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Water Governance in the Arab Region Water Governance in the Arab Region Managing Scarcity and Securing the Future United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States Copyright © 2013 By the United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS), One UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of UNDP/RBAS. Available through: United Nations Publications Two UN Plaza DC2 - Room 853 New York, NY 10017 USA Telephone: 212 963 8302 and 800 253 9646 (From the United States) Email: [email protected] Web: https://unp.un.org/ Web: http://arabstates.undp.org Cover is printed on 350 GSM coated-one-side paper that is chlorine-free and meets the Sustainable Forest Initiative guidelines. Text pages are printed on 100 GSM uncoated white opaque, woodfree paper. Both cover and text papers are printed with vegetable-based inks and produced by means of environmentally-compatible technology. Cover Design: Rima Rifai Layout and Production: Phoenix Design Aid Printed at: Nahhal Printing Group S.A.L ISBN: 978-92-1-126366-4 eISBN: 978-92-1-054202-9 Sales #: E.14.III.B.2 Printed in the Republic of Lebanon This study and publication were carried out under the Water Governance Programme for Arab States, a project of the United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States (UNDP-RBAS) co-funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The analysis and policy recommendations of this Report do not necessarily reflect the views of Sida, the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board Members or UN Member States. The Report is the work of a team of authors sponsored by UNDP-RBAS. Foreword by the Regional Director, UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States A child struggles in the arid countryside for a drink The task ahead is for all stakeholders — of clean water; a family flees a drought and relo- including government, civil society, and the cates to a city not ready; a community sees its social private sector— to arrive at collective un- fabric stretched by competition for the essentials of derstandings of diverse needs and to develop life; a country swept by famine: The impacts of the approaches to water governance that yield the water crisis facing the Arab world are dire. highest shared value of water resources. These struggles are the human face of the Progress towards many of the solutions is statistics provided in this report: that the terrain already underway in different ways across the of the Arab region is over 87 per cent desert; that region. However the urgency of the current the rainfall we receive is well below the world av- situation requires accelerated and improved erage; that the average person in the Arab region collective effort. Already several Arab countries accesses one-eighth the renewable water that the are on the verge of running out of renewable average global citizen enjoys; and that 14 of the water. Droughts and famines have become world’s 20 most water-stressed countries are here. more frequent and agricultural output is fall- ing behind population growth.Moreover, the Water challenges can and must be addressed impacts of climate change and demographic if the Arab region is to achieve the Millennium and economic growth exacerbate the challenge. Development Goals, attain shared prosperity, Current projections show that by the year 2025 and reach a future of sustainable human devel- the water supply in the Arab region will be only opment. Addressing water challenges now can 15 per cent of what it was in 1960. also help strengthen resilience by managing the risk of potential crises that could result from in- Progress requires integrated approaches to action: such as unplanned migration, economic the water crisis that address the links between collapse, or regional conflict. water and health, education, poverty allevia- tion, environmental protection, job creation, Resolving the crisis will require enduring and food and energy security. It also requires progress towards political, social, economic and increased political attention and commitment administrative systems that shape the use, de- even amid the challenging political environ- velopment and management of water resources ment of the region today. The key right now and water delivery in a more effective, strategic, is to more broadly disseminate knowledge, to sustainable and equitable direction. bring more stakeholders into the dialogue, and to ensure that dealing with the water crisis As this report presents the issue, the need remains a major priority even as the region to improve water governance requires much continues to pass through difficult times. more than efforts to increase the supply of water. Rather, addressing the crisis requires My hope is that this report will serve as a strengthening technical capacities and national vital tool in UNDP’s cooperation with the institutions and developing mechanisms to Arab region, where we are on the ground in 18 increase the transparency and accountability of countries working with governments and other public water services. stakeholders to develop national capacities and achieve results in moving towards sustainable of natural disaster and conflict. Water gover- development pathways that reduce poverty nance sits at the crossroads of these develop- and inequality, towards inclusive and effec- ment objectives and I hope that this report tive governance systems that deliver results fosters progress towards advances in human for people, and towards resilience to the risks development across the entire Arab region. Sima Bahous Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, Chair of the United Nations Development Group for the Arab States, and Director of the Regional Bureau for Arab States of the United Nations Development Programme. IV Water Governance in the Arab Region: Managing Scarcity and Securing the Future Report Team Reader Group Amer Salman, Bashar Zeitoon, Fatma Attia, Fethi Lebdi, Hakan Tropp, Hazim El Naser, Hussam Fahmy, Naif Mohammed Abu-Lohom, Odeh Al-Jayyousi, Ragab Ragab, May Massoud (copy reviewer), and Nadim Farajalla Core Team Ahmed Khater, Emad Al-Karablieh, Mohamed Abdrabo, Redouane Choukr-Allah, and Waleed Zubari Report Director/Coordinator Ghaith Fariz Authors of Background Papers Gamal Abdo, Seifeldin Abdalla, Subhi Samhan, Tarek Merabteen, and Ziad Mimi UNDP/Regional Bureau for Arab States Team Sima Bahous (Assistant Secretary-General, Assistant Administrator and Regional Director), Adel Abdellatif (Chief, Regional Programme Division), Maya Abi-Zeid, Dima Al Khatib, Yakup Beris, Manal Habash, Francesca Hessler, Shaymaa Mansour, and Yasser Najem Background Statistics Arabian Gulf University Researchers Khadija Darmame, Mariam Itani, Nada Abdel Khalek, Rabab Bou Fakhredine, and Soha Farouk Editors Jacques Aswad, Christina Curran, Bruce Ross-Larson and his team at Communications Development Incorporated, (including Shawki Barghouti, Joe Caponio, Rob Elson, and Bettina Kimpton) Acronyms BOT Build-Operate-Transfer DALY Disability-Adjusted Life Year FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management MDGs Millennium Development Goals MENA Middle East and North Africa NGO Non-Governmental Organization PWA Palestinian Water Authority R&D Research and Development UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization VI Water Governance in the Arab Region: Managing Scarcity and Securing the Future Contents Foreword by the Regional Director, UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States III Report team V Acronyms VI Overview 1 Managing and adapting to water scarcity 2 Augmenting water availability 2 Challenges to effective governance 3 Achieving effective governance 6 Chapter 1 Water in the Arab region: availability, status and threats 11 Water resources 12 Vulnerabilities of Arab water systems 28 Chapter 2 Challenges to water governance in the Arab region 39 Water coverage and distribution 39 Water rights, social equity and economic development 46 Water and food security 53 Water-energy nexus 54 Water institutions and policy formulation 55 Chapter 3 Concepts and approaches for effective water governance in the Arab region 69 Water security, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development 69 Water scarcity: a major determinant for water security 70 Effective water governance: the vehicle for achieving water security 72 Cost-effectiveness analysis: an important tool for guiding effective water governance 75 Cost-effectiveness analysis and achieving effective water governance in the Arab region 77 Chapter 4 Effective water governance: water’s value and cost-effectiveness 81 Water’s economic value 81 Costs of lack of water and sanitation: an estimate for 2010 84 Projection of water-associated costs for 2010-2020: cost of action versus cost of inaction 89 Proper valuation of water and cost-effectiveness analysis: tools for establishing effective water governance 93 Chapter 5 Building blocks of effective water governance in the Arab region 99 Reorienting policy 99 Reforming institutions 102 Legislation and enforcement 105 Empowerment: exploring new levels 107 Water rights and social equity 110 Financing and economics 110 Research and development: a missing link 115 Cooperation: at the regional and transboundary level 116 Chapter
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