Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Home , Changdo County, Hamgyong Province, Hamhung, Hoechang County, Huichon, Hungnam

Research Note No. 803

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72.1 I. Administrative Division Current Status

〇 Administrative division system of North Korea: Jagang Province 1 directly governed city, 2 special cities, and 9 provinces - 1 directly governed city: Pyongyang Directly Governed City - 2 special cities: Rason Special City, Nampho Special City - 9 provinces: South Hwanghae Province, North Hwanghae Province, Kangwon Province, Sinuiju South Phyongan Province, North Phyongan Province, South Hamgyong Province, North Phyongan Province North Hamgyong Province, Jagang Province, Ryanggang Province * Kaesong City belongs to North Hwanghae Province South Phyongan Province Phyongsong At the time of liberation in 1945, the administrative divisions consisted of 6 dos, 9 sis, 89 guns, and 810 eup and myeons. In December 1952 during the Korean War, North Korea extensively reformed the administrative divisions by reducing Pyongyang Directly Governed City Pyongyang the four layers of do-gun-myeon-ri to three layers of do-gun-ri by abolishing myeon. Nampho Special City This reformed structure is still effective today. Nampho North Hwanghae Province Sariwon South Hwanghae Province

Haeju

Area and Population by Region

Table 1. Area and population by region of South and North Koreas (Area: as of 2016 for South and North Koreas; Population: as of 2016 for South Korea, as of 2008 for North Korea) South Korea North Korea Region Area (㎢) Population (persons) Region Area (㎢) Population (persons)

Seoul Special City 605 9,805,506 Pyongyang Directly Governed City 1,747 2,999,466

Busan Metropolitan City 770 3,440,484 Rason Special City 945 196,954 Uiju Daegu Metropolitan City 884 2,461,002 Nampho Special City 1,142 983,660

Incheon Metropolitan City 1,063 2,913,024 South Phyongan Province 11,578 3,068,036 Cheonma Phihyon Gwangju Metropolitan City 501 1,501,557 North Phyongan Province 12,680 2,728,662 Ryongchon Yomju Daejeon Metropolitan City 539 1,535,445 South Hamgyong Province 18,535 3,066,013 Tongrim

Ulsan Metropolitan City 1,061 1,166,033 North Hamgyong Province 15,980 2,130,408 Cheolsan Gwaksan Sejong Special Autonomous City 465 242,507 South Hwanghae Province 8,450 2,310,485

Gyeonggi-do 10,183 12,671,956 North Hwanghae Province 10,345 2,369,494

Gangwon-do 16,827 1,521,751 Kangwon Province 11,091 1,477,582

Chungcheongbuk-do 7,407 1,603,404 Jagang Province 16,765 1,299,830

Chungcheongnam-do 8,226 2,132,566 Ryanggang Province 13,880 719,269

Jeollabuk-do 8,069 1,833,168

Jeollanam-do 12,319 1,796,017

Gyeongsangbuk-do 19,031 2,682,169

Gyeongsangnam-do 10,540 3,339,633

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 1,849 623,332 Kwail Total 100,339 51,269,554 Total 123,138 23,349,859 Songhwa Source Areas of South Korea: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport “http://stat.molit.go.kr > Land Register Statistics” Ⅰ Population of South Korea: Statistics Korea “http://kosis.kr > Statistics by Subject > Population, Household and Housing > Si-Gun-Gu” Areas and Population North Korea: Recited the populations of DPRK·UNDP(2008) reorganized based on the administrative divisions confirmed in December 2016 by Seon-Cheol Kim(2017). Yongyon North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Rason Special City Rason

North Hamgyong Province 2 Chongjin / 3 Hyesan Ryanggang Province Kanggye Legend Onsong

Do and Directly Governed City Hall Jagang Province Saebyeol (Kyongwon) Administrative border (si and do)

Administrative border (si, gun, guyeok) South Hamgyong Province Eundeok (Gyeongheung) Hoeryong Km Hamhung 0 25 50 100

Musan South Phyongan Province Administrative Division Map of North Korea (Do and Do Capitals) Puryong Pyongyang Directly Governed City Wonsan Taehongdan Yonsa Samjiyon Kangwon Province Junggang North Hwanghae Province

Paekam Kyongsong Kim Hyong Jik (Huchang) Pochon Jasong Orang

Kim Jong Sook (Sinpa) Unhung Hwaphyong Samsu-gun Hwaseong (Myonggan) Manpho Kapsan Janggang Sijung Myongchon Rangrim Kilju Wiwon Kanggye City Phungso Chosan Hawdae Songgan Kim Hyong Gwon (Pungsan) Kim Chaek (Songjin) Hochon Pyokdong Usi Kophung Jonchon Ryongrim Tanchon Changsong Pujon Sakju Songwon Jangjin Dongchang Iwon Deokseong Tongsin Taegwan Sinhung Pukchong Unsan Huichon City Cheonma Taehung Hongwon Sinpho Kusong City Hyangsan Yonggwang (Oro) Legend Thaechon Kujang Nyongwon Rakwon (Toejo) Tongrim Hamju City Hall Sonchon Nyongbyon Jongju Pakchon Tokchon City Jongphyong Gun Office Gwaksan Anju Maengsan Unjon Yodok Administrative border (si and do) Kumya (Yonghung) Kaechon City Pukchang Mundok Administrative border (si, gun, guyeok) Kowon Sukchon Sunchon Phyongwon Chonnae Km Sinyang Munchon Sunan Songchon 0 25 50 100 Yangdok Jungsan Kangdong Taedong Administrative Division Map of North Korea (Si, Gun, Guyeok, and Gu) Hoechang Ryongsong Anbyeon Source National Geographic Information Institute 1:25,000 Digital Map Kangso Popdong Ⅰ Sinpyhong Pyongyang, Nampho, and Rason have been revised in accordance the latest administrative divisions. Onchon Kangson (Cholima) Yonsan Tongcheon Kangnam Kosan Ryonggang Songrim City Sangwon Koksan Phangyo Taehan Hwangju Suan Hoeyang Yonthan Sepho Kumgang Kosong Eunchon Unryul Anak Changdo Kwail Pongsan Sinkye Ichon Jaeryong Sohung Songhwa Samchon Eunpha Insan Phyonggang Cholwon Kimhwa (Kumsung) Phyongsan Tosan Jangyon Sinchon Sinwon Kumchon Thaethan Pongchon Jangphung Phyoksong Chongdan Ongjin Paechon Kangryong Kaesong City Yonan Kaepung I. Administrative Division

Sunan-guyeok Major Administrative Divisions Eunjeong-guyeok

Yongseong-guyeok Samseok-guyeok Hyeongjesan-guyeok Gangdong-gun Seoseong -guyeok Mangyeongdae Daeseong-guyeok -guyeok Moranbong Botonggang -guyeok -guyeok Daedonggang-guyeok Jung -guyeok Dongdaewon-guyeok Pyeongcheon -guyeok Seongyo-guyeok Sadong-guyeok Manpho Economic Development District Rangrang-guyeok

Yeokpo-guyeok

Wiwon Industrial Development District Km Gangnam-gun 0 10 20

Chongsu Tourism Development District Jagang Province Pyongyang Directly Governed City (as of 2017) Aprokgang Economic Development District The area of Pyongyang City was once 2,629.4㎢, approximately four times that of Seoul. However, in 2010, they excluded three guns and Sinuiju International Economic Zone one guyeok from Pyongyang City and its area decreased to 1,587㎢. It seems to be an attempt to reduce financial burden by reducing North Phyongan Province the special benefits of Pyongyang citizens. In 2012, Gangnam-gun Hwangumpyong Wihwado Economic Zone was added to Pyongyang again and the current area of Pyongyang is estimated to be 1,747㎢. South Phyongan Province

Changes and Current Status in the Administrative Divisions Sukchon Agricultural Development District Pyongyang was Pyongyang-bu, the capital of South Phyongan ・ Province, until the liberation day on August 15, 1945. Chongnam Industrial Development District Pyongyang was separated from South Phyongan Province when Unchong Advanced Development Distirct ・ it was elevated to Special City in 1946. Pyongyang was changed to Pyongyang Directly Governed City in 1952. ・ Pyongyang Directly Governed City Location Map of Major Administrative Divisions and Special Economic Zones In 2010, Pyongyang was reduced when Gangnam-gun, Junghwa- Sinpyhong Tourism ・ gun, Sangwon-gun, and Seungho-guyeok were incorporated in Development District North Hwanghae Province. In 2012, Gangnam-gun was incorporated in Pyongyang. ・ Waudo Export Processing District Jindo Export Processing District Nampho Special City Songrim City Export Processing District

North Hwanghae Kangwon Province South Hwanghae Province Province Gangseo -guyeok Kangryong International Green Demonstration District Cheolima-guyeok Kaesong Industrial Region Oncheon-gun

Ryonggang-gun Kaesong City

Daean-guyeok Nampho Special City (as of 2017)

Hanggu-guyeok Changes and Current Status in the Administrative Divisions In 1979, Nampho City was elevated to Nampho Directly-Governed City. ・ Waudo-guyeok In 2004, Nampho Directly-Governed City was changed to Nampho Special Class City. ・ In 2010, Nampho Special Class City was elevated to Nampho Special City, and Gangseo, ・ Daean, Oncheon, and Cheolima-gun were incorporated.

Km 0 10 20

SourcesThe base of of major this map maps is a GIS for file administrative published by the divisionsNational Geographic Information Institute in 2015. It does not have updated the latest boundaries for administrative divisions of North Korea. In this article, the map ・ was reproduced by referring to various data in South and North Koreas. The Pyongyang map was produced by referring to “Pyongyang Map” published by a North Korean map publisher in 2012 and the “Joseon Jeondo” in “Joseon Jungang Yeongam” published by Korea Central News Agency ・ in 2017. For the area changes of Pyongyang, Statistics Korea (2017) and Statistics Korea (2011) were referenced. The boundaries for the administrative divisions of Kaesong were found by referring to National Geographic Information Institute (2016) and DPRK (2013), a map submitted by North Korea to the UNESCO to register ‘The ・ Historic Monuments and Sites of Kaesong’ as world heritage. The maps for Rason and Nampho were prepared by referring to “Names of Administrative Divisions of North Korea” published by Statistics Korea (2017) based on “Joseon Jeondo (2017).” ・ North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Onsong Tourism Development District

4 Kyongwon Economic Development District / 5

Rason Special City Rason Economic Zone

Mubong International Tourism District North Hamgyong Province Chongjin Economic Development District

Sonbong-jigu Hyesan Economic Development District Oryang Agricultural Development District

Ryanggang Province

Rajin-jigu

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Rason Special City (as of 2017) South Hamgyong Province Changes and Current Status in the Administrative Divisions In December 1991, Rajin·Sonbong Area was established as ‘Free Economic Zone’. Pukchong Agricultural Development District ・ In October 1993, Rajin-si and Sonbong-gun were combined into Rajin·Sonbong City. ・ In August 2000, Rajin·Sonbong City was elevated to Rajin·Sonbong Directly Hungnam Industrial Development District ・ Governed City by combining Rajin-guyeok and Sonbong-gun. In 2010, Rajin·Sonbong Directly Governed City was elevated to Rason Special City. ・

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Location Map of Major Administrative Divisions and Special Economic Zones Legend Special Economic Zone

Central Economic Development Districts

Regional Economic Development Districts

Major Administrative Divisions Wonsan-Kumgangsan Special Tourism Zone Kangwon Province

Kaesong City (as of 2013)

Changes and Current Status in the Administrative Divisions In 1955, Kaesong City incorporated Kaepung-gun and Panmun-gun and was ・ elevated to Kaesong Directly Governed City. In 2002, Kaesong Industrial Region was installed and Panmun-gun was abolished. ・ In June 2003, Kaepung-gun and Changpung-gun were incorporated in ・ North Hwanghae Province, and Kaesong Directly Governed City was changed to Special Class City. Kaesong City In 2015, Kaepung-gun was incorporated in Kaesong City. ・ In 2008, the city was downgraded to Kaesong City. As of 2008, the city has ・ jurisdiction over 26 dongs and 38 ris.

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SourcesNational of Geographic the changes Information in major Institute administrative (2016), Byeong-Ro divisions Kim (2016), Yeong-Seon Jeon (2016), and an article on the relevant administrative divisions in the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/). ・ II. Natural Environment Climate

Annual average temperatures

Due to the nature of the Korean Peninsula which extends longitudinally to the south and north, the amount of solar radiation energy and the day length are different between South and North Koreas, resulting in large temperature differences. Therefore, the average annual average temperatures of South and North Koreas are 12.5℃ and 8.5℃, respectively, a difference of approximately 4℃.

As of 2016, the cities in Korean Peninsula with the highest annual average temperatures are Jeju and Seoguipo (17℃), and the city with the lowest annual average temperature is Hyesan (4.3℃). Legend (m) National border Average temperatures of major cities in South and North Koreas (2016) (unit: ℃) 2000 South Korea North Korea 1500 Do-Special City 1000 -Gwangyesi Border 20 500 River and 200 Ocean Border 15 100 17.0 17.0

15.7 0 South Korea 15.3 15.2 15.0 14.6

14.0 Monitoring Sites 13.6 13.2 13.3 50 12.9

10 12.8 12.8 12.3 12.0 12.2 11.6

11.0 100 10.5 North Korea 8.7 200 Monitoring Sites 5 7.5 500

4.3 1000 Km 0 0 50 100 200 2000

Jeju 3000 Haeju Seoul Yeosu Korean Peninsula Busan Sinuiju Daegu Seosan Sokcho Pohang Hyesan Sariwon Incheon Daejeon Wonsan Chongjin Kaesong Kanggye (m) Gwangju Monitoring Network Map Hamhung Seogwipo Ulleungdo Pyongyang Source Korea Meteorological Source Korea Meteorological Administration; Statistics Korea (2017) recited Ⅰ Ⅰ Administration (2012a)

Korean Peninsula Annual Average Average annual precipitations of Annual precipitations Temperatures Korean Peninsula The average annual precipitation on the Korean Peninsula decreases as the latitude and the altitude increase. North Korea shows 919.7㎜ in average, which is about 70% of South Korea.

As of 2016, Seogwipo was observed to have the hightest annual precipitation among the major cities on the Korean Peninsula, while Hyesan (572.8㎜) has the lowest.

Annual precipitations of major cities in South and North Koreas (2016) (unit: ㎜) (℃) 32이상 (mm) 30 2000이상 South Korea North Korea 28 1900 26 2,500 24 1800 22 20 1700 2,000 18 16 1600 14 1,500 2,204.5

12 1500 2,050.4 10 1400 1,760.2 8 1,616.6

1,000 1,614.6 1,515.4

6 1,482.3

1300 1,416.4

4 1,333.8 1,227.3 1,228.4

2 991.7

1200 500 982.1 938.4 922.1 1,026.3 862.5 864.3 872.1 0 871.5

-2 1100 751.8 -4 0 572.8 -6 1000 -8 900 Jeju -10 Haeju Seoul Yeosu Busan Sinuiju Daegu Seosan Sokcho Pohang -12 Hyesan Sariwon Incheon Daejeon Wonsan

800 Kaesong Kanggye -14 Gwangju Hamhung Seogwipo Ulleungdo Pyongyang -16 700미만 -18미만 Source Korea Meteorological Administration; Statistics Korea (2017) recited Ⅰ North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

6 / Legend 7 Urbanized area Land Use and arid zone Agricultural Area Forest Area Grassland Total areas Wetland Bareland The area of South Korea is approximately 100,000 ㎢, and the area of North Korea is approximately Waters 120, 000 ㎢. Thus, the area of North Korea is larger by 20,000 ㎢.

Distribution of forests

In the Korean Peninsula, high mountains are concentrated in the east and north; in the west, terrains with relatively low altitude and gentle slopes appear. Due to this topographical characteristics, forest areas are distributed in the east and agricultural areas are mainly distributed in the west.

Km Urbanized area and arid zone 0 50 100 200

The urbanized area and the arid zone in South Korea are approximately twice as large as that of Major categories of land cover map of Korean Peninsula North Korea. They are observed in the basins or estuaries of large rivers. Source Ministry of Environment (2010); National Geographic InformationⅠ Institute (2016) recited. Korea Land and Geospatial Informatrix Corporation (2016), National Maps, Vol. 2, Korea Land and Agricultural regions Geospatial Informatrix Corporation.

The area of agricultural regions of North Korea is larger than that of South Korea. In South Korea, approximately 20,000㎢ or 20% of total area is used for agriculture. In North Korea, approximately 30,000㎢ or 24% of total area is used for agriculture.

Korean Peninsula * Further details about the forests of North Korea are described in Volume 2. Monitoring Network Map

Famous Mountains of North Korea Top Six Most Famous Mountains

North Korea had promoted top five most Mount Paekdu famous mountains by adding Mount Paekdu to the top four mountains chosen by Great Monk Seosan (Mount Kumgang, Jirisan, Mount Kuwol, Mount Paekdu and Mount Myohyang). In 1996, North Korea Mount Chilbo expanded them to top six most famous mountains by developing Mount Chilbo as a recreation area1.

What is notable is that they included Jirisan, which Mount Chilbo Mount Myohyang is in South Korea, among the top six most famous mountains. Also notable is that all the top five most famous mountains are registered as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, which are international nature conservation areas. Mount Myohyang Mount Kuwol Mount Kumgang

* Further details about the famous mountains in North Korea are explained in Volume 2.

Mount Kuwol

Mount Kumgang

Mount Jiri

1 About Establishing the Mount Chilbo Area as a Recreation Area for People (Discourse with Workers While Touring Around the Mount Chilbo Area): “Old people selected top five most famous mountains, but in this era of the Workers’ Party, we have chosen top six most famous mountains and Mount Chilbo is probably the best mountain. Mount Chilbo is a great scenic mountain comparable to Mount Myohyang or Mount Kuwol.” Kim Jong-Il, Kim Jong-Il Anthology, Vol. 18, Workers’ Party Publisher. UNESCO Biosphere Reserves and Ramsar wetlands in South and North Koreas

Rason Migratory Bird Reserve II. Natural EnvironmentMount Paekdu (1989)

Mount Chilbo (2014)

UNESCO Biosphere Reserves

Mount Myohyang (2009) Concept UNESCO designates areas where the ecosystem is well preserved and has a high preservation value as Biosphere Reserves. As of 2018, 686 Biosphere Reserves in 122 countries are designated. Mundok Migratory Bird Reserve

Designated Biosphere Reserves in South and North Koreas In North Korea, Mount Paekdu (1989), Mount Myohyang Mount Kuwol Mount Kumgang (2009), Mount Kuwol (2004), Mount Chilbo (2014), and (2004) (2018) Mount Kumgang (2018) are designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. All the five UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in North Korea are mountains that are among the top six Mount Sorak most famous mountains. (1982) Gwangeung Forest In South Korea, Mount Sorak (1982), Jeju Island (2002), (2010) Shinan Dadohae (2009), Gwangeung Forest (2010), Gochang (2013), and Suncheon (2018) are designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Among them, only Mount Sorak and Gwangeung Forest correspond to mountains.

Legend

UNESCO Biosphere Reserves UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in South Korea in North Korea

Ramsar wetlands Ramsar wetlands in South Korea in North Korea

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Ramsar Wetland Gochang (2013) Concept Areas recognized for importance as a wetland, designated and protected by the Ramsar Convention.

Suncheon Shinan Dadohae (2018) Designated wetlands in South and (2009) North Koreas North Korea joined the Ramsar Convention on May 16, 2018. Two areas, South Phyongan Province Mundok Migratory Bird Reserve and North Hamgyong Province Rason Migratory Bird Reserve, are designated as Ramsar sites.

In South Korea, a total of 22 sites have been registered starting from Daeamsan Yongnup in 1997.

Jeju Island (2002) North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Mount A mountain representing the subpolar forest ecosystem of Korea registered as UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1989. Paekdu Various maps of the Mount Paekdu biosphere reserve 8 Satellite images of the Mount Paekdu biosphere reserve Plant cover map of the Mount Paekdu biosphere reserve Functional block diagram of the Mount Paekdu biosphere reserve / 9

Land use map of the Mount Paekdu biosphere reserve

Source MAB National Committee (Korea DPR) (2007) Ⅰ UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Mount Covers a total area of over 250㎢ which is divided into three areas: Naechilbo, Oechilbo, Chilbo and Haechilbo. Registered as UNESCO biosphere reserve in 2014. Various maps of the Mount Chilbo biosphere reserve

Functional block diagram of the Mount Chilbo biosphere reserve Plant cover map of the Mount Chilbo biosphere reserve

Source UNESCO website “http://www.unesco.org/ > Biosphere Reserves” Ⅰ

Mount An ecosystem that represents the mixed forest of soft and hardwood in the west coast of Korea registered as Kuwol UNESCO biosphere reserve in 2004. Various maps of the Mount Kuwol biosphere reserve

Satellite images of the Mount Kuwol biosphere reserve Plant cover map of the Mount Kuwol biosphere reserve Functional block diagram of the Mount Kuwol biosphere reserve

Land use map of the Mount Kuwol biosphere reserve

Source MAB National Committee (Korea DPR) (2007) Ⅰ

Rason Migratory Bird Reserve Mundok Migratory Bird Reserve

Location map of Rason Migratory Location map of Mundok Migratory Status of Rason Migratory Bird Reserve Bird Reserve Status of Mundok Migratory Bird Reserve Bird Reserve

Source Ramsar Wetland website Source Ramsar Wetland website Source Hanns Seidel website Source Ramsar Wetland website Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ. Social Overhead Capital (SOC) Railroad

Table 2. Three major railroad axes and railroad network status of North Korea Axis of Transportation Line Section Length (㎞) Gyeongui Line Kaesong~Sinuiju 411.3 Hwanghae Chongnyon Line Sariwon~Haeju 100.3 Pyongnam Line Pyongyang~Pyongnam Hot Spring 89.6 West Coast Axis Pyeongdeok Line Taedonggang~Dokchon~ Kujang Chongnyon 192.3 Pyeongbuk Line Jongju~Chongsu 120.7 Manpho Line Sunchon~Manpho Border 303.4 Pyeongwon Line Pyongyang~Kowon 212.7

East-West Transverse Chongnyon Ichon Line Phyongsan~Sepho Chongnyon 140.9 Axis Hyesan Manpho Chongnyon Line Hyesan~ Manpho Border 250.2 TMR Kumgangsan Chongnyon Line Anbyon~Kumgangsan 102.5 Pyongra Line Ganri~Rajin 781.1 Tumen Kangwon Line Kowon~Phyonggang 14.1 Namyang Sinhung Line Hamhung~Pujon 91.5 TSR Hochon Line Danchon~Honggun 80.3 East Coast Axis Kumgol Line Yohaejin~Kumgol 63.4 Hasan Paekdusan Chongnyon Line Kilju~Hyesan 141.6 Hoeryong Hambuk Line Banjuk~Hoeryong~Rajin 326.9 Tumangang Musan Line Komusan~Musan 57.9 Gomusan Source Ministry of Unification North Korea Information Portal Website Ⅰ Rajin

Samjiyeon Hyesan Manpho Chongnyon Line Chongjin

TCR Paekdusan Chongnyon Line Hyesan Jian

Km Manpho Paekam 0 25 50 100 Tongam North Korea Railroad Status (2016) Rangrim Source Hyeon-Ah Lee et al. (2016) Kanggye Kilju Ⅰ Hunggun

Chongsu TCR TMGR Manpho Line Pujon Jangjin Dandong Yohaejin Tanchon Tokhyon Sinuiju Kusong Hamhung Pyongra Line Anju Kujang Kangwon Line Pyongui Line Jongju Suncheon Kumgangsan Chongnyon Line Gown

Ganri Pyeongnam Oncheon Pyongyang Anbyeon Chongnyon Icheon Line Kumgangsan Pyungbu line Sepo Unryul Nampho Kumgangsan Chongnyon Sariwon Kumgangsan Line Eunpha Pyeonggang Pyeongsan Jangyon Cheolwon Haeju Kaesong Gyeongwon Line Ongjin Panmun Soyosan Bupo Gyeongui Line Dorasan North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Onsong

Kyongwon

Gyeongheung Hoeryong 10 / Rason Musan 11

Puryong Roads Taehongdan Yonsa Samjiyon Chongjin Jungggang

Paekam Kyongsong Pochon Kim Hyong Jik Jaeong Orang Kim Jong Sook Hyesan Samsu-gun Unhung Hwaphyong Myonggan Manpho Km 0 25 50 100 Kapsan Janggang Myongchon Sijung Kilju Road network map of North Korea (2017) Kanggye City Phungso Wiwon Kim Hyong Gwon Hawdae Source Korea Transport Institute (2017) Chosan Songgan Ⅰ Kim Chaek Usi Heocheon Pyokdong Kophung Jonchon Ryongrim Pujon Changsong Tanchon Sakju Songwon Jangjin Iwon Dongchang Dongwon Deokseong Uiju Taegwan Sinhung Pukchong Sinuiju Huichon Phihyon Cheonma Unsan Sinpho Kusong City Hyangsan Yonggwang Hongwon Ryongchon Thaechon Kujang Rakwon Sindo Yomju Hamhung Sonchon Nyongbyon Nyongwon Tongrim Tokchon City Hamju Cheolsan Gwaksan Pakchon Kaechon City Maengsan Jongphyong Anju Legend Pukchang Yodok Jongju Unjon 7 Pyongyang-Kangdong Mundok Kumya Chongnam Sunchon Expressway Unsan Kowon Sukchon Sudong 5 Class 1 Road 4 Chonnae 0 Pyongyang-Wonsan 4 Pyongyang-Hyangsan Phyongwon Phyongsong SongchonSinyang Yangdok Munchon Class 2 Road Kangdong Jungsan Taedong Hoechang Wonsan Directly Governed City 03 Pyongyang-Nampho Pyongyang Popdong Anbyeon 6 Wonsan-Kumgangsan Special City Kangson Sinpyhong Onchon Cholima Tongcheon Sangwon Yonsan Kosan Do Capital Junghwa Ryonggang Kangnam Suan Koksan Phangyo Taehan Songrim City Kosong City Nampho Sepho Kumgang Hwangju Yonthan Gun-Gu Eunchon Changdo 2 Anak Sariwon Sinkye Ichon 2 Sariwon-Sinchon Do Border Kwail Unryul Pongsan Phyonggang Sohung Sinchon Eunpha Kimhwa(Kumsung) Songhwa Phyongsan Jaeryong Cholwon Samchon Insan Jangyon Tosan Sinwon Thaethan Pongchon Kumchon 1 Pyongyang-Kaesong Yongyon Phyoksong Haeju Jangphung Chongdan Paechon Kaesong Ongjin Kaepung Kangryong Yonan

Table 3. Expressway routes of North Korea( Expressway) Table 4. Road division criteria of North Korea( Class 1 Road, Class 2 Road) Road Lanes Lane width Roadside Road ground No. Route Total length (㎞) Role class (number) (m) width (m) width (m)

1 Pyongyang - Kaesong 162.9 National main arterial roads between capital 2 or 7.0 or 1.5 or 1 3.5 and provinces more more more 2 Sariwon - Sinchon 33.1 2 Roads between provinces 2 3.5 7 1 3 Pyongyang - Nampho 45.7 Roads between province and county and 4 Pyongyang - Hyangsan 119 3 2 3 6 0.75 between counties 5 Pyongyang - Wonsan 197.3 4 Roads between county and ri 2 2.75 6 0.5 6 Wonsan - Kumgangsan 106.4 5 Roads between ris 2 2.5 5 - 7 Pyongyang - Kangdong 33

Total 697.4 6 Roads between villages in a ri 1 - 3.0~3.5 -

Source Korea Expressway Corporation·Korea Transport Institute (2017) Source Educational Book Publisher (1988)2, ; Jong-Won Seo (2016) recited Ⅰ Ⅰ

2 Educational Book Publisher (1988), Joseon Geography Encyclopedia (Transportation Geography), Educational Book Publisher. Ⅳ. Society & Economy Comparison of economic growth rates of South and North Koreas (unit %) Economy Scale South Korea North Korea 9.8 9.6 10 8.9 The national gross national income (GNI) of North Korea is approximately 36.4 trillion KRW, which amounts to 1/45 of South Korean GNI as of 2016. 8 The difference with South Korea is growing steadily3. 6.5 The total trade of North Korea is approximately US$6.5 billion, which 6 amounts to 1/138.1 of South Korean total trade (US$901.6 billion). Due to 3.9 3.7 3.9 the strong sanctions against North Korea since 2017, the international trade 4 3.3 3.1 3.8 2.9 2.8 scale of North Korea is decreasing, and the economic growth rate also 2.3 declined sharply to -3.5%. 2 2.9 Table 5. Comparison of Major Economic Indices between South and North Koreas 1.3 South/North 0 1.1 1.0 Category Year Unit South Korea North Korea 0.8 (times) 0.4 -0.5 GNI (nominal) 2016 Billion KRW 1,639,067 36,373 45.1 -1.1 Income -2 GNI per capita 2017 10,000 KRW 3363.6 146.4 22.9 Economic growth rate 2017 % 3.1 -3.5 - -4 -3.5 Total trade* 2016 US$100 million 9,016 65 138.1 -4.3 -4.4 Exports 2016 US$100 million 4,954 28 175.7 -6 Foreign trade Imports 2016 US$100 million 4,062 37 109.5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Exchange rate 2016 Won/Dollar 1,160.50 108.4 - with the U.S.** Source Bank of Korea, 「https://www.bok.or.kr/ > Surveys and Research > Comparison of Major Economic Agriculture/Forestry IndicesⅠ between South and North Koreas」 /Fisheries * Total trade = Exports+Imports. Excluding inter-Korean trade 2.2% ** Exchange rate data are indicated in the currency unit (Won) of South and North Koreas per US$1, respectively.

Mining 29.5%

Industries Industrial structures of South Industrial Through the economic crisis during the 1990s, North Korea has and North Koreas(2016) structure of Industrial South Korea changed from the industrial structure of a semi-developed country in Service Structure which the secondary industries are developed to some degree to the 59.2% Electricity industrial structure of a typical low-income developing country based Construction 4 /Gas on primary industries . 5.7% /Water Agriculture 3.3% Since 2000, the percentages of manufacturing and mining industries have /Forestry been growing slowly. Furthermore, since the beginning of Kim Jong Un /Fisheries Service 21.7% administration, the construction and service sectors have been promoted 31.1% to improve the lives of people5. As of 2016, North Korea has a higher percentage of agriculture, forestry and fishery industries, and a lower Industrial percentage service industry compared to South Korea. structure of North Korea Table 6. Comparison of Production of Major Industrial Products between South and Construction North Koreas (2016) (Unit %) Mining 8.8% Source (South Korea) Bank of Korea Category Unit South Korea North Korea South/North (times) 33.2% 「http://ecos.bok.or.kr>NationalⅠ account」 Crude steel 1,000 M/T 68,576 1,218 56.3 (North Korea) Bank of Korea 「http://ecos.bok.or.kr>Overseas/North Electricity Korea>North Korea」 Chemical fibers 1,000 M/T 1,368 23 59.5 /Gas/Water Chemical fertilizer 1,000 M/T 2,065 604 3.4 5.2% Cement 1,000 M/T 56,742 7,077 8 Automobiles 1,000 4,228.50 3.8 1,112.80 Comparison of wood production between South and North Koreas (2016) Source Statistics Korea(2017) South Korea North Korea Ⅰ

North Korea distinguishes between forestry and forest service industry and Forestry 5,151 (1,000 ㎥) has separate policy goals. They include forestry in the building materials industry for producing materials for facilities such as logging and lumbering. However, they classify forest service industry as one category of rural accounting as an industry for the preservation and formation of forests. 7,636 (1,000 ㎥) North Korea do not import woods and use only those produced in the country. Thus, the wood production of North Korea is 7.66 million ㎥(as 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 of 2016), which is larger than that of South Korea (5.15 million ㎥). The Source (South) Korea Forest Service, Forestry Statistical Yearbook, (North) FAO, http:// woods are composed of 65% softwood and 35% hardwood. 80% of them www.fao.orgⅠ are used for fuel. 3 Kim et al. (2015), Industries of North Korea, KDB Bank. 4 Ministry of Unification North Korea Information Portal, http://nkinfo.unikorea. go.kr/>Economy>Macroscopic 5 Kim et al. (2015), Industries of North Korea, KDB Bank. North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

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Food Security Food supply trend of North Korea (unit: 10,000 tons)

600 560.8 546 543 548.9 549.5 534 534 540 537 Food demand Food production 518 Last Year’s 500 515 Production The food production of North Korea has stagnated since 2014 due to the 503 508.2 low precipitation and shortage of irrigated water. 484.4 480.1 466 Considering that the North Korea people have suffered malnutrition due 400 425 413 422 411 to the insufficient food supply, the food security situation of North Korea is expected to aggravate6. 300 Table 7. Comparison of food security between South and North Koreas Category Year Unit South North Korea Korea 200 135 Food crops* 2016 1,000 M/T 4,707 4,823 121 Production of 109 96 agricultural and Rice** 2016 1,000 M/T 4,197 2,224 100 74 69.4 marine products 58.6 45.8 Aquatic products 2016 1,000 M/T 3,257 1,009 34 40.7 Shortage Fertilizer production 2016 10,000 tons 206.5 60.4 0 Amount of irrigation water 2015 10,000 m³ - 233 1995 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source for production of agricultural and marine products and fertilizer production Statistics Korea (2017) Source for amount of irrigation water FAO (2016) Ⅰ Source Statistics Korea (2017) Ⅰ Ⅰ * Production of rice, wheat, grains, beans, and root and tuber crops ** Based on milled grains

Crop cultivation capacity of North Korea Major crops Sowing season Growing season Harvest season Rice* The farming season of North Korea begins in April when the spring rain falls, and they harvest crops in September and October in general. The Corn* main crops cultivated during this farming season are rice and corn, which account for around 80% of total annual food production in North Korea. Bean*

Depending on the geographic location in North Korea, double crops Sorghum are possible: autumn wheat and barley, which are sown in October and November, and barley, potato and spring wheat sown in March and Potato* April. They play a critical role in the food security of North Korean people between May and September when the crop production is low. Potato (Early maturing variety) Table 8. Total food production of North Korea (2015/16) Sweet Category Area (1000 ha) Yield (tons/ha) Total Yield (tons) Potato Farming season 1,260.70 3.8 4,778.20 Proso

Rice 465.2 4.2 1,945.80 Autumn Wheat / Barley Corn 559.8 4.1 2,287.80 Spring Wheat / Other grains 45 3.5 156.3 Barley Types of Potato 32.3 5.2 168.3 crops Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Beans 158.4 1.4 220

Early harvest season 173 2.1 363 Food shortage period Source FAO (2016); Choi (2016) recited Wheat/barley 47 1.4 66 Ⅰ * Major food crops of North Korea Potato 126 2.4 297

All farms 1,433.70 3.6 5,141.20 Types of Hilly land 550 0.4 203 farmland Private gardens 25 3 75

Total 2,008.70 2.7 5,419.20

Source FAO(2016) Ⅰ

6 FAO (2016), The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Outlook for Food Supply and Demand in 2015/16 (November/October) Other 0% Wood Electricity 28% 2% Gas 4% Household cooking fuel types Ⅳ. Society & Economy Petroleum of North Korea (proportion) 3% Source DPRK·UNEP(2012); Energy Urban areas MyeongⅠ (2018) recited

Korea Energy Economics Institute (2013) estimates that the consumption Other intensity of traditional energy sources such as coals, woods, firewood Coal 2% 63% Electricity and charcoal account for 65% (briquette 37%, coal 4%, woods 24%), and 1% the consumption intensity of high quality energy sources such as gas, Gas petroleum, central heating, and electricity account for 35%. Wood 0% 77% Petroleum According to the UNEP (2012), the cooking fuels of North Korea households Rural areas 1% in 2008 consisted of coals (63%) and woods (28%) in cities and woods (77%) and coals (19%) in rural areas. Thus, most households are using woods and Coal coals for cooking. 19%

Table 10. Comparison of energy-related statistics between South and North Koreas (2016) South North South/North Category Unit Korea Korea (times) 1,000 Household cooking fuels of North Korea (number of households) Crude oil imports 1,078,119 3,885 277.5 barrels 2,500,000 Central or local Power generation heating system Energy MW 105,866 7,661 13.8 capacity 2,000,000 Electronic industry heating system

Power generation 100 million 2,300,395 Electronic 5,404 239 22.6 1,500,000 amount7 kWh heating system with others

8 1,738,283 Coal production 1,000 M/T 1,726 31,060 1/18.0 1,000,000 Coal boiler or briquette hole in Mineral Iron ores 1,000 M/T 445 5,249 1/11.8 the dwelling output 472,843 400,000 263,055 Wood hole in

9 918,583 Nonferrous metals 1,000 M/T 1,822 398 4.6 80,602 the dwelling unit 45,343 35,630 16,620 10,369 754 4,994 Others Source Statistics Korea(2017) 0 Ⅰ Red fonts indicate that North Korea production is higher Urban area Rural areas

Source DPRK·UNEP(2012); Myeong (2018) recited Ⅰ

CO₂Emissions

South Korea has the highest growth rate of CO₂ emissions among OECD In the forestry industry, carbon absorption sources can be expanded through member countries10, but the CO₂ emissions of North Korea have been forestation, reforestation, and forest management activities. In particular, decreasing since 1985. In 1980 and 1990, the total CO₂ emissions and per carbon emission rights can be acquired through forestation projects in capita CO₂ emissions of South Korea exceeded those of North Korea, developing countries and restoration of waste lands in North Korea. respectively. Now (as of 2015), the total CO₂ emission of South Korea is In other words, through the restoration of waste forests in North Korea, we approximately 26 times as high as that of North Korea. can not only cope with climate change in the Korean Peninsula, but also contribute to the greenhouse gas reduction in South Korea11.

CO₂emissions of South and North Koreas Total of South Korea (million tons) Total of South Korea (million tons) Per Person South Korea (tons) Per Person North Korea (tons) 11.58 600 11.15 11.52 11.5 11.39 11.26 12 9.98 10.21 9.57 9.5 9.6 9.82 500 9.18 9.41 9.15 9.14 10 8.75 8.38 7.92 8.11 400 7.42 8 6.89 6.22 5.79 300 6 4.67 4.83 3.82 5.41 200 3.52 4 3.29 3.05 3.06 3.14 2.97 3.01 3.05 3.16 3.19 2.91 2.66 2.87 2.62 2.9 2.2 2.17 2.01 100 1.61 1.41 1.46 2 1.01 1.15 1.61 125.6 108.1 0 0 * *

1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source IEA(2017); Statistics Korea(2017) recited * is the year in which South Korea's CO₂emissions have reversed North Korea's. Ⅰ

7 The North Korean value is supply quantity. 8 The South Korean value is hard coal data. 9 Nonferrous metals = lead+zinc, based on sales for South Korea, based on production capacity for North Korea. 10 Yeonhap News, news article on April 11, 2016, “Others are reducing, but South Korea ranks disgraceful first in CO2emissionsgrowthrate” 11 Korea Climate Change Response Research Center and National Forestry Cooperative Federation (2016), Methods to utilize domestic and overseas forest carbons for the national goal of greenhouse gas reduction 2030, Korea Forest Service. North Korean Forests with Maps and StatisticsⅠ - Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Central Bureau of Statistics·UNDP (2008), D.P.R.KOREA 2008 Population Census National Report. 14 DPRK UNEP (2012), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Environment and climate change outlook. · / FAO (2016), The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Outlook for Food Supply and Demand in 2015/16 (November/October). ReferencesBooks IEA (2017), CO₂ Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights 2017. 15 National Intelligence Service(2017), North Korean Laws (II), National Intelligence Service. Korea Land and Geospatial Informatics Corporation (2014), National Maps 2, Korea Land and Geospatial Informatics Corporation. Korea Land and Geospatial Informatics Corporation (2014), National Maps for Youth, Korea Land and Geospatial Informatics Corporation. National Geographic Information Institute (2016), Origins of Korean Place Names (North Korea) 1,2, Jinhan NMB. Korea Meteorological Administration (2011), North Korean Climate Forecasts for 30 Years, Korea Meteorological Administration. ______(2012a), Korean Climate Map, Korea Meteorological Administration. ______(2012b), Korean Peninsula Climate Change Prospects Report, Korea Meteorological Administration. Gyeong-Sul Kim (2013), Analysis of North Korean Energy Consumption Patterns, Korea Energy Economics Institute. Gyeong-Won Kim et al. (2015), North Korean Industries, KDB Bank S. C. Kim (2017), Recent Basic Trends of North Korean Society and Economy, Korea Transport Institute. Byeong-Min Ahn and Woon-Yong Seong (2006), A Study on Funding for Modernization of North Korean Transportation Infrastructure, Korea Transport Institute Young-Gyun Lee, Jae-Gyeong Lim, Yeon-Gyu Kim, Gyu-Young Park, Yeon-Myeong Kim, and Seung-Gi Min (2001), Reorganization and Expansion Methods for Transportation and Logistics Systems between South and North Koreas (Stage 1), Korea Transport Institute, 2001. Jong-Kyu Lee (2015), North Korea’s Special Economic Zones and Policy Implications, Korea Development Institute. Dong-Woo Lim et al. (2014), Reading North Korean Cities, Damdi Young-Seon Jeoon (2006), Rewritten Society and Culture of North Korea, Youkrack Publishing Company. ______(2016), North Korean Society and Culture with Words and Photos, Kyungjin Publishing Company Yong-Ho Choi (2016), Prospects for North Korea’s Food Supply in 2015/2016, North Korean Agriculture Trends Vo. 18, No. 1, Korean Rural Economic Institute. Statistics Korea (2017), Major Statistical Indices of North Korea 2017, Statistics Korea. Institute for Unification Education (2016), Understanding North Korea, Ministry of Unification. ______(2017), Understanding North Korea, Ministry of Unification. Korea Climate Change Response Research Center and National Forestry Cooperative Federation (2016), Methods to utilize domestic and overseas forest carbons for the national goal of greenhouse gas reduction 2030, Korea Forest Service Korea Railroad Research Institute (2010), Korean Railroad Statistics Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2018), Administrative Divisions and Population Status of Local Governments (As of Dec. 31, 2017), Ministry of the Interior and Safety

Yong-Woo Na, Tasks for Promotion of Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation: Win-Win Combination of Economic Development Strategy Academic of North Korea and Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation, 2018 The Korean Association of North Korean Studies Summer Conference Journals Proceedings. Young Namgung (2000), North Korea’s Special Economic Zone Policy: Operation and Results, Journal of the Korean Association of International Studies Vo. 40, No. 1, p.231-255. Su-Jeong Myeong (2018), The Environmental Status of North Korea, KDI North Korean Economy Review, March 2018, pp.41-59. Hyeon-Ha Lee et al. (2016), A Study on the direction of development in Korean Peninsula railway through SWOT analysis of North Korean railway, The Korean Society for Railway Spring Conference Proceedings 2016.

Internet Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, http://www.molit.go.kr/portal.do Natural Monuments of South and North Koreas, http://nm.nktech.net/index.jsp Sites Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia, https://terms.naver.com Ramsar Information Service, https://rsis.ramsar.org Yeonhap News, http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org Wikipedia, https://ko.wikipedia.org Ministry of Unification North Korea Information Portal, http://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr Korea Transport Institute http://www.kote.re.kr Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr, http://www.bok.or.kr

North Korean Educational Book Publisher (1988), Joseon Geography Encyclopedia (Transportation Geography), Educational Book Publisher. Educational Book Publisher (2006), Road Maps, Educational Book Publisher. References Jeong Il Kim (2012), Kim Jeong Il Anthology Vol. 18, Workers’ Party Publisher MAB National Committee (2007), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Biosphere Reserve Map, DPRK MAB National Committee Woo-Il Park et al. (2005), Nature Protection Areas of Korea, DPRK MAB National Committee. Il-Kwang Cho (2007), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Biosphere Reserve Map, DPRK MAB National Committee. Joseon Culture Preservation Company (2005), Illustrated Book of Natural Monuments of Joseon 1 (Plants 1), Foreign Printing Factory. ______(2006), Illustrated Book of Natural Monuments of Joseon 2 (Plants 2), Foreign Printing Factory. ______(2007), Illustrated Book of Natural Monuments of Joseon 3 (Animals), Foreign Printing Factory ______(2009), Illustrated Book of Natural Monuments of Joseon 4 (Geography), Foreign Printing Factory Korea Central News Agency(1990), Joseon Central Yearbook, Korea Central News Agency. Research Note No. 803 비매품/ 무료 Not for sale North Korean Forests with Maps and Statistics Ⅰ 93520 Administrative Division, Natural Environment, Society & Economy

Printing June, 2019 Publication June, 2019 Publisher Bomkwon Chun Publication National Institute of Forest Science 57, Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea 02455 Authors & Editors Kyoungmin Kim, Seolin Kim, Eunhee Kim, Myungkil Kim, Joongbin Lim, Samon Oh Tel +82-2-961-2892 Fax +82-2-961-2879 e-mail [email protected] 9 791160 193107 Print Teoal CO. Ltd, +82-2-888-4020 ISBN 979-11-6019-310-7