Radiation and Pregnancy
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Unerring in Her Scientific Enquiry and Not Afraid of Hard Work, Marie Curie Set a Shining Example for Generations of Scientists
Historical profile Elements of inspiration Unerring in her scientific enquiry and not afraid of hard work, Marie Curie set a shining example for generations of scientists. Bill Griffiths explores the life of a chemical heroine SCIENCE SOURCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / SOURCE SCIENCE 42 | Chemistry World | January 2011 www.chemistryworld.org On 10 December 1911, Marie Curie only elements then known to or ammonia, having a water- In short was awarded the Nobel prize exhibit radioactivity. Her samples insoluble carbonate akin to BaCO3 in chemistry for ‘services to the were placed on a condenser plate It is 100 years since and a chloride slightly less soluble advancement of chemistry by the charged to 100 Volts and attached Marie Curie became the than BaCl2 which acted as a carrier discovery of the elements radium to one of Pierre’s electrometers, and first person ever to win for it. This they named radium, and polonium’. She was the first thereby she measured quantitatively two Nobel prizes publishing their results on Boxing female recipient of any Nobel prize their radioactivity. She found the Marie and her husband day 1898;2 French spectroscopist and the first person ever to be minerals pitchblende (UO2) and Pierre pioneered the Eugène-Anatole Demarçay found awarded two (she, Pierre Curie and chalcolite (Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O) study of radiactivity a new atomic spectral line from Henri Becquerel had shared the to be more radioactive than pure and discovered two new the element, helping to confirm 1903 physics prize for their work on uranium, so reasoned that they must elements, radium and its status. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
ARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE Opened up the Science of Radioactivity
ARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE opened up the science of radioactivity. She is best known as the discoverer of the radioactive elements polonium and radium and as the first person to win two Nobel prizes. For scientists and the public, her radium was a key to a basic change in our understanding of matter and energy. Her work not only influenced the development of fundamental science but also ushered in a new era in medical research and treatment. This file contains most of the text of the Web exhibit “Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity” at http://www.aip.org/history/curie/contents.htm. You must visit the Web exhibit to explore hyperlinks within the exhibit and to other exhibits. Material in this document is copyright © American Institute of Physics and Naomi Pasachoff and is based on the book Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity by Naomi Pasachoff, Oxford University Press, copyright © 1996 by Naomi Pasachoff. Site created 2000, revised May 2005 http://www.aip.org/history/curie/contents.htm Page 1 of 79 Table of Contents Polish Girlhood (1867-1891) 3 Nation and Family 3 The Floating University 6 The Governess 6 The Periodic Table of Elements 10 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) 10 Elements and Their Properties 10 Classifying the Elements 12 A Student in Paris (1891-1897) 13 Years of Study 13 Love and Marriage 15 Working Wife and Mother 18 Work and Family 20 Pierre Curie (1859-1906) 21 Radioactivity: The Unstable Nucleus and its Uses 23 Uses of Radioactivity 25 Radium and Radioactivity 26 On a New, Strongly Radio-active Substance -
Industrial Radiography
RADIATION PROTECTION OF WORKERS Industrial Radiography RADIATION AND RADIOGRAPHS RADIOACTIVE SOURCES PROCEDURES RADIOGRAPHERS DO follow the procedures. Ionizing radiation can pen- Materials of higher den Sealed sources are small þ Safe storage Precautions þ DO use the appropriate equipment, including collimators. in size and contain material etrate objects and create sity absorb more radiation. þ DO confi rm that there are no other people working in the images on photographic The metal components are which emits penetrating area of radiography. fi lm. The technique is revealed inside this tele radiation continuously. Radioactive sources should be kept in a secure, fi re þ DO use clear working signs and signals. called radiography and phone because they have Special containers made þ DO set up the controlled area and the necessary barriers. the processed fi lms are absorbed more radiation of dense metal shielding resistant and adequately shielded storage location þ DO confi rm the location of the source, or that X rays are called radiographs. than the surrounding plastic. are necessary to store, not being generated, by use of a survey meter. when not in use, and should move and manipulate these þ DO secure and store the source or X ray machine when sources. Due to their small be kept separate from other not in use. materials. The storage loca- size and manoeuvrability, Portable and mobile radiographic þ DO wear your personal dosimeter. sealed sources can be containers. ~ tion for X ray machines that used in confined spaces. are not in use is not required to be shielded. OTHER WORKERS Iridium-192 is a common radioactive source used þ DO observe the access restrictions, however remote it may in gamma radiography. -
Atomic Theories and Models
Atomic Theories and Models Answer these questions on your own. Early Ideas About Atoms: Go to http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905226.html and read the section on “Greek Origins” in order to answer the following: 1. What were Leucippus and Democritus ideas regarding matter? 2. Describe what these philosophers thought the atom looked like? 3. How were the ideas of these two men received by Aristotle, and what was the result on the progress of atomic theory for the next couple thousand years? Alchemists: Go to http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alchemy and/or http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_08.shtml to answer the following: 4. What was the ultimate goal of an alchemist? 5. What is the word used to describe changing something of little value into something of higher value? 6. Did any alchemist achieve this goal? John Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Go to http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline/pages/1803.html and answer the following: 7. When did Dalton form his atomic theory. 8. List the six ideas of Dalton’s theory: a. b. c. d. e. f. Mendeleev: Go to http://www.chemistry.co.nz/mendeleev.htm and/or http://www.aip.org/history/curie/periodic.htm to answer the following: 9. What was Mendeleev’s famous contribution to chemistry? 10. How did Mendeleev arrange his periodic table? 11. Why did Mendeleev leave blank spaces in his periodic table? J. J. Thomson: Go to http://www.universetoday.com/38326/plum-pudding-model/ and http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/atomic-and- nuclear-structure/thomson.aspx and http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/clcwebsite/cathode.html and http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/electron/electron_index.htm and http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/rutherford-model.html to answer the following: 12. -
Sievert Roofing Products Catalog
Heating tools for professionals Distributed by: BEST MATERIALS LLC Ph: 1-800-474-7570, 1-602-272-8128 Fax: 1-602-272-8014 Email: [email protected] www.bestmaterials.com Roofing Catalog Sievert Industries, Inc. Edition 9 Sievert Industries, Inc. In 1882, the Swedish inventor, Carl Richard Nyberg The Leader in Torch worked in his kitchen to design a revolutionary product, Technolog since1882 a vaporization torch for petrol. During the same year, he obtained a patent for his product which he called a “blow lamp”. This “blow lamp,” or torch, was distributed throughout the world with the help of the famous industrialist, Max Sievert. Carrying on Max Sievert’s work ethic, Sievert Industries, Inc. continually strives to be the leader in the North and South American roofing market since our entrance in 1996. Our goal is to provide our valued customers with quality service, competitive pricing, and the highest level of dependable roofing equipment available. Table of Contents Featured Products.. 7 Sievert Safety.. 8 - 9 Sievert Turboroofer Torch Kits. 10 Sievert Turboroofer Multi-Piece Torch Kits.. 11 Sievert Turboroofer Torch Kit Accessories. 12 Sievert Promatic Torches and Kits.. 13 Sievert Promatic Repair Kits. .. 14 Sievert Promatic Torch Kit Accessories . .15 Sievert Granule Embedders, Sievert Industrial Steel Roller and Sievert Quality Hand Irons . .16 Sievert ES Soldering Iron Kits. 17 Sievert SIK Premium Soldering Iron Kits.. 18 Sievert LSK Premium Basic Soldering Iron Kits.. .19 Sievert ES, SIK and LSK Soldering Iron Kit Accessories.. .20 Sievert Heavy Duty Electronic Hot Air Guns and Accessories. .21 Sievert TW 5000 Hot-Air Automatic Welding Machine and Accessories. -
What Are Health Risks from Ionising Radiation?
What are health risks from Ionising Radiation? It has been known for many years that large doses of ionising radiation, very every 100 persons exposed to a short-term dose of 1000 mSv (ie. if the much larger than background levels, can cause a measurable increase in normal incidence of fatal cancer were 25%, this dose would increase it to cancers and leukemias (‘cancer of the blood’) after some years delay. It must 30%).If doses greater than 1000 mSv occur over a long period they are also be assumed, because of experiments on plants and animals, that ionising less likely to have early health effects but they create a definite risk that radiation can also cause genetic mutations that affect future generations, cancer will develop many years later. although there has been no evidence of radiation-induced mutation in Higher accumulated doses of radiation might produce a cancer which humans. At very high levels, radiation can cause sickness and death within would only be observed several – up to twenty – years after the radiation weeks of exposure. exposure. This delay makes it impossible to say with any certainty which The degree of damage caused by radiation depends on many factors – of many possible agents were the cause of a particular cancer. In western dose, dose rate, type of radiation, the part of the body exposed, age and countries, about a quarter of people die from cancers, with smoking, health, for example. Embryos including the human fetus are particularly dietary factors, genetic factors and strong sunlight being among the sensitive to radiation damage. -
Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1
Exposure Routes Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1 External exposure Internal exposure Body surface From outer space contamination and the sun Inhalation Suspended matters Food and drink consumption From a radiation Lungs generator Radio‐ pharmaceuticals Wound Buildings Ground Radiation coming from outside the body Radiation emitted within the body Radioactive The body is equally exposed to radiation in both cases. materials "Radiation exposure" refers to the situation where the body is in the presence of radiation. There are two types of radiation exposure, "internal exposure" and "external exposure." External exposure means to receive radiation that comes from radioactive materials existing on the ground, suspended in the air, or attached to clothes or the surface of the body (p.25 of Vol. 1, "External Exposure and Skin"). Conversely, internal exposure is caused (i) when a person has a meal and takes in radioactive materials in the food or drink (ingestion); (ii) when a person breathes in radioactive materials in the air (inhalation); (iii) when radioactive materials are absorbed through the skin (percutaneous absorption); (iv) when radioactive materials enter the body from a wound (wound contamination); and (v) when radiopharmaceuticals containing radioactive materials are administered for the purpose of medical treatment. Once radioactive materials enter the body, the body will continue to be exposed to radiation until the radioactive materials are excreted in the urine or feces (biological half-life) or as the radioactivity weakens over time (p.26 of Vol. 1, "Internal Exposure"). The difference between internal exposure and external exposure lies in whether the source that emits radiation is inside or outside the body. -
Light Radiation
Radiation and Radioactivity Radiation, Radioactivity and Radioactive Materials Radiation and Radioactivity 1.1 Lightbulb = Has the ability to emit light Light Lumen (lm) or Watt (W) Lux (lx) ▶Unit of light bulb brightness ▶Unit of brightness Radioactive materials = Have the ability to emit radiation (radioactivity) Radiation Becquerel (Bq) Conversion Sievert (Sv) ▶Unit of radiation exposure ▶ Unit of radioactivity factor dose that a person receives *Sievert is associated with radiation effects. Radiation, radioactivity and radioactive materials are outlined below. A light bulb, an object familiar to everyone, has the ability to emit light. Light bulb brightness is expressed in the unit of "Lumens" or "Watts." People receive the light and feel the brightness. The unit in this case is "Lux." The units related to radiation, such as becquerel and sievert, which we often hear about lately, also have a similar relation to the above. For example, when a rock emits radiation, this rock is called a "radioactive material" (p.3 of Vol. 1, "Units of Radiation and Radioactivity"). Radioactive materials emit radiation, and this ability is called "radioactivity." In this case, it is expressed as "This rock has radioactivity" or "This rock emits radiation." This ability of emitting radiation is expressed in the unit of "Becquerel (Bq)." "Sievert (Sv)" is used as the unit of the radiation exposure dose necessary to know the effect of radiation to which a person is exposed. There is a special conversion factor to calculate "Sv" from "Bq." Higher radioactivity (value expressed in becquerels) means that the relevant radioactive material emits more radiation, but radiation exposure dose (value expressed in sieverts) varies depending on the distance between the radioactive material and the person exposed thereto. -
To Explain How Marie Curie's Work on X-Rays Helped Us Identify Bones
Aim • To explain how Marie Curie’s work on x-rays helped us identify bones. SuccessSuccess Criteria • StatementI can describe 1 Lorem Marie ipsum Curie’s dolor life sitand amet work., consectetur adipiscing elit. • StatementI can explain 2 how her scientific ideas about x-rays changed health and medicine.• Sub statement • I can identify the bones shown in x-rays, and explain the bones’ functions. Who Was Marie Curie? Marie Curie was a very famous scientist who worked on physics and chemistry. She is best known for discovering two new elements (radium and polonium) and for developing the use of x-rays and radiation in medicine. Use the Marie Curie Fact Sheet to create your Marie Curie Flip Book Biography all about Marie's life and career and the discoveries she made. X-Rays X-rays are waves of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through many opaque materials. • They can be used to take photographs of the inside of the body. • An x-ray machine sends invisible x-ray particles through the body. The images produced are recorded on a computer or on film. • X-rays cannot travel easily through dense parts of the body, such as bones, so these will appear white on the x-ray image. X-rays can pass through softer parts of the body more easily, so muscles and organs will Doctors look at x- appear grey on the image. ray images to • X-rays can be used to examine most parts of the body. identify fractures They are most often used to look at bones, teeth and and other problems. -
Marie Sktodowska Curie, Born As Maria Salomea Sktodowska, Was a Polish Naturalized-French Chemist and Physicist Who Was a Pioneer in the Research of Radioactivity
Hailey Heider Mrs.Kelly Period 6 11/17/16 Marie Curie By Hailey Heider Marie Sktodowska Curie, born as Maria Salomea Sktodowska, was a Polish naturalized-French chemist and physicist who was a pioneer in the research of radioactivity. Marie Curie made history in 1903 when she became the first woman to ever receive a Nobel Prize in physics, for her work in radioactivity. In 1911, Marie received a great honor when winning her second Nobel Prize, this time in chemistry. Marie contributed to the first world war with portable x-ray units. She and her husband, Pierre, were recognized for discovering Polonium and Radium. Marie’s parents were both teachers, and she was also the youngest of five children, following siblings Zosia,Jozef, Bronya, and Hela. As a child Marie looked up to her father, Wladyslaw, who was a math and physics teacher. Marie had a bright and curious mind and excelled in school. Tragedy struck when she was only 10, losing her mother, Bronislawa, who died of tuberculosis. As a top student in her secondary school, Marie could not attend the men-only University of Warsaw. She instead continued her education in Warsaw’s “Floating University”, a set of underground, informal classes, which were held in secret. Marie and her sister Bronya dreamed of earning an official degree, but lacked financial resources to pay for more schooling. Marie and Bronya worked out a deal. Marie would support Bronya while in school, and Bronya would return the favor while Marie completed her studies. Marie worked as a tutor and governess for roughly five years. -
Q: What's the Difference Between Roentgen, Rad and Rem Radiation Measurements?
www.JICReadiness.com Q: What's the Difference Between Roentgen, Rad and Rem Radiation Measurements? A: Since nuclear radiation affects people, we must be able to measure its presence. We also need to relate the amount of radiation received by the body to its physiological effects. Two terms used to relate the amount of radiation received by the body are exposure and dose. When you are exposed to radiation, your body absorbs a dose of radiation. As in most measurement quantities, certain units are used to properly express the measurement. For radiation measurements they are... Roentgen: The roentgen measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in a cubic centimeter of air. It is usually abbreviated with the capital letter "R". A milliroentgen, or "mR", is equal to one one-thousandth of a roentgen. An exposure of 50 roentgens would be written "50 R". Rad: Or, Radiation Absorbed Dose recognizes that different materials that receive the same exposure may not absorb the same amount of energy. A rad measures the amount of radiation energy transferred to some mass of material, typically humans. One roentgen of gamma radiation exposure results in about one rad of absorbed dose. Rem: Or, Roentgen Equivalent Man is a unit that relates the dose of any radiation to the biological effect of that dose. To relate the absorbed dose of specific types of radiation to their biological effect, a "quality factor" must be multiplied by the dose in rad, which then shows the dose in rems. For gamma rays and beta particles, 1 rad of exposure results in 1 rem of dose.