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Comnets GPRS Protocol Stack (Source: Fig Four Generations of Digital Mobile Radio Networks - From 2G to 5G Systems - Bernhard Walke Communication Networks (ComNets) Research Group RWTH Aachen University, Germany ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oct. 23, 2015 ComNets Content 1. Mobile Radio Networks and Services 2. Frequency Spectrum, Radio Propagation 3. Transmission Technology 4. Techniques for Increasing Capacity 5. Future (5G) Mobile Systems Architecture 6. Summary ComNets 2 Growth of transmitted Data world-wide - Mobile Video is the main application - Cumulated Annual Growth CAGR Exa = 10 exp 16 Figures in parentheses refer to 2014, 2019 traffic share. Source: Cisco VNI Mobile, 2015 ComNets World-wide Standardized Digital Mobile Radio Systems Mobile System: 1989: GSM (Global System for Mobile) – 2G -- 200 kHz channel width, 15 kbps 2001: GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) in GSM – 2G - 64 kbps 2004: EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution) – 2.5G – 256 kbps 2003: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecom. System) – 3G – 2 MHz – 1 Mbps 2006: HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access) – 3.5G – 2 MHz channel width, 15 Mbps 2009: LTE (Long Term Evolution) – 4G – 20 MHz channel width – 100 Mbps 2014: LTE-A (Long Term Evolution – Advanced) – 4.5G – n x 20 MHz – 1 Gbps 2020: 5G (Self-Organizing Mobile Network for Internet of Things)–10 Gbps Wireless Systems: 1999: WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) – 1, 2, 5 MHz - < 200m, 20-1.000 Mbps 2000: DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications) – 2 MHz – 50m 2003: Bluetooth – 1, 2 MHz – 10m ComNets 4 Mobile Radio Network Architecture (Example UMTS) Andere Mobil- funknetze Öffentl. Telefon- netz/ISDN USIM Datennetze/ Internet USIM MS RAN CN Core Transport functions, mobility management, Subscriber data Network base, service control, etc. Radio Access Radio technology specific fixed network functions Network (Radio Resource Management, etc.) • Radio Interface (Radio transmission) Mobile Station • Service control and user interface. UMTS Subscriber Identity Module • Contains subscriber specific data • Enables authentified access to the mobile network. Important interfaces between function blocks © System architecture 5 Capacity Required depends on Operations Area Source: J. Zander, P. Mähönen: Riding the Data Tsunami in the Cloud: Myths and Challenges in Future Wireless Access, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2013, 145-151 ComNets Content 1. Mobile Radio Networks and Services 2. Frequency Spectrum, Radio Propagation 3. Transmission Technology 4. Techniques for Increasing Capacity 5. Future (5G) Mobile Systems Architecture 6. Summary ComNets 7 Betriebsfrequenzen von 2G - 4G Mobilfunksystemen The radio interface of mobile terminals must be a standard to enable world wide usability. Four frequency bands are defined for mobile use by ITU-R: For large cells: - 450-470 MHz - 790-806 MHz For small cells: - 2300-2400 MHz - 3400-3500 MHz In some regions there is more spectrum available. © 2008 ComNets 8th Würzburg Workshop on IP, July 21-22, 2008 8 Assigned and Candidate Bands according to ITU-R WRC 2015 New assignments for 5G will only happen at WRC2019 Spectrum preferred by NGMN a. 6 – 20 GHz (e.g. 5.9 - 8.5 GHz, 9.9 - 10.6 GHz) b. 20 GHz – 30 GHz (e.g. 21 - 23.6 GHz, 24.5 - 29.5 GHz, c. 30 – 86 GHz (e.g. 31.8 - 33.4 GHz, 40 - 43.5 GHz, 66-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz, © 2008 ComNets 8th Würzburg Workshop on IP, July 21-22, 2008 9 Atmospheric attenuation vs. frequency from ITU-R Report M.2376-2015 © 2008 ComNets 8th Würzburg Workshop on IP, July 21-22, 2008 10 Path loss (signal attenuation) during radio signal propagation n Receive signal strength follows a 3rd to 4th Increased Increased exponent law of distance transmit power carrier frequency Cell border between sender and pico cell receiver. n The receiver needs a [dB] Minimum required minimum signal threshold receive level to be able to decode loss incoming signals. Cell border Micro cell n Higher transmit power Path increases cell radius. n Path loss increases with 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 higher carrier frequency. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Distance [m] Antennenstandort der Basisstation © 2008 ComNets 8th Würzburg Workshop on IP, July 21-22, 2008 11 Funkzellen in Innenstadt und Umland Je größer der Datenverkehr / qm, desto kleiner muss die Zelle sein. Bei gegebener Frequenzausstattung hängt die Datenkapazität der Zelle nicht vom Zellradius ab. Je größer der Zellradius, desto kleiner die Datenkapazität / qm. Pico Zelle: Stadtzentrum: 100 m Radius. Macro Zelle: Stadtrand, 0,5 - 5 km Radius An Orten mit hohem Datenverkehr versorgt eine Basisstation drei Zellen: Drei-Sektorzelle. © 2008 ComNets 8th Würzburg Workshop on IP, July 21-22, 2008 12 Signal strength in a cell is limited by interference power of neighbor cells transmitting on same frequency. dB SINR = Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio. Example: Base station with three sectors (3 cells) Interference is highest at cell border (blue areas), where data rate is lowest. ComNets Areal Radio Coverage by Pico versus Macro Cells Signal level above red circle area only Pico Cells appears in Macro Cells Macro Cells (a) (b) Downlink Interference (dBm) für typical real systems (a) Pico-Cells in Manhattan Grid (Cell Radius is 100m) Walfish-Ikegami path loss model; Transmit power: 30dBm (1W). (b) UMTS: Macro Cells (Cell radius is 500m); Okumura-Hata path loss model; Transmit power: 40dBm (10W). Pico Cell Networks in mm-Wave Frequencies are possible Content 1. Mobile Radio Networks and Services 2. Frequency Spectrum, Radio Propagation 3. Transmission Technology 4. Techniques for Increasing Capacity 5. Future (5G) Mobile Systems Architecture 6. Summary ComNets 15 Circuit switching (TDMA) in GSM • A periodic frame with 8 time slots (0..7) is transmitted on a GSM frequenc channel • Each periodic time slot is a circuit switched physical TDMA channel. • A time slot carries a Normal Burst or a signaling burst. 4.615 ms TDMA Frame Frequency/MHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 960 time slot training Downlink, DL data bits data bits Normal Burst ... 935 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 57 bit 26 57 bit Duplex distance Gap between uplink and downlink 3 tail bits 1 toggle bit 3 tail bits 915 burst (148 bit) Uplink, UL time slot (156.25 bit) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 0.577 ms 890 Time/ms ComNets Packet switching for Data Transmission Packet switching: The Data stream of the information source is segmented into Packets. Packets contain address of Sender and Receiver and user data. Ps are routed via radio and core network / Internet to the destination. Destination re-assembles the original information from the packets received. ------------- Packet switching introduced 2001 as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)* in GSM mobile radio network. Until 2001 GSM only supported channel switching. In GPRS packets of different mobile stations are multiplexted to a circuit-switched mobile TDMA channel to be transmitted via GSM. GPRS as the first made Internet mobile - worldwide. * B. Walke et. al.:CELLPAC - A Packet Radio Protocol Applied to the Cellular GSM Mobile Radio Network. Proc. 41th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 05/1991, 408-413 ComNets GPRS Protocol Stack (Source: Fig. 4, B. Walke: Mobile Radio Networks 2002) Same functions in protocol stacks of adjacent systems 4 TCP/UDP communicate logically (horizontally) with each other. TCP/UDP Data flow is vertically in protocol stacks. IP / X.25 CO end-to-end L3 virtual connec>on 3 IP / X.25 CL IP SNDCP GTP SNDP GTP LLC DLCI CO / CL UDP/TCP UDP/TCP UDP/TCP LLC 2 RLC / MAC IP RLC Connecon IP IP RLC BSSGP BSSGP TBF CO Network Network MAC L2 L2 MAC L2 Service Service 1 Radio Channel L1 bis L1 GSM RF GSM RF L1 bis L1 L1 Phy Wire Wire MS BSS SGSN GGSN DTE Um Gb Gn Um = Radio interface Gb, Gn = Interfaces between core network elements TBF = Temporary Block Flow MS = Mobile Station SGSN/GGSN = Router CO / CL = Connection oriented / C-less BSS= Base Station Subsystem DTE= Data Terminal at fixed network ComNets GPRS Logical Channels Group Channel Name Direction Function PCCCH PRACH Packet Random Access Channel UL random access PPCH Packet Paging Channel DL paging PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel DL access grant PNCH Packet Notification Channel DL multicast PBCCH PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel DL broadcast PTCH PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel UL/DL data PACCH Packet Associated Control Channel UL/DL assoc. Control ComNets 4G LTE System is a packet switched network with a 10ms-Periodic MAC Frame* Time Radio Frame (10 ms) Freq. Freq. Freq. bit Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) bit bit bit 344 344 344 344 bit Source: Maciej Mühleisen 2015 bit 344 (SID) bit 344 bit bit 44 344 1 344 Control 20 ms Channels Subframe (1 ms) (CCHs) 100 bit Number of Header 244 bit PRBs depends on OFDMA Resource CCH describes Element channel resource 344 bit quality 12 Subcarriers 1212 Subcarriers Subcarriers assignment (SINR) in PDCCHs Physical * B. Walke et.al.: „Wireless ATM:One Air-Interface Transport and BlockNetwork (TB) at receiver Resource Slot Protocols of the Mobile Broadband System“, IEEE Personal Block (PRB) (1 or more PRBs) Communications Magazine, August 1996, 50-56. Pair PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel; SINR: Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio Maciej Mühleisen, ComNets 20/14 Content 1. Mobile Radio Networks and Services 2. Frequency Spectrum, Radio Propagation 3. Transmission Technology 4. Techniques for Increasing Capacity 5. Future (5G) Mobile Systems Architecture 6. Summary ComNets 21 Cell Capacity vs. Distance is Inverse to the Needs Radio range of base station limited by • Pathloss & signal shadowing • Max. permitted transmit power. Actual Available Capaci ty vs. Requested Capacity t è The more distant a terminal is from n e / y m the base station, the smaller is the t i Needs: e c l available capacity/m2 p Number of UTs E a a In distance d C e r è The higher the radio frequency A Available the larger the pathloss is: Cell borde r è # of base stations required increases Dramatically with frequency (CAPEX / OPEX) 22012005 Requested by use rs è Most user terminals are far away from the base station (close to cell border) 22016010 Location of Distance d è Interfercence by neighbor stations is highest at cell border.
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