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Traffic Engineering Concepts for Cellular Packet Radio Networks

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Traffic Engineering Concepts for Cellular Packet Radio Networks with Quality of Service Support Von der Fakult¨at fur¨ Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Rheinisch-Westf¨alischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Ingenieur Peter Stuckmann aus Eslohe Berichter: Universit¨atsprofessor Dr.-Ing. Bernhard Walke Universit¨atsprofessor Dr. Petri M¨ah¨onen Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 23. Juni 2003 ABSTRACT Cellular packet radio networks are presently introduced and further developed to support mobile Multimedia applications and mobile Internet access. The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), the packet services of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), are dominant standards for packet data support in evolved second-generation cellular systems. This thesis presents traffic engineering concepts for cellular packet radio networks that are applied but not limited to the standards GPRS and EGPRS and can be integrated into the radio interface capacity planning process. They are based on a comprehensive perfor- mance evaluation of Internet and Multimedia applications for the relevant cell scenarios, system parameter settings and protocol options that are expected for the evolution of GPRS and EGPRS networks. Additionally, optimized algorithms for traffic management and quality of service management, comprising connection admission control as well as scheduling, are developed. Their performance is evaluated and compared to existing im- plementations. From the traffic performance analysis, based on the existing and optimized system models, traffic engineering rules are derived. They can be used for quantitative radio interface dimensioning by network operators, equipment vendors or system integra- tors. Examples for the application of the traffic engineering rules are presented for GPRS evolution scenarios and an EGPRS introduction scenario. While the examples are based on the existing standards GPRS and EGPRS, the concepts developed in this thesis are valid for all packet radio networks. The traffic performance evaluation of mobile packet data services is a complex problem, because non-Poissonian traffic characteristics, dynamic behavior of lower layer protocols and the effects of the radio channel have to be considered. The author has solved this problem by the development of the emulation tool GPRSim. This comprises the implemen- tation of the GPRS and EGPRS protocols and load generators for typical GPRS/EGPRS usage. The tool allows to study the existing and evolved systems in their natural envi- ronments with the appropriate radio coverage, mobility and typical traffic volumes and permits to analyze own approaches in the improvements and introduction of new features. KURZFASSUNG Zellulare Paketfunknetze befinden sich in der Einfuhrung¨ und werden weiterentwickelt, um mobile Multimedia-Anwendungen und den mobilen Internetzugang zu erm¨oglichen. Gene- ral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) und Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), die Paketdatendienste des Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), stellen die dominierenden Standards zur paketorientierten Datenubertragung¨ in weiterentwickelten zellularen Mobilfunksyste- men der zweiten Generation dar. Diese Arbeit stellt Dimensionierungskonzepte fur¨ zellulare Paketfunknetze vor, die an- wendbar aber nicht beschr¨ankt sind auf die Standards GPRS und EGPRS und die in den Funknetzplanungsprozess integrierbar sind. Sie basieren auf einer umfassenden Leistungs- bewertung von Internet und Multimedia-Anwendungen fur¨ die relevanten Zellszenarien, Systemeinstellungen und Protokolloptionen, die fur¨ die Evolution von GPRS und EGPRS erwartet werden. Zus¨atzlich werden optimierte Algorithmen zur Verkehrs- und Dienstgu-¨ teverwaltung entwickelt, die sowohl Abfertigungs- als auch Verbindungsannahmestrategien umfassen. Ihre Leistungsf¨ahigkeit wird bewertet und mit bereits existierenden Implemen- tierungen verglichen. Ausgehend von der Leistungsanalyse auf Basis der Modelle fur¨ exi- stierende und fur¨ die optimierten Systeme werden Dimensionierungsregeln abgeleitet, die von Netzbetreibern, Infrastrukturanbietern oder Systemintegratoren fur¨ die quantitative Dimensionierung von Funkschnittstellen herangezogen werden konnen. Die Anwendung der Dimensionierungsregeln wird anhand von Beipielen fur¨ ein GPRS-Evolutionsszenario und ein EGPRS-Einfuhrungsszenario¨ veranschaulicht. Obwohl die Beispiele auf den kon- kreten Standards GPRS und EGPRS basieren, behalten die in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Konzepte fur¨ alle Paketfunknetze ihre Gultigkeit.¨ Die Leistungsanalyse von mobilen Paketdatendiensten stellt ein komplexes Problem dar, weil nicht-Poissonsche Verkehrscharakteristiken, das dynamische Verhalten unterer Schichten und die Effekte des Funkkanals modelliert werden mussen.¨ Der Autor hat die- ses Problem mit der Entwicklung des Emulationswerkzeugs GPRSim gel¨ost, welches so- wohl die Implementierung der GPRS- und EGPRS-Protokolle als auch Lastgeneratoren fur¨ die Nutzung von GPRS/EGPRS umfasst. Das Werkzeug erlaubt die Untersuchung der existierenden und weiterentwickelten Systeme in ihren naturlichen¨ Umgebungen mit der zugeh¨origen Funkabdeckung, Mobilit¨at und dem typischen Verkehrsaufkommen. Es schafft außerdem die Grundlage fur¨ die Analyse eigener Ans¨atze zur Verbesserung und zur Einfuhrung¨ neuer Funktionen. vi Kurzfassung CONTENTS Abstract iii Kurzfassung v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives ..................................... 1 1.2 Outline ...................................... 2 2 Evolution of Cellular Radio Networks 5 2.1 The IMT-2000 Family of Systems ........................ 5 2.2 Requirements for Cost-effective Network Evolution .............. 7 2.2.1 Radio Interface Traffic Engineering ................... 7 2.2.1.1 Related Work ......................... 8 2.2.1.2 Methodology .......................... 9 2.2.1.3 Scenarios ............................ 9 2.2.2 Traffic Management ........................... 10 2.2.2.1 QoS Characteristics ...................... 10 2.2.2.2 QoS Support .......................... 12 2.2.2.3 QoS Support in Cellular Packet Radio Networks ...... 12 2.2.2.4 Related Work ......................... 13 2.2.2.5 Proposed Solutions for QoS Support ............. 13 2.2.3 Mutual Dependency of Traffic Management and Traffic Engineering 13 3 General Packet Radio Service 15 3.1 Design Approach ................................. 15 3.2 Logical Architecture ............................... 16 3.3 Radio Interface .................................. 17 3.3.1 Channel Concept ............................. 17 3.3.1.1 The Master-slave Concept .................. 17 3.3.1.2 The Capacity-on-demand Concept .............. 18 3.3.2 Logical Channels ............................. 19 3.3.2.1 Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH) ........ 19 3.3.2.2 Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) ........ 20 3.3.2.3 Packet Traffic Channel (PTCH) ............... 20 3.3.3 Mapping of the Logical Channels .................... 20 3.3.3.1 Downlink ............................ 21 3.3.3.2 Uplink ............................. 22 3.4 GPRS User Plane ................................ 22 3.4.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) ................... 23 3.4.2 Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) .......... 23 3.4.2.1 Flow Control between SGSN and BSS ............ 23 3.4.2.2 BSS Context .......................... 24 3.4.3 Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) ...... 25 3.4.4 Logical Link Control (LLC) ....................... 25 viii Contents 3.4.4.1 Layer Entities and Service Access Points .......... 26 3.4.4.2 LLC Frame Structure ..................... 26 3.4.4.3 LLC Frame Transmission ................... 27 3.4.4.3.1 LLC Modes ...................... 27 3.4.4.3.2 Flow Control ..................... 29 3.4.5 Radio Link Control (RLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) ... 29 3.4.5.1 Multiplexing Principles .................... 29 3.4.5.2 RLC/MAC Block Structure .................. 30 3.4.5.3 RLC Functions ......................... 31 3.4.5.3.1 Data Transmission in RLC Acknowledged Mode . 32 3.4.5.3.2 Data Transmission in RLC Unacknowledged Mode 32 3.4.5.4 MAC Functions ........................ 32 3.4.5.4.1 TBF Setup ...................... 33 3.4.5.4.2 RLC Block Transfer ................. 34 3.4.5.5 RLC/MAC Scheduling .................... 35 3.4.5.5.1 Traffic Class Scheduling ............... 35 3.4.5.5.2 TBF Scheduling ................... 36 3.4.5.5.3 RLC Block Scheduler ................ 36 3.4.5.6 Channel Coding Schemes ................... 37 3.4.6 Physical Layer (PL) ........................... 39 3.5 GPRS Control Plane ............................... 39 3.5.1 Mobility Management .......................... 39 3.5.1.1 Location Area and Routing Area ............... 40 3.5.1.2 Mobility Management Procedures .............. 41 3.5.1.3 States of the Mobility Management ............. 41 3.5.1.4 Location Management Procedures .............. 42 3.5.1.5 Cell Change Signaling ..................... 43 3.5.2 Session Management ........................... 44 3.5.2.1 The IP Interworking Model .................. 44 3.5.2.2 PDP Context Handling .................... 45 3.5.2.3 Session Management Procedures ............... 45 3.5.2.3.1 PDP Context and Traffic Flow Template ..... 45 3.5.2.3.2 PDP Context Information Element ........ 45 3.5.3 Quality of Service Management ..................... 46 3.5.3.1 QoS Attributes According to GPRS Release 97/98 ..... 48 3.5.3.1.1 Precedence Classes .................. 48 3.5.3.1.2
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