate patterns are used in clothes, bags, bedspreads and bring an exotic look to the decor of a place.

Bronze Castings :

The bronze casting of Telangana are world famous and detailed information can be obtained from the shipa ’s which is a text from the Gupta period on the methodology of casting images in metal. The Vishnussamhita an appendix to the Purana refers to wax modeling for making metal objects. The ancient Sanskrit text mansara shipa has a chapter entitled lost wax method or maduchhistha vidhanam giving details of casting idols in wax. The Abhilasitartha

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] chintamani or Manasollasa written by King Bhulokamalla Someshvara of the gives detailed description of lost Wax and casting methods. Srikumara’s silparatna contains instructions on the hollow casting procedure. Studying all these detailed procedures the carftsmen make the idols with accurate measurements and descriptions of the deity in proper proportinon brining out the salient features and characteristics. Several coating of clay on a finished wax model are used to creat the mould which then imparts intricate curves to the cast image.

Lacquer ware :

Lac is said to have been first mentioned in 1590 AD in Aaine Akbari written by Abul Fazl. Lac is a gummy deposit obtained from insect which are tiny and red in color and which thrive on certain species of tree. This craft involves applying lacquer on wood in different color which is done on a lathe or ‘turned toys’ and can be machine or hand operated. A light species of wood called Ankudu karra is generally used and the lacstick is pressed against the woodenware to be lacquered. Desings are painted on toys and figures using a brush. The lac is applied in a dry state. The lac is softned with the help of the heat evolved from the fariction during the revolving of the woodenware and enables the color to stick.

The most popular form of lacquer ware are the lac bangles studded with mirrors, beds and stones in attractive colors and designs. Besides this many decorative items like bowls, vases containers etc are made.

Music

Telangana has a music tradition of and folk music. The different from of lollk music are ---

Oggukatha

It is a traditional folk singing art carried out by some communities who sing songs in the form of ballads in praise of their tribal Gods and on Lord Shiva moving from one place to another. They narrate and dramatise the stories of the Gods.

Sarada Kala :

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In this story tellers or balladeers narrate srories in song form using the sarada stringed instruments.

Dances :

Perini Shivathandavam :

Perini Shivathandavam is a dance which originated in the Kakatiya dynasty which ruled for nearly two centuries and established their kingdom in Warangal. It was performed in front of the idol of Lord Shiva befor the soldiers set out to fight in the battle. It is called the ‘Dance of warriors’ and is usually performed ony by males. Evidence of this dance form can be seen in the sculptures of the Ramapa temple in Warangal in the sanctum sanctorum or Garbha Gruha of the main temple. This dance is performed vigorously to the beats of drums as the dacers feel the power of Shiva entering their body as they invoke him in a deep abstract way and is considered highly invigorating and intoxicating. This dance form was on the verge of extinction after the decline of the Kakatiya Empire but has been revived in recent times.

Gobbi Dance :

It is performed during the sankranthi festival and derives its name from ‘Gobbillu’ or ‘balls of cow dung’ which are placed in the middle of pangolin designs made in front of houses. These are then worshipped along with ritulas, Kumkum, turmeric and flowers. In the evening young girls sing and dance around the Gobbillu in a circular manner similar to the Garbha dance of Gujarat.

Burro Catha

This is a form of storytelling using a muscial instrument called ‘Burra’. This art evolved from a dance called Tandana katha which was a popular means of entertainment for the rural masses. A Burra katha group consists of three artistes the main artist being in the centre dressed with a long flowing dress called angaraksh, a a colourful turban with a crest feather, a tight pyjama or dhoti, a colourful waistband musical bells on his ankles.He holds a Burra(a kind of Tambura) in his hand and sings the ballads while palying the instrument. He is called the story teller or kathakudu and his stories are based on mythology or history. He also wears a metal ring called Andelu in his right hand and holds another ring in hisleft hand and beats music with them. He is accompained by two other artistes one on either side called Vantalu who are similarly dressed and play

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] the instruments called Buarralu or Budigalu or dhaki which are earthern drums of two heads. One of them is called the Rajkiya who enlivens the session with his satirical political and social commentary and the other is the Hasyam clown for comic relief. The ballad compositions contain a variety of songs in content and form in different meters.

Dandari dance:

This dance is generally perfromed by the Gonds of the hilly region of Northern Hyderabad with Dandas or sticks. The male dancers wear colourful costumes and strike their sticks dancing to the accompaniment of trumpers and drums with musicians and strike their sticks dancing to the accompaniment of trumpet and drums with musicians leading the procession. They go from village to village and even the hosts some times accompany them in their dance. According to the Gonda legend, Dandaria was an ancient Gond hero who was the creator of this dance and he was originally a desecendant of the Pandavas thus the Gonds belive they too are descendants of the pandacas thus the Gonds belive they too are descendants of the pandavas and joyously celebrate this dance.

Dhamal Dance :

This dance is in mine form and performed by the Siddhis of Hyderabad region. The Siddhis are said to be originally from Africa and Abyssinia who were brought into Andhra as slaves in the 12th centruy to perform guard duties in the palaces by the Hindu kings. The ruling classes used them as sailors, soldiers and guards. It is in the form of martial art using shields and swords and they perform various musical instruments. Their exotic dances with speical war like movements and exotic colourful costumes reflect the flavour of their land of origin.

Mathuri Dance :

This is a special dance performed by the Madhuri tribe of Adilabad during the rainy season of the month of shravan. Unlike in most of the dance forms which are performed predominantly by men including roles of women, this dance is performed by both men and women with men in the outer semi circle and women in the inner circle. The men strike small sticks while women clap to the accomoaniment of secular and devotional songs. These tribes were said to have been originally from Mathura and hence their dance is said to bear resemblance to the Ras Leela dances of Uttar Pradesh.

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Bhamakalapam and Gollakalapam :

These are famous folk art forms of traditional drama written by sidhendra in the 7th century. Kalapam is a one act play in a simple traditional dance drama form.A sutradhar gives the main running commentary of the sequence and each character narrates his story eith another character making comments or asking questions. The main emphasis is Satthvikabhinaya with or Shringar Rasa. This dance form with emphasis on moral values was initiated by Sidhendra yogi to differentiate it from the dance performed by the nautch girls of those times. He trained young boys from the community with complex expressions and elaborate gestures as in the dance form with philosophical stories forming the main theme where in a simple millmaid explains to an erudite Brahmin concepts of and the philosophy behind the various incarnations of God on earth.

Festivals :

Besides the common festivals celebrated throught the year there are many festivals significant to the region. They are ---

Bathukamma :

This festival is celebrated by the women of Telangana during Mahalaya or Bhadrapada Amavasya in the month of september - October during for a period of nine days and is now declared the Sate Festival of Telangana. The first day ison Mahalaya Amavasya and the last day culminates on Ashwayuja Ashtami or Durganshtami two days before Dessehar. This day is called Pedda or saddula Bathukanna. ‘Bathukamma’ or ‘Divine Mother Gauri - Life Giver’ is said to be the patron Goddess for women. Women dress up in traditional finery, clean their courtyard, use cow dung as base and decorate ir with various designs of Rangoli using rice flour. For the first five days five small cone shaped lumps with cow dung are arranged in the courtyard. Men hlep in gathering various kinds of flowers are decorated and scented and stacked in a conical mound with a lotus aor pumpkin flower on the top along with a symbolic mound of turmeric depicting Goddess Gauri. In the evening women form a circle around it clapping and singing folk songs slowly revolving around around in small steps.

The songs invoke the blessings of the various Goddesses for the happiness, good health and peosperity of their families.

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Boddemma :

This festival commences nine days prior to Bathukamma festival and concludes on Mahalaya Amavasya. It is a festival for unmarried girls. The courtyard is cleaned and decorated with turmeric, flowers and Rangoli. An image of Boddemma is prepared in seven layers with earth in the shape of a Gopura. In the evening all unmarried girls sing and dance around it praying to the Goddess for an early and successful marriage.

Bonalu :

This festival is celebrated to pray to Goddess Mahakali and began during the period of the Nazism. It is said that during the out break of plague in the 18th century in Hyderabad, people prayed that they would instal an idol of Mahakali if the disease was destroyed and hence this festival is celebrated. Another version states that the Goddess returms to her parental home in the month of Ashadi and the occasion is welcomed and celebrated as . Women and unmarried girls dress up in traditional finery dacing with Bonam (balancing pots) to the rhythmic beats of drums. Devotees offers a Thottelu or a small colourful paper structure supported by sticks as a mark of respect. The brother of hte Goddess represented by pothuraju is a man anointed with turmeric and vermilion draped in a red dhoti with bells in his ankles who dances to resounding drums and leads the female dancers to the temple. Streets are decorated with neem leaves and the Goddess is offered cooked rice with milk and sugar in brass or earthern pots decorated with neen leaves, turmeric and vermillion.

Samakka Saralamma :

This festival is held once every two years in the month of February and is celebrated for four days attracting a large number of pilgrims to Warangal. Samakka and Saralamma are the mother and daughter duo reverd as trible Goddesses. Accoring to legens they fought against the unjust and unfair rulers of the kingdom and are worshipped and revered to this day. All the tribal population gather together and offer prayers and Thulabaram (offering objects equal to body weight) generally of to the Goddesses. They then take a dip in the Jampanna vagu where Jampanna was said to be the son of smakka and he died sacrificing his life for the sake of the tribal people in his battle against the Kakatiya rulers.

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Bhimanna or Ayanna :

Theis festival is celebrated by the Kolam tribes of Aliabad and falls in the Kolam month of satti. It lasts for three days. Bhimanna or Ayanna is the principal deity of the Kolam tribe. He is represented by a carved mace of wood crowned with peacock feathers, a pot with a belt of bellsor anklets and small dolls made of mud, which are stored in a thatched shed. On a holy Thursday these relics are then brought to the heart of the village. The deity is then bathed at a hill stream and brought to the enclosure and animal or fowl sacrifice is carried out and offered to the deity. The meat is then cooked and offered to everyone.

Yedupayala :

This annual festival is held in Medal on the holy Mahashivaratri day in a sacred place where the seven tributaries of the Manjeera River join and flow together.

Festivals of telangana :

Bathukamma is Telangana’s floral festival celebrated by the Hindu women of Telangana. Every year this festival is celebrated as per Telugu version of Hindu calender in the Bhadrapaha Amavasya, also known as Mahalaya Amavasya, usually in september- October of Gergorian calendar. Bathukamma is celebrated for nine days during Navaratri. It starts on the day of Mahalya Amavasya and the nine day festivities with culminate on “saddula Bathukamma” or “Pedda Bathukamma” festival on Ashwayuja Ashtami,popularly known as Durgashtami which is two days before Dussehar. Bathukamma is followed Boddemma, which is a 7-days festivial. Boddemma festival that marks the ending of varsha Ruthu whereas Bathkamma festival indicates the beginning of sarad or sharath Ruthu.

Bathukamma represents cultural spirit of Telangana. Bathukamma is a beatiful flower stack, arranged with different unique seasonal flowers most of them with medicinal values, in seven concetric layers in the shape of templegopuram. IN Telugu, ‘Bathukamma’ means ‘Mother Goddess come alive’ and Goddess Maha Gauri - ‘Life Giver’ is worshipped in the form of Bathukamma - the patron goddess of womanhood, Maha Gauri . It is the festival for feminine felicitation.

Bonalu or Mahankali bonalu is a Hindu Festival, Goddess Mahakali is worshiped. Bonalu is an annual festival of Telangana celebrated in Twin cities

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Hyderabad, secunderabad and other parts of Telangana, India. It is celeabrated in the month of Ashda Masam, in July/August. Special poojas are performed for Yellamma on the first and last day of the festival. The festival is also considered a thanks giving to the Goddess for fulfillment of vows.

Bonam means Bojanam or a meal in Telugu, is an offering to Mother Goddess. Women prepare rice cooked with milk, Jaggery in anew brass or Earthen pot adorned with Neem leaves, Turmeric, vermilion and a lighted Diya on the top of the pot. Women carry the pots on their heads and make offering of Bonam along with; Turmeric -vermilion, Bangles ans saree to the mother goddess across the Temples. and Bonalu involoves the worship os and her various forms. Goddess is worshiped as Mysamma - Pochamma, Yellamma. Origin of Bonalu festival (edit

The festival history has started in 1813 in Hyderabad and secunderabad regimental bazzar. Plague disease broke out in twin cities of Hyderabad and secunderabad, claiming thousands of lives. Before this a military battalion of Hyderabad is deployed to Ujjain, knowing about thye plauge in Hyderabad the military battalion prayed to the Mother Goddess in Mahankaal Temple. Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, that if people were saved from the epidemic they would install the idol of Mahankali back in their city. It is belived that Mahankali destroyed the disease and keeps pestilence at arms length, Military Battalion came back to the city and installed an Idol and every year people offered Bonalu to Mother Goddess Mahankali.

Other version also includes the mythological story and belife that revolves around the festival, says that this is the time when Goddess Mahakali comes back to her parental home, in Ashada Maasam or the period from late June to August. Like daughers are much pampered in their parental homes.

The Ritual :

Bonalu is celebrated in various parts of the city. On the first sunday of ‘Aashaadam’, Celebrations are held at the temple at Golconda Fort. On the second sunday, at Ujjaini Mahakali Temple in Secunderabad and Yellamma temple in Balkampet, and the third sunday, at the Pochamma and Katta maisamma temple of Chilkalaguda and the Matheswari temple of in old city of Hyderabad. Akkanna Madanna temple in Haribowli, Muthyalamma temple temple in Shan Ali Banda are among other temples where Bonalu are celebrated. Every year, lakhs of devotes congregate to pay obeisance to Mahankali.

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On this occasion women dress up in the traditional combining it with jewels other accessories. Teenage Girls wear half-sarees / Lehenga Choli combining it with jewels order to bring out the tradititonal grace of the attire.

Some Tranced women dance with balacing pots (Bonam), to the rhythmic beats of drums in honour of the local Goddess. To ward off evil spirits, in olden days, people used to sacrifice male buffalo in front of the temple, but now, rooters are sometimes sacrificed.

The fesitival starts at Golconda.

Women carrying Bonalu are belived to possess the spirit of Mother Goddess, and when they go towards the temple, people pour water on their feet to pacify the spirit, who, by nature, is belived to be aggressive.

Every group of devotees offer a Thottelu (a small colorful, paper structure supported by sticks) as a mark of respect.

It is believed that the Goddess comes back to her maternal home during Ashada Maasam, so people come to see her and bring offerings of food to show their love and affection, just as they would prepare a special meal when their own daughters visit them.

Pothuraju

Pothuraju is the brother of Mother Goddess, is represented in the procession by a well-built, bare-bodied man, turmeric on his body and vermilion on his forehead. He dances to resounding drums.

He always dances before the Palaharam Bandi, the procession. He is considered the initiator of the festivites and the protector of the community. He leads the tranced female dancers who are under spell of the Mother Goddess (Known asshigam) to the temple, with lashing whips and emerald neem leaves (Margosa) tied around their waists, accompanied by trumpers and drums.

The Feast

Bonalu is a festival of offering to the Mother Goddess and families share the offering with family memnbers and guests. A non-vegetarian family feast follows

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] after the great Avinasha the offering. The festival environment is quite palpable in the locality celebrating the feastival, with loud-speakers plying Mother Goddess song in folk style, and streets are decorated with neem leaves.

Rangam, or performing the Oracle, is held the next morning of the fesitival. A women standing atop of an earthen pot ‘invoked’ goddess Mahankali onto her and performs the custom. She foretells the years ahead when devotees ask about the future.This takes place before the procession is started.

Ghatam is a copper pot, decorated in the form of mother goddess. The Ghatam is carried by a priest, who wears a traditional Dhoti and body with smeared in turmeric. The Ghatam is taken into procession from first day of the festival till last day, when it is immersed in water. The Ghatam in usually accompanied by drums.

Ghatam is followed after Rangam.The festival concludes with immersion of Ghatam. THe ghatam of Haribowli’s Akkanna Madanna Temple leads the procession, placed atop an elephant and accompanied by mounted horses and models depicting Akkanna and Madanna. It ends in the evening with a glittering procession and display followed by immersion of ghatams at .

A carnival -like atmosphere, where thousands of people wait along the main streets of Laldarwaza to Nayapul and watch the exquisitely and elaborately decorated Ghatams. Young men dance in a unique style to the drum beats and folk songs alongside Pothuraju, dress-up in various mythological roles. The Ghatams of the Secundrabad City (Lashkar) include Ujjaini Mahakali and Mahadevi Pochamma at Karbal Maidan, Dokkaalamma at Himam Bavi, Muthyalamma at Kalasiguda, Nallagutta, , , Uppara Basthi, Kummariguda, Regimental Bazar and Bhoiguda, ect....

There are areas in secunderabad tha existed from during the British era, Areas in Secunderbad cantonment also have their own dates for celebrating bonalu in their villages like Modfort, Gunrock, (with are now areas in the cantonment). They celebrate ghatam procession just for one day or two days or so depending on their age old traditions. Thiru thulkanthamman Temple in old Mudfort has been doing ghatam since for about 100 years.

The Ghatams of the Old city procession include the Mahankali temples in Haribowli Akkanna Madanna, Laldarwaza, , Miralam Mandi and Kasaraatta, the Jagadamba temple of Sultanshahi, Darbar Mysamma of Aliabad,

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Mysamma Temple of (FGP) and Mutyalamma temple of Chandulal Bela.

Sammakka Saralamma Jatara :

The sammakka saralamma sharine area in Warangal is reported to have been built during the 12th century. The temple has no mythological backgorund relating to the construction of the temple; instead, it is belived to the built in the memory of two tribal women.

The main deity(s) of the sammakka saralamma temple are two brave women who stood up for their community and its betterment. They became Martyrs in the battle. According to the legend, once a troop from the Koya tribal community was returning from a trip, when they saw a little girl palying with the tigress. The head of the troop saw the girl and inspired by her bravery, he adopted her and named he as samakka. Later she married a headman of a neghboring tribal group and hand a daughter, Sarakka. Both the mother and daughter protested the Kakatiya ings who froced the tirbes to pay taxes. Both the women fought bravely and reportedly lost their lives. The Koya community constructed this temple as a token of gratitude. Annually an event called sammakka saralamma jatara is held which is considered as one of the largest tribal festivals of the world. The deities are brought from the forest to a spot for a period of 10-12 days when more than one crore devotees offer prayers and gift ‘bangaram’, which is pure jaggery to the deities. The entire place reverberates with divine chants and elaborate arrangements are made for this Jathara with thousands of buses arriving with pilgrims.

Historcal significance of

This is also belived to be the place where Lord Sri Rama, his consort and brother made it as their abode for a brief period as part of their 14 years exile in the forest.

People belive that Goddess Sammakka and Sarakka would fulfill their desires with their miraculous powers. Childless couples visit the above of goddesses with paryers to bless them children whereas young girls pray for getting married. Pilgrims bathe in the nearby Jampanna stream to seek puification and absolve from sins.

Maghasudha pournami, the special occasion!

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The actual festival begings during the month of Magha, on Sudha Pournami i.e. full moon day in the evening when Sarakka is traditionally brouht from Kanneboyinapalle village in the forest, and then placed on an earthen platform which is raised under a tree. By the sunset of next day, the main goddess sammakka is then brought from Chilukalagutta. There are two platform of bamboo sticks, which is smeard with vermilion and turmeric. sicence times immemorial, there is a huge tree, which stands on sammakka gadde.

When the priests get the ochere box and other important relics from a hidden forest location, there is a great tumult accompanied frenzied beating of drums, trumpet blowing and yells. It is said believed that during the festival a huge tiger moves around peacefully. The cocounts and jiggery offering becomes piled at the foot of the old trees.

Peerla Panduga :

Muharram, also called Peerla Panduga is an important festival in the state of Telangana. Munarram is a festival marked by processions. During this occasion, a relic called alam is taken out as a procession. Ashurkhana, representing a group of Sufi shrines, is the area where the procession taken place, Many Muslims and even Hindus take part in this festival by chanting Ya Hussain as they particpate eargerly in this procession.

In Dabeerpura are of Hyderabad, Hindus are considered alambardaar, which means standard-bearers at the famous shrine of Bibika Alawa. Hindus throng in thousands to worship the holy relic of Alam since it is believed that a darshan of this Alam gives them solac and peace of mind. On this special day of Muharram, Hindus visit sufi shrines. Peerla panduga is actually an occasion of sorrow when the Hindu devotees respect the sentiments of their Islamic brothers and praticipate in a solemn procession.

The Badeshahi Ashurkhana in Hyderabad has a rich 400 years old history and is also home to maximum crowds during this festival. Thousands of Hidus visit this sharine, especially during the 9th and 10th day of the festival. Several foreign tourists also witness the proceedings of these festivities. The final day involves Alam veing carried on top of an elephant as a prcession from Bibi ka Alawa towards Masjid-e-Ilahi. The festival is also celebrated in many rural regions of Telangana close to sufi shrines or Durgahs.

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Administrative reforms of salarjung :

1.Financial reforms of Salarjung -1

In order to bring about economic stability, salarjung-1 introduced the following financial reforms.

a) In the general administration, salarjung divided the Hyderabad state into 5 provinces called subas and they were further divided into 17 districts. The Subas were administrated by suberdars and the districts by Tahsildars.

b) He abolished the tax farming system. Under this system the tax farmers (daftardars) collected huge sums from the peasants and paid only a small amount to Noam. This system resulted in loss to the state, exploitation of peasants and lack of dierect contact between peasants and the state.

c) Taludars were appointed to collect land revenue from the peasants. They were paide by the state. This gave certainty to the income of the State.

d) Third important finanacial measure was stabilization of currency. Issuing of coins was made the monopoly of the state. Central mint was established at Hyderabad and the district mints were abolished. Halisikka rupee was introduced and made it as the standard currency.

As a result of above measures, the economic position fo the State was improved. He redeemed the state jewels from mortgage and raised fresh loans at reasonable rate of interest to clear outstanding debts.

2) Administrative reforms :

Salarjung brought drastic changes to rotten administrative system based on Mughal administrative system. Imporatant changes are

1) Salarjung brought drastic changes in the talukdar system. He appointed paid talukdars.

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2) Zilabandi system was introduced. According to this system the state of Hyderabad was divided into5 provinces called Subas and were further divided into 17 districts. Each district was placed under Awal Talukdars who was assisted by Doyum and Soyum talukdars. They made identified with present day sub cellectors.

3) Regional revenue division consisting of two or three districts was created. Each revenue division was kept under Sadar Talukdar.

4) Revenue administration was kept under the direct control of the state. Reforming the administration system reduced the corruption and the officals were kept under the check.

3) Police reforms :

The Nizam rulers paid scant attention to police department. It was based on Mughal Tradition. There was no regular police department. In villages patels and partwaris were in charge of law and order. In the cities Kotwals functioned as police officers.

Salarjung introduced the following police reforms.

a) Police department called Mahkama-i-Kotwali and police force called Nizamet were created. They were appointed and paid by the state.

b) The posts of superintendent of police (Mahtamin) and police inspectors(Amins) were created.

c) Regular police stations called chaukis were established.

Thus, a new police system was introduced to maintain law order in the state of Hyderabad. As a result the incidence of crime was reduced greatly.

4) Judical reforms :

Salarjung reformed the Judical system.

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a) The court of appeal or supreme court, high court and the district courts were thoroyughly reformed.

b) The Supreme Court called Majils-i-Murafa was located at Hyderabad. The court called mahkama-i-sadar was also located at Hyderavad. A number of judicial officer called Munisiffs and Mir-Adils were appointed in districts.

c) Civil and criminal courts were established separately.

d) A separate department of judiciary was created to coordinate the work of civil, criminal and other courts.

5) Education and public services :

To get desired personnel to run the administrative system of the state on sound lines, Salarjung-I paid special attention to educational system.

Realizing the importance of English education, salarjung founded Dar-ul-ulm at in 1855, city college and Deccan Engineering college in 1870. For the children of Nobles, the Madarasah -i-ala was founded.

The induction of a large number of outsiders into the administration of the state later on led to friction between the locals and nonlocals. This finally led to rise of Mulki movement.

6) Communication facilities :

Salarjung- I took sufficient care in improving commination facilities like and railways lines. The prominent railway line laid during this period are 1. Madras to sholapur 2. Madras to Bombay. It passed through important cities like Wadi and Gulbarga. 3. Hyderabad to Wadi.

Mulki rules :

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Mulki rules were promulgated by Nizam in 1919. And these Mulki rules were intended to open employment opportunities to . This was a result of awakening among Telugu people that were being sidelined by Nizam in empolyment opportunities. It may be noted that in those days officials posts were being cornered mostly by Elite muslims from Hindustan (North India), Khayasts and of Bengal Bihar area, Maratha Brahmanas like , Patils etc...,

Disgruntled Telugus (Telangana people) in 1919 succeeded in making Noam to issue an order which could eventually reduce import of itellectuals or officials from ‘Foreign’ lands such as Hindustan or Bengal.

It may be recalled that in 1969 Andhra Pradesh High court decreed that application of Mulki laws were null and void in the new State. Then Jai started and violent incidents occurred in Hyderabad against coastal people. The violence was suppressed at that time.

And in 1972 Supreme court upheld application of Mulki laws in AP state. Then Jai started demanding separation of Andhra state from that at Hyderabad and the movement run for 110 days. At last came out with amendment to by including Article 371D to safeguard employment interests of Telangana region who were at that time thought to be not in a position to compete with people. And it was envisaged that all kinds of regional reservations must end by 1980 in order to create positive ground for integration of people of different regious into one.

I have no idea of on what grounds High Court rejected Mulki laws and why supreme court upheld Mulki in AP state. Upholding of Mulki law by supreme court did irreparable damage to the state. May be it was a conspiracy of North Indians in order to prevent integration of AP into one. But it must be noted that Mrs. Gandhi was for one Andhra Pradesh and speedy intergration of its peoples.

But Judgment issued by supreme court in 1972 for application of Noam’s Mulki law against people of former domains (Coastal and districts) of Noam after their reunification is most unfortunate event in the History of Andhra pradesh. These Mulki order of Noam ordains that a person seeking empolyment under Noam must be a citizen of Hyderabad for a period of at least 15years.

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Mulki Movement and Its Implications :

With a view to over-head the Hyderabad state administrative machinery following the great debacle of 1857 mutiny, outsiders were imported on the plea that there were not enough of capable persons within the state, heralding the era of explotation of the insiders that continued till now. What it was to be a temporary phenomenon then, became a permanent feature and the outsiders from the erstwhile Madars presidency later in the form of “seemandhar” rulers with the formation of vishalandhra continued even till this day in varying proportions and in various forms.

In fact those outsiders were supposed to train the locals to undertake higher responsibilities. Instead, local talent was meticulously suppressed besides creating fresh opportunities to importumities to import more and more outsiders of their choice. Neither the foreign returned Graduates, nor were the otherwise talented local youth able to enter the state service. Out siders occupying key positions favored only a fellow outsider draining weath from Hyderabad. This gave rise to the feeling that persons come to Hyderabad either for Jobs or for economoc benefits, as a rule, should not settle down for ever.

A realization of this gave birth to what was known then and later as Mulki Movement, essentially has been a constructive movement.

Mulki Movement was born out of a discontent and self-respect in every “Hyderabadi” as far back as 1935 it self. As a sequel to this, a five member group of well meaningful citizens of Hyderabad of the stature of Miss Padmaja Naidu, Abdul Hasan syed Ali, Boorgula RamaKishen Rao, Bar-at-law SB Sharma and syed Abid Hasan proposed to start an organization at that critical juncture, “The Niam’s subjects League” was born. The group strongly felt that “all was be not well with the state, things were not what they should be and can be and something must be and can be done or undone to improve the then exisiting affairs”. The book “Whither Hyderabad” - published in 1935, gave a brief but dtailed account of some of the outstanding problems of the premier Indian state that prevaild then. In the preface, secretary of the league, mentioned that the Mulki Movement was a self-help and self-development movement without harming anybody or with out being hostile or antagonistic to anybody.

The “Doctrine” that the League prepared then categorically asserted the “Rights and privileges” of the sons of the soil. It said “the privileges of serving the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] state, profiting by the economic resources, shaping the administrative policies belong to Mulkis.” The doctrine explicitly warned those insiders, Who doubt the “righteousness and legitimacy of the claim” to forfeit their claim to be called as “Mulki”!

When the league talked of an “Outsider” it meant “any outsider is and outsider”. There shall not be any WHY and HOW of it! The doctrine called for a definite stoppage of outdsiders being brought to the state. If it was not done, the discontent among the people of Hyderabad will grow to such perilous proportions that it will be extremely difficult to keep it in check warned the league. The was of the opinion that capable mulkis could be found and ought to be found for every administrative and technical post.

Had the “Look Ahead” policy suggested by the wise group eight decades ago, been followed, the situation in Telangana would have been different now.

Few startling facts concerning the non-Mulkis in Hyderabad (if in that ratio and proportion as well the growth rate is taken then the number of outside in Telangana today could easily be assessed) were given in the book by the league. As per the 1931 census, the Telangana region in the Noam’s Hyderabad consisted of a population of around 75 lakhs including the urban and rural areas. Probably it would not have been more than four to five lakhs in Hyderabad- the main potential for empolyment then (as well as now). Among them the Non-Mulkis accounted for 2.5lakhs and more than half of them were from (Mostly accounted for large number of Madrasis (From coastal Area). When it came to exploitation, initially in those days, services were mostly manned by Northern Indians and they formed a sort of caucus and clique with a view to keep out Mulkis from the administration. This is what is being done by out siders from coastal Area-the so called integrationists even now.

What would otherwise have been a purely economic question had become a question of honor and self-respect for the people of Hyderabad. The Mulkis there fore demanded that they should have the privilege to shape their own administrative policies and for that the right type of Mulkis were to be chosen. That was the crux of the Mulki movement of 1935. The league also poined out that, the Muslims outsiders from Northern India advocated that Hyderabad state was only for muslims and Hindus outsiders from Southern (Mostly from Madars Presidency) advocated outsing Muslims, Between these two outside elements, the atmosphere of the state got polluted. A similar situation with a difference provoked by the “seemandhra Business Lards” is prevalent even now. A sincere Nationalist

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Mulki accourding to the league never bothers whether the beneficicary is a Hindu or Muslim but whether it is Insider or outsider. The league also poined out that outsiders not only entered in to administrative machinery but also systematically crippled the cottage industrial potential of Hyderabad and Telangana. There was a time when the state could boast of several cottage industries that flourished and provided employment to lakhs of Mulkis. For instance the paper Industry (Karimnagar and Medak), Dyeing and printing (Warangal, Karimnagar, Nalgona and Medalk), was that, at thistime, (1912 -1913) the Hyderabad judicial reforms were carried out; and the Hyderabad judical service was organised on the pattern of the judiciary, set up in the British Indian provinces. Thus Hyderabad provided a model judicial pattern for the other Native states of India. Mir Osman Ali Khan’s regine during this period has also an illustrious record in the annals of great irrigation projects, particularly the construction of the great Musi dam, which saved the Hyderabadis from the disstrous natural calamities caused by the frequent flooding of the river musi on which the city of Hyderabad is situated. The foundation stone for the great tank, one of the largest in India, was laid by the seventh Nizam on 18 ardibehisht 1322 Fasli (1912). This period also saw the beginning of the construction of the Laknawara and Ramapa lakes and the pandnipakala and the Katua projects. All these projects not only added greatly to the fertility of Hyderabad state; but they were also instrumental in providing the peoples of Hyderabad with the basic amenities of life.

In addition to building of the great irrigation projects which led to the rapid economic development of the country, this early period of Osman Ali Khan’s regin was also memorable for linking up the most distant parts of the Hyderabad dominions, by not only laying out new railways lines- a work which had alredy started under salar Jand I and the late Nizam Nawab Mir , but by spreading a network of metalled roads connecting the districts with Hyderabad city. This networks of roads aimed particularly at connecting the chief towns of the districts with Hyderabad city as well as connecting every part of each district with is chief town. In spreading this network of good roads throughout the districts the personal interest and the supervision of the ruler played a noted role. It was this personal interest and supervision by the Noam of all the nation’s builiding avtivities, which led to the rapid change of Hyderabad from a medieval state to a modern state, well abreast in terms of progress with the advanced provinces of British India, and far head of the other princely states of India.

Besides these reformations and modernisation in the state of Hyderabad, it was during this early period of Osman Ali Khan’s regime, namely, during the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] ministry of salar Jang III, that constructive steps were taken for the preservation of ancient monuments and the revival of an interest in the ancient culture of the Deccan by the organisation of the department of archaeology in April 1914. This interest in the revival of the ancient culture of the No iam’s Dominions is to be linked with the constructives steps taken, during the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon, for the preservation of the great monuments of the ancient and medieval period and of the revival of an interest in the past culture of India, on a countrywide basis, by the organisation of the department of Archaeology of the Government of India. It was during Osman Ali Khan’s period, that the department of archaeology was organised at the instance of Sir John Marshall, the then Director General of Archaeology, Government of India, with the cooperation of Sir Alexander pinhey, the then resident of Hyderabad.

At the same time due regard must also be paid to the innate interest which Osman Ali Khan showed in the preservation of the ancient culture of his dominions long before the department was actually organised. He was behind the sanctioning of a large sum of money for enlarging the minarets of the famous Nqutu shah mosque, the Makka Masjid, etc. Thus, it could be seen that it was this broad and liberal attitude of the ruler and the personal iterest taken by him in the activites of this Departmant, that enable the archaeological department of Hyderabad to play such and outstanding role in the preservation of the ancient and medieval culture of the Deccan along with the preservation of the world famous frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora.

The Seventh Nizam was eager to preserve the old relics of his dominions and he was equally zealous to add new magnificent edifices. Later he sanctioned money generously for the completion of such works. The Nizam took equally great pride in the achievements of his house, the Asafia dynasty. He particularly wanted to keep intact the traditions of his late father, Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan. From the time of his early regin, Osman Ali Khan’s scientific, literary and architectural activities were not restricted to the four walls of his own dominions, but as head of premier princely state of India, his patronage of art and architecture stretched not only throughout India, but to the other sacred place of the Muslim world as well. He approached the Noam’s government for the grant of large sums of money for the foundation of the Unani and Ayurvedic medical colleges in . Another example of Osman Ali Khan’s actives in renovationg and adding splendor to the historical sites of the subcontinent of India was that during his visit to the Mausoleum of the great chishti saint at Ajmer Sharif, he instructed the Secretary of his privy purse at Hyderabad to send for the chief engineer of the state, Mir Ahmad

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Ali otherwise known as Ali Nawaz Jang and istruct him to carry out necessary repairs to the mosque at Ajmer, built by the Emperor shah Jahan. The seventh Nizam was equally prompt to contribute a handsome grant, on behalf of his government, towards the foundation of the Madina University at Madina. He was like all his predecessors of the Asaf Jami Rule, followed a policy of broad tolerance towards all religions and religious sects amongst his people. Merger of Hyderabad :

Hyderabad state was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It exsited from 1948 to 1956.

Following the states recorganisation Act Hyderabad state was merged with Andhra state in 1956 and renamed Andhra pradesh.

Operation polo, the code name of the Hyderabad “Police Action” was a military operation in september 1948 in which the Indian Armed forcesinvaded the state of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam, annexing into the Indian Union.

At the time of partition in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self government within their own territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, giving them control of their own territories, were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British, giving them control of their external relations. In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or . One major exception was that of Hyderabad, where the Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy, known as the the Noam was also beset by the Telangana uprising, which he was unable to subjugate.

The Indian government, anxious to avoid what it termed a Balkanization of what had been the Indian Empire, was determined to effect the integration of Hyderabad into the new Indian Union. Amidst atrocities by the Razakars, the Indian Home Misnister pateldecided to annex Hyderabad in what was termed a “Police action”. The operation itself took five days, in which the Razakars were defeated easily.

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The operation led to massive violence on communal lines. The Indian prime minister Jawahrlal Nehru appointed a commission known as the Sunderalal committee. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that “as a conservative estimate....27,000 to 40,000 people had lost their lives during and after the police action other scholars have put the figure at 200,0000 or even higher.

Military Governor

Major general El Edrooss (at Right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad state forces to Major general (later general and army Chief) J.N.chauhuri at secunderabad.

After the into the Indian Union, Major General J.N.Chaudhuri who led Operation polo stayed on as Military govenor till December 1949. The state witnesed mulki agitation in 1952 by the locals after a government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals.

Rajpramukh

Hyderabad state had its last Nizam, HEH Osman Ali Khan as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 october 1956.

First appointed chief minister

After the Annexation of Hyderabad state into India, M.K.Vellodi was appointed the chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950. He was a senior civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureacurats from and .

The Nizam was given the ceremonial position of “Raj pramukh” or “ Governor”.

First elected chief minister

In the first state assembly election in India, 1952, Dr.Burgula Rao was elected chief minister of Hyderabad state. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement “Mulki-rules” (Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.

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Districts of Hyderabad state

Administratively, Hyderabad state was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:

Aurangabad division included , , , and parhani districts ; Gulshanabad division or Medak division included Atraf-i-Baldah (Hyderabad), Mahabubnagar district, Medak districk, Nalgona district (Nalgundah), and Nizambad districts, and waragal divison included Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts (present Khammamdistrict was part of Warangal district).

Merger with Andhra state

In 1956 during the Recorganisation of the Indian states based along linguistic lines, the Telugu speaking region of the state of Hyderabad state was merged with Andhra state. The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and speaking region with state.

The states Reorganisation commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state, despite their common language. Para 378 of the SRC report said one of the principal causes of opposition of vishalandhra also seems to be the aprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas.

Andhra state and Hyderabad state were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1, November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the from of Gentlemen’s agreement. But in June 2014, Telangana re-emerged as a separate state. Hyderabad city will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10years.

Chief ministers of Hyderabad

Major General Choudhary - Military governor 1948-1949

M.K.Vellodi - 1950-1953 (appointed by Government of India)

Burugula Ramakrishna Rao - 1953-56

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III) Hyderabad state in Independent India :

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao –

1953-56 : In the first general elections held in Hyderabad state in 1952, Dr. Rao was elected from shadnagar constituency, and later took over the reins of the state as the chief minister.

He was the first and the last elected Chief Minister of the former Hyderabad state and first Telugu leader after two and a half centuries of Asaf Jahi rule of Hyderabad state. He ran a popular administration for almost five years until the state was trifurcated and Telangana merged with Andhra to become Andhra Pradesh.

He took several significant steps for the welfare of the people, including the historic Land reforms in the state. The passage and implemenation of the famous Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Act to 1950, followed in 1954 by Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural lands (Amendment) Act, was an important signpost of land reforms in the country. Dr.Rao not only provided the conceptual framework for these Acts but also piloted their passage and vigorously pushed through their implementation, providing tenancy rights to those who had been cultivationg lands for some time. Dr. Rao could foresee the shape of things to come and feel the pulse of the people and the need for an integrated state of Telugu- speaking people-he put his weight as the elected Chief minister of the state in favor of visalandhra that helped the formation of Andhrapradesh on November 1, 1956. He thus became that architect of the AP state.

From November 1956 to July 1960, Dr.Ramakrishna Rao was the Governor of and later Governor of Uttar pradesh till April 1962. He was later elected to the . In which he served from 1962 to 1966. He died on September 14, 1967.

1952 Mulki Agitation or Mulkhi Agitation was a a political movement for the safeguard of jobs in Hyderabad stategovernment. It was the first event in Telangana movement.

History

After the Annexation of Hyderabad state into the Indian Union, the administration was under military Government, J.N.Chauhuri. There was a large

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] scale recruitment in the Hyderabad state government, but the non-local new recruits occupied positions meant for the locals under the Mulki rules provided by the erstwhile ruler, the Nizam of Hyderabad. There was widespread discontentment among the locals which led to the agitation.

The Agitation :

In 1952, students led an agitation against non Mulkis or non localss (Mulki meaning locals). The popular slongns were Ghair Mulki go back or Non-Mulki go back and Idli sambar go back. Telanagana protagonist K.Jayashankar was on his way in a bus to participate in the agitation, but the bus broke down in Bongir and could not take part in it.

State Recorganisation Commission :

The states recorganisation commission (SRC) was a body constitude by the central Government of India in 1953 to recommend the reorganization of state boundaries. In 1955, after nearly 2 years of study, the commission recommended that India’s state boundaries should be reorganized to form 16 states and 3 union territories.

Back ground

India Administrative Divisions in 1951

After India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the constituent units of India were classified

India Administrative Divisions in 1951

After India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the constituent units of India were classified under the following distinct categories :

Categor Descriptio Administrator States y

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Former An elected 9 States: , Bihar, Part A British governor and state Bombay, East , Madhya States Provinces legislature Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, west Bengal

Part B Former Rajpramukh 9 states: Hyderabad, Jammu states Princely (former princes) and , , States or Mysore, Patiala, and East Groups of Punjab states Union (PEPSU), Covenantin Rajasthan, , G states Travancor e-Cochin , and .

Part C Former Chief 10 states: Ajmer, Coorgm states Princely Commissioner Cooch, Behar, Bhopal, States and Bilaspur, Delhi, Himachal provinces Pradesh, Kutch, and .

Part D Union Governor Andaman and Nicobar Islands states Territory appointed by the Indian president

The borders of these states, inherited from British India, were not suitable for easy administration. The internal provincial borders of British India were a result of historical events, as well as political, military and strategic planning by the British. The government agreed that the recorganization of state borders was necessary, but the basis of reorganization was yet to be determined.

One of hte proposals was to reorganize the state on the basis of . This would make administration easire, and would help replace tha caste and religion-based identities with less controversial linguistic identities. Earlir in 1920, the members of the Indian states as one of the party’s political goals. The provincial committees of the party were set on this basis since 1920. In 1927, the declared that it was committed to “to redistribution of provinces on a linguistic basis”, and reaffirmed its stance several times, including in the election manifesto of 1945-46.

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But, soon after independence, the congress-led Government became concerned that the states formed solely on a linguistic basis might be unsuitable, and might even pose a risk to the national unity. On 17 June 1948, , the president of the constituent Assembly, set up the Linguistic provinces commission (aka Dar Commission) to recommend whether the states should be reorganized on linguistic basis or not. The committee included SKDar (retired Judge of the ,), JN Lal (lawyer) and Panna Lall (retired Indian Civil service Officer). In its 10 December 1948 report, the commission recommended that “the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation. It recommended the reorganization of the provinces of Madras, Bombay and Central provinces and Berar primarily on the basis of geographical contiguity financial self-sufficiency and ease of administration. Soon after the repot was published, the congress, at its Jaipur session, set up the “JVP committee” to study the recommendations of the Dar Commission. The committee, comprised Jawaharalal Nehru and , in addition to the congress president pattabhi sitaramayya. In its report dated 1 April 1949, the committee stated that the time was not suitable for formation of new provinces, but also stated “if public sentiment is insistent and overwnelming, we, as democrats, have to submit to it, but subject to certain limitations in regard to the good of India as a whole.

B.R.Ambedkar submitted a Memorandum (dated 14 October 1948) to the Dar Commission, supporting the formation of linguistic provinces, specifically the formation of the Marathimajority Maharashtra state with Bombay as its capital. To addressw the concern of national unity, he suggested that the official language of every province should be same as the official language of the Central government. K.M.Munshi, a Gujarati leader opposed to incoporation of Bombay in the proposed Maharashtra state, opposed the linguistic reoganization proposal, saying that “ the political ambition of a linuistic group can only be satisfied by the exclusion and discrimination of other linguistic groups within the area. No safeguards and no fundamental rights can save them from the subtle psychological exclusion which linguism implies.”

By the 1952, the demand for creation of a Telugu-Majority state in the parts of the Madras state had become powe ful. , one of the activitis demanding the fromation of a Telugu-majorty state, died on 16 December 1952 after undertaking a fast-unto-death. Subsequently, the Telugu-majority Andhra state was formed in 1953. This sparked off agitations all over the country, with linguistic groups demanding separate statehoods.

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In order to recorganise the states, the government of India constituted the state recorganisation commission (SRC) under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali, a former supreme court judge. SRC report

The commission submitted its report on 30 September 1955, with the following recommendations :

1. The three-tier (part-A/B/C) state system should be abolished.

2. The institution of Rajapramukh and special agreement with former princely states should be abolished.

3. The general control vested in Government of India by Article 371 should be abolished.

4. Only the following 3 states should be the un iln Territories : Andaman and Nicobar, Delhi and Manipur. The other Part -C/D territories should be merged with the adjoining states.

The report was tabled in the on 14 December 1955.

In part II of report of the states reorganization commission (SRC) 1955, titled “Factors Bearing on Reorganization”, the commission clearly said that “it is neither possible nor desirable to recoganise states on the basis of the single test of either language of our national unity.

Implementation

The states recoganisation Act of 1956 implemented some of the recommendations of the SRC.

In addition to the three Union Territories (UTS) proposed by the SRC, it also established a total of 14 states in addition to these UTs.

B. R. Ambedkar submitted a Memorandum (dated 14 October 1948) to the Dar commission, Supporting the formation of linguistic provinces, specifically the formation of the Maratimajority Maharashtra state with Bombay as its capital. To address the concern of national unity, he suggested that the official langaue of the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] central government. KM Munshi, a Gujarati leader opposed to incorporation of Bombay in the proposed Maharashtra state, opposed the linguistic reorganization proposal, saying that “ the political ambition of alinguistic group can only be satisfied by the exclusion and discrimination of other linguistic groups within the area. NO safeguards and no fundamental rights can save them from the subtle psychological exclusion which linguism implies.

The Gentlemen’s Agreement :

The gentlemen’s agreement of Andhra Pradesh was signed between Telangana and Andhra leaders before the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The agreement provided safeguards with the purpose of preventing discrimination against Telangana by the government of Andhra Pradesh. The violations of this agreement are cited as one of the reasons for formations of separate statehood for Telanagan.

Background

The Gentlemen’s agreement of Andhra Pradesh has a precedent in the sribagh pact of 1937 which was between the leaders of Rayalaseema and coastal Telugu speaking districts of Madras state to provide assurances for Rayalaseema in return for their willingness to join Andhra state. This unbinding pact was largely forgotten probably because of the large political representation the region has had in the state governments since independence.

When the Hyderabad state led by the Noam of Hyderabad was invaded by India in operation Polo, there was a debate in the Telugu-speaking districts of the Hyderabad state (1948-56) (also known as Telangana), on whether to join the newly formed Andhra state, carved out of Telugu speaking districts of Madras state.

States recoganisation commission (SRC), in 1955, recommended that “the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate state, which may be known as the Hyderabad state with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two thirds majority the legislature of the residency Hyderabad state expresses itself in favor of such unification.”

Opposition to the merger

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Hyderabad chief minister in his letter to the congress president said communist parties supported the merger for their political calculations. Hyderabad PCC chief said overwhelming majority from congress party opposed the merger and communists were elected in special circumstances in 1951 and visalandhra was not a political issue in 1951 and Assembly does not replect people’s view on this issue. He also said 80% of congress delegates who were elected in 1955 opposed merger. Government had to provide the additional security for communist leaders who supported the Visalandhra. The locals agitated against the non-locals in 1952 Mulki Agitation. In Hyderabad assembly out of 174 MLAs on 3 December 1955, 147 MLAs expressed their view. 103 MLA’s (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 MLAs maintained neutral stand and 29 opposed merger. Among Telangana MLAs, 25 Telangana MLAs disagreed with the merger, 59 Telangana MLAs supported the merger. Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were communists (PDF), 40 were congress, 11 were socialist party (SP), 9 were independents. Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on to including the phrase “As per the wishes of people” in the resolution.

To continue the leadership of Telangana to join the new state, an agreement was reached between the leaders of both sides on February 20, 1956. This came to be known as the Gentlemen’s agreement, allowed the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, against the SRC’s recommendations.

Agreement text

A Regional standing committee :

1. There will be on legislature for the whole of Andhra Pradesh which will be the sole law making body for the entire state and there be one governor for the state aided and advised by the council of ministers responsible to the state Assembly for the entire field of administration.

2. For the more Telangana region there will be a regional standing committee of the state assembly consisting of the members of the state Assembly belonging to that region including the ministers from that region but not including the chief minister.

3. For the Telanganan region there will be a regional standing committee of the state assembly consisting of the members of the state Assembly

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belonging to that region including the ministers from that region but not including the chief minister.

4. Legislation relating to specified matters will be referred to the Regional committee. In respect of specified matters proposals may also be made by the regional committee to the state government for legislation or with regard to the question of general policy not involving any financial commitment other than expenditure of a routine and incidental character.

5. The advice tendered by the regional committee will normally be accepted by the government and the state legislature. In case of difference of opinion, reference will be made to the governor whose decision will be binding.

6. The Regional committee will deal with following matters :

i) Development and economic planning within the framework of the general development plans formulated by the state legislature.

ii) Local self government, that is to say, the constitunal powers of Municipal corporations, improvement Trusts, District Boards and district authorities for the purpose of local self government or village Administration.

iii) Public health and sanitation, local hospitals and dispensaries.

iv) primary and secondary education.

v) Regulation of admission to the educational institutions in the Telangana region.

vi) prohibition

vii) sale of agricultural lands.

viii) cottage and small scale Industries, and

ix) Agriculture, cooperative societies, Markets and Fairs.

Unless revised by agreement earlier this arangment will be reviewed after ten years.

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B. Domicile Rules :

Telangana is regarded as a unit as far as recruitment to subordinate services ins concerned; posts borne on the carde of these services may be reserved for being filled up by persons who satisfy the domicile conditions as Precribed under the excting Hyderabad Mulki rules. (12 years of stay in Telangana area).

C. The position of Urdu:

The government of India would advise the state government to take appropriate steps to ensure that the existing position of Urdu in administrative and judicial structure of the state is maintained for a period of five years.

D. Retrenchment of surplus personnel in the new state :

The government of India do not anticipate any retrenchment. The intention is that so far as possible, the service personnel from the Hyderabad state should be automatically integrated into the services of the Andhra Pradesh without any process of screening. Should, however, any retrenchment be found necessary, the entire personnel of the services of the enlarged state will be treated on equal footing.

E. Distribution of expenditure between Telangana and Andhra Regions :

Allocation of expenditure with the resources of the state is a matter which falls within the purview of the state government and the state legislature... Since, howere , it has been agreed to the representatives of Andhra and Telangana that the expenditure of hte new state on central and general administration should be borne proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income should be reserved for expenditure on the development of Telangana area, it is open to the state government to act in accordance with terms of agreement in making budgetary allocations. The Government of India propose to invite the attention of the chief minister of Andhra to this particular understanding and to express the hope that it will be implemented.

F. The existing educational facilities :

including Technical education in Telangana should be secured to the students of Telangana and further improved----

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G. The cabinet

will consist of members in proportion of 60:40 percent for Andhra and Telangana respectivel, out of 40% of Telanganan ministers, one will be a Muslim from Telangana. If the chief minister is from one region the other should be given DY Chief ministership.

1969 Agitation for Telangana

The Telangana agitation in the first week of January 1969 in Chama when students demanded the implementation of the Telangana safeguards enumerated in the Gentlemen’s Agreement. It soon spread to different parts of Telangana. The students got divided into two groups : one demanding the implementation of safeguards and the other demanding a separate Telangana state.

Non -Gazetted Officers threatened direct action on January 11, 1969, if their demands were not met. At the out break of the agitation, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh called for an All party meeting and announced that there was a perfect unanimity among the leaders to achieve full integration of Andhra Pradesh state.

Two issues were discussed and agreed upon :

1) The appointment of a senior civil service officer to decide the question of Telangana surpluses.

2) Relieving of all domicile persons from Telangana posts and providing jobs for them in the Andhra region.

Following the All-Party Accord of January 1969, the state Government issued orders for the transfer of non-domicile public employees from Telangana. The Government order on these transfers was the Public Employment Act of 1957. The rules were challenged by Andhra empolyees in the Andhra Pradesh High Court. The High Court struck down the Public Employment Act and the rules. The Government appealed to the division bench of the High Court.

A Few other Andhra employees led by A.V.S.Narasimha Rao field a separate writ petition in the supreme court on February 4, 1969, Challenging the validity of the Government order and also the public Employment Act 1957 and

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] the rules. The constitution bench of the Supreme court gave its judgement on March 28 quashing the government order.

As a follow-up measure of the All-Party accord, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh arranged for the accounting of Telangana suplus funds. Kumar Lalith, Deputy comptroller and Auditor General, assessed the surplus funds as Rs. 34.10 Crores.

The Telangana agitation continued in the meantime. In the beginning it was leaderless.

Madan Mohan, a lawyer. formed a forum known as the Telangana Praja Samithi (TSP) in February 1969. Chenna Reddy was sympathetic to these leaders. Violence increased. Firing was often employed to disperse violent crowds. The TPS organized conventions in many towns across Telangan and soon got strengthened. Chenna Reddy came out openly in support a separate Telangana and K.V.Ranga Reddy gave his belssings to the movement. law and order continued to deteriorate.

The prime Minister Indira Gandhi discussed the problem with leaders of the opposition in parliament on April 9, 1969. Except for the all other did not supprot a separate state. The prime Minister Indira Gandhi rejected the demand for the ouster of Kasu Brahmananda Reddy from the leadership of the Andhra Pradesh congress.

The Prime Minister announced an Eight-point Formula on April 11, 1969 to ensure the development of Telangana. In consonance with this formula,

Eight point plan

After several days of talks with leaders of both regions, on 12 April 1969, Prime minister came up with Eight point plan.

Eight point plan :

This plan includes appointment of five committees: 1. High-powered committee would be set up to determine financial surpluses to Telangana

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2. Telangana development committee.

3. Plan implementation committee.

4. Committee of jurists to be consulted on safeguards

5. Committees to look into grievances of public servants .

Telangana leaders were not satisfied with the accord. the Centre appointed two committees:

1. Committee of Jurists under former Justice K.N.Wanchoo to suggest measures to provide constitutional safeguards for the Telangana people in the matter of public employment.

2. Committee under Justice Bhargava to assess the revenue surpluses of Telangana.

In spite of these measure the agitation mounted and grew in itensity. Bandhs, hartals and processions were very frequent. Demand for a separate state became the central theme of the agitation.

The prime minister visited Hyderabad on June 4, 1969. She met leaders of different groups and political parties. Subsequently, then Union Home Minister, Y.B.Chavan, also visited Hyderabad to have discussions. Consensus reached on two things :

1) The dismissal of Brahmanada Reddy’s ministry.

2) Proclamation of Presidential rule in Andhra Pradesh.

Realizing that the agitation was very strongly motivated, particularly about the dismissal of his government, Brahmanada Reddy tendered his resignation on June 27. The congress leadership sent congress president Nijalingappa and a senior member Kamaraj Nadar, to seek the verdict of the state Legislature Party. The Congress Legislature Party affirmed its support to Kasu Brahmananda Reddy and

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] suggested that he should continue until normalcy was restored and a peaceful changeover should be opted, giving the leadership to someone from Telangana.

The leaders felt that agitation politics alone would not be sufficient to dethrone Brahmananda Reddy. This realization made the TPS enter into the electoral politics. It won a by election in June 1970, defeating the congress (R). By this time, the congress had already spilt at the national level and the TPS supported the leadership of Indira Gandhi. Brahmanda Reddy also supported her.

In the December of 1970, Indira Gandhi dissolved the Lok Sabha and announced a mid-term poll. The TPS eventually constested all the 14 seats to Parliament from Telengana and won 10 out of them. In spite of her over whelming majority in the LokSabha, Indira Gandhi did not give any leverage to the TPS which opted for a compromise in September 1971 and merged with the Congress (R) . The deal involed:

1. Continuation of Mulki Rules ;

2. Separate budget and accounts for Telangana

3. Separate Pradesh Congress Committee for Telangana

4. Resignation of Brahmananda Reddy in favor of a Chief Minister from Telangana.

The Telangana agitation did not achieve its important goal a sperate state, but secured assurance of safeguards for the region. Its achievement was quite significant. It wrested fro the first time the Chief Minster, P.V.Narasimha Rao (Former Education Minister in the state cabinet) was an integratiionist and politically a light weight in the Reddy dominated Telangana politics. Ten Government spending diversion

Justice Bhargava committee which looked ito Telangana surpluses, found that 283 million rupees diverted from Telangana to Andhra region between 1956 and 1968. Economist C H Hanumanth Rao further analyzed the data from the committee report and concluded that for Telangana, cumulative surplus with

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] interest during that period was 1.174 Billion rupees. During this period, the revenue budget of the state grew from 586 million rupees in 1957 to 2.04 billion rupees in 1968.

Government employees and opposition members of the state legislative assembly threatened “direct action” in support of the students. Purushotham Rao was for outright separation, and he supported the student views. He unveiled a map of Telangana in the state assembly.

Portfolios in his ministry went to Telangana, three of them belonging to the erstwhile TPS.

Chenna Reddy and Telangana Praja Samithi

Although the congress faced some dissension within its ranks, its leadership stood against additional linguistic states. As a result, defectors from the Congress, led by M.Chenna Reddy, founded the Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) political party in 1969 which intensified the movement. In June, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Came to Hyderabad to discuss the issue with Telangana leaders. Telangana employee unions started strike on June 10 supporting Telangana movement. Major leaders of the movement were jailed in July and released in August upon court’s intervention. With the success of bye elections, TPS decided to contest Parliamentary election alone wven though congress party tried to become electoral ally. In the May 1971 parliamentary elections, Telangana Praja Samithi won 10 out the 14 parliament seats in Telangana. Despite these electoral successes, some of the new party leaders gave up their agitation in September 1971 after realizing that the Prine Minister was not inclined to towards a separate state of Telangana, and rejoined the safer political haven of the congress ranks. In a book written by the secretary of External Affairs, T.N.Kaul and published in 1982, he mentioned that in 1969 prime minister Indira Gandhi wanted to commence the process of formation of a separate state for Telangana by instructing Sri P.N.Haksur, her senior secretary in the PMO, but she had to withdraw at the last mintue due to intervention by kaul who dissuaded her from it by reminding that Hyderabad’s case was pending in the Security council. United Nations dropped tha Hyderabad’s case.

Students role :

Some students protested “implementation of the safe guards from Andhra Pradesh” while some protested for a “separate Telangana”. The local newspaper

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Indian Express reported that the latter group were dominant. According to the 19 January 1969 edition of The Indian Express, the agitation turned violent when a crowd attempted to set fire to a sub-inspector’s residence. 17 were injured in police firing. Discussions about the promised safe-guards were held. The Telangana Regional committee was, however, not fully convinced of the out come. This agitation was met by a counter agitation by the Andhra students accusing the transfer Andhra employees as a discrimination between one region and other. The transfers were eventually challenged in the high-court.

Protest in Kothagudem:

Telangana people protested against non-mulkis and went on strike on January 5 1969. Krishna daily wage labor went on hunger strike.

Fast unto death by Ravindranath :

Student Ravindranath who lit the Telangan forest fire in Chama was still on fast, and his health continued to deteriorate. In solidarity, students intensified their protests. Kodada is a Noam Telangana town on the coastal Andhra border. Agitators stopped the buses going from Kodada to the Kosta districts, stranding 500 passengers.

As days passed, the student movement gradually turned violent. Two student groups, one demanding a separate state, another demanding special protection for the region, staged rallies in the city. Students blocked the gates of the secretariat for 90 minutes. In Chama, students resorted to throwing stones and damaged many Road Transportation corporation (R.T.C) buses. They also attacked the telephone and telegraph offices and destroyed the communication infrastructure. Because of the violence, the R.T.C halted bus sevices between the Telangana and Andhra regions.

CM Sri Kasu Brahmananda Reddy urged people not to be misled by the separatist slogans. He said that, with the limited sesources it has, the government was doing everything in its power to develop backward regions of the states. He reminded people that, out of 165 villages electrified in the states, 85 of them were in Mahaboob nagger alone.

G.O.36 :

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At the meeting of the leaders of all the political parties of the Legislature held on 19th January, 1969 to consider the measure for ensuring effective implementation of the Telengana safeguards, the following decision has been taken in regard to employment in posts reserved for domiciles of Telengana region: “All non-domicile persons, who have been appointed either directly by promotion or by transfer to posts reserved under the Andhra Pradesh published Employment (Recruitment as to Residence) Rules, 1959 for domiciles of Telengana Region will be immediately relieved from service. The posts so rendered vacant will be filled by qualified candidates possessing domicile qualifications and in cases where such candidates are not available the post shall be provided employment in the Andhra region without breaking service and by creating supernumerary posts, if necessary.” 2. with a view to implementing the above decision government issue the following orders : All non- domicile persons appointed on or after 1st November, 1956 to the following categories of posts reserved for domiciles of Telengana under the A.P. public employment (R.R) Rules, shall be relieved not later than 28th February, 1969. (1) In the 79.

Fove point Formula :

Telengana : My 5 - point Formula

In due course, once the president sends the proposal to the state, the Assembly can recommend the following!

1. Conduct a people’s referendum in Telangana. If a large majority prefer splitting, go ahead and form a new state.

2. Since it makes sense geo graphically, keep Hyderabad in Telangana. Make it the joint capital for three years.

3. Pass on 13/23 share of revenues generated from Hyderabad to seemandhra for the next ten years to build a new capital city; the centre to contribute an equal amount.

4. A GOM can work out a fair formula for dividing other resources such as water and power.

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5. Make usage of words like “settlers” a criminal offence. Every Indian citizen has equal rights all over India.

Mobilization phase (1971-1990) :

1st case :

Andhra Pradesh state electricity board filed a case in highcourt to implement mulki rules in electricity board in Kothagudem thermal power plant According to 1957 public employments act Andhra Pradesh state Electricity Board does not come under this act.

This sown the seeds of Telagana in Kothagudem.

Jai Andhra movement is a 1972 political movement in support for the creation of Andhra state in the light of perceived injustices felt by the people of the coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema Regions in the police firing eight people were killed. It was starred after the failure to implement on local rule for government jobs. Prominent leaders from Coastal Andhra like Gouthu Latchanna, B.V.Subba Reddy, Kakani Venkataratnam, Vasantha Nagashwar Rao etc. Participated in the agitation. It was a sequal to the 1969 Telangana movement. However, the unlike the Telanganas of the Andhra regions wanted a separate state without the developed capital of Hyderabad. Over 400 people sacrificed their lives for the movement. One of the main opinions expressed was “Development is seen only in and around Hyderabad and it is time the coastal districts also develop rapidly.” Grievances of the Andhra and Rayalaseema regions felt that Mulki rules were unfair to them and they were “being treated like aliens in their own land.” The agitatiors, unfortunate and further deepened the rift demand as logical in light of the separate Telangana movement.

The movement

Under the Mulki rules in force at the time, anyone who had lived in Hyderabad for 15 years was considered a local, and was thus eligible for certain government posts. When the supreme court un help the Mulki rules at the end of 1972, the Jai Andhra movement, with the aim of reforming a separate state of Andhra, was started in coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions.

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In 1972, Gouthu Latchanna took a leading role in the Jai Andhra movement started by students of Andhra University demanding th division of Andhra Pradesh into old Andhra state and Telangana state on the issue of “Mulki” rules. He was imprisoned in Mushirabad Central Jail and released in 1973.

Police firing

Thirteen people killed in 3 places in Andhra on November 21 during the bandh call given by student body. In the police firing eight people were killed on December 23 in Kakani venkata Ratnam, a former minister, died of shock at the height of separate Andhra agitation on December 25, 1972 when eight people were killed in police firing. given Aftermath

Removel of Mulki rules and all other demands were met and a six-point formula was put in place.

After nine ministers from Seemandhra region in the P.V.Narasimha Rao cabinet resigned, he had to resign as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh on 10 January 1973, and president’s rule was imposed in the state.

Article 371 (d) :

Article 371(d) forms a part of the constitution of India. It safeguards the rights of local people in employment and education and was created after agitation in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was incorporated as the 32nd Amendment of the constitution in 1974. It has became a bone of contention for the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Officers or Jaya Bharat Reddy committee :

The officer’s committee headed by K. Jaya Bharat Reddy (1985) found major violations and, as a result, GO 610 was issued. This too was violated as the House committee on Implementation of GO 610 (20001) and the J. M. Girglani Commission (2003) found. So all the efforts constitutional amendment, presidential order, House committees etc - resulted in worse results due to bad intentions. Finally, the only logical solution came to pass and Telangana was granted statehood.

However, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 extended the provisions of Article 371D to the new state of Telangana. This was intended to

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] help the Telngana government protect local employment and educational opportunities even after statehood was achieved.

The question now is very simple. The presidential Order 1975 continues to apply to the residuary state of Andhra Pradesh only. It no longer legally applies to Telangana. Though the enabling Article 371D applies to Telangana, it only allows the Telangana government to apply for a new order-not use the old one.

The Telangana government must, therefore, apply now for a fresh presidential order 2015. In order to do so, it must devise a fresh scheme with new zones (districts) and new set of qualifications in terms of duration fo residence, etc and identify cadres where these will apply. It may or may not set quotas for non- locals.

Will it follow the old Mulki rules model or repeat the formula of the 1975? The order will be crucial in defing who is a genuine local person. If is sets quotas non-locals these should be anyone who is a citizen of the Republic.

Whatever the scheme, a Telangana Presidential order is imperative. This new presidential order must come in force before the recruitment drive proposed by the Telangana Government is undertaken. It will also assist in such schemes as the FAST scholarship and other social welfare schemes intended for the benefit of locals.

Birth of naxalism inTelangana :

The movement raised its head in Telangana region for the first time in early 1970. One of main impetuses for its raise was the unprecedented, undemocratic and brutal manner in which the then government of Andhra Pradesh suppressed the agitation for realization of just and long standing demand of people for a separate state of Telangana in 1969-70. Nearly three hundred and seventy (370) people, many in flower or their youth, died in indiscriminate police firing. The demand for demerger of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh had its roots in deliberate apathetic attitude and blatant refusal of successive governments in implementing various constitutional safeguards, deliberate flouting of Gentlemen’s Agreement, various government orders (GOs), formulae, judge ments of High court and supreme court etc. which originally guaranteed the use of Telangana’s resources for the development of Telengana alone and government jobs for mulkis of Telangana alone. The simmering discontent at monumental disregard of

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] successive governments for various safeguards coupled with dersive attitude of people from Andhra area towards their culture and language made proud people of Telangana fiercely determined about restoring their original status as a separate state in the Indian union. This was reflected in unequivocal and near unanimous support for the regional party that took up the cause of Telangana then. Telanagana Praja Samithi (TPS), got 11 out 14 Loksabha seats, in the General Elections of 1971, in the face of a huge emotional surge in favour of congress party of Indira Gandhi elsewhere in the country, in the aftermath of Indo-pak war leading to the creation of .

However, the democratic and just demand for a separate state of Telangana was brutally suppressed and repressed and the political class betrayed the trust of its people. No longer able to express their discontent through positive and democratic means of agitations and elections many a young man, steeped as they were in the spirit of times, took to the apparently attractive route of Naxalism. Though naxalism had initially scored few brownie points in the first two decades of its existence apparently dovetailing with avowed socialistic pattern of society aspired to in the constitution, people of Telangana have realized true colors of Naxalism and lent an active hand in consing it to its true place-the dustbin of history . Naxalism no longer commands the kind of respect and awe it once inspired among cross sections of people and it can now at best draw a yawn among the well-informed and a yearning among ultra left-inclined intelligentsia for blood soaked utopia inspired by their chairman Mao Tse Tung. It should not be forgotten that the naxalite movement in Andhra Pradesh started in 1969 (first time in Srikakulam district in north coastal Andhra Pradesh), while Andhra Pradesh has been one of the largest states in India. If one goes by the analogy that smaller states become havens of naxalite activity, then the state of Andhra Pradesh shouldn’t have seen the naxalite movement at all.

3) Naxalism and non-Telangana rules:

Naxalism was confined to very few sections of Telangana society even during its halcyon days. These few sections of society, supported by a few perverted intellectuals provided a willing fodder fro propagating the false propaganda of Naxalism. To add fuel to fire, the successive governments tipped the the scales in far our of Naxalism by treating it a mere law and order issue over looking the enormous socio-economic complexity of the problem. Successive governments sought to brush the issue of Naxalism under the carpet and people of the region had to pay heavy price. Perhaps, the leadership of Andhra Pradesh state which mainly hailed from Andhra and Rayalaseema regions had a tacit

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] understanding that the stranglehold of Naxalism would continue and be confined to Telangana region only there by ensuring that their rapacious of the region’s resources would continue unabated.

3) Futility of armed struggle: With the passage of time, the mindless violence and indiscriminate killings indulged in by and their supporters have made the people of Telangana realize that Naxalism does not care for them but it actually stands for anarchy and underdevelopment. The people realized that Naxalism in fact has avested interest in keeping them under ducated and underemployed and that it feeds offf their underdevelopment like a maggot off a dead animal. Though such realization had not happened over night, it did happen and people have overthrown the shackles of violent Naxalism and embraced wholesale the Mantra of development.

There has also been a paradigm shift in the outlook of the people of Telangana in the last one and a half diads away from revolutionary politics. This was due to fall of soviet Russia to some extent, and also due to open capitalist system China, which boasts of ‘dictatorship of the Proletatiat’ has adopted from late 1970 onwards. The sections which supported Naxalism in Telangana also understood the futility of engaging the all-powerful state in an armed conflict and realized that non-violent and constitutional means alone would bring about the social and economic advancement. Towards this directions, formation of Telangana state alone was thought to be the panacea for all the ills plaguing Telangana. The last 20 years have seen a big growth of middle class in Telangana, which is against violence. Some of the intellectuals among the middle class in Telangana, which is against violence. Some of the itellectuals among the middle class did tremendous reserch in various fields exposing the flagrant injustices meted out to Telangana by the non-telangana (Andhra) rulers, giving intellectual base and moral support to the Telangana statehood cause. That’s how we have seen the formation of so many organisation and fora in the last fifteen years agitating for Telangana. And the formation of Telangna Rashtra samithi (TRS) in 2001 is a watershed in the direction.

The Telangana society even now witnesses live examples of the furility of the armed struggle.We see show people who subscribe to the militant ideology got killed and how their family members suffer even now ; we see people who are still underground could not actieve anything substantially; we see people who dabbled with naxalite politics gave up underground life and how they struggle to readjuist them selves in society or difficulties facea by them in reintegrating themselves into society. So with all these live examples, why would anyone join the naxalites?

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The relevance of an alternative political system to parliamentary democracy in Telangana districts is diminished for a variety of reasons. Hitherto, there was no accountability on part of the elected representatives and bureaucracy too. In the last 15 years, courtesy various government and non-government initiaves, people began enforcing their collective will on politician / bureaucrat segments for accountability. To a large extent they succeeded.

(4). “Telangana Model” :

The police and people of Telangana took up great fight against the menace of naxalism in the last 30 years with grit and determination and have succeeded in quelling the naxalite movement to a very large extent. At present, the naxalite movement is confined to not more than six police station limits in Chama district (in Telangana), which isbordering Chhattisgarh state. The government of India has been lauding the efforts of the Andhra Pradesh Government in suppressing the naxalite movement and exhorting other statesto follow ‘the Andhra Pradesh model’ in quelling the naxalite movement. This much-talked about ‘Andhra Pradesh model’ is nothing but ‘Telangana model’ , because it is the Telangana police who stood in the forefront in the fight against the naxalites and laid down their precious lives and brought the state back from the brink of collapse. It is the police of Telangana, and not of Andhra, who devised new strategies and imaginative tactics and methods in handling the naxalite uprising. (5) The enfrachisement of people :

The democratic process of electing leaders, however chaotic and unruly it may appear to be has its positive impact among the people. Almost six decades of elections for various bodies including the constitution mandated enfranchisement of local bodies and concomitant reservations for the under privileged led to a sea change in their attitude towards democracy. From merely looking it as an exercise in seeing their erstwhile kings and feudal overlords transformed into their elected leaders, they have started looking at them as a tool enfranchising the entire community as a whole. The compulsory reservations for the , backward classes and women int the local bodies has enabled emergence of many a capable leader from among their ranks. From being the faceless and the vioceless, they became the face and the voice of the nation. This has given hope to cross sections of society restoring their faith in parliamentary system of democracy. The vacumof leadership, created by desappearance of feudal elements and landed gentry in villages in Telangana, has been filled by the sections mostly belonging to backward classes, scheduled classes and poor or middle class forward castes. In

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70s and 80s, it was the people from scheduled classes, backward classesand poor forward castes who joined the naxalite movement and went undrground. Now it is these very backward classes, scheduled classes and poor or middle class forward classes who are providing leadeship in the village of Telanagana. After tasting power in villages, these classes have started acting as bulwark against the reentry of naxalites into Telangana in the last 15 years because they feel that reentry of naxalites will take away their political power / empowerment. Earlier, the PW drew ots strength from societal segments like: Students; Workers ; women’ Landless/ Peasantry, Dailt sections / Middle class. For a variety of reasons, almost all these setions have withdrawn from the ultra-left politics. Students have become career oriented ; workers are no more with these political idelogies (singareni Karmika samakhya (SIKASA), a ferocious armed trade union outfit, agitationg for the rights of coal mine workers in singareni, dying a natural death is the best example); the awakening or assertion of its rights by dalits is the biggest social movement in the recent history, be it for categorisation fo reservations or the way they take pride in calling themselves with the caste tag; landless poor/ peasantry have also moved away as land is no more an issue. The political empowerment has weaned away all these sections from the naxalite influence.

6) Social profile of rural Telangana :

The social profile the Telangana village has changed tremendously. Even the lower caste people are following two-child norm very strictly and sending their children to English medium schools in their villages or nearby towns where English medium schools are exisiting. These families want their children to study well, get good employment and grow big in society. Many of these children have became engineering gradeatesm medical graduates and those who couldn’t prusue 4 professional courese started learning computers and getting jobs in retail outlets, malls, privatesector, software etc. Thus, there is a trend towards careerism and success in life than indulging in revolutionary politics and joinging underground naxalite bands in Telangana. The spread of education going hand in hand with unprecedented spurt in employment opportunities across the globe has made youth concentrate on their career and future rather than run after mirage of Naxalism. Untouchability and discrimination based on caste has almost become a thing of the past. The new generation hardly faces this problem and all sections of society intermingle very closely.

(7) Liberalization of economy :

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Five decades of controlled economy could only guarantee shortages of goods and ideas. People then were timid, taking pride in merely parroting borrowed slongans and living the dreams of diseased minds. All that changed with liberalization of economy. Whatever might be stated about the evils that have befallen the cuntry after detching the socialistic pattern of development and embracing the liberalization, one positive aspect that cannot be denied is that it gave people Hope. It has enabled people to dream and dream big and put the tools in their hands to realize those dreams. Government offers were flowing with cash and they started inplementing various infrastructural and development projects besides various welfare measures. The positive effects of liberalization have certainly trickled down and they can certainly be felt across the region. 4) Distribution of land : The economic profile of the Telangana village has changed for good. However flawed the government policies of land distribution might be, it cannot be denied that such polices have made proud land owners out of many landless poor. Land reforms have been quite well implemented with lakhs of acres distributed to the landless poor. Coupled with land distribution, develpment of several irrigation project have assured at least one crop a year to the poor. The rural folk in Telangana have taken to commercial cropping like growing chillies, turmeric, cotton etc.. which are yielding good produce and improving income levels. With establishment of agricultural market yards in almost every mandal, the farmers are getting good remunerative prices. Since the market yards are not far away from their villages, instead of depemding on middlemen and brokers, the farmers thermselves are taking their produce to the market yards to sell, and if there is no proper support price, they are able to store their produce in cold storage godowns, to sell it at a later date when they get a good price.

Another positive aspect of land distribution is that it has to a large extent eliminated concentration of land in few hands there by removing the bogeyman of naxalism.

5) Development of telecommunications and road network :

Another aspect of development that has marched onwords hand with liberalization is enormous incerease in telecommunications and development of road metwork. Form being and elit means once, a mobile phone has become a life necessity that truly enfranchised the common man. A trained artisan without means to advertise his skills has suddenly found himself within the reach of his potential customers. A farmer in remote area is no longer at the mercy of the local trader but can easily access the latest

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imformation on prices of farm inputs, their availability and the support price offered by the government and best market for his produce. Road network has developed termendously which has reduced not only travel time but also opened up the 5 interior and inaccessible parts of Telangana to the out side world. Government machinery including police can reach any part to Telangana with in no time. This was not the case about 20 years ago.

6) Disappearance if ‘visible enemy’:

There are no exploitative sections or elements in Telangana villages now. The ‘visible enemy’ ceased to exist in Telangana villages. So, there is no exploitation of the poor or the feudal oppression. This led to the growth of cast based associations which have brough about a visible shift in the rural profile of Telangana. The caste based associations are taking up struggles in a big way for the improvement of their caste/community. Now, the people have become more loyal towards their community. The community associations are even dictating the voting preference of their community during elections.

7) Role of media:

The phenomenal growth of media insustry in Andhra Pradesh, the ability of the media to highligh people’s problems (though with a political slant decided by media managements) led to a situation where people do not need an alternative political force like Naxalites to voice demands on behalf of people.

8) Naxalites lost emotional touch with the masses :

If we look at the slogans of Maoists themselves it used to be “land to the tiller”, “all powers to gram rajya committee”, “poradithe poyyedemi ledu sankellu tappa” (“We will not lose anything except the fetters if we fight”) etc, which struck an emotional line with masses and stirred them. Now the Maoist slogans are: “Down with American imperialism”, “Down with CBB” (Comprador-Bureaucratic-Bourgeoisie), “Down with LPG (liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation) Policies”. These do not touch masses on an emotional plane.

9) SC s and ST (POA) Act:

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The SC and ST (POA) Act has played a significant role in empowering the SCs and STs in villages. It’s a revolutionary legislation. The SCs and STs who didn’t have a channel to express their grievances/complaints earlier, used to approach the underground naxalites to complain them about their victimization and injustices. The naxalites used to take advantage of the hapless position of the victimised SCs and STs and lure them into the naxalite fold on the promise of avenging their victmisation. After the vigorous enforcement of the SC and ST (POA) Act, the SCs and STs have started approaching the authorities either directly or through SC, ST associations for redressal of their complaints in legal and constitutional methods. This denied a very important source of recruitment into the naxalite fold and sounded death knell for naxalism in Telangana. With the absence of visible exploitation or visible enemy in Telangana villages, the naxalites have found it very difficult to get new recruits into their fold. Nay, they are even finding it difficult to enter villages.

10) Role of universities :

Universities used to be the hub of radical student activities in 70 and 80. In fact, universities played a prominent role in spreading naxalite ideology and attracted. Scores of brilliant students into naxalite parties. Radical students Union (RSU), owing allegiance to revolutionary ideology had great following in colleges. The new generation of students is hardly attracted towards naxalism. They 6 are showing more interest in shaping their careers than in dabbling in Ultra-leftist politics. The facts that in the last 15 years there is not a single graduate who has gone underground into naxalite fold in Telangana, speaks volumes about the total loosening of the grip of the naxalite elements on the student community.

11) Generation gap :

Different sections of society in Telangana have witnessed the rise and fall of naxalite movement. Let us understand this phenomenon with an illustration. If one generation (say my father’s generation) had benefitted from the naxalite movement in respect of getting wages enhanced / dignity to downrodden sections / stopping of atrocities by upper castes, the second generation (say my generation) too participated in the naxalites movement as this generation had seen the benefits and experienced them. But the third generation (Say my son’s generation) has only heard about the catalytic role played by the naxalites in bringing these social changes to some extent. This

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generation has as strong cennection or empathy with naxalites / pw / Maoists as they with . So how would the thinking sections of Telangana would get attracted to this violent movement?

12) Naxalite struggles and people : There could be some support for some calls from some sections by the naxalite elements in Telangana. But even going by the Maoist/ naxalite analysis itself, people support and participate in all the partial struggles aimed at getting some economic/ social benefits. But once the benefits are accrued on account of partial struggles, these benefitted sections move away from the ultra -left politics and do not get revolutionised. The Maoist understanding is that small sections of people who get revolutionised. The Maoist unserstanding is that small sections of people who get benefitted due to partial struggles (for wage hike, uninterrupted power supply, waiver of loans, jobs, social causes etc), would get further revolutionized and join the PPW (protracted People’s War). But this is not happening and they have conceded this is many documents.

13) ‘Social Investigation’ by Maoists : In 2004 CPI(ML) (PW) (present CPI (Maoist)) Conducted a study in north Telangana and brought out a document titled ‘Social Investigation of North Telangana’. The study contained starting facts and shocking revelations about the state of naxalite movement in Telangana.

i) The study talked about lack of support to naxalites due to steep fall in number of recruits into CPI (ML) PW (present CPI (Maoist)) ;

ii) Lack of quality and educated recruitment from colleges;

iii) Transformation of social and economic profile of rural Telangana;

iv) Growth of capitalist mentality and careerism due to liberalization among the rural classes ;

v). Improvement in quality of life;

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v) Lack of response to leftist movements;

vi) Enormous increase in communication facilities and road network;

vii) Friendly approach by police department as against its oppressive nature, which was it hallmark till about early 1990;

viii) Increase in enemy’s (police) informant network in every village, even though there are no feudal or reactionary elements in villages to pass on information to police forces; 7

ix) Phenomenal improvement in police resources and construction of ‘attack- proof’ police station;

x) Empowerment of women and oppressed classes, etc. Thus, finally, the document that it is very difficult for the naxalites to get back the lost glory in Telangana.

14) Post 2009 and suicides by Telangana youth :

The preent phase of ingensive Telangana movement started about 3 years ago, i.e.from November 2009. Very rarely does one get to witness a movement which is so peaceful, democratic and intense. Students have been in the forefront of this movement wholeheartedly and have gone to the extent of snuffing out their own lives, but have not harmed other. Nearly 800 youth of Telanagan committed suicides protesting the highly apathetical and irrational attitude of the Government of India in fulfilling the promise of creation of Telangana, which it made in December 2009. Maoist did try to infiltrate the movement, by forming Telangana Praja Front’ (TPF), but totally failed to influence any sections of the society. They failed to attract even one recruit into Maoist party either from student community or from rural Telangana in the last 3 years! To give an example, the bandh Call give by mainstream polites in support of Telangana, have been roaring successes whereas the bandh calls given by naxalites have been total failures.

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But, if genuine and democratic aspirations are suppressed and constitutional processes fail, then definitely there’s every cahnce of frustrated youth taking to violence and joining naxalite movement, similar to what happened in 1970s in the aftermath of cruel suppression of Telangana movement in 1969-70. 15) Telangana is not a small state : Saying that Telangana will become another Chhattisharh because naxalism thrives in smaller states and they cannot with stand naxalite onslaught is, to say the least, ridiculous. Equating Chhattisgarh with Telangana is not all correct and smacks of mischief. It is a propaganda let loose by people with vested and slfish interests and with ulterior motive, like non-Telangana politicians, non-Telangana bureaucrats and some section of media to stall formation of state of Telangana.

Telangana is not a small state. It has an area of nearly 1,15,000sq kms and a population of nearly 4 crores. It will rank 12th in size (larger Bihar and West Bengal, and much bigger than Punjab and Harayana put together!) and rank 11th in population (larger than Gujarat, , Punjab and Harayana ) out of 29 states (including Telanganan) in India. (Chhattisgarh has an area of 1,35,1919 s qkms and rank 10th among the Indian states now, and it is larger than Tamil Nadu. Then how can Chhattisgarh be called a small state? ! Telangana is a little smaller than Tamil Nadu. A state which is going to rank 11th in population and 12th in size in area, out of 29 states can, by no stretch of imagination, be called a small state). 20) Naxalism and Chhattisgarh : To understand the growth of naxalism in Chhattisgarh, one has to delve deep into history.

CPI and CPM :

CPI (ML) (PW) was established in Telangana in April 1980 by Kondapalli Sitharamaiah, an Andhrite from Krishna district. (By that there were some naxalite parties like CPI(ML), CPI (ML) Janashakthi, UCCRI (ML), etc already existing in Telangana, from early 1970s onwards) Sitharamaiah had studied the famous Telangana Armed peasant uprising of 1946-51, led by (CPI) against the Noam, and later against the Government in Telangana, and analyzed out because the communist guerrillas then did not have an alternate base to shift their forces (armed underground cadres) to other plcaes to escape the armed might of the state. Hence he rightly foresaw that there would certainly be strong reaction by the state to the armed naxalite insurrection by PW, and he wanted to develop an alternate base. He thought Bastar district of unified Madhya Pradesh state would fit the bill perfectly, because of its backwardness, lack of basic governance, predominant presence of tribals, thick forest cover, etc.

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Thus, in 1980 itself (that is almost simultaneously with its formation in Telanagana), CPI(ML) (PW) started functioning in Dandakaranya (erstwhile Bastar dist) of Madhya Pradesh. But as a matter of strategy, it started developing its organisation styealthily among the tyribals, and refrained from indulging in viilent activities, unlike in Telangana, where it let loose a reign of terror in rural areas. Even though it had all the trappings of afull-fledged underground naxalite party, like having a state committee, district committees, area committees, armed squads, etc it concentrated only on developing the organisation and befriending the local tribes in Bastar. The Madhya Pradesh government never took notice of the presence of Naxalites in this area because the naxalites were not indulging in vioence. The government there neither developed the areas under naxalite influence nordeveloped fighting capabilities of the police forces nor put specialized institutions in place to tackle the naxalite menace. When chhattisgarh state was formed in 2000 (which was carved out of Madhya Pradesh) it received the legacy of serious naxalite problem due to decades of apathy, maladministration and criminal negligence of basic facilities to people by the Madhya Pradesh government. Naxalism did not grow in Chhattisgarh but was bequeathed to it by Madhya Pradesh, which was the largest state of India before it was separated. Again, if large states are insulated from naxalism problem, then why is it that Madhya Pradesh had this problem! Hence, the argument that smaller states lead to emergence of naxalite problem is basically fallacious and unsound. Naxalism grew and sustained in larger states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra and not in smaller states. Same is the case with Jharkhand. Naxalism in Jharkhand is the legacy of undivided Bihar which was plagued by serious backwardness, inefficent and corrupt administration, etc.

16) Naxalism grew because of violations in Unified AP :

Naxalism is an anachronistic idea that has outlived its utility whatever that might have been. It never had a chance to succeed in the first place. It was only a passing cloud and the clock cannot be turned back. It feeds off ignorance and cannot tolerate light of knowledge and development that is today’s Telangana. The suggestion that Telangana might become a hotved of Naxalism if it is carved out as a separate state is a mere wishful thinking bereft of logic and it 9 clearly ingores all the events that have taken place since 1970s. Naxalism in Telangana is already confined to history books and the bogey of Naxalism can only raise derisive laughter. Hence, growth and sustenance of naxalism has nothing to do with the size and population of a state. It grows because of deliberate neglect of genuine grievances and high level of discrimination in employment opportunities and

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] administration, failure to implement constitutional safeguards, agreements, government orders and judgments of Hight Court and supreme Court, tyranny of the majority etc.

Denial of just, rational, democratic and constitutional demand of demerger of Andhar Pradesh state and creation of Telangana state, will give fillip to naxalite elements to spread the fact of failure of democratic and constitutional processes and means for realizing Telangna dream. This may force the frustrated and desperate Telangna youth to join the armed naxalite ranks. This may infuse fresh lease of life to naxalite parties, who have almost been wiped out from Telangana, to start their armed insurrection again, thus endangering the fragile security scenario of the country. Hence creation of Telangana state will clear Telangana of vestiges of naxalism and pave way for sustained. equitable and balanced development.

Anti Lord stuggles in Jagityala and siricilla :

The peasant struggle of Karimnagar is an important chapter of the Indian agrarain revolution. Both in maturity and depth it has supassed the Naxalbari flare- up and (arguably) the Srikakilam struggle, from which it has learnt many lessons. The time has not yet come to write its history but it is certainly worth while taking a cross-sectional view. The struggle started in Jagtial (Jagityala) and Sircilla (Sirisilla) talukas, and quickly engulfed Peddapally. Subsequently it has spread to Metpslly, and Huzurabad. THe area that has most reently been in the news is Peddapally, where on February 22 this year the CPI(ML) ‘People War’ organiser Devender Reddy beame 16th victim of police ‘encounters’ in the 16months since they were revived in September 1980. Paddapally is in the northern part of Karimnagar district. It is trisected length-wise by two busy roads; one of them proceeds from the Siiuareni coal mines region (Where coal, power, fertiliser and cement are produced) down to Karimnagar and on wards to Hyderabad, carrying an incessant stream of lorries laden with coal, cement and fertiliser. The other road is the Chanda-Hyderabad highway, passing through forest-rich Aliabad. Carrying an equally heavy traffic of lorries laden mostly with huge logs of timber and in season crates of juicy oranges from Maharashtra.What is remarkable is that in this stendy sucam of forries one rarely sees more than a few carrying bags of paddy or mirchi (Chillies) - such a common sight in the Vijayawada --Elur region of green revolution Andhra.

This is symptomatic of Peddyapally, a region that transmits products of ‘capitalist’ India but has itself remained largely fedual. The taluka president of the

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Radical youth League could think of only four landlords in the whole taluka who had tractors (in contrast with Jagtial where many landlors have turned modern). None of the landlords shows any interest in crops other than paddy and millets, and even then they do not go in for fertiliser-Hungry high-yielding varieties but stick to the traditional ones. This is in spite of the fact that Peddapally now gets water from the pochampad project (on the Godavari river), as a consequence of which the price of land has appreciated from about RS 3,000 to Rs 20,000 per(Wet) acre. A second reason for describing the region as feudal is that the surplus appropriated by the landlords is not transformed into productive capital but istead is either consumed or ‘invested’ in mercantile activities. Unlike the rich mills. Husking is done domestically, thought many of them use machines for the puropse. Most of the surplus goes into PWD contrcts (including the Pochampad canal itself), shops (the favourites being, ‘wine’ shops), and real joining villages to towns like Ramagundam, Peddapally and Dharmaram. He is said to bribe PWD people into keeping the roads Kuccha so that the state Road Transport Corporation may not ivade hisjagir. Finally, a sizeably section of the working people are exploited feudally. They are not tenant - peasants (tenancy has not developed to any considerable extent in Telangana) but fedual farmservants.

What makes them feudal is not that they are paid annually instead of dail (indeed, many of them are paid monthly) but that their wages are not calcualted on the basis of the amount of work they do (whether that is computed in terms of quantity of output or labour-time), instead they are required to be at the beak and call of the lanlord and to look after an indeterminate amount of nonproductive chores in addition to a varying, amount of productive work. In other words what they sell is not their labour-time (labour power employed for a certain time) but their entire time. An equally important element is vetti or vetti chakiri (corvee; begar in Hindi). Vetti has been de-veloped to an extraotdinarily comprehensive extent in Telangana. Not only do the peasants do vetti in the fields of the landlords, all the wording people suffer this abuse. The dhobi, the shepherd, the barber, the today-tapper, every body has to provide unpaid services on customarily specified occasions. Add to this the abuse of women belonging to the toiling classes by the landlords, and other feudal customs like the working people (particularly those belonging to the lowest castes) being expected not to wear a shirt or chappals in the presence of the dora (lord), and sou have a complete picture of Peddapally - not in the days of the Nizamashahi but right up to 1978. For that was when the dam of antifeudal agrarian struggle burst in Peddapally. One can conjecture any number of reasons for it. It may be seen as a diffusion of the struggle of the Jagtial and Sircilla talukas which had, be that time, already been decalred disturbed areas. It may also be seen as a consquence of the Pochampad canal and the increasing

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] commoditisntion it brought in its wake (for after all the agratian revolution is only a democratic revolution); and finally it may be seen as a long-awaited penetration of communists into an area that was only waititng for the (Karimnagar was not involved as much as Warantai, Algona and Chama in Telanganan peasant uprising of 1946-51), Not that Peddapally had earlier been completely innocent of communist influence; there are some villages which were regarded as CPI strongholds; but given the nature of that party’s politics during the last two decades, nothing much needs to be said about its ineffectiveness.

The struggle started in 1978 from the villages of Ranapuram and Kannala. The organisation that conducts the struggle is the Rytu-Coolie sangham, an all- purpose organisation whose concerms are far from being merely economic. Problems of caste sex, corruption, drink-all are handled by the Sangham. In quite a few villages the sanghams are the only local administrative authority respected by the noor-and in some cases also the rich. The struggle was initially organised around around two issues.

One is the wasteland around the village that is often illegally grabbed by the landlords. The people forcibly occupied that land and distributed it among the landless (such occupation of illegally appropriated waste-land is an important element of the struggle in the entire region: the land thus occupied is either divided equally among the landless or cultivated collectively by them-the latter being more common in the tribal regions). The other issue is the ‘fines’ and ‘fees’ that the landlords have swallowed from the people during the un official ‘panchayats’ for settling discontinues between them. These fees and fines often amount to substantial sums. During the struggle the People demand return of the fees and fines. And also additional ‘donation’ to the sang ham from the landlords in fractional repayment of what has been appropriated from the people in the past. When the state government started giving talk-level bakery contracts (from this year), the sang hams of various villages demanded (and got) compensation from the successful bidders for the loss suffered by small brewers. All this amounts to substantial sums of about 10-40,000 Rupees per village. This sum is kept with the Sang ham and used for common purposes like building schools. Laving roads, paying teachers, getting tanks bonded, etc. (this work which has demonstrated to the people that even at a constructive level the sang hams are different from the ruling class parties, appears to be anions the lessons learnt since the srikakulam days: in those days such work would have been regarded as Revisionist.) All this came later, of course. The first struggle in Ranapuram and Kamala, led by Defender Reddy (a native of Ranapuram), then a lean and dutiful looking college drop-out. was for occupation of 300 acres of waste-land appropriated by the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] landlords. The success of this struggle ted to the people of pal item. Dongaturti, Ramayapalle, Raechapalle villages inviting Defender Reddy to organize them to struggle for getting back from the landlords the fees and fines that had in the past been collected from them. As the movement spread, retaliation by the landlords (with willing help from the state) also increased. In quick succession police camps were set up in Chintalapalli, Takkellapalli, Rained, Kukkalagudur and Putnur. The way the camps were set up is instructive. Takkallapalli and Rained are dominated by a certain Srinivasa Rao; he has lands in the latter village and at Takkellapalli he manages the lands of a landlord. Mutyam Rao (most of the Landlords of this region are velamas by caste) who died some time back. Mutvam Rao left behind a son, but he is an invalid and a rake of the worst feudal kind to boot, and spends all his time-at Hyderabad. Way back in 1978. Srinivasa Rao beat up and detained two peasants; people from 15 villages went to his house, caught hold of his two sons, and held him to ransom; they would give back his sons only if he released the peasants he had detained. The exchange took place. but immediately the police moved in. Charged 800 people with abduction (the case has been dismissed ) and set un police camps at both Rained and Takkellanalli; the camps are yet to be lifted, after nearly four years. The names of Bnonmaiah belonged to Putnur and his nice of land was in Kukkalagudur; in January 1979 it was decided to build a memorial for them in the latter village and a public meeting was held, which was attended by about 15,000 people. This appears to have scared the landlords of the two villages, for they took to the offensive soon after the meeting. When the people of Putnur questioned the landlord Rajeswara Rao labour waste-land and surplus land in his possession, he complained to the police that he had been attacked. A police camp was immediately set un at the milage: it is still to be removed. At Kukkalagudur, landlord and PWD contractor Rajaiah (one-time CPI Sarpanch of the village) starred malicious propaganda against the sang ham and the tussle that it led to brought a police camp in a village automatically means that a police raj is established there, with no law except that of the lathi. Accounts of the repression unleashed by the police in these villages make macabre reading. They destroyed crops by diving animals into fields ripe for harvesting of by stopping water supply and staring the crops (it is a general rule that water from the local tank has to pass by the landlords fields to reach other peoples fields and so the police only have to enlist the help of the only too willing landlords to stop water supply to the peasants crops) ; if a peasant had a motor to draw water from a well, Narla Kishtaiah and his brother Narla Bucchimallu of Putnur have suffered loss of about Rs 15,000 because of such degradations. Ellenki Rama Swamy of Takkcllapally had his poultry destroyed and birds, stolen while he was in hiding from the police. Perhaps the worst sufferer is Galipalli Parvatalu. A casual labor at the Kiser cement factory (owned by the Birla) near Takkellapally. who does not

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] have any property to be despoiled; so they attacked his person. His courage in exposing the misdeeds of the police enraged them and they illiterate him badly at the police camp at Takkellapally. he was thrown over the “round and one end of a rifle was forcibly thrust into his stomach. His intestines were badly damaged and in spite of an operation he is still unwell. Being landless, he can live only if he works with his hands; but today he cannot do the most common work casual laborers. at a cement factory are required to do - loading and unloading cement bags. But none of these could stop the movement from spreading, under the leadership of Defender Reddy, He appears to have been quite an extraordinary leader; the poor people of the villages of Peddapally talk in glowing terms about his dedication, integrity 815 and tirelessness. He would lead the people in their hundred, red flags in hand, to plant the flags in waste/surplus land and till it against all odds. Near Takkellapally there is a tree covered hillock which was being despoiled by the landlord, and which Devender Reddy led the people of the village to occupy and land with teak and bamboo trees. The sang ham has also taken on the duty of guarding the hillock, and nobody is allowed to cut the trees, not even members of the sang ham, when the plants are fully grown, the sang ham will it self supervise cutting and sale of the timber (and undertake simultaneous replanting) whose proceeds will go to the sang ham and will be used to pay and additional teacher at the school, or strengthen the tank-bund, etc (that , at any rate, is what the sang ham leaders plan, and would certainly have implemented had Devander Reddy not been killed; but after his killing the police have started impounding the amounts with the Sanghams, and in some villages like Palakirti, have changed the Sang ham leaders with stealing/misappropriating the amount). But the most significant achievement of the struggle led by Devender Reddy is that veto has been completely put an end to here after no landlord in Peddapally can hope to get unpaid services from any category of toilers, nor can he misbehave with women of lower castes. (Struggle for increased wages has also been there; where as earlier daily labor used to get R s 3-4 per day, they now get R s 6-7 farm servants have also increased their monthly wage to R s 100 curiously enough, the struggle for higher wages is generally listed as an after-thought in any discussion with sang ham leaders : it is not clear whether this indicates the relative ease with which these struggles were won or the weakly developed commodity consciousness of the People) All this could not be allowed to go on of course. Devender Reddy had to go and he went. There was nothing very secretive about the arrangements made, either. The ‘encounter’ in which he died was with sub-inspector Parkas Reddy of Ramagundam. At magisterial enquiry conducted into his death on March 16, Parkas Reddy told the RDO of Peddapally that “as of 22/12/81 he had been deputed on special duty along with four police constables to apprehend underground cadre of extremists, Devender Reddy. His jurisdiction was the whole of Peddapally and Sultanabad ralukas.It took him

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] almost exactly two months to get his quarry, and in the process he raised such hell in the village of the area that when the people are not talking about their leader Devender Reddy, they are talking about their tormenter Parkas Reddy...Destroying Property, breaking the walls of wells, throwing clothes on the road and riding his jeep over them, beating women for the sin of feeding Devender Reddy on his secret visits, thrashing members of the Sang ham to the bone, spreading slanderous stories about Devender Reddy, accusing him of misappropriating the funds collected in the name of the sanghams and of misbehaving with women (the people are more enraged about these slanders than about the murder)- Prakash Reddy created a reign of terror that lasts to this day. Now he visits the villages with the question: ‘Has your new leader come? Who is he?) under his protection the landlords forcibly took back from the Sangham the one lakh rupees that they had been forced to part with against illegal fees and fines they had collected in the past : at nearby Guruvapally, the sangham has similarly taken Rs.5,000 from the landlord, this time a Reddy. The day after the enquiry into Devender Reddy’s death the landlords acquired enough courage to get the sarpanch (who is sympathetic to the sangham) arrested on the charge of extortion. The question ‘How are the landlords of your village’ put to a woman of the village riding a bullockcart elicited the angry answer. They have become as before’. At Putnur, with the coming oalmyra trees for three months, causing loss of 7-8 thousand rupees. If some body stood surety for arrested Sangham activists, very soon they would find them selves also undr arrest. Quite a few sarpanches of the taluka have been arrested under spurious charge, for the sin of having stood surety for activistsof therir’ villages, (Saroanches sympathetic to the peasant movement are apeculiarity of Peddapally taluka. The ‘peoples war’ group of the CPI(ML), which is leading the struggle there, baycotts all elections as a general rule but individuals sympathetic to the party do manage to set elected to local bodies as independent candidates against landlord -backed Congress-I candidates.)

Even as he was creating terror in the villages, Prakash Reddy was hatching a plot to get at his quarry, Dharmaram, is a village on the Hyderabad-Chanda road, about 10 kms from Karimnagar. The landlord of Dharmaram is a velama, Damondar Rao, who has about 500 acres of land, (In the words of Lal Mohammed, a tea shop owner of Dharmaram, ‘land -ceilings have not come to our village they have stopped at Karimnagar’.) About 9 kms from Dharrmaram. along a kuccha road, is Khila Wanaparti, a medium -sized village. The landlord of this village are also velamas, many of them relatives of Damodar Rao. One of them is the police patel (munsab) of the village. He and his brother together own about 100 acers of land. Their farm servents, Narasaiah and Pochamallu, had also been leaders of the sangham of the village ; the movement was new to the village and revolutionary

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] ideology had not struck roots there, Narasaiah and Pochamallu were there fore ideal candidates for conspiring to trap Devender Reddy. They brought him to village on the pretext of wanting to discuss, their resignation from the sangham with him, and informed the police. Prakash Reddy came to the village at dusk and approached Narasaiah’s hut, where his prey was talking to some people. Warned about his arrival, Devender Reddy attempted to run away, but: he was over- powered from behind and killed. The story that his own revolver went off during the scuffle and filled him is obvious nonsense. With the increasing clamour of civil liverties groups about bogus encounters, the police have changed their track; they not longer even claim to have killed in selfdefence; these days the deaths are accidental. And perhaps soon they will become voluntary .Anyway, apart from the sub-inspector, the only pople prepared to support the story (at the executive magistrate’s enquiry ) were the conspirators Narshaiah and Pochamullu; and the story of the latter wasw so unbelived that the executive magistrate was himself constrained to comment that Pochamallu was lying. He was supposed to have been running ahead of Devender Reddy, but his statement corraborates in full detail the sub-inspector’s version of what happened behind his back. The truth is known to the people of the village but they refuse to tell it even to sympathetic civil liberaties organisations, let alone to the enquuring maginstrate such is the terror created by sub-inspector-on-special - duty , Prakash Reddy.

Agrarian crisis : In the backdrop of nationwide outrage over the suicide of a farmer in full public view at a cal rally in Delhi, there is a renewed attention to the continued agrarian crisis gripping the new state of Telangana and unaated suicides by the debty-ridden farmers.

The opposition parties and non-governmental organisations pointed out that over 340 farmers had committed sucide since June 2 last year when the new state was carved out of Andhra Pradesh. The realisation of the statehood goal was supposed to herald new hope for the official figure.

Quoting reports submitted by the sistrict collectors, state Revenue secretary R.K . Meen said the 96 farmers committed suicide since June last year. However, there are no takers for the officaial figure.

Taking a serious note of the issue, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) directed the Telangana government to submit a comprehensive report on the reasons for the increasing number of farmer suicides and relife and rehabilitation measures being taken by the government.

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The NHRC notice came in response to a petition filed by scores of the affected families who have been demand a hike in compensation to Rs five lakh from the present Rs 1.50lakh. Significantly, the commission noted that a majority of the farmers who took their lives were small and marginal farmers holding less than 3 acres of land.

The experts say that failure of two successive crops-khrif and rabi-this year, coupled with mounting debts and failure of the government’s crop loan waiver scheme, are the main reasons for large-scale suicides by farmers across the state. While severe drought conditions and erratic power supply damaged kharif crops, the recent unseasonal rains damaged standing Rabi crops, dealing a double blow to farmers.

The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) government admitted that the problem was serious and promised to stand by the bereaved families. As part of measures to tackle that rural distress, the government has started implementing loan waiver scheme, one of its key poll promises. “The crop already released Rs 4,500 crore for loan waiver scheme, clearing a quarter of the loans,” the state Agriculture Minister P Srinivas Reddy said.

However, the opposition parties and farmers’ organisations argue that the governments help was “too little and came too late in the day” as delayed and deficit rains, poor and erratic power supply and lack of fresh loans from banks had pushed the farmers into depths of despair.

“The government should treat this crisis as a national disaster. It should declare an agricultural emergency in Telangana. Unless public and private loans are waived and some confidence-building measures are taken, suicides will continue,” said activist P SrihariRao who had filed a public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Andhra Pradesh High Court to seek help for the families of farmers who have committed suicide.

With scanty rainfall hitting the hydel power generation, the cotton and paddy farmers in the upland Telangana regions had to bear the brunt. Typically, the farmers in Telangana depend on pumpsets to irrigate their lands. “For the last one decade, we have been witnessing farm suicides after October when the Kharif season ends. But this time, the number has already crossed the 300-mark,” said G V Ramanjaneyulu, Chief Executive officer of centre for sustainable Agriculture (CSA), an NGO

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Rise of political parties :

After 1969 coastal people did not get supremacy over telangana so they decided to stay in Hyderabad there fore they established houing board and HUDA. After N.T.Rama Rao became chiefminister there was termendous increase in migrations and they purchased land in and around for very low price. All the major investors in real estate belongs to Andhra and made Telangana people, to live in slums. They bought sand from Mahabubnagar, Medak for construction in Hyderabad major real estate companies :

Cinema and Media :

The question should be the other way around. Sicence day one, we have been treated like second-rate citizens. Depriving us of development is one issue, but the fact that every one makes fun of us is also an important point in Telangana. Take that film industry for instance. There are no cinema heroes from Telangana. Moreover what hurts the most is that the language spoken by the people of Telangana is always attiributed t a joker or a villain in the movies.

Corporate education and hospitals : NTRama Rao gave much importance to corporate education and hospitals so there was decline in services at government hospitals and standard of education declined in government run schools and colleges. As the income of Telangana people is less and they could not effort for corporate medical facilities and corporate education they remain as lillterates and there health got detorted. Poor Telangana people cant effort to go star hospitals and no staff in public health centres.

Domimant culture and its implications :

The dominant culture in a society refers to the established language, religion, values, rituals and social customs. These traits are often the norm for the society as a whole. The dominant culture is usually, but not always, in the majority and achieves its dominance by controlling social institutions such as communication, educational institutions, artistic expression, law, political process, and business and alos majority of statues belong to Andhra.

Komaram Bheem was a tribal leader who fought against the Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad. Komaram Bheem openly fought against

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] the ruling Nizam government in a guerrilla capaign. He defied courts, laws, and y other form of Nizam authority, living off the sustenance of the forest. He took up arms against Nizam Nawab’s soldiers, and fought Babi Jhari until his last breath His life history was written originally by the comrade leader of , Puchalapalli Sundariah region.

Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu, Popularly known as Daasarathi was a Telugu poet and writer. Dasarathi holds the titles Abhyudhaya Kavi and Kalaprapurna. He was also the recipient of Sahitya Academy Award for his poetic work book Timiramto Samaram (Fight against Darkness) in 1974. He also chosen as Aasthana Kavi of the Andhra Pradesh Government.

Early life

Krishnamacharyulu Dasarathi was born as Daasarathi on 22 July in 1925 in a middle-class vaishnava family Brahmin. His native village Chinnaguduru is in Maripeda Mandal, Warangal district. An orthodox, but discreet, vaishnava bhakta, he was an erudite scholar of Indian mythology () with a fine grip on Telugu, Sanskrit and Tamil languages. He marticulated from the Khammam government high school but gave up higher education to join the movement against the autocratic Nizam rule in the Hyderabad kingdom.

Career

Activism

As a volunteer in the left-wing Andhra Mahasabha movement, Dasarathi travelled from village to village in Telangana to enlighten the public. Mahatma Gandhi and Kandukuri Veeresalingam influenced him. However, he joined the political left, as most of his friends were leftists and communist revolutionaries.

Poetry

He began writing poetry very young when he was a student. His poerty was revolutionary and was influenced by the communist ideology of Karl Marx. The downtrodden, poor, exploited, workers were his subjects in poetry. He strongly believed that the capitalist, feudalist and autocratic society under Nizam rule would give way to democracy and equality.

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After the Independence of India in 1947, many independent kingdoms and principalities joined the newly formed Indian Union. However, Hyderabad state under the autocratic rule of the then ruler Mir Osman Ali Khan did not join the Union. Mir Osaman Ali Khan failed to control the atrocities committed by the Mazlis Ittehadul Muslimeem party. At this juncture, the state congress Party under the leadership of Swamy Ramananadaterdha called for an action against the autocratic Nizams rule.Thousand of people went to jail by responding to this call and participating in ().

Arrest and imprisonment

Dasarathi was arrested in 1947 and was sent to Warganal central jail, along with many other leaders who went on to prominence in independent India. Dasarathi was later moved to Nizamabad central jail.While in jail he wrote poetry. After his release he left Telangana for Vijayawada and wrote poetry against the Nizam in Telugu Desam, a daily paper devoted to news and articles related to Telangana and the Nizam’s rule.

In 1948, the Indian Union took over the Hyderabad state in a police action and put and end to the autocratic Nizam rule and to the violence unleashed by the Razakars and Mazils Ittehadul Muslimeen Party. Later in 1956 the Telangana part of the Hyderabad state was united with the state of Andhra and eventually formed the state of Andhra Pradesh, which was till June 2, 2014.

After democratic rule was established in Hyderabad, Dasarathi served in the government of Andhra pradesh for some time. Later, he worked for all India Radio Vijayawada and Madras (Chennai) as a prompter and retired in 1971, He served as the government poet from 1971 through 1984. He also rendered service as an emeritus producer for All India Radio Doordarshan (Television).

Literary works

Daasrathi obtained fame through his revolutionary poetry. His first book Agnidhara (Flowing Fire) was published in 1947. This book is a bout the Telangana Armed struggled against Nizams rule, in which young Daasarathi served as a revolutionary. Daasartathi wrote part of his book Angnidhara while he was in jail and completed it after his release. His other works include Rudraveena (1950), Mahandrodyamam, Punarnapam, Amruthabishekam, Kavithapush pakam and Ghalib Geethalu (1961). Ghalib Geethalu is the Telugu translationof the poem

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] of Urdu poet Mirza Asadullah khan Ghalib. He has also composed Lyrics to some Telugu films.

Daasarathi said that the “Nizams brutal rule, peoples woes under his rule, Indian Independence, Entry of to free Nizams state and the fall of Nizam” as the inspiration for his writings.

Tollywood :

He wrote lyrics for many Telugu movies. His debut movie was Vaagdanam. He wrote lyrics for approximately 2000 songs in Telugu film industry. He also wrote lyrics for the popular movie Pooja.

Vattikota Alwar swamy (1915-1961) was a Telugu writer, human rights activist, communist leader, journalist and publisher. The first novelist in Telugu. He was born in Madaram kalan (shaligouraram mandal) village of on November 1, 1915. His parents were Machavaram Dimhaderamma and Ramachandra Charyulu. As his father died when he was young, he completed his education while working as cook for his teacher Seetharama Rao.

He was active in the library movement and the communist movement, and he fought against Nizam government. His activities angered Nizam and he was jailed. His book about his experience in Vattkota jail, Jailu Lopala (Inside Jail), was published. His other works include novels Prajala Manishi (people’s Man) (1952) and Gangu (1940-45). He died on February 5, 1961.

Liberalization and privatization and its impact :

We have seen landmark shift in Indian Economy since the adoption of new economic policy in 1991. This had far reaching impacts on all spheres of life in India. There can be no concrte conclusions about their impact on . This turns out to be more of an ideological debate like capitalism vs socialism. But there is no doubt in the fact that those reforms were unavoidable and very compelling. There was in fact, similar have all across the globe after disintegratio of USSR and end of the cold war. Many post -colomial democratic regimes, which were earlier sheltered by USSR, lost their umbrella. They had no option, but to fall in line to new unipolar world order dictated by USA.Even China in late 1980 adopted Open Door policy through which it liberalized its economy by shedding communist mentality completely. South East Asian economies also reformed their economy and started engaging more with global economy.

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Note : Changing sectoral composition of India economy since independence Composition -services - Steady significant increase (was more marked after reforms), Industry -- Less marked increase (stagnated after reforms), Agriculture Significant Decline patterns in the above graph explain inequity of Indian growth story. As per principle of economics, when a particular sector performs disproportionately higher than average growth rate, economic wealth starts concentrating into that sector. In this case that sector is service sector. Within this sector, highest growth is marked by sectors such as financial services, Real estate service etc..., which are least employment elastic. Consequently, growth of past decade was limited toupscale areas of the countries as almost whole service industry, operates from these areas. Majority of India got spillover or trickle down growth from here. This accelerated migration to Urban areas. This in turned created array of social problems associated with urbanization. It fundamentally changed pattern of India society.

Now we have ultra-modern and ultra-primitive society coexisting and conflicting with each other. On one side Social institutions like personal law boards, khaps and kangaroo courts etc. Tries to uphold their control over their respective community members, on other hand there is westren wave pulling out these vey members. undoubtedly strongest of new century. This revolution was different because it made globalization even more obvious and stark. It made possible transfer of real time human labor across nations, without transfer humans themselves. Further, it erased all boundaries which hinder free flow of information. This has benefited sharing, nurturing and development of knowledge in societies which earlier had access only to substandard or non-updated information. As always package is coupled with some grin realities too.

Government all across the world has lost their capacity ot regulate end ward of against malicious, flase, sensitive information and content. Rise of Islamic state demonstrate that, IT revolution has helped development of global terrorist links more than anything. Moreover, explicit content is freely available on web, to which unmatured childern have unrestricted access.

GDP growth rate - India’s annual growth rate from 1990-2010 has been 6.6% which is almost double than pre reforms era. GDP growth rate surpassed 5% mark in early 1980. This made impact of 1990’s reforms on growth unclear. Some belive that 1980’s reforms were percursor to LPG reforms. Other things apart, it is clear that 1980 reforms led to crash of economy in 1991, which was remedied by LPG reforms whichwere quite more comprehensive. It was IMF loan which gave

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] government to adjust its economy. It was largest ever loan given by IMF. Initially there were global doubts on India’s credibility for loan, but India has been so far a disciplined borrower.

Industrial Growth Rate - Barring few years industrial growth rate has been not much impressive. Share of Industry still remains stagnantly low at 25%. Worst is that India has transitioned to be a service led economy, directly from an agrarian one. One expialtion of this is end of policy of imports substitution which derived industrial growth upto 1990. Foreign companies got free access to Indian markets and made domestic products uncompetitive. They obviously had batter access to technology and larged economies of scale.

India’s position also lagged on account of research and innovation. Import substitution required certian degree of investment and efforts in domestic production. It was carried out even when imports were cheaper. This resulted in good and batted capacity building upto that government to spend on R & D. Technology denial ended with liberalization and globalization. Till that time Indian Industry was better and modern than that of China. But in two decades China has surpassed India by huge margin in case of both Industry and innovation.

Impact on small scale in India. This impact shall be studied right from the beginning of colonization in 18th century. Colonization can be considered as 1st wave of globalization. In pre colonization era, India’s textileds and handcraft was renowned worldwide and was backbone of Indian economy. With coming of industrial revolution along with foreign rule in India, Indian economy suffered a major setback and much of its indigenous small scale cottage Industry was destroyed.

After independence, government attempted to revive small scale sector by reserving items exclusively for it to manufacture. With liveralization list of reserved items was substantially curtailed and many new sectors were thrown open to big players.

Small scale industry however exists and still remains backbone of India Economy. It contributes to major portion of exports and private sector employment. Result are mixed, many erstwhile small scale industries got bigger and better. But overall value addition, product innovation and technology adoption remains dismal and they exist only on back of government support. Their products are contested by cheaper imports from China. Polices of government towards SSI were coveredin previous article access here and here .

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Impact on Agriculture :

As already said, share of agriculture in domestic economy has declined to about 15%. However, people dependent upon agricultuire are still around 55%. Cropping patterns has undergone a huge change, but impact of liberalization can’t be properly assessed. We saw under series relating to agriculture that there are still all pervasive government controls and interventions starting from production to distribution (here SPS and here -WTO).

Gobal agricultural economy is highly distorted. This is mainly because inbalance in economic and political power in hands of farmers of developed and developing countries. In developed countires, commercial and capitalistic agriculture is in place which is owned by influential Agricorporations. They easily influence policies of WTO and extract a better deal for them selves at cost of farmers of developing world.

Farming in developing world is subsistence and supports large number of poor people. With globalization there has been high fluctuation in commodity prices which put them in massive risk.This is particularly true for cash crops like Cotton and Sugarcane. Recent crises in both crops indicate towards this conclusively.

Also there is global food vs. Fuel confusion going on. Sugar and corn are used to manufacture ethanol which is used as fuel. In USA corn is produced mainly for this purpose, as sugar cane is in Brazil. Now there apprehensions that what if coverting food into fuel is more remunerative for producers ? More than i billion people still live in hunger, much more are just hand any purchasing power. Clearly, Agriculture is biggest market failure, but is rarely discussed for being so in WTO.

Another global debate born out globalization is one of GM crops. Here too powerful MNCs like Monsanto hold key. USA allows unhindered use of GM crops, but EU bans it . In India field trails are going on. (It was discusseshere)

One the positive note, India’s largely self-sufficient and high value distinguished products like Basmati Rice are in high demand all over. Generally speaking, India is better placed to take up challenge of globalization in this case. If done in sustainable and iclusive manner, it will have a huge mulitplier impact on whole economy. World wide implicit compulsion to develop food processing Industry is landmark effect of globalization.

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Apart from these, Farm Mechanization i.e.use of electronic/solar pumps, Tractors, combines etc. All are fruits of globalization. Now moving a step further, information technology is being incorporated into agriculture to facilitate farming.

Impact on services sector :

In this case globalization has been boon for developing countries and bane for developed ones. Due to historic economic disparity between two groups, human resources have been much cheaper in developing economies. This was further facilitated by IT revolution and this all culminated in exodus of numerous jobs from developed countries to developing countries. Here US have to jealously gurard its jobs as we guard our agriculture.

IT industry :

Softeware, BPO. KPO, LPO industry boom in India has helped India to absorb a big chunk of demographic diviend, which otherwise could have wasted. Best part is that export of services result in export of high value. There is almost no material exported which consume some natural resource. Only thing exported is labor of professional, which doesn’t deplete, instead grows with time. Now Inida is better placed to became a truly knowledge Economy.

Exports of these sevices constitute big part of India’s foreign Exchange earnings. In fact, the only three years India had Current Account surplus, i.e.2000-2002, was on back of this export only.

Banking

Further, in banking too India has been a gainer. Since reforms, there have been three rounds of License grants for private banks. Private banks such as ICICI, HDFC, Yes Bank and also foreign banks, raised standards of Indian Banking Industry. Now there is cut through cmpetiton in the banking industry, and public sector banks are more responsive to customers.

Here too IT is on path of bringing banking revolution. New government schemes like Pradhan Mantri jan dhan Yojana aims to achieve their tragets by using Adhaar card. Having said this, public sector bank still remain major lender in the cuntry.

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Similarly Insurance Industry now offers variety of products such as unit linked Insurance plans, Travel Insurance ets. But, in India life Insurance business is still decisively in hands of life Insurance corporation fo India.

Stook Markets :

Another major development is one of stock Markets. Stock Markets are platforms on which corporate secutities can be traded real time. It provides mechanisms for constant price discovery, options for investors to exit from or enter into investment any time. These are back bone of free markets these days and there is robust trade going all over the world on stock exchanges. Their Importance can be estimated from the fact that, behavior of stock markets of a country is strongest indicator of health and future prospects of an economy.

These markets has thrown open wide array of associated sevices such as investment banking Asset mangement, underwriting services, hedging advice etc. These collectively employ lakhs of people all over India. Similarly there are commodities market which provides avenues for investment and sale of various eligible commodities.

Telecom sector :

Conventionally, Telecom sector was a government owned monopoly and consequently service was quite substatndard. After reforms, private telecom sector reached pinnacle of success. And India telecom companies went global. However, corruption and rent seeking marred growth and out look to this sector.

Entry of modern Direct to Home service saw improvements in quality of television services on one hand and loss of livelihood for numerous local cable operators.

Education and Health sector:

It should be noted that food (Agriculture), Health and education (and to lesser extent banking) are among basic necessities, which every human being deserves and can’t do without. Unfortunately, in developing cuntries there is market failure in all these sectors and majority of people can’t afford beyond a certain limit (or can’t afford at all). Concept of free markets, globalization, liberalization etc. fails here miserably. Free markets provide goods and services to people who can afford paying for them, not to those who deserve and need these.

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Now we consider these sectors from angle of our inclination towards free markets, certainly there has been lot of progress. There has been world class education available in India and Deregulation has resulted in Mushrooming of private engineering and Medical colleges. But in reality, this had far reaching decastating effect on society.

These new colleges accommodate only a miniscule proportion of aspirants at very high costs. Recently an Independent organization Transparency International came out with report claiming thta India’s medical system is most corrupt in the world. This was no surprise, we all know from where it starts. High fees of education forces many aspirants take educational loans from banks. After qualfing job market is unable to absorb majority of them. Practice turns out to be option of last resort. Now to make a decent living and to pay bank the loans person is lured by corruption. Conswquently, when many similar cases are put together, we ger a corrupt system, economy and society.

Reality is that after dergulation and liberalization, government along with other sectors, pulled its hand from sectors too. Now there is Medicore to high quality options are available in private sector which can be avalied as per one’s budget. In public sector less than Mediocre to Mediocre options are available. This leaves huge proportion of aspiring students and expecting patients.

On social front India’s perfornance is deplored all over the world and it is probably behind all importan developing economies. This lacuna has been recognized and government has taken the charge. In case of education almost universal enrollments has been achieved upto primary level and now impetus should be on improiving quality, so that student of public schools comes at par with atleast average private ones.

There was a decline in Telangana GSDP, agriculture and handicrafts and natural resources with liberalization and privatization policies.

Quest for telangana identity :

Parvathaneni Upendra was a Union cabinet minister from Andhra Pradesh in India. He consted in elections from himyatsagar constuency in 1983 and severe agaitations rose against him and later he dereated in elections.

Pratap Kishore Padha Yathra :

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Pratap Kishore’s fight for a separate Telangana state started in 1956, when the state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging the Haderabad state and the Andhra state against the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Commission popularly known as the SRC commission, and the will of the Telangana people. He had the foresight to see the systematic degeneration the region will be forced into if it was merged with the state of Andhra.

In 1969, Pratap kishore along with Keshava Rao and Telangana leaders formed the TRS, Telangana praja samiti. The TPS spear headed the agitation for a separate telangana in 1969, in which over 360 students were shot dead. The founders of the TPS like pratap kishore were all employed in private service and hence could not take up the party positions. And the leadership was passed on to Chenna Reddy and Madan Mohan.

Pratap Kishore, the man behind the 1969 agitation had to go underground to evade arrest and etention by the Andhra polices but was arrested in November of 1969. and detained in jail. While in the jail Pratap Kishore organized a meeting of jailed Telangana fighers and the minutes and resolution passed in this meeting within the jail were smuggled out and reported in the national media, needless to say it created a furore within the state and national government. Seeing the condition in which the students were being held in the jail, Pratap Kishore led a hunger strike with the result that the students were treated as political prisoners and not like common criminals as was then happening.

Pratap Kishore a staunch separatist spent the years from 1980 to 2004 in carrying out his crusade for a separate state of Telangana and kept that cause alive during the bleak 1980’s and 90’s when no one dared speak of a separate state. He revived the Telangana Praja Samiti in 1984 and held Telangana conventions in Hyderabad, Warangal and Mahabubnagar as well as mohallah meetings across Hyderabad. In June 1987, Pratap Kishore lead a 5 member TPS team on a from the Charminar in Hyderabad to Delhi, to highlight the cause of Telangana. In 1985 the TPS as a protest against the unhygienic living conditions in the city and the apathyof the government, presented a kilo of garbage collected from the over flowing and uncleared garbage dumps in the city to Mr.N.,T.Rama Rao, the CM of Andhra Pradesh. The direct fallout of this was the holding of the Municipal council elections in 1986.

From 1985 to 2003 Pratap Kishore led the TPS in a dawn todusk fast every November 1, at the Telangan Martyrs Memorial in , as amark of

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] respect for the martyars who laid down their lives in 1969, fighting for a separate state. This in spite of the fact that from 1996 he was a cardiac patient and was on medical support. As general of TPS, Pratap Kishore published a large number of status reports on the lack of development and the injustice done to Telangana and tried to build government consensus for a separate statehood. In 2000 at an open house jorganized by the state Electricity Borad and the world bank, which had granted a loan of Rs 4,200 crore to the ASPSEB, Pratap Kishore spoke against the APSEB’s practice of billing the consumers bi-monthly and charging an iterest on the previous months consumption. He stated that this was hurting the middle class citizens especially those living on their pensions. Where in instead of making one small payment each month they werer being to make one back bone of the retired senior citizens making their ends meet on their pensions. This speech of his received a standing ovation and the world Bank took up the issue with the result that APSEB today sends out monthly bills.

In fact, most of the works published by him towards Telangana state How to achieve Telangana spoke about the ways of protest we today talk about like boycotting Andhra products and traders, not letting out homes to Andhra’s, support and preference for Telangana people while selecting them for jobs. Pratap Kishore a journalist, a writer he wrote over 100 short stories, Urdu couplets and a die hard Telangana separatist breathed his last on January 29, 2004 surrounded by his family. As per his wishes, his ashes were immersed in the sangam of the Isa and Musa rivers in Hyderabad, as he wanted his ashes to be mingled with the soil of Telangana.

Political and ideological efforts :

Haradanahalli Gowda is an India politician who was the from June 1996 to April accepted for smaller states during his tenure. He said telangana unemployment will be reduced in telangana.

Jai Telangana Party was founded by P.Indra Reddy. Supported by konda madhava Reddy, jai shankar sir and kesav rao Jadhavin 1997.

Growth of popular unrest against regional disparities :

Many regional politicians from Andhra showed unrest on telengana on disparity on telangana dialect visalandhra was established on linguistic basis with the merger of Andhra and telangana but they named it as Andhra instead of Telugunadu or Telugu Pradesh from then onwards telangana people had second hand treatment,

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] very few statues can be seen of people who worked for telangana socio and cultural development.

Political parties :

Majority of the chief ministers froms Andhra region even Jalagam Vengalarao is telangana settler from Andhra region P.V.Narsimhama Rao tired his best to implement mulki rules but he could not survive by the politics played by Andhra landlords.

Krishna water tribunal : Andhra Pradesh got 800 tmc water was telangana 299 tmc.

Rajaolibanda Diversion scheme or RDS is an irrigation project located across river Tungabhadra in district of Andhra Pradesh states. The full reservoir level of this barrage is 332.32 m MSL.RDS left canal provides irrigation water in Raichur district and Mahbubnagar district of Telengana. The Bachawat Tribunalhad allocated 17.1 tmc ft to its left canal of which 15.9 tmc ft was exclusively meant for Mahabubnagar district. The RDS left canal has been a source of sorrow to the Mahabubnagar farmes because it is hardly giving them 8to10tmc ft against their entitlement of 15.9tmc ft.

Towards formation of telangana state:

Early Incidents (1969 to 1985) 1969 to 1973 : This period was marked by two political agitations, namely “Telangana and Jai Andhra’ movement. Social tensions arose due to influx of people from the Coastal Andhra region. Protests started with the hunger strike of a student from Khammam district for the implementation of safe-guards promised during the creation of Andhra Pradesh. The movement slowly manifested into a demand for a separate Telangana.

Some students protested “implementation of the safe guards from Andhra Pradesh” while some protested for a “separate Telangana”. The local newspaper Indian Express reported that the latter group were dominant According to the 19 January 1969 edition of The Indian Express, the agitation turned violent when a crowd attempted to set fire to a sub-inspector’s residence. 17 were injured in police firing. Discussions about the promised safe-guards were held. The Telangana Regional committee was, however, not fully convinced of the outcome this agitation was met by a counter agitation by the Andhra students accusing the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] transfer Andhra employees as a discrimination between one region and the other. The transfers were eventually challenged in the high-court.

The army had to be called in. After several days of talks with leaders of both regions, on 12 April 1969, prime minister put forth, a eight-point plan. Telangana leaders rejected the plan and protests conitinued under the leadership of newly formed political party Telangana Praja samithi in 1969 asking for the formation of Telangana. Under the Mulki rules in force at the time, anyone who had lived in Hyderabad for 12 years was considered a local, and was thus eligible for certain government posts.

Telengana Praja Samithi was formed under the leadership of Dr.Chenna Reddy with the intention of leading the movement. The Party however, split in November 1969 with the exit of dissident congress leaders. The movement slowly lost momentum and dissolved. 1971: Chief Minister Brahmananda Reddy resigns to make room for a Telangana Chief Minister. On 30 september 1971, P.V.Narasimha Rao -who would later become the Prime Minister of India was appointed the Chief Minister of Andhara Pradesh. “The Telangana Praja Samiti was dissolved and its members rejoined the congress.” 1972: When the supreme Court upheld the Mulki rules the Jai Andhra movement, with the aim of re- formaing a separate state of Andhra, was started in Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema regions. The movement lasted for 11o days. The supreme Court upheld the implementation of Mulki rules. The people from the Andhra region viewed the Mulki rules as “treating them like aliens in their own land.”

1973: a political settlement was reached with the Government of India with a Six - point Furmula. It was agreed upon by the leaders of the two region to prevent any recurrence of such agitations in the future. To avoid legal problems, constitution was amended (32nd amendment ) to give the legal sanctity to the Six- point formula. In 1985, when Telangana employees complained about the violations to six point formula, government enacted government order 610 (GO 610) to correct the violations in recruitment. As Telangana people complained about non implementation of GO 610, in 2001, government constituted Girglani Commission to look into violations.

1997 to 2010

In 1997, state unit of the Bharatiya (BJP) passed a resolution seeking a separate Telangana.

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Bhuvana Giri Sabha : to expose the problems faced by telangana people bhunagiri sabha met in Bhuvana giri in 1997. They gave the name of “daggapadda telangana” to this Sabha, Belli latha who took active role in this sabha was brutally killed by some unknown people.

Telangana Maha Sabha :

Esatablished in 1997. Maha sabha was held at Suryapeta. Veerma took active part but unfortunately he died in encounter.

Demands :

Unconditionally Hyderabad should be part of separate telangana . Funds alloted to Andhra, telangana and rayalaseema should be in transperancy Not sector to be privitised

Cases on innocent people should give up Land distribution should be done immediately All languages should be developed evenly and no language should be iferior.

In 2000, congress party MLAs from the Telangana region who supported a separate Telangana state formed the Telangana Rashtra samithi (TRS), led by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), was formed in April 2001 with the single- point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its Capital. In 2001, the congress working committee sent a resolution to the NDA government for constituting a second SRC to look into the Telangana state demand. This was rejected by the union home minister. L.K.Advani citing that smaller states were neither viable nor conducive to the integrity of the country. In April 2002, Advani wrote a letter to MP A.Narendra rejecting a proposal to create Tehangana state explaining that “regional disparities in economic development could be tackled through planning and effcient use of available resources.” He said that the NDA government, there fore does “not propose creation of a separate state of Telangana However, in 2012 , Advani said that if their then parther TDP cooperated during NDA tenure, a separated state of Telangana could have been created This was confirmed by the president of the TDP, Chandrababu Naidu, on 1 september 2013 in a public meeting . In the run-up to the 2004 Assembly and parliment elections, the Unless there is consensus among all political parities in the state and unless that consensus is reflected in a resolutionof the state Assembly, we don’t propose to include it the NDA agenda “For these elections, the congress party and the TRS

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] forged an electoral alliance in the Telangana region to consier the demand of separate Telangana state. Congress came to power in the state and formed a coalition government at the centre; TRS joined the coalition after the common minimum program of the coalition government included that the demand for sepatate Telangana state will be considered after due consultations and consensus.

In February 2009 the state government declared that it had no objection, in principle,to the formation of separate and the time had come to move forward decisively on theis issue. To resolve related isses, the government constituted a joint house committee. In the lead-up to the 2009 General , all the major parties in Andhra Pradesh supported the formation of Telangana. In the 2009 elections TRS managed to win only to assembly seats out of the 45 it contested and only 2 MP seats. Some media analysts thought Telangana sentiment faded within few months of getting re-elected as popular CM, Y.S.Rajashkhara Reddy (YSR) died in a helicopter crash in September 2009. This resulted in a leadership crisis within the congress party and also created a political vacuum in the state. During this time, TRS president K.Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) raised his pitch for the separate state. ON 29 November 2009, he started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the congress party introduce a telangana bill in parliament. Student organisations, employee unions, and various organisations joined the movement general strikes shut down telangana on 6and 7 December. In an all party meeting called by the state government on the night of 7 December to discuss regrading KCR’s fast and how handle it. all major opposition parties extended their support for a separate state for Telangana. The state congress and its ally Majli-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen have left it to the congress high command to take a final decision. Minutes of the meeting were faxed to congress high command.

Announcement of bifurcation and subsequent rollback :

On 9 December 2009, Union Minister of Home affairs P.Chidambaram announced that the Indian government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state, pending the introduciton and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly. This resulted in protests across both Andhra and Rayalseema. Students, Workers, lawyers and various organizations in the regions launched the samaikyandhara Movement demanding that the state be kept united. MLAs from these regions also submitted their resignations in protest seeking a reversal of the home minister’s statement.

On 23 December, keeping view the reactions of people of other regions, the government of India announced that no action on Telangana will be taken untill a

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] consensus is reached by all with drawing their resignations while MLAs and ministers from Telangana started submitting their resignations, and demanded that the Centre take immediate step to initiate the process of bifurcating Andhra Pradesh.

A joint action committee (also known as JAC or TJAC ) comprising political and non-political groups was formed to lead the demand for separate Telangana with Osmania University professor M Koda Rama Reddy as its convernor.

On 3 February, the government appointed a five-member committee headed by justice SriKrishna to look into the issue.

2010 :

The Srikrishna committee headed by former chief justice B.N.Srikrishna toured all the regions of state extensively land invited people from all sections of the society to give their opinion on the statehood. It revceived over one lakh petitions and representations from political partiesm organisations, NGOs and individuals. It also held consultations with political parties and general public while also factoring in the impact of recent developments on different sections of people such as women, children, students, minorities, other backward classes, scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes.

On 16 December 2010, two weeks before the dadline for the submission of the srikrishna report, TRS organized a public meeting in Warangal. It was estimated that over 2.6 million people attended this meeting. It was reported that even more would have attended, byt were stranded due to traffic jams along roads leading to the city. TRS president K.Chandrasekhar Rao appealed to Prime Minister to note that the people of Telangana in the next session of Parliament.

Days before the Srikrishna committee submitted its report to the central government, KCR declared that his party was ready to wash ’s feet if she agrees to the Telangana demand. He said his party is associated with the movement and was willing ot dissolve the party if the state was formed.

Release of the report and summary of findings

The Indian Home Ministry released the 505 page Srikrishna committee on 6 January 2011. The committee opined that most regions of Telangana (excluding

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Hyderabad) were either “on par or a shade lower” than coastal Andhra. When Hyderabad is included, Telangana fared better. The most backward of al regions was in fact Rayalaseema. The committee, however, agreed with the violations of GO 610. Most viloations, however, have been in the education and health sectors due to death of qualified locals. It also noted that the funds released for educational institutions in Telangana movement as a threat to national integrity. Nothing the emotions in the general public about the issue, aperceive heglect in implementation of assurances given to the region, it also said that “There fore, after taking into account all athe pros and cons, the cmmittee did not think it to be the most preferred , but the second best, option. Separation is recommended only in case it is unavoidable and if this decision can reached amicably amongst all the three regions.”

Solutions proposed

The report discusses six solutions to the problem, the preferred option being keeping the state united by simultaneously providing certain definite constitutional and statutory measure for socio-economic development and politiacl empowerment of Telangana region through the creation of a statutorily empowered Telangana regional council. The second best option is bifurcation of the state into Telangana and seemandhra as per existing boundaries, with Hyderabad as the capital to Telangana and seemandhra to have a new capital.

Reactions to the report

The eighth chapter of the report was not made public for undisclosed reason. After a judgment delivered by Justic L Narasimha Reddy of Andhra Pradesh High Court, the content of the “Secret” chapter were submitted to the High Court. The Chief Justice in his 60 page Judgement said “The committee travelled beyond the terms of reference in its endeavour to persuade the Union of India not to accede to the demand for Telangana”. The judgement also quoted the SKC report’s 8th chapter and said “The manoeuvre suggested by the committee in its secret supplementary note poses an open challenge, if not threat, to the very system of democracy. “The eight chapter was not make public after division bench comprising the chief Justice of the AP high court has stayed the order of Justice L Narasiha Reddy Hence, the facts of the comments of the judge on the eighth chapter remain unverified.

Non-cooperationmovement and Million March :

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On 17 February 2011, a noncooperation movement was started which lasted for 16 days with participation by 300,000 government employees. It caused a loss of Rs 8 billion per day in revenue to government. In February and March, Assembly session was boycotted for weeks and parliament session was disrupted for several days by Telangana representatives. Million March was oganised by Telangana JAC in Hyderabad on 10 March 2011. Many seemandhra bound police were dropped into Hyderabad city to stop the Telangana movement. In a move to dosrupt the march, seemandhra police arrested over thousand activists throughout the region and closed down entry to Hyderabad city by stopping certain tranportation sevices and diverting traffic. Around 50,000 people reached the venue of the march, Tank Bund by hoodwinking police. Telangana activists damaged 16 statues of personalities representing Telugu culture language and threw some of the remnants into the lake in November 2011, Telangana Rashtra samiti Vidyarthi vibhagam (TRSV) state president Bali suman was arrested by hyderabad police after cases were registered against him in connection with damaging statues on Tank Bund during the ‘Million March’, attacking police personal, damaging police and seemandhra media vehicles.

Mass resignations : From April till June, the movement saw a lull with different parties citing various reasons and fresh deadlines to renew the agitation. In July, 81 of 119 Telangana MALs in the state, 12 out of 15 Telangana ministers in state, 13 out of 17 Telangana MPs in Loksabha, 1 Rajyasabha MP (Congress), 20 MLCs resigned protesting delay in the formation of Telangana. On 20 July 30 years old Yadi Reddy was founded 100yards from parliament House in Delhi. An eight pages suicide note says the young driver fromj greater hyderabad region of Telangana was upset over the government not creating a new state for his homeland. The speaker of the AP assembly on 23 July summarily rejected the resignations of all 101MLAs citing that they were made in an emotionally surcharged atmosphere. All Telangana MPs who earlier submitted their resignations and were boycotting the parliment session also decided to attend the parliament monsoon session citing Sonia Gandhi’s ill health.

Sakala Janula Samme

On 12 september 2011, a day before sakala janula samme (All peole’s strike), TRS organised a public meeting in Karimnagar which was attented by over a million people including TJAC leaders, BJP and new Democracy party leaders. Starting 13 Se[tember, as part strike by all section of people supporting telangana statehood, government employees throughout Telangana stayed out of work,

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] lawyers boycotted courts and 60,000 coal miners of singareni collieries (SCCL Ltd.) also joined the strike soon goevenment teachers, state road transport corporation employees and state electricity board employees joined the strike. On a call give by JAC, road blockades on national highways thoughout Telangana, rail blockade and the strike of auto rikshaw union were organized on 24 and 25 September causing disruption in trasport sevices virrtually all sections of people joined this strike. On 30 September, as the strike entered the 18th day, even while congress central leadership met several Telangana congress leaders, JAC called a bundh in Hyderabad city. On 2 October, JAC leaders, employee unions leaders and TRS leaders including KCR met Prime minister to explain the situation in Telangana due to the strike and asked to expedite the decision on the statehood demand. The strike has resulted in an unprecedented power crisis in the state with only 223 MU of power generated against the demand of 275MU impacting both the industry and agriculture Due to Rail blockade call on 15 October 110 trains were cancelled and 68 trains were diverted by authorities. The railways operated 12 trains and trails with full police protection. Telangana protestors tried to have sit in on rail platforms or on railways tracks at various places. Police arrested thousands of protesters including 8 MPs and 4 MLAs. ON 16 October public transport employees called off the strike. Within days other unions too called off the strike one after another. After 42 days, on 24 October remaining employees unions called off the strike. M. Kodandaram said that the strike had impacted the over all thinking of the centre towards creation of separate state and the movement will continue with other protest activities.

On 29 October 2011 three congress party MLAs belonging to Telangana region resigned and joined TRS in protest as they were disappointed with congress leaderships delay in Telangana state formation. On 1 November, congress MLA Komati Reddy Venkata Reddy started an indefinite hunger strike untill the central government announced a roadmap for telangana state. 5 days later, the fast was borken when police arrested him under section 309 of IPC (Attempt ot commit suicide) and shifted him to Nims, hyderabad where he was kept under intravenous fluids. He ended his fast on 9 November. 97 year old freedom fighter Konda Laxman Bapuji also lanunched his week-long satyagraha at Jantar Mantar in . demanding statehood to the region.

2012

IN January, BJP led by state party president Kishan Reddy started the 22- day Telangana ‘Poru ’, across 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for Telangana state. Thouth the four was successful in reiterating the party’s Pro-

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Telangana state, it could not garner as much support as hoped because of the indifferent attitude of the TRS and TJAC. In fact the failure of the TRS in declaring its support to Kishan Reddy’s yatra has resulted in growing difference between the two parties. By elections took place on 18 March in 6 Telangana assembly seats. TRS own 4 out of 5 seats it contested with huge majorities ranging from 15,024 to 44,465. In 2 out of the 4 seats won by TRS (kamareddy and Adilabad), the TRS candidates polled less number of votes compared to 2009 assembly elections when they contested as candidates from TDP which was in alliance with TRS. Ex -TDP MLA NagamJanardhan Reddy won from Nagarkurnool seat as an independent with TJAC support. COngress lost deposit in one constituency and TDP in 3 Constituencies. Bye-polls were conducted for 18 Assembly seats and 1 Parliment seat on 12 June. The YSRCP won 15 assembly seats and the lone parliament seat in

Sakala Janula Samme

On 12 september 2011, a day before sakala janula samme (All peole’s strike), TRS organised a public meeting in Karimnagar which was attented by over a million people including TJAC leaders, BJP and new Democracy party leaders. Starting 13 Se[tember, as part strike by all section of people supporting telangana statehood, government employees throughout Telangana stayed out of work, lawyers boycotted courts and 60,000 coal miners of singareni collieries (SCCL Ltd.) also joined the strike soon goevenment teachers, state road transport corporation employees and state electricity board employees joined the strike. On a call give by JAC, road blockades on national highways thoughout Telangana, rail blockade and the strike of auto rikshaw union were organized on 24 and 25 September causing disruption in trasport sevices virrtually all sections of people joined this strike. On 30 September, as the strike entered the 18th day, even while congress central leadership met several Telangana congress leaders, JAC called a bundh in Hyderabad city. On 2 October, JAC leaders, employee unions leaders and TRS leaders including KCR met Prime minister to explain the situation in Telangana due to the strike and asked to expedite the decision on the statehood demand. The strike has resulted in an unprecedented power crisis in the state with only 223 MU of power generated against the demand of 275MU impacting both the industry and agriculture Due to Rail blockade call on 15 October 110 trains were cancelled and 68 trains were diverted by authorities. The railways operated 12 trains and Hyderabad metro trails with full police protection. Telangana protestors tried to have sit in on rail platforms or on railways tracks at various places. Police arrested thousands of protesters including 8 MPs and 4 MLAs. ON 16 October public transport employees called off the strike. Within days other

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] unions too called off the strike one after another. After 42 days, on 24 October remaining employees unions called off the strike. M. Kodandaram said that the strike had impacted the over all thinking of the centre towards creation of separate state and the movement will continue with other protest activities.

On 29 October 2011 three congress party MLAs belonging to Telangana region resigned and joined TRS in protest as they were disappointed with congress leaderships delay in Telangana state formation. On 1 November, congress MLA Komati Reddy Venkata Reddy started an indefinite hunger strike untill the central government announced a roadmap for telangana state. 5 days later, the fast was borken when police arrested him under section 309 of IPC (Attempt ot commit suicide) and shifted him to Nims, hyderabad where he was kept under intravenous fluids. He ended his fast on 9 November. 97 year old freedom fighter Konda Laxman Bapuji also lanunched his week-long satyagraha at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi. demanding statehood to the region.

2012

IN January, BJP led by state party president Kishan Reddy started the 22- day Telangana ‘Poru Yatra’, across 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for Telangana state. Thouth the four was successful in reiterating the party’s Pro- Telangana state, it could not garner as much support as hoped because of the indifferent attitude of the TRS and TJAC. In fact the failure of the TRS in declaring its support to Kishan Reddy’s yatra has resulted in growing difference between the two parties. By elections took place on 18 March in 6 Telangana assembly seats. TRS own 4 out of 5 seats it contested with huge majorities ranging from 15,024 to 44,465. In 2 out of the 4 seats won by TRS (kamareddy and Adilabad), the TRS candidates polled less number of votes compared to 2009 assembly elections when they contested as candidates from TDP which was in alliance with TRS. Ex -TDP MLA NagamJanardhan Reddy won from Nagarkurnool seat as an independent with TJAC support. COngress lost deposit in one constituency and TDP in 3 Constituencies. Bye-polls were conducted for 18 Assembly seats and 1 Parliment seat on 12 June. The YSRCP won 15 assembly seats and the lone parliament seat in cabin around 1,000 Telangana supporters went on a rampage over powering over 100 uniformed men stationed in the area and burnt down the cabin after manhandiling railway staff. The entire singnalling system was damaged and officals pegged the loss at around Rs 60 lakh. After 19:00, TJAC leaders violated the deadline and refused to leave the venue till the government issues a statement on Telangana . Police first used water cannons and later lobbed tear gas shells on the crowd and on the the stage to force the

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] protestors to leave the venue finally at midnight the JAC called off teh march citing heavy rain and injured supporters. The next day local police registered 15 cases against Kondamram and others for violence during the march . Ralway police also registered case against unidentified persons for damage to the signalling system at Lakdikapul. Cases were booked against the student leaders of TSJAC, OUJAC, Telangana vidyarti Parishad and TVV. The bandh drew little reponse in hyderabad and was partial in telangana districts. Osmania University students again resorted to stone throwing and police retaliated by using tear gas shells.

All Party meeting in December :

On 28 December 2012 a meeting was organised by , Home minister of India to discuss the telangana issue. It was attended by 8 political parties having significant presence in the state legislature. Afte hearing views of all the parties, the home minister said that this will be the last such meeting on this issue and that the government will come up eith a decision within 30 days. IN the meeting, MIM and CPI(M) reiterated their strong opposition to division of the state. YSR Congress remained neutral and requested the central government to take a decision. Congress representatives gave a letter signed by its president which said that it never withdrawn its letter to Pranab Mukharjee in 2008 supporting Telangana state formation. Telangana JAC demanded more clarity from Telugu desam before they allow TDP to be a member of JAC. 2013

2013 witnessed more protest by the TJAC including blockade of the road blockade of NH 7 in Mahabubnagar district. Public property was destroyed. This year also witnessed protest by 5 congress MPs for 48 hours at the entrance of the Indian Parliament leaders from various political parties joined TRS in support of the movement.

Chalo Assembly :

In May 2013 the TJAC gave a call to lay siege to the state legislative assembly in Hydrabad on 14 June 2013 to demand th formation of Telangana. Governmnent refused permission to the march as they had information that anti- social elements might participate in the event and cause violence like in previous events of sagara Haram and Million March where violence erupted despite promises made by the TJAC Police made pre-emptive arrests of activists through the region which led do stalling of the assembly proceedings by opposition parties. The chief minister directed the director-general of police at a high-level review

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] meeting not to use even rubber bullets in their efforts and observe utmost restraint in maintaining law and order. Amid fear of violence by Naxalites after an open latter clamied to have been written by them on the rally, police sounded a high alert across the state and almost sealed all the arterial roads leading to the Assembly. Over 25,000 policemen belonging to both central and state security forece were deployed. The TJAC leaders alleged that the government has been using repressive measures to prevent them from represinting the aspirations of Telangana people in a peaceful manner Educational institutions declared a holiday and public transport went off the roads and shols and establishment shut as a precautionary measure. On the day of the event in aspit of the restrictions placed, police could not totally prevent Telangana activists from sneaking into prime loccations and making a vain bid to rush towards the Assembly. Hundreds of people including state legislators, JAC chaiman and other leaders were arrests across the city. Osmania University campus witnessed pitched battles as police colsed the campus gate to stop students leaving campusin a rally then resorted to tear gas shelling when student started stone pelting . After the march, the TJAC chairman remarked that their goal to reach Assembly complex and highlight their demand was fulfilled.

Congress core commitee Meeting :

According to an internal survey reportedly done for the state government (cited by media sources in June), the congress party will get around 35-40seats out of 294 MLA seats in the state, with TRS ahead in Tenagana rgion while YSRCP in the seemaAndhra region. This survey was reprotedly being considered to arrive at a decison on the statehood issue. On 30 June, congress leaders belonging to Telangana region organized a public meeting in hyderabad with a turn out of over 100,000 to show their support to Telangana state. It was attended by Damodar Raj Narasimha, Deputy chief minister of the state, central ministers, state minster, MPs and MLAs who expressed the confidence that their party leadeship will create the separate state soon and said that congress will perform well in next elections in such a situation on 1 July congerss party in-charge of the state, digvijay singh said that party is at the final stages of taking decision on telangana issue. He also diercted state chief minister, deputy chief minister and state party president (they represent assembly constituencies in Rayalaseema, Telangana and coastal Andhra regions respectively) to furnish a road map, keeping both option open, that could help lead to a decision On 11 July the three leaders presented their views in the congress core committee meeting , post wnich it was announced that a decision will be taken by the congress working committee. The chief minster N Kirna

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] kumar Reddy met several MPs, MLAs and MLCs on 29 July in a bid to resolve the issue being taken up by the central congress government.

CWC resolution on bifurcation

The congress working committee (CWC) unanimously passed a resolution on 30 July to create the state of Telangana. The committee also that the concerns of people frojm the remanining rgions sharing of water and power resources will be addressed. The bifurcation decision sparked off fresh protests as part of the Samailyandhra Movement.

Reactions ;

TRS welcomed the decision and its chief k. Chandrashekhar Rao said that his party is fine with hyderabad being the joint capital This was seen as an attempt by the INC to merge TRS into isself for the genrral and provincial election after being marginalised in the Rayalseema and coastal regions byu the YSR congress. A BJP state level leader gave credit for the move to Gujarat chief minister Naradra Modi by saying that the move by congress was in reaction to Modi’s tour to hyderabad on 11 August . BJP national level leaders reacted by saying that the move was under pressureand that their party supports the creation of telnagana and Vidarbha. They demanded that other requests for the creation fo new states such as those of Gorkahaland and Bodoland need to be done by appointing a second states Recorganisation commission earlier too. We now demand that the government should set it up and seek a report within a specific time frame many parties and politicians including the chief minister who hails from Rayalaseema protested the bill. SOme even tremed it as “undemocratic”. The congress and YSRCP were wiped out in the following elections, however in all three regions of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh. Indian genral election, 2014.

The decision sparked protests by the Gorkha Janmukti Morch (GJM) in the form of an indefinite strike of an indefinite strike for Gorkhaland. GJM president Bimal gurug also redigned from the Gorkhanaland Territorial Administration in demand fro Gorkhalan, citing West Bengal government interference with is autonomy. It was evern speculated by the Mukti Morcha for Bundelkhand Meanwhile, the national Home minister opined that the lack of development in the proplsed areas and the proximity to other hotbeds in chattishgarhs Bastar and Maharashtras Gadhidoli regions might cause and increase in Naxalism in Telangana Communist party of India (Maoist) if the administration is not quickly consolidated. The next steps towards the re-formation of Telangana,

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] expected by early 2014, are : Thye national cabinet sharing its plans with the and the Andhra pradesh legislaure. The Prime Minister would then organise a committee to negotiate a consensus between the leaders from the three regions for issues such as sharing revenue and water. Both national houses of parliament would then have to pass a resolution to create Telangana.

Cabinet approval of Telangana state:

3 October 2013, the Union cabinet approved the creation of the new state of Telangna.A group of ministers (GOM) was created to settle issuse concerning the new state and the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad will be the shared capital for 10 years, after which it will belong to Telangna, said the Home Minster on 8 OCtober, recently retired director general of police Dinesh Reddy said the chief minister, Kiran Kumar Reddy pressured him to issue a public statement that the creation of Telangana would lead to intensification of Maoist activities. He also charged that the CM had reprimanded him for seeking additional central forces for containing expected trouble in seemandhra in the run up to the congress working committee’s Telangana resolution at the end of July.

Events leading to the formation of Telangana

Formation of group of minister (GOM)

Government of India set up the group of ministers (*GOM) headed by union home minister sushilkumar shinde to address all the issuee that need resolution at the central and state government levels during the foramation of Telangana state. GOM met on 11 October for the first time released its terms of reference on 16 Oct. GOM met 2nd time on 19th Oct. and considered the background notes which had been prepared by the Home ministry regarding the various issues pertiaining to the bifurcation. It also asked feeback from public to send their suggestions pertaining to the specific terms of reference before 5 November on 29 October, the back ground notes prepared by home ministry for GOM appeared in the media. On 30 October, union Home minister sushil kumar shinde called for an all party meeting , to be attended by representatives of national and regional parties of the state, to discuss the issues related to bifurcation in a letter to 8 major political parties in thestates, home ministery asked the parties to submit their suggestions to the GOM by 5 November, following which an all party meeting will be held. On 13-14 November GOM met the representatives all parties of the state to discuss (TDP boycotted the meeting) about the issue related to vifurcation. GOM had meetings including some with CM, Deputy CM, cabinet ministers from the state

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] and other state leaders while finalizing the Telangana draft bill. On 3 December, Talk of including 2 Rayalaseema distrits, Ananthapur distric and Kurnool district, in Telanganan state by GOM was criticized by pro Telangana groups. TRS and JAC called for Telangna wide bandh (Strike) 0n 5 December 2013 which had a good response on the evening of 5 December 2013, cabinet approved the Telangana draft bill prepared by group of ministers (GOM). The bill have to approved by parliament before it becomes 29th state of the union. Legislative Proceedings

6 December 2013:

India’s Union Home Ministry sends the Telangana draft to the president of India.

11 December 2013:

The president of India reviews the bill and passes it on to the Anhdra pradesh state Assembly to elicit its views, giving it untill 23 January to respond with its viewss. The bill was ungently hand delivered the following day to Assembly secreatariat by the joint secretary o Union Home Ministry.

16 December 2013:

The Telangana draft bill was introduced in Andhra Pradesh state assembly by deputy speaker Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka in speakers absence. This was met by protests and chaos created by the seemandhra MLAs.

17 December 2013:

Assembly decides to disuss the bill starting the following day this evokes mixed reactions including allegaions on seemandhra leaers attempt toderail the bill by delaying the process.

18, 19 December 2013:

Assembly proceedings continue to be disrupted. The situation forces the spearker, Nadendla Manhor to adjourn the house until 3 January . This is met with protests from the Telangna MLAs. Telangana and seemandhra leaders meet the president vying with each other to complain about the way the Telangana bill was being hanlded.

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1 January 2014:

2 days before that start of the next assembly session. the chief minister Kiran Kumar Reddy replaces D with S Saliahanath. This move mcomes criticized as the former hails from telangana and the latter is actively involved with Samaikyandhra movement. Sridhar Babu resings from the cabinet in protest.

3,4 January 2014:

Situatioj fails to improve as assembly sessions remain desrupted .

6 January 2014:

Unable to continey assembly session amid chaos, the speaker request membrs to submit written amendments, if any to the clauses of the bill by 10 January.

8 January 2014:

The bill is finally taken up for debate. However, this lasts for only a few minuties with the YSR congress party MLAs resuming protests

9 January :

The debate continues only agter YSRCP MLAs were suspended. While there was polrization on regional lines, debate more or less turned into a blame game over the state bifurction issues as every party indulged in a game of political one upmanshilp. Congress leaders from seemandhra and minister Vatti Vasanth kumar spoke opposing the telangana bill and said bifurcation is against seemandhra interests. On 10 January, E Rahjender spoke in length supportingt Telangna bill while highlighting the grievances of Telangan people and the history of the movement. CPI floor leader G Mallesh, Congress leader from Telangana and government chief whip Gandra Venkaramana Reddy spoke supporting Telangana bill. House was adjorned until 17 January . After 17 January, debate had less disruptions. Chief minister rewuested the presiedent 4 week additional time for the debate had move poopsed by Telangana leaders.On 23 January president gave 7 days extension, untill 30 Hanuary, for assembly to give its views on telangana draft bill.

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23-25 Jan 2014 :

The chief minister presents his anslysis on how the difurcation is derimental to both regions, the highlights being the effect on current irrgation projects in Telangana and better subsidized lelctricity given to farmers of telangna. Telangana MLAs ridicule the chief minister and prevent the proceedings citing no opportunity to make a counter argument. The chief minister later expressis his opinion as the AP Reorganization bill -2013 being defective. Other members view this as an unsuly delayed reaction.

27 Jan 2014 :

Chief minister Kiran Kumar Reddy, gave notice to assembly speaker requesting to move resolution rejecting the Telangana bill. The move was criticized by Telangana MLAs including the ministers and deputy chief minster saying that cabinet was not consulted on the subject. They said this amounts to defying the union cabinet constitution and president . After this, no debate was possible in the assembly as Telangna members insisted that speaker reject the chiefmjnsters notice. On 30 Jan 2014, Andhra Pradesh asembly speaker declared that assembly completed the debate and all the members gave their views. He said he would send to the president of India a compilation of 9,072 suggestions and amendments he received in writing from membrs, inclu7sing 87 members who had spoken on the bill in the house. Further he accepted the chief ministers notice of resolution to reject the AP recorganization bill and declared that resolution passed by voice vote with out even waiting for the maMLAs in the house to say ‘aye’, admist pandemonium and protests from Telangna MLAs. Earlier in the day seemandhra memgers rused to the well of the house demanding that the resolution moved by the CM, without cabinet approval, be put to vote, those from the telangana region, inclouding the ministers and deputy chief minister did the same with the demand that there should be no voting. At 11.30 pm, in what appears to bea coordinated strategy between the speakerm the chief minister and the seemandhra legislators, all the members from that region converged at the well of the house and formed a wall around the speaker even as Manohar read out the resolution, put it to vioce vote and declared it as having been passed. The bill will now be sent back to president pranab mukherjee after which it is slated to be table in Parliament. The resolution was placed in the house and was declared passed with in 15 seconds. Analystsa say “rejection of Telangana bill” is not vaild and is usefull only for political grand statning. Union cabinet minister Jaipal Reddy said that the resolution ot reject the Telangana bill was passed in the assembly by cheating and it has no statutory and political sanctity. General secretary of congress

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] party’s in charge for Andhra Pradesh, said that the bill that the president sent to the assembly was never meant to be put to vote and said that the congress high command and the center would go ahead with its plans to introduce and pass the Telangana bill in parliament during the forthcoming session. On 4 February, GOM cleared the Telangana bill after making few amendements to it based upon the input from state assembly . On 7 Feburay, Union cabinet cleared the Telangana bill and plans to introduce in upper house of parliament with 32 amendements. Amdndment include the details of financial package to seemandhra to address their concerns. On 13 Feburay Telangana bill was introduced in the Loksabha the lower house of parliament, by union home minister, sushilkumar shinde despite protests, disruptions of seemandhra MPs. In an unprecedented incidence, the use of pepper spray by seemandhra MP, Lagadapati Rajagopal in the Loksabha during the introsuction of the bill caused all the members to leave the house and some members to be hospitapized.

18 February 2014: the Telangana bill is passed by the loksabha with supports from the BJP and congress. Broadcast of the proceedings enters a blackout during the voice vote. This caused widespresad criticism of the manner in which the bill was passed. 20 February 2014: The telangana bill is passed by Rajya sabha with the support form the BJP. The bill receives the assent o the president and published in the gazette on 1 March 2014. On 4 March 2014 the government of India declares 2 June 2014 the telangana formation day. Telangana is the 29th state of the Unon of India with Hyderabad as its capital. Both states will share the capital for 10 years until seemandhra can establish its own. However, the revenues of Hyderabad and state governing power will go only to Telangana . No special status was accorded to seemandhra, though it was hinted in the Telangana bill. Six -point formula is a political settlement was reached with the governmetn of India with a six-point formula on 21 September 1973. It was agreed upon by the leaders of hte two regions to prevent any recurrence of such agitations in the future. To avoid legal problems, constitution was ameneded (32nd amendment) to give the legal sanctity to the six-point formulal During the time there was presidents rule in Andhra Pradesh after p.v.Narasimha rao resigned as chief ministers.

Six –points

1. Accelerated development of the back ward areas of the state, and planned development of the state capital, with special resources earmarked for these purposes; and appropriate representation of such back ward ateas in the state

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legislature , along wityh other experts, should formulate and monitor development schemes for the areas. The formation at the state level of a planning Board as well as sub-committees for different backward areas should be the appropriate instrument for achieving this objective.

2. Institution of uniform arrangements throughout the state enabling adequate preference beling given to local candidates in the matter of admission to educational institutions, and establishment of a new central University at Hyderabad to augment the existing educational facilities should be the basis of the educational policy of the state.

3. Subject to the requirements of the state as a whole, local candidates should be given perference to specialed extent in the matter of direct recruitment to (i) non-gazetted posts (other than in the secreatariat. Offices of Head of Department, other state level offices and istitutions and the Hyderabad city police (ii) corresponding posts under the local bodies and (iii) the posts of Tahsildars, Junior Engineers and civil Assistant surgeons. To improve their promotion prospects, service cardres should be organised to the extent possible on appropriate locals basis up to specified gazatted level, first or second, as may be administratively convenient.

4. A high - power administrative tribunal should be constituted to deal with the grievances of service regarding appointments, senirority, promotion and other allied matters. The decisions of the Tribunal should ordinarily be binding on the state government. The consitution of such a tribunal would justify limits on recourse to judiciary in such matters.

5. In order that implementation of measures based on the above principles does not give rise to litigation and consequent uncertainty, the constitution should be sutably amended to the extent necessary conferring on the presedint enabling powers in this behalf.

6. The above appoach would render the continuance of Mulki Rules and Regional committee unnecessary.

Violation

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In 1985, when Telangana employees complained about the violations to six- point formula, government enacted government order 610 (GO610) to correct the violations in recruitment. As Telangana people complained about non- implementation of GO 610, in 2001, government constituted Girglani commission to look into violations.

The Girglani commission submitted its preliminary its report on 6-10-2001 on implementation of Go 610. The commission submitted its final report on the deviations in the implementation of the presidential order and making suggestions on safeguards to set right injustices and anomalies. The Fine Report, comprising 716 pages spread over three volumes, was handed to the government on September 30, 2004. The Assembly’s winter session was held in December 2004 but the state government chose not to table the report in the House at the time. Four-and -a-half months after the final report was recevied, the government laid it on the table of the Assembly on February 16, 2004. The brief, one-page action taken report merely mentioned that the government has constituted the seven-member group of Ministers to examine the Report. The first meeting was held on 11-1-2005 and it was decided to communicate the Report to all departments of secretariat for their examination and to furnish their suggestions/proposals pertaining to their departments.

Normally, the ATR indicate the follow-up action taken by the government on the findings and recommendations of an Inquiry commission appointed under the commission of Inquiries Act. In the instant case, the only follow-up action that the government has taken is the nomina tion of a group of ministers and dispatching the copies of the reports to the departments at the Secretariat level. This explains the callousness and casual approach of the congress government, which promised in the poll manifesto on the eve of 2004 Assembly elections to implement the GO Ms 610 in letter and spirt.

Only the Home Minister Shri K Jana Reddy and the Home Department have evinced some interest in initiating action on the Girlani Commission’s findings and suggestions. The Home minister announced recently that the government has decided to repartriate to their home districts as many as 3,150 police personnel who have been working in Hyderabad Cyberabad commissionerates in violation of APF and GO Ms 610. The Home Minister, however, clarifed that such repartriation would be done in phases to avoid administrative, departmental and legal problems. Moreover, no methodology or time-limit has been specified for repariation of personnel to their respective zones. It is unfortunate that other ministers and

www.OnlineIAS.com www.OnlineIAS.com [email protected] departments have maintained stoic silence on the issue and not taken any action on the Girlani comminssion report so far.

Girglani commission report as “an eye-opener” is the gross injustice done to the people of Telangana region all these decades. Our party gives credence to the contention of TNGOs Union that as many as 60,000 non-locals from other region in violation of SPF, presidential order and GO Ms 610. It is our considered view that the presidential order on reservations to local cadidates has been grossly violated in Telangana and thousands of ‘settlers’ have grabbed the government jobs in Hyderabad, Rangareddy and other eight Telangana districts. It is all the more painful to note that those who have been wilfully denying rightful employment to locals in Telangana in the name of an integrated AP have chosen to subvert the work of Girglani commission in various ways. Not even one-third of the 134 -odd departments furnished data to Girilani commission. If all the departments had extended their full cooperation, the commission would have brought to light starting facts on the injustice meted out to Telangana since the formation of Andhra Pradesh on November 1, 1956. Justice pingle Jaganmohan Reddy was chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court.

He was born on 23 January 1910. He practised in the High Courts of Bombay, Madras and Hyderabad during 1937-46. He saved as deputy secretary, Government of Hyderabad, Additional Judge, District and Sessions Judge, Additional Judge High Court, Hyderabad from 25 February 1945 till 16 November 1946.

A commission of Inquiry was set up to probe into the firing occurred on September 3 and 4 and submitted report on 28 December 1952.

Report :

1) lack of coordination between people and police and politicians.

2) disturbances rose out of furstrated people

3) people tried to dispressed by using tear gas and lathi charge, then opened fire

1953 intial debates for Telangana :

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He worte a social history ot the Telugu people, Andhrula saanghika charitra, which was first published in 1949 and has since gone through many deitions. It was the first book that ot win the best national book award (Kendra sahity Academy Puraskaram.). From the 1970 on wards it was a prescribed text for the Indian Administrative sevice and examinations and of the Andhra Pradesh civil service commission.

Pratapaareddy was a scholar in sanskrit, Telugu, Urdu and English languages. He had termendous admiration for Telangana Telugu. He is famous for his research articles, novels, poety, story writer, and lierary critic. He used to say, “British Andhrulu Brownvandharm (English-Telugu) matlaadite memu tarakyandhram (Urdu-Telugu) matladutamu. (British Andhras peak Tenglishh (Telugu-English) and we speak Turdu (Telugu -Urdu).”

He compiled a list of 354 Telangana poets under the title “Golconda Kavaulu” to prove that Telangana also had literature and poetry. Pratapareddy wrote approximately 40 books, including Nizamrashtra Palanam, Mogalayi Kathalu, Sanghoddharana, Ucchala Vishadamu, Grandhalayamu, Hinduvula pandugalu, Haindava Dharmaveerulu, Yuvajana vignyanam etc.

Most promint among his writings was Andhrulu Sanghikacharitra (social History of Andhras), which won him prestigious “Kendra sahitya Award,” a federal Indian government award for literature. In this book he described a thousand years of Telugu cultural and social history. Some of the interesting points in this book were: Men used to wear mattelu (toe rings) during Nannaya period (~ 1000AD). Telugug script is called “Onamalu” derived from Namah Sivaya of Saivim. Reddys and velamas were not Telugus. They were inmmigrants.

Rashtrakutas from north became Reddy’s and vellalu from Temil countrry became velamas. Velamas were social reformers and Reddys were orthodox and hence there was always rivalry between these two tribes. During the period of srinadha (~15th century) they were considered equal in the society.

He was the editor and founder of Golconda Patrika, a journal in Hyderabad state. Many of his articles appeared in journals like Sujata, Shoba, Bharati etc.

He was moved by the sad plight and illiteracy of Telangana people. He was disturbed by the fact that Urdu was the ruling language and Telugu had no respec. There were no facilities for Telangana Telugus to strudy in their mother longue.

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Raja Bahaddur Venkatranareddy, the police commissioner of Nizam state, employed him as the secretary of Reddy Hostel in Hyderabad. Pratapareddy set up a very good library in the hostel in Hyderabad. Pratapareddy set up a very good library in the hostel and brought activity and discipline among the students. He quit job at Reddy Hostel to launch a Telugu language jounal “Golconda” for the benifit of Telugu people. Golconda was published twice a week. In one of the editorials of Goloconda he wrote that the purpose the journal was twofold:

1) to serve Telugu language in Telangana and

2) to help develop every body in Telangana without any tribal/ caste prejudices.

Kaloji narayana Rao:

Kaloji Narayana Rao (9 September 1914 -13 November 2002) more popularly known as Kaloji or Kalanna was an Indian poet, freedom fighter, Anti- fascist and political activist of Telangana. When he supported for visalandhra at Warangal headed by sri sri people thrown stone on him . With this incident one come to know about people intention about telangana.

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