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Use Style: Paper Title Volume 2, Number 2, December 2011 Journal of Convergence Dynamic Frequency Reuse Factor Choosing Method for Self Organizing LTE Networks Modar Safir Shbat Vyacheslav Tuzlukov College of IT Engineering, EE Department College of IT Engineering, EE Department Kyungpook National University (KNU) Kyungpook National University (KNU) Daegu, South Korea Daegu, South Korea [email protected] [email protected] ` Abstract— Under the development of the self organizing network convergence networks [2]. This paper investigates the radio (SON) for long term evolution (LTE) systems, the radio resource resource management considerations, the possible frequency management (RRM) with suitable frequency reuse technique is a reuse solutions, and the main geometry factor principles; and vital factor in providing the required performance for future presents a new concept for the feedback about the channel applications especially in the case of convergence of networks and quality that should be sent from the UE to the eNodeB in order services. A way to improve the scheduling process of the physical to replace the geometry factor, and reduce the complexity and radio resource blocks (PRBs) should be considered to increase the scheduling processing load. The rest of this paper is the network throughput and to achieve better quality of service organized as follows: the LTE network RRM considerations (QoS) and fairness to the users. In this paper, some important are discussed in Section II. Section III introduces the geometry aspects related to RRM are discussed, and a new channel quality factor concept for the frequency reuse employment. A suitable indicator (CQI) concept based on a simple feedback technique is presented. This method creates an alternative vision for the radio resource scheduling algorithm is explained in section IV. geometry factor to employ the selective frequency reuse The introduced concept general analysis is presented in Section technique inside the network cells. V. The conclusion remarks are discussed in Section VI. Keywords- Long Term Evolution (LTE) Networks; Radio II. RRM IN LTE NETWORKS Resource Management (RRM); Frequency Reuse Factor (FRF); Geometry Factor. In 3GPP LTE systems, OFDMA for downlink and SC- FDMA for uplink are accepted as multiple access techniques. Radio resource scheduling is a process in which the resource I. INTRODUCTION blocks are distributed among UEs. None of the PRB scheduling The self organizing network (SON) tasks and standards for algorithms can solve all existing problems associated with the long term evolution (LTE) systems are essentials in the maximum number of users with available transmission services, broadband mobile data demand of the upcoming applications. or the limited and imperfect channel information used at the BS, The main target of the recent research is to increase the QoS, and fairness problems. Before assigning the modulation valuable spectrum efficiency, maximize the total capacity, technique and coding rate for UE by eNodeB, the eNodeB improve the QoS, and satisfy the service convergence performs scheduling on available physical radio blocks (PRB) management requirements [1]. All the mentioned targets and and informs the UE about their allocated time/frequency more can be achieved by flexible and effective spectrum resources and transmission formats to be used by the user. PRB allocation and a physical radio resource blocks (PRBs) scheduling is based on UE capability, QoS, fairness, frequency scheduling scheme, with a simple and fast feedback scheme for reuse factor, inter cell interference (ICI), and measurement the channel quality condition. Radio resources are scheduled reports from the UE, and according to the latest trend in the every 1ms in the 3GPP LTE network and different frequency wireless technologies, the networks and service convergence bandwidths and/or aggregated bandwidths can be assigned to required an additional load and considerations for the RRM or an individual user based on the channel condition and radio scheduling algorithm (vertical handover VHO). The main availability. Due to the rapidly and instantaneously changing idea to employ a frequency reuse is to assign the same nature of radio channel quality, we should have a sufficiently frequency band in different cells that are usually far from each fast scheduling algorithm to compensate for the changeable other to avoid high interference between neighbouring cells. channel condition. Right before assigning the modulation We can significantly improve the signal-to-interference-noise technique and coding rate to user equipment (UE) by the ratio (SINR) without using the same frequency band for eNodeB (the base station BS in the LTE network), and based neighbouring cells [3]. Unfortunately, this improvement in on the transmission channel condition, appropriate physical SINR causes a reduction in the available spectrum per cell. The radio resource blocks (PRBs) must be allocated based on the system capacity can be estimated using Shannon’s formula [4]: RRM technique used. Thus, the problem of scheduling and distribution of the PRBs in 3GPP LTE among users is a complicated process. Speeding up the scheduling process is an BW TPk log2 (1 SINRk ), (1) important point in the way to achieve the proposed standard of K PRBs scheduling time without any sacrifices in other important network requirements like the fairness and security, especially where k is the reuse factor meaning that only 1/kth part of the in the case of converged different wireless networks or service spectrum can be used by a single cell, BW is the LTE total Copyright ⓒ 2011 Future Technology Research Association International 13 Journal of Convergence Volume 2, Number 2, December 2011 bandwidth in Hz, and SINRk is the SINR with reuse k. SINR is subchannel used by CCU, and P is the reference power given by [5]: signifying the uniform transmitted power used by each subchannel in a classical reuse-1 system. We can see that when α equals 1, P is equal to P , and the SFR is a reuse-1 Pr CCU CEU SINR , system. As α → ∞, P and P will converge to 0 and 3P, P P N (2) CCU CEU intracell intercell 0 respectively, and the SFR becomes a reuse-3 system. where Pr is the received power density from the user, Pintracell is the interference that comes from users inside the cell, Pintercell is the interference from neighbouring cells, and N0 is the noise power. III. FREQUENCY REUSE AND ALTERNATIVE GEOMETRY FACTOR CONCEPT In order to have a beneficial frequency reuse, an appropriate tradeoff between the bandwidth and SINR is important to utilize the spectrum efficiently by setting a proper value for frequency reuse factor (FRF) in order to maximize the cell/user throughput. The frequency reuse factor should be chosen according to intercell interference power, which depends on the cell size. Powerful interference favours a high Figure 1. Concept of the SFR scheme in LTE network. reuse factor and vice-versa. In this paper, a soft frequency reuse (SFR) is used. This technique consists of splitting the The introduced SFR scheme (also called reuse 1/3) has low bandwidth into two parts, namely the full reuse (FR) and complexity and good performance for CEUs. Additionally, it partial reuse (PR) parts. The FR part uses a reuse factor equal has two main drawbacks, namely the signalling overhead and to 1 and the PR part is allocated to the cell edge-users. This overall loss of throughput. In the next section, we try to structure allows us to have a two level allocation scheme overcome these drawbacks. (TLA), where the first level is the cell-level resource Since the channel quality information (CQI) has to be allocation (CRA) and the second level is the user-level available at BS (eNodeB), the feedback information can be resource allocation (URA). It means that the cell users are used for partitioning users. Another important topic here is the divided into two categories, namely the cell centre user (CCU) required number of feedback bits to cover and achieve the and the cell edge user (CEU). This classification can be done optimal scenario for the LTE system and, additionally, to using the geometry factor G: reduce the signalling overhead problem. The number of feedback bits is the indicator of the feedback quality and is Pserve used by the BS (transmitter) to define the served users from G , (3) N Pnonserve the total number of users sending feedback to the BS. Based on the previous statement, we see that to apply any kind of where P is the total power generated by the connected BS, scheduling scheme there is a need to evaluate the feedback serve quality and to decide if the user should be served or not. In P is the total power received from all BSs served as the nonserve this case, the less the number of the feedback bits the less interference sources, and N is the portion of the power from complexity and the best stability there is in the scheduling BSs that can be modelled as AWGN. model. Soft frequency reuse (SFR) is the applying frequency reuse In the proposed solution of this paper, each eNodeB factor (FRF) of 1 for CCUs and FRF of 3 to CEUs [6]. One receives only one bit from each user instead of the full third of the whole available bandwidth named the major information about SINR (in the case of the MIMO system, UE segment can be used by CEUs where the packets should be sends information about the SINR for the best beam of every sent with higher power. CCUs can access the entire physical antenna element and this feedback consists of radio resources with lower transmission power. To realize an N N numbers). This bit indicates whether the SINR FRF of 3 for CEUs, the major segments among directly real integer neighbouring cells should be orthogonal (Fig. 1). The power of the receiving antenna is over a given value (threshold) or allocation for each type of users can be determined as: not.
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