DPR Korea Environmental Protection(MoLEP) ofLand and Ministry Sloping LandManagement Ten Years of Swiss Cooperation OfficeDPRKorea Confederaziun svizra Confederazione Svizzera Confédération suisse Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

1 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Copyright © 2014

This book was published by the support of the Swiss Cooperation Office, DPR Korea Ten Years of Sloping Land Management ii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management “ the advanced science andtechnology. seminars, soasto positively introduce in international conferences and of othercountries andparticipate with scientificresearch institutions academic andinformation exchanges briskly conduct jointresearch and Protection andrelevant organs should ofLandThe Ministry andEnvironment ~ KimJongUn ”

iii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management iv 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Editor’s Note...... Evaluation DrivesProgress ...... Green Mountain becomes GoldMountain...... We HaveOurOwnCurriculum ...... Go onaPilgrimage ...... WorkingGroup...... Multi-Disciplinary Creating to aPilotProject See...... for theCountry Co-learning from theCountyWorking Group...... ofLearning:Journey OurFieldSchool...... People CanChange, andSoCanSlopes!...... Fresh Fishfrom Slopes...... Livestock: Nurturing HumansandSlopes...... It HasNotBeenEasy...... From AnnualCrops to Perennial Tree Crops...... AgricultureConservation withTrees...... Choosing aSuitable Hedgerow for SlopingFields...... Prioritizing Mountaintops...... Growing OurOwnSeedlings...... We NeedaPlan...... Growing Rice onSloping Lands...... Our Success: From Squatters to Stewards oftheLand...... The Power ofTrees, ThePower ofPeople...... A 10-Year ofRestoring Journey SlopingForests...... Foreword...... Preface...... Contents Contents 64 62 60 58 54 52 48 45 43 40 37 34 31 29 26 23 21 19 16 12 vii ix 9 5 1

v 10 Years of Sloping Land Management vi 10 Years of Sloping Land Management art technologies suchas landscape ecological principles, pedology, physiology, biologyand and livestock to meet thevarious needsofitsinhabitants andstakeholders. Usingstate-of-the- possible inamulti-dimensional andintegrated bycombining framework, forestry, agriculture, Agroforestry management isnotsimplyintercropping; asmuch itshouldbedeveloped the slope,butalsoitswatershed, eco-landscape, impact. andsocio-economic development we mustconsider the various eco-regional specifications, includingnotonlythelocation of all, obtaining thebestresults from slopedlandmanagement isacomplex endeavor, and element instaying instep inscience withthetrends ofdevelopment and technology. After Learning, andadopting,advanced technologies from othercountries hasbeenanimportant in cooperation withotherinterested agencies, andthesharingofknowledge andtalent. Of course, animportant elementoftheDPRK’s success inagroforestry hasbeenworking crucial part theeconomic strategy oftheDPRK. local residents. Baseduponthesefindings,proper management oftheslopinglandsbecame a but thesepractices alsohadtheaddedbenefitofincreasing theeconomic standards ofthe in theDPRK.Notonlywas thisasolutionto theenvironmental challenges facing theseareas, was aneffective way to even theenvironmentalreverse, and combat, damage to slopinglands andinspiringconcepts.new Theresults were hugely successful andclearly showedthatthis Consequently, anagroforestry experimentwas begun inNorthHwanghae Province to test these stepped forward to promote agroforestry management andimplementnew methods. countries. However, ofLandandEnvironmental atthattime,theMinistry Protection (MoLEP) destroyed dueto natural disasters, internal pressures, andtheunfortunate sanctionsbyother mountains anduplands,alarge portionofthecountry’s natural forests were damaged and of challenges. Withlimited arable land,more than80%ofwhichontheslopesitsimpressive Agroforestry intheDemocratic People’s Republic ofKorea (DPRK)presents itsownuniqueset foreign countries’ advanced technologies”. conservation there are manythingsto beintroduced from amongtheworld trends and and international organizations. Inthesector of landadministration andenvironment “We shouldbrisklyconduct scientificandtechnological exchanges withothercountries Respected KimJongUnsaid: Preface vii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management viii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management our motherlandcome alive! together, managementworking inthefieldofforestry andthat, wecan make themountains of in NorthHwanghae Province. Wehopethatthisbookwillbeavaluable resource for allofthose fantastic agroforestry management teams inmanycounties, especiallythoseinSuanCounty lands bymeans asatestament ofagroforestry. Thisbookserves to theexperiences ofthe Over thepast 10years, havebeenmadein the management ofsloping manyachievements people thatitserves. satellite information analysis,asystem can becreated thatsustainably meets theneedsof Ministry of LandandEnvironmentMinistry Protection sustainable nationwidemultiplication ofsuccesses inDPRKorea. withthecollaborationthe achievements ofMoLEPandICRAF inorder to contribute to the requirements. TheSwissAgency andCooperation for Development willcontinue to reinforce place thatformalize therationale usedbythesloping landusergroups inkeeping withstate of theproject withtheaimofupscaling itsmethodology. Legal provisions havebeenputin ofLandandEnvironmentalThe Ministry Protection (MoLEP)hasembraced thecore tenants technicians atMoLEPwhoexerted themselvesfor thesuccess ofthisproject. gratefulWe are very for these successes andexpress thanksto personnel andscientiststhe county, positiveresults from andachieving theirexpansion into otherregions. establishing pilotprojects inmanycounties ofNorthHwanghae province, includingSuan practice, whichproved to improve bothfood securityandenvironmental sustainability by Since 2004,theprogram hasintegrated agroforestry technology into slopinglandmanagement security andthemulti-purposeuseoftrees to transform landscapes andlivelihoods. (ICRAF), haveimplemented theSlopingLandManagement Program inorder to promote food the SwissAgency andCooperation for Development (SDC)andtheWorld Agroforestry Centre ofLandandEnvironment Protectionsloping land,theMinistry oftheDPRKorea (MoLEP), to thelossoflivelihoodsanddecreased food andenvironment security. To restore degraded Over thelastdecades, DPRKorea hasbeenaffected bygrave natural andotherdisasters leading Foreword Swiss Cooperation Office Pyongyang, DPRKorea Swiss Agency andCooperation for Development Director ofCooperation Thomas Fisler

ix 10 Years of Sloping Land Management x 10 Years of Sloping Land Management importance ofdiversifying crops according to soilconditions was alsoemphasized. and Korean pinethatwere planted insmallpatches alongtheslopein8-10meter intervals. The planted asthefirst crop, anduplandrice asasecond. Thesecrops were sownbetween larch decided to introduce double-cropping insomeareas. Intheinitialtrial,early-variety potato was that could bereplicated byfuture groups. During this second part itwas oftheproject, also The second phaseextended thearea oftheproject andfocused oncreating practical models additional slopinglandmanagement teams. demonstrated to allinvolved theneedto extend thescale oftheSLMproject andcreate and principlesofagroforestry, theinitialpilotproject was animmediate success, andclearly The first phaseoftheproject began inearnest duringthespringof2004.Applyingmethods being carried outtoday. strategies thatbecame the foundation oftheslopinglandmanagement efforts that are still management (SLM)project inSuanCounty. Thesemeetings helpedform several principlesand Land Management Theconvention Project. was followed byaworkshopontheslopingland convened atthePeople’s Cultural Palace oftheSloping for aNationalSeminaronDevelopment Late 2003,officialsfrom MoLEP, theSDC,andother concerned agencies and consultants meetings ledto theproject for sloping landmanagement. for restoring theforests andsupportinglocal food security. This,andsubsequent cooperative office oftheSwissAgency andCooperation for Development (CDC)met to discusssolutions Recognizing thatthesituation neededurgent attention inAugust 2003,MoLEPandtheDPRK Sloping Forests A 10-Year ofRestoring Journey Project Management andConsultingServices, MoLEP Kim Kwang Ju

1 10 Years of Sloping Land Management with theproject team Dr. Xu Jianchu,whowas awarded theDPRK’s honorary doctor’s titleinForestry, discussing 2 10 Years of Sloping Land Management of relying oncentralized distribution. more andempowered theirownsmall-scale self-sufficient, them nurseries,to develop instead of information, experiences andbetter seedvarieties–helped allofthe usergroups to become other counties. Thisspiritofcooperation between usergroups–which includedtheexchange members were alsoencouraged to participate in exchange visitswithotherusergroups in were provided to better facilitate the slopinglandusergroup’s needsand activities.Group resting rooms (adesignated space for usergroup members to meet andholdrelevant activities) could were set begrown upbyeach andobserved) county’s Forest Management Board, and groups. Technology Extension Rooms (protected spaces for collaborative plantvarieties new During the3years ofphasethree, additionalinfrastructure for was thelanduser developed awarded doctorate anhonorary bytheDPRK. anddisseminationofagroforestry managementdevelopment withinthecountry, Dr. Xu was many counties to provide further education. Inappreciation ofhiscontributions to promote the ICRAF’s EastandCentral AsiaRegional Headquarters), visited theslopinglandusergroups in Jianchu Xu from theWorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF) inYunnan, China(currently knownas of thisphasewas to create teams. andmobilize For cross-disciplinary technical Dr. support, By 2007,theproject hadadvanced to phasethree, andwas extended to four cities.Thefocus and impact oftheirworkwas agreat encouragement to all. Having theopportunity to share theirprogress, andlearning abouttheinternational interest members, adelegation ofSwissMPs was invited to visitsomeoftheslopinglandusergroups. To maintain aswellto positivemomentum duringthisphaseoftheproject, re-energize group with theproject team Dr. Xu Jianchu,whowas awarded theDPRK’s honorary doctor’s titleinForestry, discussing area, thisproject keeps withahighmeasure developing ofsuccess. so manyindividualsandorganizations. oftheSDC,ICRAF, Intheeyes FAO andresidents ofthe about thatwouldnothavebeenpossiblewere itnotfor thehard workandcontributions by During thepast decade manypositivechanges ofagroforestry management, havebeenbrought Plan suggested byMoLEPanddecidedto workontheproject. accepted oftheAgroforestry theproposal Management ondevelopment Strategy andAction tookThe 4thNationalWorkshoponAgroforestry place Development inAugust 2013andSDC transformation oftheonce-barren slopes. received nationalappreciation, anddignitaries havevisited theproject sites to seefirst-hand the Thanks to itssuccess inrejuvenating damaged slopinglands,agroforestry management has continued thisexpansion into theremaining eco-zones ofNorthHwanghae Province. project to more andmore cities,andto ensure itssustainability longinto thefuture. Phasefive Phase four oftheproject began in2010.Theaimofthisstep was straightforward: to extend the

3 10 Years of Sloping Land Management SDC delegation visits the Sohung county SLM site in N. Hwanghae Province

4 10 Years of Sloping Land Management People The Power ofTrees, ThePower of Dr. Kimconvinced meintheend.” Since then,twousergroups haveestablished hedgerows plant biological hedgerows withtrees to erosion. prevent “Ihesitated atfirst,” shesaid,“but them withminimalyields. Dr. KimKwang Ju,chiefadvisorfor suggested should theproject, they Mrs. KimSunHwa saidthesteep piece usedto farm oflandthey was heavily eroded, providing more to eat now, some surplusto exchange and even orsell,” shesaid. brought aboutbyplantingtrees, hedgerows, aswellrotating legume crops. “Myfamily has exactly thesameplotofland,yieldhasdoubled,thanksto theincrease insoilfertility after littlefrom several theslopes,even yearsvery ofintensive cultivation. Now, however, on energeticfirst to speak a very woman.Sheexplainedthatsheusedto was harvest RiSunOk, into ausergroup, andput thelandmanagement training hadreceived they into practice. The It took theusergroup leaders originallyorganized mostofthemorningto describehowthey potatoes andbeans. There isalsoafieldhousefor training, storage, andovernightlodging. a network ofdensehedges,lot, tree nurseries, andfertile slopesgrowing corn, uplandrice, soils were heavily degraded andfull ofgullyerosion. Now, thesameslopinglandboasts awood 2006, hefound ascene ofdesolation.Thehilltops andslopeswere bald and treeless, whilethe who coordinates theSlopingLandManagement project atSDC.WhenJohanfirst arrivedin their livesthatthesefarmers are willingto come sofar onadaylike this,” saysJohan Ramon, reach theslopesdesignated byMoLEP. “Itisproof oftheway thatslopinglandhaschanged Some ofthevisitingfarmers hadlefttheirhomeslongbefore dawn, walking several hours to Sloping LandManagement project. havereceivedexciting ofthehelpthey news from theSwissGovernmentandbenefitsof weaved theirway across hadcome fieldsonarocky hillside.They to tell thevisitors aboutthe Early onefall morning,while thesunwas stillrisinginSuanCounty, twousergroup leaders Principal Scientist andRegional Coordinator ICRAF EastandCentral AsiaRegion Dr. JianchuXu

5 10 Years of Sloping Land Management After theimplementation of slopingland management At thebeginning of slopinglandmanagement 6 10 Years of Sloping Land Management living inharmony. landscape. TheDPRofKorea hasamuchbetter future withmore trees andempowered people, combines land,labor, andknowledge–can make animproved world,abetter life, andagreener The successes from SuanCounty, intheDPRofKorea, demonstrates thatagroforestry–which enfranchises people,andemancipates themthrough knowledge. than 50%.Agroforestry isnotonlyaland-usepractice–it isalsoaboutpeople’s It empowerment. hectares ofagricultural landhavemore than20%tree cover, and160millionhectares more Around theworld,agroforestry provides alivingfor atleast 1.2billionpeople.About0.6 beenfeaturedhave even onournationalTVprogram. Weare agroforestry expertsnow!” many visitors, includinggovernment officials,otherproject members andotherusergroups; we agroforestry. proud Theusergroups oftheirsuccess. are very Mrs. Risaid:“Wehave received Stories like thisfrom usergroups inSuanCountyprovide aglimpseofthebenefits have healthy livestock andpeople.” with trees ashedgerows. “Slopesprovide uswithfodder for therabbits andgoats, andwenow products.” hadplanted besidesfruittrees, grass-strips KimSunHwa they saidthat, together now wehavepeaches andnutswhichwecan sellatthelocal market orexchange for other to improve theirincome. wedidnothaveanycash “Inthepast, before harvest,” shesaid,“but Ri SunOktold thevisitors are thatthefruittrees growing they ontheslopinglandhavehelped rotate different crops, andouryieldshaveincreased,” saidMrs. KimandMrs. Riproudly. withtree seedlingsprovided “Thesoilerosion bytheproject. ismuchreduced,everywhere we

7 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 8 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Our Success: From Squatters to Stewards of the Land

Kim Myong Chol Forest Ranger, Rinsan County, North Hwanghae Province

Kim Myong Chol’s job as a forest ranger began 18 years ago, shortly after the 1995 floods devastated most of North Hwanghae Province.

Having been deprived of their food sources, residents began squatting on forest land, harvesting the remaining trees and tried growing crops on the sloping lands. Because these new residents would employ slash-and-burn techniques to clear the land, the risk of forest fires rose dramatically. “With the repeated natural disasters, exacerbated by soil erosion, the condition of the forests got worse and worse,” Kim said, “my job has been a tough one.”

In order to halt the degradation of the forest, the rangers helped to organize the squatters into groups of sloping land users. “We changed our own roles, from forest police to forest facilitators,” Kim stated with pride.

Local situation analysis “ 10 10 Years of Sloping Land Management forest facilitators. forest police to own roles, from We changedour development.” disseminator ofagroforestry also atechnical defender and not onlyaforest ranger, but Iamproudpast. ofmyself, being of myworkfeel like along-gone of thehardships atthebeginning getand even food from it!Now, all degradation, protect theforest, wecan soil prevent development, “With thehelpofagroforestry experiences.” andmany peoplefrom otherregions andcountiesis evident, are visitingusto learn from our it isthefoundation ofsustainable Thesuperiorityofthis approach slopinglandmanagement. “Havingseenfirsthand thebenefitsofagroforestry,Kim observes: wecan confidently saythat user groups, andrumors oftheirsuccesses spread throughout thecounty. yield ofdozens ofkilos.Ofcourse, timelinegreatly theearlier boosted harvest income for the 10 years old.Thenewly-grafted trees, however, after only5 could beharvested years, witha untilthetreeapproaches for was example, more withchestnut, wouldnotyieldaharvest than Not surprisingly, theusers sawmanyimprovements methods. after Previous adoptingthenew provided uswithalotofsupport,” explainedKim. hadavailablethe tools thatthey were notsufficient for theirnew tasks. “MoLEP’s technical staff The ideas ofgrass strips,tree planting,andcrop allocations to were theusergroups. new Even planted grassthey stripsofalfalfa andred clover, whichdoubledasanideal animalfodder. The createderosion, they borders new around thecontours oftheslopingfields.Intheseborders, create Working together a higher sense of ownership and pride in their work. to help combat soil cooperation. Encouraging thegroups to joinintheplanningprocess for theirownfieldshelped An important groups was aspectofthesenew to foster anenvironment ofparticipation and ” using these new techniques: “Itwasusing thesenew amiracle!” fondly whenherecalls thetransformation hesaw be increased considerably each year. Kimsmiles were raising,that they could andthatcrop harvest use oforganic fertilizers produced bytheanimals that soilfertility could beimproved through the Through additionaltraining, theusers learned encouragement to manyofthegroup members. the problem offeed for theanimalswas agreat fields andnutrientretention. Additionally, solving trees andcropsthe new benefited from improved strips prevented soilerosion remarkably well,and 11 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 12 10 Years of Sloping Land Management young rice plants,puttingthree orfour plantsinacluster, withtheirroots wellwatered. the early potato around theuplandfieldandtransplant summersolstice, wouldlevel they Seeding timesandmethods were were for thesameasthey mono-cropping. After harvesting same year byalater crop ofuplandrice. methods. Anearly variety ofpotato was planted inthesecond year, immediately followed that After thesuccess ofuplandrice mono-cropping, it was decided to introduce double-cropping have become better andbetter atgrowing it.” who supported ittechnically. Since thefirst year, hasbeen cultivating rice, andwe everyone completed thanksto thepioneers ofuplandrice cultivation, andtheresearchers from MoLEP “Cultivating rice ontheuplandslopeswas definitely anadventure,” saidRi.“Thesuccess was viable alternative crop. These admirable first-year results were enoughto convince theotherusergroups thatrice was a so, thatfirst Buteven more year than2Mt/ha.” triedit. weharvested ever Ri recalled: “At wewere first, soclumsywithuplandrice, because itwas thefirst timewehad upland rice. rice, Theseelders took andplanted theriskoftrying thefirst fields. were younger,When they oftheelders afew ofthegroup hadworked withresearchers studying wouldloseeverything.”that they a wholeyear’s work,” Riexplained.“Not thatanyonecould were justworried blamethem;they trusted wouldinvestonlyincrops to they that they grow, andthatplantingrice was too riskyfor “That first year, onlysomeofthemembers planted uplandrice. Therest ofthegroup insisted sloping landareas. However, thefirst uplandrice trialinSuanCountychanged thisperception. around thecontour didn’tthinkotherfood ofthefields,because crops they were viablein between rows oftrees, suchaslarch, pine,andchestnutthatwere planted inparallel lines had beenfocused oncultivating corn, white andsweet potato. Thesewere usuallysown Until 2005,nooneinDPRKorea hadcultivated rice onslopinglands.Instead, mostusergroups Growing Rice onSlopingLands Sloping LandUser Group Manager, SuanCounty, NorthHwanghae Province Ri SunOk 13 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Up-Land RiceUp-Land inautumn inJochongol, Suan Countyof N.Hwanghae province 14 10 Years of Sloping Land Management and getting crops from itatthesametime.” the hard olddays,andIfeel adeepsenseofaccomplishment for havingprotected theforest area cannot conceal theirsurpriseandadmiration atthesightof ouruplandrice. Iremember Ri isproud oftheaccomplishments intheirworkarea. “Today, manypeoplevisitingourproject average years seven earlier thanexpected. Success withKorean was alsoachieved pineplanted around therice fields,whichmatured on upland rice, andvegetables yieldedpositiveresults. Multi-cropping trialshavealsobeenconducted withuplandrice andvegetables; potato, even where ButIthinkthehighest potential to ishiddenintechnical look. improvement,” saysRi. “The potential andcan to beeasily boostproductivity found iseverywhere, ifyoujustknow food yieldismuchhigherusingdouble-cropping methods. days around timesare thesummersolstice. thesamefor mono-cropping, butthenet Harvest Upland rice transplantation labor-intensive, isvery since itneedsto beaccomplished within2-3 urea fertilizer isappliedperhectare for better rooting andincreased yields. the plants.Weedingisdonebefore theseason ofheavy rains, andthen,after rooting, 60-90 kg of Transplantation directly before orimmediately following rainfall ispreferred for bestsuccess of 15 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Model LandUse Plan 16 10 Years of Sloping Land Management members regarding theirpersonal andprofessional learning development: productivity atthesametime.Thefollowing excerpts are from various slopinglandusergroup many valuable opinions.By workingtogether, weare ableto protect thelandandboost isinterestedEveryone andeager to participate intheplanningprocess, contribute andthey entirely onhowweplanlanduseandimplementitinpractice. plan inplace. Perhaps you’re wonderingwhy?Because theresults ofagroforestry depend The mostimportant part oflandmanagement isensuringthatwehaveathorough landuse We NeedaPlan own acacia seedlings.” –Group memberofSLUG No. 1 plant 2000extra trees perha,makingit10,000andwewillalsogrow our improvement ofoaks andacacias intheforest. Consequently, thisyear, wewill planting oftrees inthegrass strips.Later, werealized thatwehadneglected the “Last year, wewere onlyconcerned aboutcattle shedconstruction andthe Project Management andConsultingServices, MoLEP Kim Kyong Ju project area–and ourresidents haveallgreatly benefited from theresults. that therate ofrooting andthegrowth rate oftrees isincreasing year inour substantially every In usingthesecareful techniques for wehaveseen planningandreview landmanagement, topics to theplan. participatory manner. Additionally, meeting, we corrected attheannualreview and/or addnew preparation andallotherissuesregarding soilprotection–all oftheseissuesare discussedina of cultivation area, plantcultivation, ditch waterway prevention, cleaning, organic fertilizer for agroforestry. alsodiscussedgrass They strips(erosion dams),tree planting,re-zoning plan to fully singledoutareas utilize theland.They to protect,areas for andland firewood analyzed thecondition oftheland.Basedontheircompiled created information they anew technicians. Taking into account theexperiences andresults ofthepast year, carefully they with theheads oftheslopinglandusergroups, aswellotherexperienced members and In fact, before trees, aforest plantingnew ranger from SariwonCityvisited theproject area challenges ofthepreceding year. most important elementsinthelanduseplanningprocess isdiscussingthesuccesses and It’s great to seepeopleworkingtogether andhelpingeach otherlearn. Ofcourse, oneofthe member ofSLUG No. 12 to plantalotofchestnuttrees, from whichweexpectlarge profits.” –Group we won’thaveanymore inthefuture. worriesaboutfirewood Weare alsoplanning “This year, wewillplant25,000acacia trees on2.5hectares for Thisway firewood. anymore.” –Group memberofSLUG No. 6 plant aronia trees andorchard grass there. You willnotseesoilerosion inmyarea end, Iwas to Thisyear, blamefor it. Iwillmake grass stripsalongthecontour and grass stripsandmyditch protection was awful. WhenIlostallmycrops inthe saidthatIwas astubborn project“Everyone participant, thatIdidn’tcare about 17 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 18 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Nursery forNursery SLUG No. 2,3,Changmari,Yontan county of N.Hwanghae province Growing OurOwn Seedlings fruit seedlingsto meet theneedsofproject areas. forest management were suppliedbyacentralized nursery, itoften could not provide enough which madeitdifficult Additionally,for theyoungtrees whilethetreesto survive. needed for climates inthecentralized nurseries andslopedlandswere markedly different from each other, did manyofthetrees arriveto theproject sites withroots thathadalready butthe driedout, group inanotherpart ofthecountry. However, thisapproach hadmanydrawbacks. Notonly received alloftheirseedlingsfrom acentralized belongingto theforest nursery management In theearly stages ofagroforestry adoptioninYonthan County, theslopinglandusergroups Forest Ranger, Yonsan County, NorthHwanghae Province Im HakBin 19 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 20 10 Years of Sloping Land Management ability to beself-sufficient. their ownnursery—instead welcomed offindingitaburden, challenge they and the thenew and showedthemmore care andconcern. alsoshowedakeen They senseofprideinoperating In caring for theirownseedlings,theusergroups were found attached to theyoungseedlings, much easier. growing was seedlings,and–because rightnextto thenursery theproject area–planting became or rooting increased was ableto by90%!Additionally, become knowledgeable everyone about With thesechanges inplace, thecost oftransporting theseedlingswas removed, andtherate adaptation periodwere thetrees ready to beusedfor agroforestry. transplant thesesmalltrees into theirseedlingfieldsuntilthenextspring.Onlyafter this theslopinglandusergroups one-year-oldcould after trees theautumn harvest, sothat, For tree speciesneedingmore technical anddelicate care, suchaslarch, thecounty provided animals andtheharshest weather elements. and thefieldswere surrounded byhedges to protect thefledglingseedlingsfrom hungry Natural hummus andmanure was appliedto thechosenseedlingfieldsto improve soilfertility, cuttings androots, grafting, andmanyothertypesofvegetative reproductions. production. TheCountyForest Management Board alsoprovided training onplantingof given onseedcollections, selection,storage, sprouting andmanyotheraspectsofseedling Original seedlingsandtechnical supportwas provided bythecounty nursery. Education was favorable weather conditions, proximity to water resources andrelatively highsoilfertility. land usergroups finallydesignated landinthevalleys near theproject sites, chosenfor their the average mountain slopewas 15˚,proved challenging.Workinginclosecooperation, the the slopinglandusergroups. Evenso, findingsuitable intheproject areas, nursery-land where As aresult ofthesedisappointments,itwas decidedthatthetrees shouldbegrown on-site, by Participatory ranking for priorityspecies the productivity ofthesoilkept decreasing. Further destructionoftheforest byhumanuse,as attention to thecondition lightrains oftheforests. even Asaresult, could cause landslides,and pressing state issues–the oftheirfood crops andthedailyneedfor paid firewood–and no thepeopleofSariwonCitywereIn thepast, more concerned withthemostimmediate and mountain. soilerosiondrought, andlandslidescaused byfloods,ifweplanted trees atthetop ofthe learning aboutagroforestry, wecould seeitsimportance. Werealized thatwecould onlyprevent At weweren’t first, really concerned withplantingtrees atthetop ofthemountain, butafter Prioritizing Mountaintops Sloping LandUser Group, Sariwon City, NorthHwanghae Province Kim Tang Ok 21 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 22 10 Years of Sloping Land Management forests! year, wewillimprove thenatural chestnutforest on themountaintop into superior chestnut for thatmatter, anyothercounty. Weare confident inthecompetition. ofourvictory Surely this In truth,there isnoreason for usto remain behind SuanCounty’s slopinglandusergroups, or, ascreatorsin agroforestry management, and restorers oftheforest. the tangible benefitsto group members isakeyelementinencouraging themto remain active value to boththesustenance ofthelandand thelivelihoodsofgroup members. Increasing planted inthecrop protection stripssurrounding thefields.Theseimprovements willaddreal into large, high-yieldingtrees. Additionally, otherkindsofhigher-value fruittrees havenowbeen The latest set ofrecommendations for thelandusergroup isto improve thewildchestnuttrees was atremendous achievement. from thetrees, had accomplished, feelharvest theprideinwhatthey goals. andthenset new It years,Within afew chestnuttrees covered thewholeproject area. Theresidents could obtain a accomplishments. protection area. Forest rangers wouldperform theevaluations, givingrewards for thebest based upontree growth, grass cutting,manure applications, andotherindicators intheforest Monthly andquarterly evaluations were andbonussystems set, were introduced inthefall, demonstration ofourpatriotism. harder. Wewouldremind each other thatwewere doingthisfor ourselves, andthatthisisa Some ofthemembers were quite activeatthebeginning, buttheworkgot harder and members–and theworktook alongtimebefore showingresults. protection area. asateam For me,even leader, itwas difficult to bea good example for my team caring for fodder andfood crops, animals,andthechestnutseedlingsgrowing intheforest It wasn’t easy to lookafter allthesetrees planted inaline.Wewere always exhausted from removed. year after planting,fresh organic manure was re-applied to theseedlings,andweedswere mischief from animalssuchasgoats andothercreatures thatmightlike to eat thetrees. Each were proppedthey upto protect themfrom windandrain. Careful attention was givento avoid at 4-meter intervals. Additionally, ameter ofsoilwas speciallyre-zoned around each tree, and mountaintop landto each group member. Then,chestnutseedlingswere selected andplanted In coordination withtheforest management team, thegroup assigned0.5haofthe profit. area. Notonlywouldthetrees contribute to reforestation, could they alsosellthechestnutsata interesting. Infact, there already were chestnutseedlingsonthemountain inthegroup’s project Of alloftheavailable options,theusergroup inSariwonCityfound chestnuttrees most must beprotected, andtrees shouldbereplanted atthetop ofthemountains. well asthevisibledestructionfrom natural disasters, madeitclear to residents thattheforests year for more than20years crop planted asahedgerow thisnew ifthey around theirfields. sixto eighttons ofaronia through andharvest fruitperhectare agroforestry management, every Members ofthelandusergroup were taught could thatthey protect theland,cultivate crops thearonia, inourarea.from plant, thesimpleintroduction ofanew what agroforestry was atthattime! Moreover, wehadnoidea thatwewouldbenefitthismuch All ofthatchanged when,in2010,theidea ofagroforestry was introduced. know Wedidn’teven good. very lands were never from conventionalhaving shallowsoildepthontheslopes,harvests farming onthesloping inYonthanChangmae-ri, County, islocated inaslate miningarea. Denselypopulated, and Field trialonhedgerow Sloping Fields Choosing aSuitable Hedgerow for Sloping LandUser Group, Yontan County, NorthHwanghae Province Song JongSuk 23 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 24 10 Years of Sloping Land Management goal isto turn themountain slopesgreen, full ofaronias! Plans are nowbeingmadeto extend thescope oftheagroforestry management The project. most ofthetrees provide between 300to 500 gofberriesperplant. in 2010are, onaverage, 0.7-1.4meters high,andthecrown diameter is0.8-1.0meters. Annually, turn increases theproductivity ofthecrops andaronias. Two-year-old aronia seedlingsplanted givento animals,andthenthemanurethe alleys, was usedto improve soilfertility, whichin planted, themore profit was gained Fodder from crops thesaleoffruit. were grown between The immediate success ofthefirst year encouraged thegroup members. Themore aronias selling thefresh fruitandmakingitinto juice andalcoholic drinks. from thefirst yeardemanded more Theharvest was andmore soldataprofit, oftheirfruit. the usergroup members became more andmore interested inthearonias, andresidents all oftheirhardeven puttheirjoyinto workleftmanyunable words!to Astimeprogressed, was anexcitingThe first landusergroup. timefor harvest thenew Experiencing theresults of hedges soilerosion, prevent whichishelpingto restore thedegraded soiloftheproject area. tall, whichallowedvariousvery crops to beinter-planted between fields.Thearonia inthealleys them anideal fieldhedge plantfor Thearonia thepoorsoilinChangmae-ri. plantdoesnotgrow seeds andcuttings.Also, thefact didn’thaveahighdemandonsoilfertility made thatthey expected. Plantingaronia seedlingswas fairly easy, could andthey bepropagated byboth firstAlready year ofplanting,thearonia inthevery trees rate hadamuchhighersurvival than management. easily adopted persuaded thearonia andthey for hedgerow cropping asaform ofagroforestry Because there already was atthattime,themembers ahighdemandfor were thearonia berry 25 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 26 10 Years of Sloping Land Management which isappropriate for our area. successfully established athree-year-rotation system ofsweet potato, corn anduplandrice, pests, andconsiderably After onlya increasecouple ofyears theharvest. ofcrop rotations, we We sawimmediate benefits of crop rotation, asithelpedusto improve soilfertility, control crop diversification,Beyond wealso learned alotaboutcrop rotation and double-cropping. number ofcrop varieties hadincreased to years’ 10-15inonlyafew time. the bestway to protect thelandandto cultivate good crops the atthesametime.Asaresult, see thatincreasing thecrop varieties according to the“rightcrop for therightsoil”principlewas many technicians, aswellourbeingableto read provided, we could themanybooksthey sloping landusers group, there were onlyfiveorsix different crop varieties. Withthehelpof which proved to beanimportant land-management tool. Whenwefirst started workinginthe The second step we took inconservation agriculture practices was thatofcrop diversification, Consequently, thesestrategies onthehillsidesofSuanCountygreatly prevented soilerosion. established, andonthesteep slopeswebuiltparallel terraces bordered bystripsofgreenery. as animalfodder. Rain-washed hollowswere filledwithstones andfence-like busheswere regular intervals. Orchard grass andalfalfa were planted inthesestrips,since could they double from thecounty forest management board to established 1-meter-wide hillsideplantingsat from SuanCountyformed received slopinglandusergroups, andthey technical assistance concerned theestablishment ofplantstrips.Inorder to protect thesloping lands,residents not insignificant thatsomeofourfirst agroforestry activitiesinconservation agriculture practice Therefore wehadto employsomeuniquepractices to besuccessful inthisregion. Infact,it’s unsuccessful ontheslopinglands. because damage ofsevere to theforests overtime,cultivation ofcrops hadbecome and sothehumandemandposedonsurrounding forests isalsohigher. Additionally, The cityareas ofSuanCountyare muchmore denselypopulated compared to otherregions, Trees AgricultureConservation with Sloping LandUser Group, SuanCounty, NorthHwanghae Province Kim SunHwa 27 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Biological protective belt 28 10 Years of Sloping Land Management once-again thriveifweadoptthepractices ofconservation agriculture. increasing that green theproductivity forests ofslopinglands.Infact, wefirmly believe can Our agroforestry management experiences ofthelastdecade haveshown usthatwecan keep reforestation fields. rate ofKorean pineandlarch planted amongthestripsis1.5timesfaster thaninthenormal rice. Weare happyto according report, to thetechnical results, observation thatthegrowth only 600 gfor uplandrice. However, lastyear, wereached 1400 gfor corn and1200 gfor upland agroforestry management, theyieldperpyeongagroforestry management, (roughly 3.3m After thesuccesses with food crops, westarted beginning plantingtrees. ofour At thevery yields inthefollowing years ontheseslopinglands. about 10Mtofqualitymanure perhousehold.Theresults inincreased were evident food crop produced bythevarious pigs,goats, andrabbits ofourSLU group members, whichtotaled Since wedidn’twant to limitourpotential,the harvest. wealsoappliedtheorganic manure field edges andplow-lines.Stubble andpotato leaves were also buriedinto thesoilsoonafter digester. Thesubsequentfermented chaff was usedas fertilizer bybeingburieddirectly into the barley,Wheat, corn andothercrop straw were choppedandfermented byusingmicroorganism organic manure. So, asaminimumsolution,wekept thecrop residues intheproject field. For example, oneofourproject sites, Jaechon-gol, lacked proper resources to produce enough to bemore difficult to dothanwehadoriginallythought. soil fertility bymeans oforganic fertilizer production, straw cover andotheroptions.Thisproved The nextimportant inconservation step agriculture inourjourney was to constantly improve 2 ) ofcorn was only700 gand Cultivating bellflower onslopes trees, as they heardtrees, asthey others haddone. together too wouldlike anddecided thatthey to diversify theirforest withpeach andchestnut methods of landmanagementnew andintercropping. Excited, thefamilies ofKamsagol met land usergroups inotherareas were ofthecountry experiencingfantastic success byapplying Concerned, butwithoutanysolutions,theresidents were heard amazed whenthey thatsloping soil hadweakened the trees, andhowthecrops seemedto suffer more with each passing year. time, theresidents ofKamsagol noticed thedegradation oftheforest,howerosion ofthe have settled, relying on the meager could crops they cultivate inthe forest for Over their survival. Kamsagol isanisolated area inthecenter ofYonsan County. Here, onlyahandful offamilies Tree Crops From AnnualCrops to Perennial Sloping LandUser Group, Yonsan County, NorthHwanghae Province Kim JongNyo 29 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 30 10 Years of Sloping Land Management agroforestry management. continueof theirmindsasthey their work–while strivingto keep upwiththelatest trends in into apowerful andprosperous nation.Thelandusergroup members keep thisintheforefront Adopting agroforestry isanimportant strategy for DPRKorea, andthekey to turning this land year ago, wefeel confident thatweare amongthebestofusergroups inDPR Korea!” ofthosegroups whoorganizedlevel before us.Eventhoughweonlyformed ourgroup abouta manure to ourfieldsright away,” Kimrecalls. “Indoingso, weeasily reached thecrop production Improving thesoilqualityinproject area first year. was alsoaprioritythevery “Weapplied grown onthemountaintop to winddamage prevent andsoilerosion. protected area. DensepopulationsofSiberianalderandothertree saplingsare plannedto be and over1500trees were planted. Additionally, thetop ofthemountain was designated asa Only oneyear after thebeginning 1570 mlong oftheproject, terraces hadbeenestablished, oldest trees.” 250 kgblossomed, andlastyear ofpeaches, weharvested and50 kg ofchestnutsfrom the and weplanted thousandsoftheminthevalley. Despite thepoorsoilquality, thetrees Kim JongNyorecounts “Thatfirst theiragroforestry year, journey: wewere ableto get seedlings, education andlandtransformation. Reaching outto aforest ranger, landusergroup thisnewly-formed began theslowprocess of Pine nut-based landscape right soil”principle. beginning, wedidnotunderstand the methods ofagroforestry. Weignored the“righttree inthe of flowers, are whilethefall atimeofjoyandplenty. harvests Yet, noneofthiswas easy. Inthe agroforestry. peach, andpear Chestnut, trees cover thehills.Thespringseason bringsamyriad In Yonsan county, there thedefinitionofsuccessful isasmallvillage thatseemsto bethevery It HasNotBeenEasy Sloping LandUser Group, Yonsan County, NorthHwanghae Province Won Ye Suk 31 10 Years of Sloping Land Management SLUG management nursery Building astone checkdam 32 10 Years of Sloping Land Management agroforestry, themore interesting itbecomes! can cultivate asagreat way for usto learn andimprove theland.Truly, themore welearn about broad bellflower)between thetrees crops planted thatwe onthehillsidestrips.Weseenew Our workgroup hasmanyfuture plans,includingcultivating ediblemountain herbs(suchas extremely profitable whendoneright. Thankfully, lastyear, wemadeagreat deal ofprofit from thefruits!Agroforestry management is pests. group began to learn thetechniques behindpruning,grafting, andproper tree care to prevent We learned thateffective management was necessary to increase productivity. So, ourlanduser identified thatthiswas because weweren’t implementingproper tree management practices. year was ruinedbefore ripening,andtheproductivity ofthechestnuttrees was quite low. We Unfortunately, wethenfaced challenges. Dueto new pestproblems, muchofthefruitfirst chestnut trees thrivedandbegan to produce fruit. chestnut seedlings.Benefittingfrom theimproved drainage andadequate soildepth,thenew the slopinglandgrass stripswithrock anddeepersoilfor better drainage, andreplanted The following year, theteam vowedto learn from year’s theprevious mistakes. Wereinforced in areas thatwere convenient. had notbeenaware oftheimportance ofproper soilconditions, andhadsimplyplanted them meant to beplanted insunnyareas, withdeepsoil,andadequate drainage. Unfortunately, we the land.Butbyendofthatyear, atleast halfofthechestnuttrees haddied.Chestnutsare in about60%oftheproject area, plantingpeaches, apricots, pears andplumsontherest of During thefirst year, ourlandusergroup hadplentyofchestnuttree seedlings.Weplanted them 33 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Grass stripfor fodder 34 10 Years of Sloping Land Management degraded slopingland. but intheend,there was nobetter option butto continue. Wehadto successfully cultivate the we were doing,thefirst year was disastrous. Debates anddiscussionsfollowed thefailures, In 2009,weestablished usergroup inSariwonCity. anew little idea Since ofwhat wehadvery forgetI don’tthinkI’llever thehard timeswewentthrough atthebeginning ofthisproject. Slopes Livestock: Nurturing Humansand Sloping LandUser Group, Sariwon City, NorthHwanghae Province Han OkHwa Crowded livestock obtained breeding pigsandducks, aswellbasic fodder for thefirst year. groundwater supply system–to housepigs,goats, rabbits, chickens, andducks. Wealso Within twomonths,three stable buildingswere constructed–with silage anda reservoirs topainting thegreat laborsupport, materials, andeven encouragement ofthegroup members. The county forest management agency helpedprovide iron, roofing glass, tiles,cement, sufficient animal fodder. Nonetheless, byhelping each otherweadvanced, step bystep. to come by. Weencountered additional setbacks inprocuring breeding stock andobtaining animal stables andshelters andlaborfor theconstruction whenbothmoney workwere hard It was notaneasy transition for ourlandmanagement group. Itwas difficult to construct the ratesurvival oftheplanted trees. infertile slopinglands,for instance, could dramatically increase crop productivity andthe sustainably improve soilandincrease crop production. Introducing animalfarming onthe and tree cover. Withouttheseagroforestry management elements,wecould notexpectto integrated production systems thatincorporate crop choice, animalhusbandry, soilhealth, trees. Welearnedthan simplytheplantingofnew thatthere alsoneedsto beanemphasison Technical Focus Group members. There, welearned thatagroforestry management ismore To increase understanding, ourgroup participated inatraining session organized byMoLEP’s agroforestry practices. Nowweknowthatthisprinciplecannot beoverstated! wedidn’tfullyUntil thatpoint, appreciate theimportance ofincorporating livestock into 35 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 36 10 Years of Sloping Land Management agroforestry management thatlivestock isthemostimportant component! covered withflocksofgoats andducks.Wewant to spread interested theword to in everyone of ripechestnuts,peaches, plums,andapricots. Corn fieldswithbigears ofcorn, andvalleys living standards oftheusergroup. Theagroforestry oftomorrow isalready trees full insight: It became clear to allofusthatagroforestry management was dramatically elevating the trees alongtheplantstrips. from 20%to 80%.Wealsosawimprovement inDactylisglomerata andotherfodder plantsand more rateland. Wesawthecorn thandoubleandthesurvival harvest ofplanted trees increase During thatfirst year, wealsoappliedmore thaneighttons ofanimalmanure to thesloping proud ofourselves. the income to purchase fertilizers. Iremember thatitwas sohard thatfirst year, butweare very chickens andrabbits, and30ducks.Wewere ableto sellsomeoftheexcess animals,anduse Within thefirst year ofprocuring ourusergroup livestock, hadeightpigs,more than100 used asanadditiveinthefeed for thepigs,chickens, rabbits, andducks. We addedgoats thatwere fed fodder plantsfrom thegrass stripproject areas. Goat milkisthen Water pond harvest an additionalsource ofincome. Theidea was brilliant! plants from thegrass stripscould beusedasfishfood, andthefishthemselvescould become to closeto catch thenursery reservoir rainwater, andalsouseitasafishfarm? Nutritiousfodder That’s Whatifwe“killedtwobirds whenwehadarevelation. withonestone” bysetting upa floods. group spenttimeexploringwater drawing facilities for damage preventing duringdroughts and It allstarted duringafieldtraining oftheslopinglandmanagement whenouruser project, fish farms aren’t typically found inthemountain areas. Yet thisisexactly whatwehavedone. me?Notmany,If Isaidwebreed fishontheslopingland,howmanypeoplewouldbelieve since Fresh Fishfrom Slopes Sloping LandUser Group, Yontan County, NorthHwanghae Province Han Yong Ok 37 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Profitable fish 38 10 Years of Sloping Land Management could provide substantial improvement inthediets andlivelihoodsofthegroup members. ton offresh fish.Thisamountoffish,ifshared equallybetween the10families intheusergroup, This findingmeant thatif3000 fishwere raised each year, ourgroup could produce more thana weighedmoreand wefound than400 gonaverage, thatthey withsomeweighingover600 g! all beenkilled,thisaroused quite abitofexcitement withinourgroup. Thefishwere measured, inside. Duringtherepairs, 20livingfishwere discovered had inthepond.Havingthoughtthey separate waterway to divertfuture floodwaters, andnetted thedrainage to keep thesmallfish members corrected thedesignoftheirfishpond,removed thesandfrom thepondfloor, laida season, sandflowedback into thepond,killingallfish.Notwanting to giveup, ourgroup However, ourefforts were not to bewithoutchallenges. Duringthefirst heavy rains ofthe center, whichwere released pond. into thenew completion provided 3000smallfishfrom fishpond,they thecounty ofthenew fishbreeding The county forest and,after management project, board supportiveofthisnew was very and sandfrom thesite, and re-banked around it. reservoir. Wedecidedto construct water for anew thenursery. Weremoved reservoir theearth confirmed thatthere wouldprobably beasufficientnatural water supply to maintain ournew in floods.People whoremembered fishingthere remarked thatithadbeenquite good, which Nearby thenursery, there already was apondonce usedfor fishing,butithadbeen destroyed fertilize andnearby crops. ournursery fish grown ontheslopes.Itisalsoourhopeto utilize thenutrient-rich water from thepondto farming opportunity. Thiswillallowthemto improve theirincome andenjoythebenefitoffresh In thecoming years, theSLU group members planto make full useofthewater basin asafish farming. feed theirownfishnow, They andbringsmallfishback to repopulate thepond. Witnessing thesuccess othervillage ofthisproject, residents alsobecame interested infish habitat areas. venturenew andthecare ofthefish:feedstuff, resting spaces, egg laying corners andhiding snapdragon were alsoplanted andreproduced. was provided for Everything thesuccess ofthe pond. Alongtherimofpondweplanted willowtrees andwater Curly oat. pondweedand Excited bytheprospects ahead, thegroup members continued to fish improve theirnew 39 10 Years of Sloping Land Management User groups share theirexperiences 40 10 Years of Sloping Land Management upland rice, sweet potato, corn, andmuchmore growing inbetween.” “It was justaswehadbeentold,” recalled RiSung Nam.“Grass stripsontheslopinglandsand occurring ontheslopesdueto theproper application ofagroforestry management. County. hadmadethepilgrimage to They seefor themselvesthemasstransformation thatwas yearsA few ago, somepeoplefrom SariwonCityvisited theslopinglandusergroup inSuan So CanSlopes! People CanChange, and Forest Ranger, Sariwon City, NorthHwanghae Province Ri SungNam SLUG SLMsite inSariwon Cityof N.Hwanghae Province that they thinkabouttheirenvironment. that they No. 6withadditionalincome, way whichchanged notonlytheirlivelihoods,butalsothevery in thearea withover200,000 tree seedlingsofsuperiorvariety. provided SLU This nursery Group At thesametime,SLU Group No. field,andprovided 6set alloftheSLU upanursery groups production system. and otheranimals,following theprinciplesofarobust forestry, agriculture, andlivestock The SLU Group No. 1constructed anintegrated stable of40m²for pigs,goats, chickens, rabbits, participate inagroforestry management. members. Since then,theinitialusergroup hadmultiplied,somore residents inthearea can workedThey hard to improve theforests intheirarea andto raise thestandard oflivingfor their the Shortly afterresidents ofSariwonCity theirvisit, formed theirownslopinglandusergroup. that hadcome to the SuanCountyusergroup members. only farmed herowngarden, theSariwonCityvisitors were impressed bythepositivechanges years Knowingthatonlyafew management. before, who thiswomanhadbeen ahousewife group talked casually with theforeigners, telling themabouttheirexperiences inagroforestry also visitingthearea. Theresidents from Sariwonwatched, asthehead oftheSuanCountyuser Coincidentally, theirvisitoccurred atthesametimeasthatofsomeforeign delegates whowere 41 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 42 10 Years of Sloping Land Management greener and greener every year.greener andgreener every Thanks to thecreative efforts ofallthegroup members, the forests ofSongsanRiare turning people’s lives. the health andbeauty oftheforests andtheirhometowns, butalsotheimprovement ofmany whoaretheir efforts, they keeping KimJongIlpatriotism intheirmindscontribute notonlyto planttrees reverse andcrops,lands, they thedamage andthey years. doneinprevious Through managers, whoare nowthepioneers ofagroforestry. Infact, thesewomenprotect thesloping andwomenhavebecome housewives competentOrdinary agricultural producers andforest dothisagain.would never Hebarely escaped.” passionate response ofthewomen,‘invader’ begged athousandpardons andassured he like machinegunfire. Asaforest ranger, haveamomentto talk. Stunned Ididnoteven bythe understand tree here? thatwegrow You each andevery are heartless!’ Theirallegations were now hurlingaccusations athim,including:‘Whatare youdoinghere Don’tyou withascythe? was nowrunningfor hislife. Themanwas beingchasedbythegroup members, whowere had climbedthemountain intending withhisscythe, to collect somewoodfor hisfence, and aged inhishand,was manholdingascythe runningdownthemountain towards me.He people,” were yellingatmeto saidRi.“They stop themandescending themountain! Amiddle- “Last autumn, Iwas climbingthemountains, asIoften do, andIheard theshriekingofmany managers. saw howbeneficialandimportant havingsuchaspace was for thetraining ofagroforestry enviedthefacilities, valuable Manyeven asthey knowledge aboutagroforestry development. learn aboutagroforestry. were ableto They perusevisualaidsandreference materials, gaining Visitors from Yonsan county andotherregions made fieldtripsto ofthecountry thecenters to information easily disseminated. couldthey discussscientificandtechnical problems. Trainings could beconducted, and county forest management teams nowhadaplace to meet withgroup members andtogether The instructionrooms brought immediate andinnumerable benefits. First ofall,thestaff and members, construction could becompleted before therainy season. the hard workandsupportfrom thecounty forest management board andtheusergroup Blueprints were finalized andtheconstruction buildingswas completed. ofthenew Dueto the initialsites, andinstructionrooms were plannedfor further education inthoseareas. proven successful, to expand coverage to theentire area. Kamsgol andMajongol were chosenas groups inthecenter ofthecounty to test theagroforestry management principlesand,once Seeing asfurther education was imperative, itwas plannedto form twosloping landuser improving theirlocal environment wouldhelpimprove theirlives. residents were staunchly opposed.Unfortunately, didnotunderstand atthattime,they how Whilecountyagroforestry management. officialsimmediately accepted theidea, thelocal In theyear 2000,discussionstarted abouttheprotection andrestoration oftheforests with Because ithassolittlearable land,theprotection ofitsforests was adifficult task. Yonsan County, asitsname impliesintheKorean language, isarugged andmountainous area. School ofLearning:Journey OurField Technical ExpertResearch Institute of Economic Forestry, Academy of Forest Sciences Choe Kwang Il 43 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Field schoolfor usergroups 44 10 Years of Sloping Land Management national andinternational learning exchange purposes. posters, computers, projectors, andothermoderntraining facilities, andto usethemfor Further planshavebeen madeto equiptheinstructionrooms with more technical publications, of theSLU groups. income ofthelocal residents, natural andpreventing disasters. Thishasbecome thedailywork sustainable forest reversing deforestation, management, increasing food security, raising the It isnowwellknowninYonsan Countythatagroforestry management isanoptionfor experts. international sessionsaboutsustainable forest management were completed byforeign Additionally, 13seminars havebeenheld,withdemonstrations andfive onprovincial level, trainings aswelltree-specific management aboutagroforestry management, techniques. In theyears following theconstruction ofthetraining rooms, there havebeen 87lectures and Learning andplanningtogether atCountylevel the regional forest aproject management, forest ranger, andamemberofthecentral working people: thedirector ofthe county forest management board, thedirector ofthesub-office of The implementation oftheproject fell to thecounty workinggroup. Thisgroup consists offour group to havelarger project areas thanotherSLMregions. in 2013.Asthiscounty hadalarger forest area thanother counties, itwasfor necessary theSLM Sinphyong CountyinNorthHwanghae Province joinedtheproject for slopinglandmanagement Working Group Co-learning from theCounty Technical ExpertResearch Institute of Economic Forestry, Academy of Forest Sciences Choe Hyok Chol 45 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Technical instructiononthespot 46 10 Years of Sloping Land Management was progressing towards thestrategic goals oftheproject. fertilizer thecriticismhelpedallinvolvedto application. understand Reviewing howeach site protection, tree rate, plantingandsurvival grass seeding,crop diversification, andorganic group’s project area. wouldgivefeedback They onthegrading for land useplanning,soil of theslopinglandusergroups wouldmonitor theprogress andperform evaluations ofeach After theseedingandsprouting hadbegun, members ofthe county workinggroup andleaders still ontrack andthattheplan was properly promoted inthecommunity. 10days,thecounty itsactivitiesto workinggroup ensureseedlings. Every wouldreview itwas of theterraces. created They stone terraces, filledupflood-washed ditches andplanted tree was doneinothercounties, thegroup members established grass stripsonthecontoured parts As soonasthesnowmelted, theSLMusergroup members began theworkofsoilprotection. As management. the analysisoflocal soilusage, theirownstrategies thegroup developed for agroforestry in SuanandYonsan counties. Basedontheinformation gained from theexchange visitsand Exchange visitswere alsoarranged group for members thenew to seesuccessful project areas annual workplan,andorganized 10SLMusergroups inthearea around theminingvillages. course inSLMprinciples.Usingthisfoundational knowledge, theworkinggroup formulated an group began byeducating thestaff ofthe county forest management team, givingthemacrash littleunderstanding hadvery previously ofslopinglandmanagement–the county working Since SinphyongCountyhadonlyrecently introduced agroforestry management–and andseethatitwasof agroforestry management, replicated effectively across the county. group. Thetask ofthecounty workinggroup was to selecttherightproject areas, set examples their area. is confident thatthey, too, can fully thelocal slopinglandmanagement develop program in advanced projects (suchasinSuanandYonsan counties), theSinphyongCountyworkinggroup There remain manymore issuesthatstillneedto beaddressed, butlearning from more group members are preparing to grow theirownseedlingsfrom theirownnursery. user groups, strengthening theirsenseofresponsibility andownershipNow, intheproject. user that allparticipants understood boththeirowntask aswellthatofeach area–also unifiedthe The county’s 10days,andensuring involvement–in training, hostingon-the-job every reviewing 47 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 48 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Country to See Country Creating aPilotProject for the monitored andcorrected ofthecentral bythesupervision workinggroup. Any mistakes madeinsoilprotection, grass stripbuilding,crop choices, etc. could easily be other edibleandmedicinal herbs. aronia, andothers. Thecrops havealsobeendiversified with legumes, groundnuts, and many A great manytrees havebeenplanted larch, intheproject area, pinenut, includingchestnut, potato. in themiddlefor fieldsofupland rice. Thisisoften triple-cropped with early potato orsweet Atand growth thefoot was ofthemountains, observed. corn was cultivated withspace reserved strategy greatly reduced thesoilerosion aconsiderable and, asaresult, increase intree survival intervals to soilerosion. prevent Grass stripswere 20-40cmwide,andraised withsoil.This the contour lines,were set asideto cultivate grass strips, shrubs,andotherplantsat8-12meter The tops ofthemountains were designated asforest areas. Lower elevation hillsides,parallel to how to make aworkplanfor theslopingland. rangers andusergroup members were taught advanced technologies, seedlingproduction, and was given,andthenslopinglandusergroups were created for itspractical application. Forest Education was thefirst step oftheprocess. To ofagroforestry management begin, anoverview restoration project. the central madethisanideal theproject, location workinggroup to to begin supervise apilot The poorcondition oftheslopingland,areadily-available laborbase, andtheproximity for agroforestry management pilotunitthatcould beeasily replicated to otherareas ofthecountry. The Central WorkingGroup for Agroforestry Management sawtheneedto create aspecial areas ofdegraded forest land. over-cultivation ofthemountain slopeshaddecreased thesoilquality, leaving behindvast In thecenter ofSuan Countyliesalarge miningvillage. Densepopulationandmanyyears of Central Forest DesignTechnical Institute, MoLEP Pak Kon Gyu 49 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Visit to anexample SLMsite inSuanCountyof N.Hwanghae Province 50 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Nothing isimpossibleifwe strengthen therole oftheforest rangers, andgalvanize themasses County, to recognize themfor theirefforts inpioneeringagroforestry management. In November2012,anational demonstration was heldfor theslopinglandusergroup of Suan to generate creative initiativesfrom abroader perspective. method ofadvancing Theseexchange agroforestry management. visitsare alsoanopportunity further teaching andcooperative group learning experiences hasproven to beaneffective Now, arranging exchange visitsisstillahighpriorityfor thecentral workinggroup. Promoting counties throughout DPRKorea. groups havebeenformed, andagroforestry management hasbeenadopted inmanycitiesand sloping landusergroup members sharingtheirexperiences. After thattime,more andmore on thevisitingforest managers. listened attentively asthey Their surprisewas to evident the ecological mutuality between crops andtrees. Thison-site demonstration hadaprofound effect the results ofthescientificevaluations, andconvinced ofthesuperiormethod ofcreating and successes oftheslopinglandmanagement usergroup. Thesevisitors were informed of management teams were encouraged to visitthepilotarea to seefirsthand theexperiences replicated inmanyregions ofthecountry. To thisgoal, achieve theofficers ofthe various forest superiority ofagroforestry was clearly demonstrated, itwas decided thatitshouldbe Thankfully, thesuccess first oftheproject year. from was thevery evident Nowthatthe with oursuccess inagroforestry management. We willsurely repay thekeen consideration andtrustoftheRespected Marshal KimJongUn as wellmakingconcerted efforts to learn scientific anddisseminatetechniques. new golden treasures. Pilotunitsandexchange visitshavebeenacrucialpart ofthistransformation, agroforestry iskey to combating deforestation andtransforming ourmountains andforests into into action.Ithasbeenconcluded thatmotivating thepublictowards of development 51 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Multidisciplinary Working Group’sMultidisciplinary activity 52 10 Years of Sloping Land Management understanding ofagroforestry management for land managers andthescientificcommunity. Agroforestry Management Techniques,publishing ofthebook, whichwas usedto promote the workshopsorganizednational-level bythisteam. Italsoaccelerated itsmissionthrough the Since(29-31 July2008)onagroforestry management. then,there havebeenthree additional group was assignedthetaskThe multi-disciplinary ofpreparing for thefirst nationalworkshop lands. sustainable soilpractices for thecontinuation ofagroforestry management onthesloping and embrace opportunities. Overall, new thisgroup was designedto monitor andmodifythe to create workinggroup that aneffective multi-disciplinary could overcome thesechallenges not knowabouttrees, land,andwater. Withthisinmind,MoLEPhasbeenworkingsince 2007 both challenges andopportunities. Weunderstood thatthere are stillmanythingsthatwedo For thesuccessful fulfillment wehadto oftheSLMProject, realize thatmountains represent Multi-Disciplinary WorkingGroup Multi-Disciplinary Project Management andConsultingServices, MoLEP Kim Kwang Ju National workshop onagroforestry during thepreparation ofthe2 activity. Itbecame apparent thatagroforestry management academic isdefinitely field anew experiences andlessonslearned. Thenationalworkshopwas onlyapublicawareness raising successes, discussionsfor havereviewed agroforestry development Multi-disciplinary stressed. trends inagroforestry. Theneedfor pilotunitsto bereplicated inmore locations was also integrated useofthemountains, key tree speciesthatare ofhigheconomic value, andglobal lives. Presentations anddiscussionscentered onthenecessity ofagroforestry principles, the is anessentialrequirement for ecological sustainability andtheimprovement ofpeople’s During theinitialworkshop, itwas clearly communicated thatagroforestry management The 2 great numberofscientists, technicians andofficialsjoinedwith keen interest. improve people’s livingstandard intheshortest timebymeans a ofagroforestry management, promote activeinternational cooperation. issuesfor discussioninthe4 Key the necessity onagroforestry andforeign ofapolicy guestsexpressed theirreadiness to also continues andimproved. to bedeveloped project Organization implementation ofagroforestry development. ofthenationalworkshops MoLEP continues to workinggroups strengthen for therole thebetter ofthemulti-disciplinary their intention to supportit. project for nationalstrategy andanactionplan, theinternational organizations expressed (6 August 2013) were thenationalagroforestry strategy MoLEPalsoproposed a development. The 3 system andSLMisalsoreflected intheprojects carried out byEUPS units4and2. success Now, 8countries from agroforestry development. haveintroduced thisagroforestry and disseminationofagroforestry management anditsimplementation. Weattain more ever suggested practical solutionsandencouraged themallto partake inlarge-scale instruction rd nd nationalworkshopcalled stronger for even attention ofallparticipants. recognized They nationalworkshop(19-20October 2009)brightened theattendants’ experts’ eyes, nd nationalworkshop. Beingconfident ofthepossibilityto th nationalworkshop 53 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Workshop ontraining of trainers inKunming, China 54 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Go onaPilgrimage Office oftheWorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF), which conducts manyprojects inthearea. Nearly 94%oftheareavisit. ismountainous anditishometo theEastandCentral AsiaRegional With thisinmind,Yunnan Province inChinaisaperfect area for researchers from DPRKorea to meant wewouldneedto go to otherlandsto learn from others. projects. Insomecases, this meant havingexpertscome to DPRKorea. Inothersituations, it andadoptingimplementing thosesametechniquesagroforestry management, inourown projects hasbeentheactivelearning from thosewithexperience inthetechniques of One ofthekeys to thepositiveandsuccessful implementation ofslopinglandmanagement N. Hwanghae Province Forest DesignInstitute Kim Yun Chol

Visit to ChineseState Academy of Forestry were also very impressive. Forwere instance, alsovery researchers visited project sites thatincludedafield Examples ofagroforestry management onrelatively flatareas oftheHimalayan highlands species ofplantseeds. up to 2000years. Thevisitors were allimpressed atTheGeneBank’s more than20,000different the DPRKorea were introduced to technologies botanic thatcan preserve gene resources for Garden, whichisoperated bytheChineseAcademy ofSciences. There, ourresearchers from Another important fieldtripvisitincludedstopping atTheGeneBanktheKunming Botanical hybrid variety. Sciences), whichproduces high-qualitypotato seedswithgood yields,suchasthetriploid are located near a large potato tissue culture lab (owned by the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural potato, rape, andhemp. For useintheiragroforestry management projects, theICRAF offices ICRAF’s agroforestry inter-cropping objectivescentered ontheuseofhighvalue crops, suchas Hwanghae Province. management projects inotherparts oftheworld,andadoptingthemto therealities ofNorth objectives ofwhichwere to learn andexperiences abouttheachievements from slopingland Consequently, weputtogether aresearch tripplanthatincludedavisitto Yunnan, themain 55 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 56 10 Years of Sloping Land Management projects inSuanCounty. opportunities havebeeninvaluable oftheslopinglandmanagement inthedevelopment academic framework for agroforestry management andensuingstrategies. To thisend,these in theirresearch activities.Furthermore, thispilgrimage ofsortshelpedto establish the exchanges anddiscussionswiththeirpeers, andproved to beanimportant turning point The study tour provided theDPRKorea’s research team withtheopportunity ofacademic ofacurriculuminagroforestry.development with vegetables, crops, andmedicinalherbs.Thiscurriculumhasbecome areference inthe lectures and practical application ofagroforestry, training expertsincombining theforests the first twoyears learning thebasics ofagroforestry. Duringthethird year, integrate they Students attheFaculty ofForest Program attheForest Sciences College inYunnan spend produces acceptable yields. exceptional inthatthisfarm appliesnochemical fertilizer for itsvegetable production, andstill A visitwas alsoconducted to Haobao Farm, alarge organic vegetable farm inYunnan. Itwas 20-30 m intervals, whichhelpedimprove soilquality. andothercropswheat, were cultivated. Ontheterraces oftea trees, dogwoodwas planted at Different speciesoftrees hadbeenplanted, suchas tea andplum,uplandrice, barley, On theslopinglands,terraced fieldshadbeenlaid,withgrass stripsto soilerosion. prevent season to oftheyear. continuewhich allowedharvest inevery with vegetable crops. Thoughthetotal fieldspace was small,wesawitwas quite diversified, planted inthisfield,includingpeach, banana, walnut, andmanyothervarieties, interspersed surrounded byawindbreak ofwildwalnut andKorean poplartrees. Fruit trees hadbeen 57 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 58 10 Years of Sloping Land Management In fact, after the2 educational standard practice to integrate agroforestry techniques intheuniversity curriculum. increasingly important to extend itto thecolleges aswell. Consequently, ithasnowbecome As agroforestry became widelyintroduced andadopted as anationalstrategy, ithasbecome who havetheabilityto ofapowerful reliably shoulderthedevelopment nation. The maintask ofeducators intheSongunarea isto educate qualifiedandcompetent people We HaveOurOwnCurriculum Province. ThepublishingoftheAgroforestry Managementtextbook hascontributed Much research hasbeen doneontheproject ofslopinglandmanagement inNorthHwanghae is incorporated into curriculum. the revised tree selectionaccording to theirnatural Success environment. from alloftheseresearch topics management andfertility improvement methods, formulation oflanduseplans,andcrop and on, amongothers, theestablishment of grass stripsfor ofsoilerosion, theprevention soil projects inNorthHwanghae Province are usedasareference for research thatisconducted Scientific andtechnical and experiencesmanagement. achievements from theslopingland Hundreds ofstudents are nowparticipating instudying thepractice ofagroforestry matters. differentiation establishment andmanagement, oftree nurseries, water impounding,andother ofsoilerosion,plan, prevention tree andcrop distributionaccording to landcategories, pest right slopinglandproject sites, measurement ofcontour andgradient, formulation ofalanduse techniques Application ofagroforestry management. topics are givenintheselectionof models, proper selectionandinvestigation ofthearea, soil management methods, andkey ecological andtrends basics ofagroforestry development, thehistory and management, Lecture subjectsincludethefollowing: theconcepts andbasic principlesofagroforestry complemented with practical applications. of LandProtection andthe Department ofForest Sciences. Additionally, lectures havebeen Kim IlSungUniversity introduced lectures onagroforestry into thesubjectsof Department nd NationalWorkshoponAgroforestry in2008, incooperation withICRAF, Kye UngSangAgricultural College, KimIlSungUniversity Song KiUng Forest for academic research inKye UngSangAgricultural College, KimIlSungUniversity the success of future agroforestry management withinourcountry. management intheslopinglandmanagement projects, remains anintegral part ofadvancing Education andtechnical training ofpersonnel, for theadvancement ofagroforestry students. other instrumentshavebeenwidelyutilized for theeducation andscientificresearch ofthe computers,professional equipment, understanding. projectors, Survey soilanalyzers, andmany arranged incollaboration withtheSDCandICRAF, havefurther enhanced of thedevelopment significantly to thefurtherance Agroforestry study oftheproject. tours andtechnical trainings, 59 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 60 10 Years of Sloping Land Management multiply themwidely. aronias(Korean walnut, andXanthoceras pine,chestnut, sobifolias) andhavetaken actionsto For decades, inorder to accomplish hisgoals, wehaverecorded trees ofhigheconomic value should beplanted unlike othergeneral forests. Kim IlSungsuggested forming forests ofeconomic value, and said,indoingso, fruittrees meeting oftheCentralIn theplenary Committee oftheWPKinDecember 1959,thegreat leader Gold Mountain Green Mountain becomes Research Institute of Forest of Economic Value, Academy of Forest Sciences Kim Kwon Mu

vivid superiorityofagroforestry management. give usfood, clothingandanythingelseweneed.Areal ‘golden mountain’ thatwillshowthe high economic value, andactivelyexplore andstore gene resources. Ultimately, ourslopes will agroforestry andsuperiortree whilebreeding management speciesof new anddevelopment advanced techniques ofmultiplication, acclimatization andcultivation for further extension of At agroforestry management present, isanimportant political issue.Wewillexplore location havesolvedtheproblem ofproviding superiortree speciesofhigheconomic value. right tree ontherightsoil”andrequirement ofprofitability. Research successes oneach Agroforestry modelsaccording to different tree specieshave considered theprinciple of“the Additionally, 1000aronia perhaare usedeitherto orabeltshape. form thealley cropping5x2 m for and2-3 mfor alley belt-shape cropping with5-7 mofwidthfor each alley. agroforestry perha(6x4m)for system.system, theevodia For 400evodias seabuckthorn, agroforestry system, 1250Korean pinetrees perha[15x(2x2)]for theKorean pineagroforestry atthemomentare 500chestnuttreesModels developed perha(5x4m)for thechestnut been ableto create various conditional modelsusingscientificmethods. Together withtheresearchers, theSLU groups inpractice ofagroforestry management have groups inSuanCountyandothercounties inNorthHwanghae Province. tree speciesofeconomic value. Thesehavebeen introduced andgeneralized inmanySLU easily andquicklydefinearational agroforestry modelwithKorean pine,chestnutandother Sinceproject. then,based onourresearch success ontheforest ofeconomic value, wecould Research stations ofourinstitute havebeenselected asanimplementation partner oftheSLM turn themountains green withagroforestry management. The successes intheprocess weachieved of doingsobecame thebasis ofthemovementto 61 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Participatory monitoring andevaluation 62 10 Years of Sloping Land Management according to theproject plan,sothatevaluations were meaningful to usergroup members. economic andsocialimprovements. Asaresponse, itwas decidedto set realistic annualgoals manyobstacles–especially whenevaluatingknew goals thatdealt withfuture ecological, the long-term effects ofthe project are notimmediately visible. Evaluative activitiestherefore When itcomes to the slopinglandsmanagement projects, degraded especially inseverely sites, whether project sustainability can beensured. underlying strategies. Itconfirms whether intermediate andfinalgoals are attainable, and Careful evaluation reveals whether theproject isbeingproperly carried outaccording to its thoughtful project, In theimplementation element. evaluation isanecessary ofeach andevery Evaluation DrivesProgress Project Management andConsultingServices, MoLEP Kye UnHui progressive agroforestry management. works effectively asquality control andasamotivating force, pushing towards the goal of areas hasimproved substantially, ashasthelivelihoodofresidents. Theannualevaluation to become more activeandcreative. Asaconsequence, the ecological condition oftheproject activities forward. Theevaluation isobjectiveandfair, andencourages usergroup members The evaluation oftheproject areas isapowerful system, drivingtheslopingland usergroup well-executed landmanagement. evaluations,effectiveness andobjectivityofthe and to create anincentive (bonussystem) for the groups, allowingthemto learn from each other. Italsotook measures to ensure the group leaders, thenationalproject workinggroup encouraged exchange visitsbetween were conducted sixmonths,andeach seasonally, year. every Asastrategy to inspire itsuser and others, suchasforest rangers anddesigners whoworkcloselywiththeprojects. Evaluations The evaluations were carried outwiththeparticipation oftheslopinglandusergroups heads 63 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 64 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Biodiversity Convention,andinparticular, theUNConventiononDeforestation Prevention. GoalsDevelopment (MDG),theClimate Change Framework Convention,theREDD Plan,the The agroforestry management project fully conforms to therequirements ofthe Millennium cooperation, andextending ourcontribution to theinternational practice ofagroforestry. accumulatingof agroforestry management, knowledge andstrengthening international use. Indoingso, wewillclearly demonstrate thesocio-economic andenvironmental impact of revitalizing theslopinglands,andextending theproject to alarger scale inallareas ofland We planto continue theproject ensuringthesuccess ofagroforestry developing management, efforts ofthe central workinggroup. workinggroup andcross-disciplinary outslopinglandmanagement projectsus carry inDPRKorea. Weare alsothankful for thegreat MoLEP hasagreat appreciation for theSDCandICRAF organizations, whohavetirelessly helped research hasadvanced continually. organizational means andextend to agroforestry develop havebeenputinplace, andscientific agroforestry. andexperiences methods havebeendeveloped, New shared. Strategic, legal and In thepast 10years, ourpeoplehavelearned practical skillsandincreased awareness about practices havenowbecome commonplace. have beenableto introduce anddisseminate agroforestry widelyacross DPRKorea, andits andCooperationDevelopment (SDC)andtheWorldAgroforestry Centre (ICRAF) inChina,we contribute greatly to thelivesoftheirresidents. WiththesupportofSwissAgency for In ourcountry, agroforestry management isthefuture oflanduse,andpractical models life inourecosystem. ecological, economic andsocialbenefits,asithelpsto protect thediversity ofplantandanimal of thelandandto ensure thesustainable production ofcrops andtrees inourcountry. It has the mostrealistic planto solvetheproblems ofinsufficientcropland, degradationto prevent Consequently, theadoptionofagroforestry management principlesintheslopinglandsis solving food securityproblems. forest improving landwithagroforestry management, thelivingconditions ofthepeople,and Respected Marshal KimJongUnhasrepeatedly indicated theneedto rehabilitate degraded Improving people’s livingstandard isthedrivingprincipleofourgovernment oftheDPRK. Editor’s Note efforts willbear good fruit. andwehopethatour on behalfofagroforestry management willbeofbenefiteverywhere, be limited to ourownlands,butexpanded thatouractions to Webelieve aninternational level. In theprocess agroforestry management ofdeveloping withinourcountry, ourefforts willnot 65 10 Years of Sloping Land Management 66 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Ten Years of Sloping Land Management DPR Korea Environmental Protection(MoLEP) ofLandand Ministry Choe Hyok Chol Jo SongRyong ChoeKwang Il Pang CholJun Kim Kwang Ju Kim Kyong Ju Pak Kon Gyu Contributors Xu Jianchu Kye UnHui He Jun Swiss CooperationOfficeDPRKorea Confederaziun svizra Confederazione Svizzera Confédération suisse Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft PB 10 Years of Sloping Land Management PB 10 Years of Sloping Land Management