Call for Papers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Call for Papers European Wireless 2012 Poznań, April 18 - 20 Call for Papers The 18th European Wireless Conference (EW 2012) will take place in Poznań, Poland, from 18-20 April 2012 and will be hosted by Poznań University of Technology (www.put.poznan.pl) with the cooperation of Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied Electrical Engineering. Poznań, a commercial, industrial, cultural and scientific center of western Poland, is conveniently located halfway between the cities of Warsaw and Berlin. Poznań University of Technology is amongst the best technical universities in the country. The 2012 edition is aimed at addressing a key theme on “Cooperative Communications”. Cooperative algorithms in the physical and higher layers help in approaching theoretical performance limits of wireless systems. Acceptance of submitted papers will be based on quality, relevance and originality. Proposals for special sessions and tutorials are also invited. Proceedings of EW 2012 will be available on CD and will be published in IEEEXplore. For more information related to the conference, please visit www.ew2012.org AreAs of Interest generAl chAIrs Krzysztof Wesołowski trAnsmIssIon technIques And sIgnAl Transport Layer Issues in Mobile and Wireless Networks Poznań University of Technology ProcessIng Cross-layer Issues Paweł Szulakiewicz Modulation and Coding for Wireless Communications Protocols and Architecture for Wireless Networks Poznań University of Technology Radio Resource Management Signal Processing for Wireless Communications technIcAl ProgrAm chAIrs Mobility Management and Billing Technologies Synchronization, Channel Estimation, Hanna Bogucka QoS and Resource Allocation in Mobile Networks Equalization Iterative Detection and Processing Poznań University of Technology MIMO Systems, Space-Time Coding, Diversity Security and Robustness in Wireless Networks Rahim Tafazolli Fundamental Limits, Information Theory Mobile/Wireless Networks Modeling and Simulation University of Surrey Multiple Access Schemes, Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Multiuser Detection Algorithms Wired-Wireless Integration steerIng commIttee chAIr Interference Mitigation and Bernhard Walke sustAInAble And AdvAnced WIreless Management Techniques RWTH Aachen University technology Network Coding and Cooperative Diversity and Processing tutorIAls chAIrs Cooperative Techniques Adaptive Systems Piotr Tyczka Power Management OFDM and OFDMA Poznań University of Technology Localization and Positioning Interference Alignment Resource Allocation and Game Theory Carles Antón-Haro Source and Joint Source/Channel Coding CTTC, Spain Physical Security Near field communications and RFID Spectrum Sensing and Parameter Estimation Cross-layer Design in Mobile and Wireless Networks exhIbItIon chAIr Ultra-Wideband Communications Rafał Krenz rAdIo chAnnel And rf subsystems Software Radio & Re-configurability Poznań University of Technology Radio Channel Measurements Cognitive Radio and Networks PublIcAtIon chAIrs Radio Channel Modeling and Estimation 2G-3G-4G Migration, Convergence and Interworking Adrian Kliks Antenna Issues in Wireless Communications WiFi, WiMAX, 3GPP LTE Poznań University of Technology Smart Antennas and MIMO systems Wireless LAN/PAN/BAN Paweł Sroka Compact Antennas for Mobile Terminals Location-based Services and Positioning Poznań University of Technology Modeling and Mitigation of RF System Imperfections Wireless Broadband Mobile Access Testbeds and Experimental Systems PublIcIty chAIrs WIreless netWorkIng Sensor Networks Technologies and Protocols Maciej Krasicki Relay based cellular networks Mobile Social Networks Poznań University of Technology Ad-hoc and Mesh Wireless Networks Robert Kotrys Poznań University of Technology best student PAPer AWArds student PAPers chAIrs Papers bearing a PhD student as the first author will be considered for the European Wireless Best Paper Christoph Mecklenbräuker Awards. Papers qualifying for the award shall be submitted to the Student Papers Chairs. Topical papers will be Vienna University of Technology invited for upgrading content to be published in European Transactions in Telecommunication. Andrzej Dobrogowski Poznań University of Technology submIssIon locAl ArrAngement chAIr Krystyna Horemska All paper submissions will be handled electronically via EDAS ( http://edas.info ). PTETiS A specific submission page will be set-up in the general conference website. secretArIAte And regIstrAtIon Dorota Nawrocka ImPortAnt dAtes Poznań University of Technology november 11, 2011 Paper Submission February 10, 2012 Camera-Ready Version Due January 9, 2012 Notification of December 31, 2011 Proposal for Tutorials www.ew2012.org Acceptance INFORMATIONSTECHNISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IM VDE Chair of Wireless Communications Polish Society of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology Society Association for Electrical, Electronic Poznań University Faculty of Electronics Electrical Engineering with VDE & Information Technologies of Technology an d T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s .
Recommended publications
  • Use Style: Paper Title
    Volume 2, Number 2, December 2011 Journal of Convergence Dynamic Frequency Reuse Factor Choosing Method for Self Organizing LTE Networks Modar Safir Shbat Vyacheslav Tuzlukov College of IT Engineering, EE Department College of IT Engineering, EE Department Kyungpook National University (KNU) Kyungpook National University (KNU) Daegu, South Korea Daegu, South Korea [email protected] [email protected] ` Abstract— Under the development of the self organizing network convergence networks [2]. This paper investigates the radio (SON) for long term evolution (LTE) systems, the radio resource resource management considerations, the possible frequency management (RRM) with suitable frequency reuse technique is a reuse solutions, and the main geometry factor principles; and vital factor in providing the required performance for future presents a new concept for the feedback about the channel applications especially in the case of convergence of networks and quality that should be sent from the UE to the eNodeB in order services. A way to improve the scheduling process of the physical to replace the geometry factor, and reduce the complexity and radio resource blocks (PRBs) should be considered to increase the scheduling processing load. The rest of this paper is the network throughput and to achieve better quality of service organized as follows: the LTE network RRM considerations (QoS) and fairness to the users. In this paper, some important are discussed in Section II. Section III introduces the geometry aspects related to RRM are discussed, and a new channel quality factor concept for the frequency reuse employment. A suitable indicator (CQI) concept based on a simple feedback technique is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • IMS - Mobile Server Platform the Foundation of Mobile-To-Mobile Service Networks for Future Cellular Systems
    IMS - Mobile Server Platform The foundation of Mobile-to-Mobile service networks for future cellular Systems Von der Fakult¨atf¨urMathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der RWTH Aachen University zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von M.Sc. Muzzamil Aziz aus Kuwait City, Kuwait Berichter: Universit¨atsprofessorDr. rer. pol. Matthias Jarke Universit¨atsprofessorDr.-Ing. Bernhard Walke Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung:9. Feb 2017 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universit¨atsbibliothekonline verf¨ugbar \He grants wisdom to whom He pleases, and whoever is granted wisdom, he indeed is given a great good and none but men of understanding mind." Quran: Chapter 2, Verse 269 Abstract The unprecedented growth of mobile application market is the evidence of twofold technological advancement in the wireless world: first, the enormous increase in the capacity of mobile networks and second, the rapid increase in the computing powers of mobile devices. The former has enabled the network operators to ensure quality of service on their network by inducing more capacity for seamless data transmissions. Whereas, the latter has contributed in the novel space of mobile server paradigm, where the mobile devices are assumed to have sufficient computing power of hosting and distributing small and medium-sized data services among the peers on the network. Nevertheless, considering the mobile server paradigm or peer-to-peer mobile applications, the availability of such applications are mostly limited to WiFi and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) only and, hence, not available for cellular data networks. There are various technical and political reasons behind this phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Wireless Networks Cognitive Wireless Networks Concepts, Methodologies and Visions Inspiring the Age of Enlightenment of Wireless Communications
    Cognitive Wireless Networks Cognitive Wireless Networks Concepts, Methodologies and Visions Inspiring the Age of Enlightenment of Wireless Communications Edited by Frank H.P. Fitzek Aalborg University, Denmark and Marcos D. Katz VTT, Finland A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-5978-0 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5979-7 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. To our parents Eta-Marie and Werner Fanny and Abraham (in memoriam) for their eternal support and loving. What is Cognitive Radio and Cognitive Networks? Bernhard Walke RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Cognitive Networks based on cognitive radio are addressing a revolutionary technology aiming, besides others, at remarkably improving efficiency of spec- trum usage. When introduced, it will fundamentally change the way radio spectrum is regulated and used. Before this may happen, new enabling prop- erties of radios are required such as sensing spectrum occupancy covering a wide range of spectrum and flexible spectrum access adapting to variable channel widths based on reasoning. Cognition has much to do with coex- istence management: Coexistence of radio based systems operating in the same or in partly overlapping channels using the same or even different air- interfaces is the challenge to be solved.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Multi-Mode Protocol Architecture for Complementary Radio Interfaces in Relay-Based 4G Networks
    article published in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine Special Issue: “Composite Reconfigurable Radio Networks” June 2006 download: http://www.comsoc.org/livepubs/pci/public/2006/jun/index.html Title: Efficient Multi-Mode Protocol Architecture for Complementary Radio Interfaces in Relay-Based 4G Networks Abstract: Wireless networks of next generation will satisfy the user demand for a ubiquitous mobile broadband access. Current research efforts are targeting therefore at the efficient realization of a flexible radio interface and network architecture. The wide range of application scenarios seems to prohibit a “one radio interface fits all” solution. Instead, it requires a multitude of solutions tailored for specific communication environments. Ideally, these solutions are related radio interface modes that have a common technology basis. This article presents a protocol reference architecture that enables the efficient integration of multiple such modes in a complementary way. This architecture essentially benefits from the commonalities between these modes. Hence it facilitates the coexistence and the cooperation of different modes in all devices of a future relay-based radio access network: (i) user terminals, (ii) access points and (iii) relay nodes. This article focuses on the realization of multi-mode capability of user and control planes and the related management of the protocols of a flexible radio interface. A proof of concept and its evaluation are presented at the example of relay-based 4G broadband networks and IEEE 802.16
    [Show full text]
  • Dimensioning Cellular Wimax Part II: Multihop Networks
    Dimensioning Cellular WiMAX Part II: Multihop Networks Christian Hoymann, Michael Dittrich, Stephan Goebbels, Bernhard Walke Chair of Communication Networks (ComNets), RWTH Aachen University, Faculty 6, {hoy, sgs}@comnets.rwth-aachen.de Abstract— WiMAX networks are foreseen to cover diverse network operates in the 5 GHz spectrum using a channel band- geographic regions. On the one hand they can cover urban areas width of 20 MHz. The OFDM-based physical layer allocates where a high density of buildings and indoor usage prevent resources in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The Line-of-Sight (LOS) propagation conditions. On the other hand WiMAX networks can provide access over large geographic re- transmit power of all stations is restricted to the Equivalent gions in remote rural areas, in which over the rooftop deployment Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), i.e., BSs, SSs, and relays are of Tx and Rx antennas allow for LOS conditions. However, in transmitting with 1 W. LOS and NLOS propagation conditions both scenarios it is challenging to cover the entire service area. are taken into account. Either huge parts are heavily shadowed from the Base Station DL and UL channels are perfectly separated either by Time (BS) or the link distances are very large. In both cases relays help to extend the range of the BS allowing for a cost-efficient Division Duplex (TDD) or by Frequency Division Duplex deployment and service. (FDD) schemes [5]. According to the design of the multihop This paper discusses an analytical approach to dimension enabled MAC frame, transmissions on the first and the second cellular multihop WiMAX networks that are based on OFDM hop are assumed to be perfectly separated in time [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Cutoff Priority Scheme Impact of Soft Frequency Reuse in LTE-Advanced Networks Mahammad A
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 10, October-2013 ISSN 2229-5518 1696 Analysis of Cutoff Priority Scheme Impact of Soft Frequency Reuse in LTE-Advanced networks Mahammad A. Safwat, Hesham M. El-Badawy, Ahmad Yehya, H. El-motaafy Abstract— Call admission control (CAC) plays a significant role in providing the desired quality of service in wireless networks. Soft frequency Reuse (SFR) has been introduced as one of the most promising inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) schemes in LTE- Advanced networks. Applying CAC in soft frequency reuse scheme especially users in cell edge part is a challenge as they already suffer from limited resources. Many CAC schemes have been proposed. In this paper, the effect of cutoff priority scheme in SFR in LTE- Advanced network will be investigated in terms of Blocking and Dropping probability. The SFR with cutoff priority scheme in single cell of wireless network is modeled using queuing analysis. The impact of cutoff priority scheme will be evaluated in edge and core part separately. A set of equations of the queuing model is solved using Successive over Relaxation (SOR) method to get steady state probability. Index Terms— Call admission control, Soft Frequency Reuse, Cutoff Priority, Queuing Model, LTE-Advanced. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION FDM is widely accepted as an elected Access technology ent frequency reuse schemes is introduced in [9] in terms of O in next generation mobile networks. With OFDM, avail- outage probability, network throughput, spectral efficiency, able spectrum is split into a number of parallel ortho- and average cell edge user SINR. gonal narrowband subcarriers.
    [Show full text]
  • Traffic Engineering Concepts for Cellular Packet Radio Networks
    Traffic Engineering Concepts for Cellular Packet Radio Networks with Quality of Service Support Von der Fakult¨at fur¨ Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Rheinisch-Westf¨alischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Ingenieur Peter Stuckmann aus Eslohe Berichter: Universit¨atsprofessor Dr.-Ing. Bernhard Walke Universit¨atsprofessor Dr. Petri M¨ah¨onen Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 23. Juni 2003 ABSTRACT Cellular packet radio networks are presently introduced and further developed to support mobile Multimedia applications and mobile Internet access. The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), the packet services of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), are dominant standards for packet data support in evolved second-generation cellular systems. This thesis presents traffic engineering concepts for cellular packet radio networks that are applied but not limited to the standards GPRS and EGPRS and can be integrated into the radio interface capacity planning process. They are based on a comprehensive perfor- mance evaluation of Internet and Multimedia applications for the relevant cell scenarios, system parameter settings and protocol options that are expected for the evolution of GPRS and EGPRS networks. Additionally, optimized algorithms for traffic management and quality of service management, comprising connection admission control as well as scheduling, are developed. Their performance is evaluated and compared to existing im- plementations. From the traffic performance analysis, based on the existing and optimized system models, traffic engineering rules are derived. They can be used for quantitative radio interface dimensioning by network operators, equipment vendors or system integra- tors. Examples for the application of the traffic engineering rules are presented for GPRS evolution scenarios and an EGPRS introduction scenario.
    [Show full text]
  • Comnets Key Inventions for 2G to 5G Wireless Networks
    Revolutionary Achievemtn Key Inventions for 2G to 5G Wireless Networks: Contributions by ComNets Part I: 5G template LCRN; IEEE 802.11 k, e, s; GPRS; V2X comms. Part II: Basics of 4G/5G (MAC & DF-Relaying); HetNets Coexistence; Resource Partitioning; DSRC for electronic fee collection; Beam Steering protocol; SW-defined protocol stack; Mobile Web Service, etc. (to be published at FFV Workshop Aachen in May 2019) Communication Networks (ComNets) Research Group 1) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernhard Walke www.comnets.rwth-aachen.de __________________________________________________________________________ 1) Research Group at Faculty of Electrical and Information Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany updated: November, 2018 ComNets ComNets Team Inventions Since start of school for communication networks (ComNets) 1990, our wireless and cellular radio networks research resulted in Twenty-one inventions, some of which are revolutionary in that they changed the wireless world, e.g. beamforming for cellular, GPRS protocol stack, packet voice in cellular, vehicle-to-X in cellular, QoS support and mesh for IEEE 802.11, MAC protocol and multi-hop relaying for LTE, dedicated short range radio protocols for road transport, software defined protocol stack, mobile Web service. Most inventions are now part of international telco standards for - cellular radio 2.5G (GPRS), 3G(UMTS), 4G (LTE), 4.5G (LTE-A), 5G, - WLAN IEEE 802.11, - WiMAX IEEE 802.16, - Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), e.g. electronic fee collection - Vehicle-to-anything (V2X)
    [Show full text]
  • Informationstechnik B. Walke Mobilfunknetze Und Ihre Protokolle
    Informationstechnik B. Walke Mobilfunknetze und ihre Protokolle Band 1 Grundlagen, GSM, UMTS, und andere zellulare Mobilfunknetze Informationstechnik Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. H. Norbert Fliege, Mannheim Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Bossert, Ulm In der Informationstechnik wurden in den letzten Jahrhunderten klassische Bereiche wie analoge Nachrichtenübertragung, lineare Systeme und analoge Signalverarbeitung durch digitale Konzepte ersetzt bzw. ergänzt. Zu dieser Entwicklung haben insbesondere die Fortschritte in der Mikroelektronik und die damit steigende Leistungsfähigkeit integrierter Halbleiterschaltun­ gen beigetragen. Digitale Kommunikationssysteme, digitale Signalverarbei­ tung und die Digitalisierung von Sprache und Bildern erobern eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsbereichen. Die heutige Informationstechnik ist durch hoch­ komplexe digitale Realisierungen gekennzeichnet, bei denen neben Infor­ mationstheorie Algorithmen und Protokolle im Mittelpunkt stehen. Ein Musterbeispiel hierfür ist der digitale Mobilfunk, bei dem die ganze Breite der Informationstechnik gefragt ist. In der Buchreihe "Informationtechnik" soll der internationale Standard der Methoden und Prinzipien der modemen Informationtechnik festgehalten und einer breiten Schicht von Ingenieuren, Informatikern, Physikern und Mathematikern in Hochschule und Industrie zugänglich gemacht werden. Die Buchreihe soll grundlegende und aktuelle Themen der Informations­ technik behandeln und neue Ergebnisse auf diesem Gebiet reflektieren, um damit als Basis für zukünftige
    [Show full text]
  • FFV Workshop Dortmund Panel
    Signaling Overhead is a 5G Bottleneck and Advanced WLAN will make it in Hot Spots Bernhard Walke Communication Networks (ComNets) Research Group RWTH Aachen University, Germany ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- FFV Workshop, Aachen, March 09, 2018 Bernhard Walke, ComNets 1/14 Content 1. Spectrum Efficiency and Overhead in LTE DL 2. 5G RAN Architectures & Key Technologies 3. The 5G Control Plane Bottleneck 4. The 5G Design Error 5. Conclusions Bernhard Walke, ComNets 2/142 Spectrum Efficiency and Overhead in LTE DL P. Mogensen et.al.: LTE Capacity compared to the Shannon Bound , IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference 2007-Spring, 1234 - 1238 „Performance of a 10 MHz LTE DL including effects of system bandwidth efficiency and SNR efficiency, calculated for both, AWGN and TU channel, including features of advanced antenna techniques and fast time and frequency domain packet scheduling (FDPS) is - 0.83 on link level (overhead is 17%) - 0.57 for SISO / 0.54 for MIMO on system level (total OH is 43/46%).” Dedicated & Common Control Channel OH (system level) reduce BW efficiency by 26 to 29 % in addition. <-- ~ 29 % Even larger OH is expected for LTE-A (4G) and 5G. The large signaling OH results from packet switching. Can channel switching for massive streaming services reduce OH - how much ? AWGN = Additive White Gaussian Noise TU = Typical Urban Bernhard Walke, ComNets 3/14 System Level Spectrum Efficiency for SISO / MIMO P. Mogensen , et.al.: LTE Capacity compared to the Shannon Bound , IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference 2007-Spring, 1234 - 1238 SE with link adaptation SE in LTE DL for FDPS is about 1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Control Traffic Overhead for Voip Over LTE
    Control traffic overhead for VoIP over LTE SYED GHAZANFAR SALARI KTH Information and Communication Technology Degree project in Communication Systems Second level, 30.0 HEC Stockholm, Sweden ComNets Research Group, Faculty 6 RWTH Aachen University Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Walke Control traffic overhead for VoIP over LTE Syed Ghazanfar Salari Matriculation Number: 315034 Stockholm, July 10, 2012 Supervised by: Prof. Gerald Q. Maguire Jr. (KTH) Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Walke (RWTH Aachen University) Dipl.-Ing. M. Muhleisen¨ (RWTH Aachen University) I assure that I have done this work entirely on my own without any further assistance, except for the official support of the ComNets Research Group and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. All the literature used is listed in the bibliography. Stockholm, July 10, 2012 (Syed Ghazanfar Salari) ABSTRACT With increasing technological advancements more sophisticated mobile devices are being used by end-users. Third generation (3G) mobile communication systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are not able to satisfy the rising demand for higher throughputs and low latencies. New standards based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), have been proposed and are currently being integrated into existing mobile networks all over the world. LTE specifications are being finalized within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) with the ambitious goals of increased spectral efficiency and end user throughput. Despite the introduction of several high data rate services, voice communication is still an essential part of the overall wireless wide area cellular communication market. In LTE, the core network is purely packet switched, thus voice is transmitted entirely using a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
    [Show full text]
  • Software Defined Protocols Based on Generic Protocol Functions for Wired and Wireless Networks
    SOFTWARE DEFINED PROTOCOLS BASED ON GENERIC PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS FOR WIRED AND WIRELESS NETWORKS Lars Berlemann, Matthias Siebert, Bernhard Walke (Communication Networks, Aachen University, Germany) {ber|mst|walke}@comnets.rwth-aachen.de ABSTRACT wireless networks. Due to the dedicated constraints of the air-interface wireless communication protocols are much This paper introduces an efficient and flexible approach for more sophisticated than protocols for wired technologies. the design and implementation of communication protocols Thus, the main challenges of protocol design are introduced for wired and wireless networks, enabling an adaptive and under consideration of the distinctive characteristics of reusable protocol stack realization. For the design and wired and wireless networks. Section 3 shows the evolution specification of new communication protocols suitability from wired to wireless networks at the example of the Link proven components are often reused and extended to meet Access Procedure on the D-channel (LAPD) of the ISDN system specific demands. So, wireless protocols share a standard. This data link control protocol is used in wired common origin with wired protocols as exemplarily shown ISDN, also referred to as N-ISDN, and B-ISDN as well as for the LAPD, LAPDm and LAPC data link control lightly modified in the wireless standards GSM/GPRS, there protocols. To enable the vision of a smooth integration of referred to as LAPDm, and DECT, there named LAPC. the fixed and the mobile world a protocol design based on a Section 4 proposes a generic protocol stack as a common generic protocol stack is proposed. The considered protocols basis of these in the past departing wired and wireless are grouped into a system specific and a common part.
    [Show full text]