DOCSLIB.ORG

4 Agroforestry Development Cycle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4 Agroforestry Development Cycle Agroforestry Development Cycle 4 Agroforestry Development Cycle Sharing the results Trying things out Designing Monitoring & Keeping up experiments evaluation the process Innovative capacity, Looking for Getting started knowledge and things to try Practices of farmers Figure 4: Six Steps in Agroforestry Development 87 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) 4.1 Six steps in designing agroforestry Agroforestry design is a dynamic process. However, these six basic steps are a useful guideline for creating a successful agroforestry development projects. The process is open-ended. The end of the sixth step is also the beginning of first step. This process is called the ‘Participatory Agroforestry Cycle’. 4.1.1 Getting started Objective: to widen the understanding of all involved on the current ecological, socio-economic, and cultural situation and agree upon steps toward agroforestry development that will benefit the local people Pre-existing linkages provide easy access to communities. The following activities are recommended to be undertaken: • Contact key farmer leaders and ask if they are willing to discuss tree farming with you, and among themselves. • Tell farmers you are interested in learning about their tree farming and sloping land management systems. • Start by asking farmers about their current tree resources, tree management methods, and the tree products collected from forests. • The discussion should lead to an understanding of sloping land problems and priorities, and the identification of the people who have responsibility for and interest in carrying out sloping land management through agroforestry practices. Tools: Village/user groups meeting, social mapping, transect walk, land use mapping Figure 4.1: Village/user group meeting 88 Agroforestry Development Cycle Example of Social Mapping in Yunnan, Southwest China Social mapping is a tool that uses sketching/drawing to identify houses, local experts (i.e. indigenous experts on plant identification, handicraft making), social facilities and infrastructure (i.e. temple, stores, rice mills, school, clinic, trails and roads, water pumps, irrigation and recreation facilities) in a village. These features are usually not well indicated in local land use maps. It helps to visualize and situate the location of households and other social facilities/infrastructure in a village. It serves as a baseline for the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of village development activities (including the selection of a village organizing strategy). Figure 4.2: Social Map of Hani community in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China 89 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) 4.1.2 Looking for things to try Objective: to gather information, document local knowledge and agroforestry practices, analyze and prioritize identified problems of land use and natural resource management. Tools: participant observation, free list & ranking, problem tree analysis, study tour, farmer workshop, classification of trees and crops, key informants’ interviews Before the village workshop, conduct a rapid reconnaissance of the local area to determine tree germplasm (seed or seedlings) availability, agroforestry practices and tree product marketability. Farmed species, for which germplasm and local knowledge is available and for which a strong market exists, can be considered 'best bet' species on which participatory agroforestry should focus. Figure 4.3: Participant observation is commonly used to learn from local people on indigenous knowledge 90 Agroforestry Development Cycle Farmer Workshop The farmer workshop is held in the village to foster farmers’ interest, build partnerships, and develop a work plan. Start the workshop by reviewing farmers' needs and their interest in agroforestry and a participatory technology development concept. A short review may be sufficient, but be prepared to discuss participatory agroforestry development in detail. To facilitate this process, invite other specialists (a forester or horticulturist) to complement the skills of the agroforester during the workshop. To provide visual examples of possible uses of agroforestry, the workshop should include a field visit to nurseries, orchards, or mixed plantations – whichever is appropriate. Contact the landowner or manager prior to the visit and ask them to present a site summary. The facilitators, or project team, should point out key aspects of the agroforestry systems that are relevant to farmers. Farmers will benefit greatly from the field visit. Figure 4.4: farmer workshop needs to be held in different stage of project planning 4.1.3 Designing an experiment Objective: to formulate experiments with farmers tailored to the local situation and to enhance farmers’ capacity and confidence (knowledge, experiences, practices, institutions and development). Tools: farmer to farmer training, sketch map (nursery), traditional agroforestry analysis 91 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) Figure 4.5: Example of nursery sketch map designed by user groups 92 Agroforestry Development Cycle Types of on-farm trials There are three major types of on-farm trials. They are classified based on the different levels of cooperation between researchers and farmers in their design and implementation (Franzel et al., 1995). Type 1: Trials Designed and Managed by Researchers This kind of trial is an on-station trial transferred to farmers' fields. They are useful for evaluating biophysical performance under farming conditions and for obtaining accurate information about the interaction between the biophysical environment and crop management. Figure 4.6: Trials designed and managed by researchers These trials require the same design rigor as on-station research with regard to treatment, control choice, plot size, replication and statistical design. At the design stage, however, the researcher has to consult with the farmer on the site's homogeneity and history. These are more expensive and more difficult to manage than on-station trials. They often involve renting land from farmers and using laborers from the station to implement the study. In conducting this type of trial, it is often useful to get farmers' feedback on the different treatments. 93 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) Type 2: Trials Designed by Researchers and Managed by Farmers Farmers and researchers collaborate in the design and implementation, but the farmers are responsible for conducting all the operations of the trial. These trials follow the conventional scientific approach to conducting an experiment. Test treatments are laid out in adjacent plots and compared to control treatments. Researchers consult farmers on the design of the trial and each farmer agrees to follow the same model (or chooses one of several possible model) so that results may be compared across farms. Figure 4.7: Trials designed by researchers and managed by farmers In Type 2 trials, the objective is to get reliable biophysical data over a broad range of farm types and circumstances. Other data that may be reliably gathered are cost and return analysis and quantity of inputs (e.g., labor) and outputs (e.g., crop yield). Type 2 trials are useful for assessing farmers' specific practices and their suitability to their circumstances. Farmers are encouraged to visit each other's trials and to conduct group field days to assess farm practices at different growth stages. 94 Agroforestry Development Cycle Type 3: Trials Designed and Managed by Farmers Farmers learn about new practices through visits to field stations, on-farm trials, or other farmers. In Type 3 trials, they plant and experiment with the new practice as they wish. Farmers are not obliged to plant in plots and it is possible that there are no control plots. Figure 4.8: Trials designed and managed by farmers Researchers and farmers together monitor the farmers' experiments, focusing on the assessment of the new practices and on any innovations made. Farmer-to-farmer visits are encouraged so that farmers can compare experiences and results. Any farmer experimenting with a new practice on his/her own could be said to have a Type 3 trial. Suitability of trials When evaluating the suitability of a trial, one must consider both the appropriateness of the trial for collecting the needed information and the ease with which the needed information can be collected. Different types of trials are suited to different types of analysis. If you want to determine... Then use... Biophysical response Types 1 and possibly Type 2 Profitability Type 2 Acceptability, in terms of Feasibility Types 2 and 3 Farmers’ assessment Type 3 and possibly Type 2 Other information Identify farmer innovation Type 3 Determining boundary conditions All types 95 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea (Sloping Land Management Project) Farmers' assessments are more accurate in Type 3 trials for several reasons. Because farmers control the experimental process, they are likely to have more interest and information on the practice. Furthermore, because farmers in Type 3 trials usually have less contact with researchers than farmers in other types of trials, their views of a technology are less influenced by researchers' views. Finally, whereas it is often necessary to provide incentives to farmers in Type 2 trials to ensure that results are comparable across the board, no
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CBD Strategy and Action Plan
    Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan DPRK ovata, Epimedium koreanum, Eleutherococcus Enticosus as medicinal; · Vitis amurensis, Actinidia argenta, Vaccinium uliginosum, Castanea crenata, Querecus sp._As nuts; · Spuriopinella calycina, Pteridium aquilinum, Osmunda japonica, Aralia elata, Platycodon grandifiorum as wild edible greens; · Trcholoma matsutake, 'Pleurotus ostreatus, P. cornucopiaen as mushroom resource; · Syringa dilatata, Thylgus quinque costatus, Agastache rugosa, Ledum palustre as spice plant. Endangered & rare species in Species inCITES Taxa DPRK Annexl Annex2 . Amphibian 9 Reptile 13 Aves 74 15 2 I Mammal 28 4 7 Total 124 19 28 As for forest wild animals with economic value, we can take Caprecolus caprecolus, Hydropotes inermis, Nemorhaedus goral, Sus scorfa, Lepus mandschuricus, Cervus nippon, Moschus moschiferus, Ursus thibetatnus, Meles meles, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Martes zibellina, Lutra lutra, Phsianus colchicus, Coturnix xoturnix, Tetrastes bonasia, Lyrurus tetrix. And in winter, ten thousands flocks of Anatidae fly along wetland at seaside of east and west seas. There distributed 185 species of fresh, brackish water and anadromous fishes including 65 species of Cyprinidae in freshwater. And are there 900 species of Disces and rich marine grasses and invertebrates with high industrial value such as Haliotis gigantea, Stichpus japonicus, Echinoidea, Erimaculus isenbeckii, Neptunus trituberculatus, Chionoecetes opilio in seawater of DPRK. In the KES, 329 species of Rhodophyta, 130 species of Rhaeophyta, 87 species of Chlorophta and in total 546 species of seaweeds are known. Among them, 309 species of seaweed have high economic values including 63 species with high medicinal value. 1.3 Threats to DPRK Biodiversity 1.3. L Threatened Status 1.3.1.1. Threatened status for ecosystem Destruction of ecosystems is being accelerated by natural disasters such as deforestation, soil erosion, deterioration of water quality, decrease of economic resources and also, flood.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea Development Report 2002/03
    Development Report 2002/03 Report Development Korea North North Korea Development Report 2002/03 Edited by Choong Yong Ahn Choong Yong Ahn Edited by North Korea Development Report 2002/03 Edited by Choong Yong Ahn Choong Yong Ahn is the president of the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy. He received his Ph.D. from Ohio State University. He was a professor in the Department of Economics at Chung-Ang University in Seoul. Dr. Ahn is current- ly serving as the Chair of the APEC Economic Committee and as a member of the Presidential Economic Advisory Council in Korea. He has written extensively on issues related to East Asian development and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. His recent publications include “A Search for Robust East K Asian Development Models After the Financial Crisis: Mutual Y Learning form East Asian Experiences” (Journal of Asian M Economics, 2001) and “Financial and Cooperate Sector C Restructuring in South Korea: Accomplishments and Unfinished Agenda” (Japanese Economic Review, 2001). He was bestowed with the Okita Research Award from the National Institute for Research Advancement in Japan on the book, Gendai Higashi Asia Geizairon (Modern East Asia Economy), published by Iwanami Shoten in 2000. 300-4 Yomgok-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-747 Korea Tel. (822) 3460-1114 Fax. (822) 3460-1144 URL: http://www.kiep.go.kr Price USD 20 The Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) was founded in 1990 as a government-funded economic research institute. It is the world’s leading institute on the international economy and its relationship with Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea
    Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Edited by Xu Jianchu, Kim Kwang Ju, He Jun Illustrated by Yang Jiankun Correct citation: Xu, JC.; Kim, K.J.; He, J.; 2011. “Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea”. Kunming: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), China and East Asia Node © World Agroforestry Centre China and East Asia Node C/O Kunming Institute of Botany Heilongtan, Kunming, 650204 P. R. China Tel: +86-871-522 3014 Fax: +86-871-521 6350 Email: [email protected] www.worldagroforestry.org 2011 World Agroforestry Centre ISBN 978 92-9059-209-7 Photos Photos by contributing authors Layout: Dharma R Mahajran (Graphic Design) +977 984 1245 170 / +977 1 5543 828 Photos All photos by contributing authors Layout Dharma R Mahajran (Graphic Design) +977 984 1245 170 Printing in Kunming This publication may be quoted or reproduced without change, provided the source is acknowledged. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Edited by Xu Jianchu, Kim Kwang Ju, and He Jun This book is an easy-to-follow, illustrated guide to the many aspects of agroforestry in DPR Korea, which promotes the use of trees by local people in their day-to-day farming activities. The book is aimed at adult farmers and extension staff, and contains eight comprehensive chapters on the different aspects of the subject, specific to the in-country conditions. Contents 1. Agroforestry Concepts 2. Agroforestry Classification 3. Participatory Planning 4. Agroforestry Development Cycle 5.
    [Show full text]
  • December 1979
    KIM IL SUNG WORKS WORKING PEOPLE OF THE WHOLE WORLD, UNITE! KIM IL SUNG WORKS 34 January–December 1979 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE PYONGYANG, KOREA 1 9 8 8 CONTENTS NEW YEAR ADDRESS January 1, 1979 ......................................................................................................................1 LETTER OF REPLY TO THE MEMBERS OF THE YOUTH SUB-WORKTEAM AT THE UNHA COOPERATIVE FARM IN YANGDOK COUNTY, SOUTH PHYONGAN PROVINCE January 4, 1979 ....................................................................................................................10 LET US WORK HARDER IN FISHING Speech at a Consultative Meeting of Workers in the Fishing Sector, January 4, 1979.................................................................................12 ON PUTTING ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT ON A REGULAR BASIS AND IMPROVING LABOUR ADMINISTRATION Speech at a Consultative Meeting of Senior Officials in the Administrative and Economic Sectors, January 5, 1979...........................................21 ON SOME TASKS FACING THE MINISTRY OF LAND AND MARINE TRANSPORT Speech at a Consultative Meeting of the Senior Officials of the Land and Marine Transport Sector, January 8, 1979................................................33 ON DRAWING UP A DETAILED PLAN FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Speech Delivered at the Joint Meeting of the Political Committee of the Party Central Committee, the Central People’s Committee and the Administration Council, January 10, 1979.............................................................45 1 LET
    [Show full text]
  • Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy
    Research Note No. 803 52.9 77.7 125.6 155.7 231.7 357.1 381.5 402.1 343.5 378 431.7 445.7 435.7 437.6 459.6 457.5 464.6 477.3 488.7 501.9 550.7 69.2 573.6 575.3 572.2 567.8 586 78.6 108.1 129.4 116.8 76.5 Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy 67.1 64.7 59.6 65 72.3 70.5 72.1 I. Administrative Division Current Status 〇 Administrative division system of North Korea: Jagang Province 1 directly governed city, 2 special cities, and 9 provinces - 1 directly governed city: Pyongyang Directly Governed City - 2 special cities: Rason Special City, Nampho Special City - 9 provinces: South Hwanghae Province, North Hwanghae Province, Kangwon Province, Sinuiju South Phyongan Province, North Phyongan Province, South Hamgyong Province, North Phyongan Province North Hamgyong Province, Jagang Province, Ryanggang Province * Kaesong City belongs to North Hwanghae Province South Phyongan Province Phyongsong At the time of liberation in 1945, the administrative divisions consisted of 6 dos, 9 sis, 89 guns, and 810 eup and myeons. In December 1952 during the Korean War, North Korea extensively reformed the administrative divisions by reducing Pyongyang Directly Governed City Pyongyang the four layers of do-gun-myeon-ri to three layers of do-gun-ri by abolishing myeon. Nampho Special City This reformed structure is still effective today. Nampho North Hwanghae Province Sariwon South Hwanghae Province Haeju Area and Population by Region Table 1. Area and population by region of South and North Koreas (Area: as of 2016 for South and North
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Years of Sloping Land Management Ii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management “ the Advanced Science Andtechnology
    Ten Years of Sloping Land Management Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft of Sloping Land Management 10 Years Ministry of Land and Confédération suisse Environmental Protection (MoLEP) Confederazione Svizzera DPR Korea Confederaziun svizra Swiss Cooperation Office DPR Korea 1 Copyright © 2014 This book was published by the support of the Swiss Cooperation Office, DPR Korea Ten Years of Sloping Land Management ii 10 Years of Sloping Land Management The Ministry of Land and Environment “Protection and relevant organs should briskly conduct joint research and academic and information exchanges with scientific research institutions of other countries and participate in international conferences and seminars, so as to positively introduce the advanced science and technology. ~ Kim Jong Un” 10 Years of Sloping Land Management of Sloping Land Management 10 Years iii iv 10 Years of Sloping Land Management Contents Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................................................vii Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ix A 10-Year Journey of Restoring Sloping Forests ..............................................................................1 The Power of Trees, The Power of People ........................................................................................5 Our Success: From Squatters to Stewards of the Land .................................................................9
    [Show full text]