PPRRIIMMAATTEESS IINN PPEERRIILL
The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014
Russell A. Mittermeier, Christoph Schwitzer, Anthony B. Rylands, Lucy A. Taylor, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson and Janette Wallis
Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash
2012
Published by:
IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation (BCSF)
Copyright: ©2012 Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation
All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Citation: Russell A. Mittermeier, Christoph Schwitzer, Anthony B. Rylands, Lucy A. Taylor, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson and Janette Wallis (eds.). 2012. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012– 2014. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, Bristol, UK. 40pp.
Illustrations: © Stephen D. Nash, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, and Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY, USA
Available from: Anthony B. Rylands, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA e-mail: [email protected]; website: http://www.primate-sg.org
Front cover photos (clockwise from top left): Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) © John R. Zoanarivelo Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) © Tilo Nadler Northern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba guariba) © John J. Tschirky Roloway monkey (Cercopithecus roloway) © West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA)
Back cover photo: Golden-headed langur or Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus poliocephalus) © Tilo Nadler
Contents
Acknowledgements ...... ii
The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates: 2012–2014 ...... 1
Africa ...... 4 Rondo dwarf galago (Galagoides rondoensis) ...... 5 Roloway monkey (Cercopithecus roloway) ...... 6 Bioko red colobus (Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii) ...... 7 Tana River red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus) ...... 8 Grauer’s gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) ...... 9
Madagascar ...... 10 Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur (Microcebus berthae) ...... 11 Sclater’s black lemur or Blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons) ...... 12 Red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra) ...... 13 Northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis) ...... 14 Silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus)...... 15 Indri (Indri indri) ...... 16
Asia ...... 17 Pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) ...... 18 Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) ...... 19 Simakobu or Pig-tailed snub-nosed langur (Nasalis concolor) ...... 20 Delacour’s langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) ...... 21 Golden-headed langur or Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus poliocephalus) ...... 22 Western purple-faced langur (Semnopithecus vetulus nestor) ...... 23 Grey-shanked douc monkey (Pygathrix cinerea) ...... 24 Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus avunculus) ...... 25 Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) ...... 26
Neotropics ...... 27 Variegated or Brown spider monkey (Ateles hybridus) ...... 28 Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) ...... 29 Ka’apor capuchin monkey (Cebus kaapori) ...... 30 San Martín titi monkey (Callicebus oenanthe) ...... 31 Northern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba guariba) ...... 32
References...... 33 Editors’ addresses ...... 39
i
Acknowledgements
The 2012–2014 edition of the World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates is, for the second time, presented in the form of species fact sheets. For this edition, we have summarized and updated the species profiles from the 2008–2010 and 2010–2012 editions of the World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates for those species remaining on the list, and added additional profiles for the new species.
We would like to thank all of the contributing authors to the 2008–2010 version for their work, which forms the basis of the fact sheets in the new edition. Each profile from the 2008–2010 edition is cited on the fact sheets:
Simon K. Bearder, Thomas M. Butynski, Liliana Cortés Ortiz, Dong Thanh Hai, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Ha Thang Long, Paul E. Honess, M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Le Khac Quyet, Andrés Link, Karmele Llano Sanchez, Long Yongcheng, David N. M. Mbora, W. Scott McGraw, Pierre Moisson, Alba Lucia Morales-Jiménez, Tilo Nadler, K. Anne-Isola Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, John F. Oates, Lisa M. Paciulli, Erwin Palacios, Erik R. Patel, Andrew Perkin, Phan Duy Thuc, Clément J. Rabarivola, Martina Raffel, Guy H. Randriatahina, Iary B. Ravaorimanana, Christian Roos, Rasanayagam Rudran, Yves Rumpler, Daniela Schrudde, Nora Schwitzer, James S. Thorn, Bernardo Urbani, Sylviane N. M. Volampeno, Janette Wallis, Ananda Wanasinghe, Kanchana Weerakoon, Indah Winarti and Alphonse Zaramody.
We would also like to express our thanks for the additional contributions by Stuart Nixon, on Grauer’s gorilla, and Ross Fuller, for help with literature accumulation and proof reading.
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The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates: 2012–2014
Here we report the seventh iteration of the biennial listing of a consensus of the 25 primate species considered to be among the most endangered worldwide and the most in need of conservation measures. The 2012–2014 list was drawn up during an open meeting held during the XXIV Congress of the International Primatological Society (IPS), Cancún, 14 August 2012. It is a joint effort by the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, the International Primatological Society, Conservation International, and the Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation.
The 2012–2014 list of the world’s 25 most endangered primates has five species from Africa, six from Madagascar, nine from Asia, and five from the Neotropics (Table 1). In terms of individual countries, Madagascar tops the list with six species. Vietnam has five, Indonesia three, Brazil two, and China, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Venezuela each have one.
The changes made in this list compared to the previous iteration (2010–2012) were not because the situation of the nine species that were dropped (Table 2) has improved. In some cases, such as, for example, Varecia variegata, the situation has in fact worsened. By making these changes we intend rather to highlight other, closely related species enduring equally bleak prospects for their future survival. An exception may be the greater bamboo lemur, Prolemur simus, for which recent studies have confirmed a considerably larger distribution range and larger estimated population size than previously assumed. The severe threats to this species in eastern Madagascar remain, though.
Table 1. The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014 Africa Galagoides rondoensis Rondo dwarf galago Tanzania Cercopithecus roloway Roloway monkey Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana Piliocolobus pennantii Bioko red colobus Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Is.) pennantii Piliocolobus rufomitratus Tana River red colobus Kenya Gorilla beringei graueri Grauer’s gorilla DRC Madagascar Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur Madagascar Eulemur flavifrons Sclater’s black lemur Madagascar Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur Madagascar Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka Madagascar Indri indri Indri Madagascar Asia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indonesia (Sulawesi) Nycticebus javanicus Javan slow loris Indonesia (Java) Nasalis concolor Pig-tailed langur Indonesia (Mentawai Is.) Trachypithecus delacouri Delacour’s langur Vietnam Trachypithecus poliocephalus Golden-headed or Cat Ba langur Vietnam Semnopithecus vetulus nestor Western purple-faced langur Sri Lanka Pygathrix cinerea Grey-shanked douc monkey Vietnam Rhinopithecus avunculus Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Vietnam Nomascus nasutus Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crested China, Vietnam gibbon Neotropics Ateles hybridus Variegated spider monkey Colombia, Venezuela Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadorian brown-headed spider Ecuador monkey Cebus kaapori Ka’apor capuchin monkey Brazil Callicebus oenanthe San Martín titi monkey Peru Alouatta guariba guariba Northern brown howler monkey Brazil
1
Nine primate species were added to the 2012–2014 list (Table 3). Seven of them were placed on the list of the world’s 25 most endangered primates for the first time. The Tana River red colobus and the Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey had already been on previous iterations of the list, but were subsequently removed in favor of other highly threatened species of the same genera. The 2012–2014 list now contains two members each of these genera, thus particularly highlighting the severe threats they are facing.
During the discussion of the 2012–2014 list at the XXIV Congress of IPS in Cancún in 2012, a number of other highly threatened primate species were considered for inclusion (Table 4). For all of these, the situation in the wild is as precarious as it is for those species that finally made it on the list.
Table 2. Primate species included on the 2010–2012 list that were removed from the 2012–2014 list. Africa Piliocolobus epieni Niger Delta red colobus Nigeria Madagascar Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur Madagascar Varecia variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur Madagascar Asia Tarsius tumpara Siau Island tarsier Indonesia (Siau Is.) Macaca silenus Lion-tailed macaque India Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus Northwest Bornean orangutan Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo), Malaysia (Sarawak) Neotropics Cebus flavius Blond capuchin monkey Brazil Callicebus barbarabrownae Barbara Brown’s titi monkey Brazil Oreonax flavicauda Peruvian yellow-tailed woolly Peru monkey
Table 3. Primate species that were added to the 2012–2014 list. The Tana River red colobus and the Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey were added to the list after previously being removed, and the other seven species are new to the list. Africa Piliocolobus rufomitratus Tana River red colobus Kenya Madagascar Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur Madagascar Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur Madagascar Indri indri Indri Madagascar Asia Tarsius pumilus Pygmy tarsier Indonesia (Sulawesi) Neotropics Ateles fusciceps fusciceps Ecuadorian brown-headed spider Ecuador monkey Cebus kaapori Ka’apor capuchin monkey Brazil Callicebus oenanthe San Martin titi monkey Peru Alouatta guariba guariba Northern brown howler monkey Brazil
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Table 4. Primate species considered during the discussion of the 2012–2014 list at the IPS Congress in Cancun that did not make it onto the list, but are equally highly threatened. Africa Piliocolobus preussi Preuss's red colobus Cameroon, Nigeria Gorilla gorilla diehli Cross River gorilla Nigeria, Cameroon Pan troglodytes ellioti Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee Nigeria, Cameroon Madagascar Cheirogaleus sibreei Sibree’s dwarf lemur Madagascar Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur Madagascar Eulemur cinereiceps White-collared brown lemur Madagascar Propithecus perrieri Perrier’s sifaka Madagascar Asia Nasalis larvatus Proboscis monkey Indonesia (Borneo) Presbytis comata Grizzled leaf monkey Indonesia Rhinopithecus strykeri Myanmar snub-nosed monkey Myanmar, China Nomascus hainanus Hainan black-crested gibbon China (Hainan) Nomascus leucogenys Northern white-cheeked black- Laos, Vietnam, China crested gibbon Neotropics Chiropotes satanas Black bearded saki Brazil Leontopithecus caissara Black-headed lion tamarin Brazil Saguinus bicolor Brazilian bare-faced tamarin Brazil Callicebus caquetensis Caquetá titi monkey Colombia
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4
Rondo dwarf galago
Galagoides rondoensis (Honess in Kingdon, 1997) Tanzania Top 25: 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology1: o R Weighs ~60g2 u Distinct from other dwarf galagos in a its bottle-brush-shaped tail, its w reproductive anatomy, and its a distinctive “double unit rolling call” 2-4 Mixed diet of insects and fruit F Often feed close to the ground and R move by vertical clinging and leaping in the shrubby understory 4 Build daytime sleeping nests5 Predation from owls and other k nocturnal predators2 m Emerging evidence that the northern ²
and southern populations may be
phylogenetically distinct
Sympatric with a number of other
galagos Estimated population1:
1 Unknown Range : Estimated density: Extremely limited and fragmented o 3–6/ha at Pande Game Range in a number of remnant patches Reserve9 of Eastern African Coastal Dry Forest o 8/ha at Pugu Forest Reserve10 in Tanzania2, 6 Relative abundance from encounter o Zaraninge forest (06º08'S, 38º38'E) in Sadaani National rates o Park 3–10/hr at Pande Game Reserve and Pugu/ o Pande Game Reserve (GR) Kazimzumbwi Forest (06º42'S, 39º05'E), Reserve9, 10 o Pugu/Kazimzumbwi (06º54'S, o 39º05'E), 3.94/hr at Rondo Forest Reserve2 o Rondo (10º08'S, 39º12'E),
o Litipo (10º02'S, 39º29'E)
o Ziwani (10º20'S, 40º18'E) 1 forest reserves (FR) Threats : o Chitoa FR (09º57'S, 39º27'E) Very small and fragmented range in o Ruawa FR (09º44'S, 39º33'E) remnant forest patches Total area known to occur does not Forest loss exceed 101.6 km² 1, 7, 8 o Agricultural encroachment o Pande GR: 2.4 km², o Charcoal production o Rondo FR: 25 km², o Logging o Ziwani FR: 7.7 km², o Pugu/Kazimzumbwi FR: 33.5 km², Justification for the Top 25: o Litipo FR: 4 km² Highly threatened by the logging of o Zaraninge forest: 20 km², remaining small forest fragments Chitoa FR: 5 km²
5
Roloway monkey Cercopithecus roloway (Schreber, 1774) Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Top 25: 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012
Biology11: Closely related to Cercophithecus diana12 Distinguished from C. diana by its broad white brow line, long white beard o 14 years ago found in the and yellow thighs Yaya Forest Reserve, the C. roloway is more seriously Tanoé Forest adjacent to the threatened with extinction 13 Ehy Lagoon and the Parc Largely arboreal species National des Iles Ehotilé16-18 Occurs in canopy of primary and old o Now only found in the Tanoé secondary lowland moist forest, and 18, 19 13 forest riverine and gallery forest Rare in degraded forest, but can survive in lightly logged forest where Estimated population11: 13 the canopy remains Unknown Decline exceeding 50% (potentially exceeding 80%)14
11 Numerous local extinctions Range : Found to the east of the Sassandra River in Côte d’Ivoire to the Pra River 13 in Ghana Threats11: Considerable amount of primary 14 Hunting for the bushmeat trade habitat loss over the past ~30 years o Relatively large size and value Ghana of its meat and skin makes it a o Steadily extirpated from both preferred game species13 protected and unprotected Forest loss areas and is nearing extinction o Logging o Several surveys have failed to o Agriculture find this species in any o Charcoal production20 western reserves Population fragmentation and isolation o Possibly exists in the Ankasa 15 Conservation area Côte d’Ivoire o Not known in any protected Justification for the Top 25: areas Extirpation and continuing decline
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Bioko red colobus Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838) Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island) Top 25: 2004, 2006, 2010, 2012
Biology21, 22: Previously four subspecies of Piliocolobus pennantii recognized: P. p. pennantii; P. p. bouvieri; P. p. preussi; and P. p. epieni Debated whether all should be elevated to species level P. p. epieni at least is considered elevated to species level P. p. pennantii is largely arboreal Found in lowland and mid-montane tropical moist forest and marsh forest Form groups of more than 30 animals
Often found in polyspecific associations23
Range21, 22:
Very restricted range on the island of Threats21, 22: Bioko, Equatorial Guinea Heavy hunting Restricted mainly to the south-west of o Most notably from the early the island 2 24-26 1980’s when a commercial Range of less than 500km bushmeat market appeared in Confined to the Gran Caldera and the town of Malabo24 Southern Highlands Scientific Reserve 2 o Bushmeat considered a (510km ) ‘luxury food’26 Perhaps still at Pico Basile National 2 Limited range Park (330km ) Habitat degradation None of the ranges are well protected o Especially sensitive to habitat degradation27-29
21, 22 Estimated population : Justification for the Top 25: Less than 5,000 individuals Heavily hunted in a very restricted 45% decline in numbers between 1986 range and 200626
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Tana River red colobus Piliocolobus rufomitratus (Peters, 1879) Kenya Top 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012
Biology30, 31: Previously Procolobus rufomitratus rufomitratus Piliocolobus separated from Procolobus32 Elevated to species level32 Inhabits gallery forest dominated by Pachystela and Barringtonia Not observed moving between habitat patches during the day Some movement at night which appears to be helping to ensure the continued survival of the groups in the seemingly isolated patches Broadly sympatric with Cercocebus galeritus and Cercopithecus mitis albotorquatus, and narrowly sympatric on the forest edges with Papio cynocephalus ibeanus and Cercopithecus pygerythrus
Range30, 31: 30, 31 Found only on the levees of the lower Threats : Tana River in Kenya Habitat loss, degradation and 36 Total known range is 60 km from fragmentation Kipende in the north to Mitipani in the o Forest clearance for south, where the Lamu–Garsen road agriculture enters the Tana River floodplain o Fires eroding levee forests Restricted to ca. 34 patches of o Degradation due to livestock fragmented gallery forest, notably and wood collection Guru South, Sifa East, Baomo South, o Selective felling of Ficus trees Mnazini East, Bubesa West 1, Hewani for canoes South 2 forests33 Habitat change All of these forests are small, ranging o Drastic changes in vegetation in size from <1 ha to c.500 ha. due to dam construction, irrigation projects, and water diversion which changed the Estimated population30, 31: water table 37 Estimated at 1,100–1,300, down from Hunting 38, 39 an estimated 1,200–1,800 in 197533-35 Parasites At least 86 groups occur in 34 forest patches32, 33 Mean group size has declined by Justification for the Top 25: about 50% since the 1970s Small extent and increasingly smaller and more isolated patches of habitat 8
Grauer’s gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri (Matschie, 1914) Contributing author: DRC Stuart Nixon Top 25: 2010, 2012
Biology40: One of two subspecies of eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei) The largest, on average, subspecies of gorilla Inhabits lowland tropical rainforest habitat through transitional forests to Afromontane habitat of 600 to 2,900m asl Feeds mainly on herbaceous vegetation; fruit preferred when available Groups consist of 2–36 multi-aged individuals led by a single “silverback” male Southern Maïko populations exist in a region occupied by Simba rebels Range40: Northern Maïko populations remain Endemic to eastern DRC unknown since 1992 due to lack of Historical range ~52,000km2 41 park infrastructure and the presence of Three broadly defined populations: militia Maïko-Tayna (Maïko National Park, Mt Tshiaberimu population dropped to Tayna Nature Reserve, Kisimba-Ikoba 14 individuals in 2009 Nature Reserve and the Usala Forest), Now estimated to number 2,000– Kahuzi-Kasese (Kahuzi-Biega 10,000 individuals in 14 48 National Park (KBNP) lowland sector subpopulations and adjacent forest) and the Itombwe 40 Massif (Itombwe Natural Reserve) Threats : Isolated populations in the KBNP Massive forest loss and fragmentation highland sector, Masisi and on Mt o Agriculture Tshiaberimu in Virunga National Park o Pastoral activities Habitat destruction and fragmentation Illegal mining widespread o Bushmeat hunting 52% reduction of suitable range since Illegal capture of infants 199042 Ongoing political unrest and military activity Estimated population40: o Bushmeat hunting43, 49-51 In 1995 estimated at 16,900 Continuous low-level extractive individuals43, 44 activities Many populations have disappeared o Charcoal production during the last 30 years o Bamboo harvesting KBNP highland population dropped o Wood cutting from ~270 in 1996 to only ~140 Future challenges may include animals in 200045 concessions for timber, minerals and 52 Preliminary surveys in KBNP possible petroleum lowlands indicate 75–80% decline since 199546 Justification for the Top 25: Local extinctions on the north bank of Drastic and continuing population the Lowa River and Masisi47 decline compounded by continuing civil unrest and widespread insecurity 9
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Madame Berthe’s mouse lemur Microcebus berthae (Rasoloarison, Goodman & Ganzhorn, 2000) Madagascar Top 25: 2012
Biology53: World’s smallest primate (average 31g54) Inhabits dry deciduous forest 0–150m asl Solitary forager characterized by extensively overlapping ranges55 Male ranges larger than females and more prone to seasonal fluctuation55 Daily torpor, but no prolonged torpor during the dry season Sympatric with the larger Microcebus murinus across some of the range56, 57 Avoids interspecific competition by spatial segregation, making distributions of both species patchy57 Feeds on fruit and gum58 Relies on sugary excretions from 58 insects during the harsh dry season 53 Estimated population : <8,000 potentially breeding 57 individuals 2 Range53: Densities of 100/km recorded in Menabe region in southwest patches, which suggests high localized Madagascar, south of the Tsiribihina densities River56, 57 Overall generalized density ~30 257 Area ≤900km2 individuals/km Kirindy/CFPF forests and Ambadira None in captivity Believed to also occur in the forests of
Analabe, but the forest has been 53 heavily degraded, so it is uncertain if Threats : it still occurs there59 Habitat loss and fragmentation Formerly occurred in the o Illegal logging Andranomena Special Reserve, but it o Slash-and-burn agriculture is not known if it still occurs there57 Range is severely fragmented Justification for the Top 25: Decline in the area and quality of habitat Small and severely fragmented range, which has seen a drastic decline in extent and quality of remaining habitat, especially since the illegal transfer of power in Madagascar in early 2009
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Sclater’s black lemur or Blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur flavifrons (Gray, 1867) Madagascar Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology60: Rediscovered in 198361, 62 Initially regarded as a subspecies of E. macaco Elevated to species level because of consistent morphological differences and pairwise genetic distances comparable to other Eulemur species pairs63, 64 Inhabits primary and secondary forest fragments61, 65-67 western dry deciduous forest region in Home range size and use differs the south between primary and secondary forest Largest remaining population in forest fragments, indicating secondary forest 68 fragments on and adjacent to the is less suitable 71 Sahamalaza Peninsula E. flavifrons has been recorded to consume 72 different plant species Estimated population60: from 35 families, of which 52.3% In 1999, the estimated population of were fruits and 47.7% were leaves the Sahamalaza Peninsula was 450– Also feeds on flowers, insects, insect 69 2,300 wild individuals and had exudates and fungi 72 70 declined by 35.3% in three years Bimodal activity pattern Estimated total population, Multi-male multi-female groups, extrapolated from density73, 74 and area ranging in size from 6 to 10 estimates, of 2,780–6,950 severely individuals, including 4 to 7 adults fragmented wild individuals Both sexes disperse, but only males 80% wild population reduction have been seen moving into a foreign estimated and predicted over 35 years social group 30 captive individuals75 The sex ratio at birth varies strongly between years and could be male- Threats60: biased Very small range Births occur between late August and Forest loss October, at the end of the dry season. o Slash-and-burn agriculture During two successive birth seasons, o Selective logging infant mortality was 22.7%. Hunting and trapping
60 o Bushmeat Range : o Live capture for the pet Very small area of 2,700km² in trade72, 76 northwest Madagascar, south of the o Trap density of up to 570 Andranomalaza, north of the traps/ km2 73 Maevarano, and west of the 61, 65-67 Sandrakota rivers Justification for the Top 25: Transition zone between the humid Highly fragmented population in very Sambirano region in the north and the small range that is almost totally deforested
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Red ruffed lemur Varecia rubra (E. Geoffroy, 1812) Madagascar Top 25: 2012
Biology59, 77: Diurnal Inhabits tropical moist lowland forests Apparent need for tall primary forest o Primarily inhabiting primary forest o Prefers high forest and is often observed in the crowns of large feeding trees Sea level to 1,200m asl Moves quadrupedally through the canopy, leaping occasionally Largely frugivorous (75–90%), with flowers, nectar and leaves Home range size: 23–58ha78 Multi-male, multi-female communities of 5–31 individuals78 59, 77 Mating season May–July Estimated population : Births from September–early Density estimates: 2 November o 31–53 individuals/km in 83 Gestation period: 102 days Andranobe o 21–23 individuals/km2 in Inter-birth interval: 2 years 84 Mean litter size: Ambatonakolahy o Wild: 2.1179 Captive population of 590 in 2009 o Captivity: 2.2280
77 Range77: Threats : Very restricted range Habitat loss Masoala Peninsula and the region o Slash-and-burn agriculture immediately north of the Bay of o Human encroachment Antongil in northeastern Madagascar81 o Illegal logging 2 o 4000km First lemur to disappear from degraded forest Antainambalana River appears to separate this species from V. Hunting o Heavily hunted in its entire variegata, but the western and range northern limits of the red ruffed lemur’s range remain unclear59
Westernmost distribution near the Justification for the Top 25: confluence of the Antainambalana and 82 Small distribution range that is under Sahantaha rivers severe threats of hunting and habitat loss
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Northern sportive lemur
Lepilemur septentrionalis (Rumpler and Albignac, 1975) Madagascar Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology85: Originally described based on cytogenetic and morphometric characteristics86 Supported by more detailed studies since, especially molecular data87-89 Small grayish-brown sportive lemur with not very prominent ears90 Nocturnal Sleeps in tree holes during the day Little known about its ecology and behavior
Range59, 85:
Strictly limited to a few small patches of dry forest in extreme northeastern o Sahafary (degraded forest patches Madagascar, just to the south of in Western Sahafary, Sahafary Antsiranana on the east coast East, Sahafary North, Andravina, Very small remnant forest patches: Sahandrano, Andranomadiro, and o Near the villages of Madirobe Analalava) - about 100 individuals and Ankarongana in the In 2012 probably only 19 individuals Sahafary region remaining in total o In the immediate vicinity of
Andrahona, a small mountain 59, 85 about 30 km south of Threats : Antsiranana, east of Route Very small fragmented range Nationale 6 o Most habitat already gone o Does not occur in protected areas Estimated population59, 85: o Uncertain if remaining fragments are of sufficient Total population unknown, but very small size to warrant protection A survey in 2007 provided the Habitat destruction o For Eucalyptus plantations following estimates: o Firewood collection o Andrahona (forest patches and o Charcoal burning gallery forests of Andrahona, Analajanana, and Hunting Analanjavavy) - 20 Most restricted and least protected individuals lemur o Ankarakataova (forests of Ankarakataova Be and Ankarakataova kely) - none Justification for the Top 25: found Combination of small population, small range and rapidly decreasing suitable habitat, with high pressure from hunting
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Silky sifaka Propithecus candidus (Grandidier, 1871) Madagascar Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology91: Large, white sifaka from northeastern Madagascar Recently raised to full species level 59, 92, 93 This species does not occur with other sifakas and cannot be confused with other lemurs Found mainly in tropical montane forest Group size: 2–9 Home ranges 34–47ha94, 95 Quarter of time travelling between
foraging sites
Folivorous and granivorous, A few groups have been found in the consuming fruits, seeds and leaves from a large number of plant groups Makira Forest Protected Area at two sites: Andaparaty (central-east Mating occurs just a few days a year Makira) and Manandriana, 44 km to in November and January the northwest, adjacent to the Young born in June or July94 Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve). Well-developed olfactory Also found in the Betaolana Corridor communication that connects Anjanaharibe-Sud and Scent-marking of territory Marojejy, and the unprotected Males gouge trees prior to scent- Tsaratanana Corridor to the northwest marking Estimated population91: 96 91 Less than 250 individuals Range : Marojejy: 40 inidviduals/km2 and 90 Restricted range in northeastern individuals/km2 97 Madagascar Includes the humid forest belt Threats91: extending from Maroantsetra to the Habitat destruction Andapa Basin and the Marojejy o Slash-and-burn agriculture Massif o Illegal logging of precious Precise limits unknown woods, including rosewood96 Marojejy National Park is the northern o Firewood limit of its known distribution and the o Occurs in and adjacent to forests of Makira and the protected areas they are found Antainambalana River are regarded as in98-100 96 the southern limit Hunted throughout range 300–1,875m elevation Patchy distribution and low densities Justification for the Top 25: Majority of the remaining population Small fragmented population under found in two protected areas: Marojejy extensive pressure from habitat National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud destruction and hunting Special Reserve
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Indri Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788) Madagascar Top 25: 2012
Biology59, 101: Largest extant species of lemur Vertical clinger and leaper, with long hind limbs Identified by its eerie wailing song Male indri are slightly larger than females Males and females can also be distinguished by song Inhabits tropical moist lowland and montane forests Usually found at low elevations, but ranges up to 1,800m102 Lives in groups of 2–6 individuals, usually consisting of
a monogamous adult pair 101 Groups in fragmented habitats tend to Estimated population : 103, 104 Low population density be larger 2 106 Primarily feeds on immature leaves, 5.2–22.9 individuals/km with flowers, fruit, seeds and bark also 50% reduction over the past 36 years consumed105 Descends from canopy every day to
consume soil, which may help 101 detoxify seeds consumed105, 106 Threats : Home range size 18ha in fragmented Habitat loss forest, up to ~40ha in pristine forest o Forest loss for fuel and timber o Reproduction is highly seasonal, with Slash-and-burn agriculture a single offspring born in May or June Hunting o Birth interval: 2–3 years Previously considered a taboo, but now significant in some Reproductive maturity: 7–9 years 107 areas
o Hunted for skins and meat
o Unsustainable108 Range59, 101:
Eastern rainforests from
Anjanaharibe-Sud in the north to
Anosibe An’ala Classified Forest in Justification for the Top 25: the south High rate of habitat destruction and Not found on the Masoala Peninsula or in the Marojejy National Park unsustainable hunting Subfossil evidence indicates that indri were once widespread across Madagascar
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Pygmy tarsier Tarsius pumilus (Miller and Hollister, 1921) Indonesia (Sulawesi) Top 25: 2012
Biology109, 110: Largely data-deficient Prior to 2008, known only from three specimens from 1916, 1930 and 2000111, 112 Thought to be extinct until the 2000 specimen was found dead in a rat trap In 2008, 3 individuals were captured and 1 additional individual was observed110 Mean body mass: 50g, less than half of adult lowland tarsiers110 Nocturnal Largely arboreal Lives in small groups Returns to the same sleeping tree each morning110 Unlike lowland tarsiers, pygmy tarsier groups contain multiple adult males, and they rarely vocalize or scent- mark110 Found at high altitudes (~1,800– 2,200m asl) Adapted to colder, montane cloud forests112 Arthropod based insectivorous diet
Range109: Threats109: Southern and central Sulawesi, Habitat encroachment and destruction Indonesia o Expanding human population Specimen 1 (1916): 1,800 m from Human conflict Rano Rano, in the mountains between o Some areas of Central Palu and Poso Sulawesi near known sites are Specimen 2 (1930): 2,200 m on Mount conflict zones Rantemario in South Sulawesi o Factional fighting has seen the Specimen 3 (2000): 2,200 m on the 111 dislocation of large human flank of Mount Rorekatimbu populations that are then 2008 capture: Lore Lindu National 110 resettled in refugee camps Park, Central Sulawesi
109 Justification for the Top 25: Estimated population : Highly fragmented and isolated Unknown populations threatened by human 3 museum specimens encroachment and conflict 3 captured and 1 additional observation in 2008110
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Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus (Geoffroy, 1812) Indonesia Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology113: Recognized as a species in 2006 Nocturnal and arboreal Found in both primary and secondary forest114 Requires arboreal connectivity between trees, via vines and lianas Feeds on sap, floral florescence, gum and insects114 Found at elevations of 0–1,600m but more common at higher elevations114
113 Threats : Habitat loss o Deforestation Range113: o After an area is cleared, lorises are collected as they Western and central Java, Indonesia 115 Less than 10% of the original forest remain clinging to the trees remains, most covering the higher Hunting slopes of the central mountains o Traditional medicines o Pet trade116, 117 Less than 20% of suitable habitat o Not always the intended target remains but are picked up when found 17% of the potential distribution is o Numbers in animal markets protected exceed the ability for
population numbers to recover
o Front teeth removed at
markets
o Most lorises die of dental Estimated population113: abscesses, pneumonia or Unknown malnutrition Very low population densities (0.02– 2 113 o Unable to eat preferred gum 0.20 animals/km and exhibit important social 5–10 km must be walked to see a behavior118 single loris o Confiscated animals unlikely Small population of confiscated to survive in the wild animals in rescue centers but 95%– Roads and human disturbance119, 120 100% mortality has been reported due Intrinsic risk: slow-reproducing121 to health conditions associated with captivity Justification for the Top 25:
Intensive hunting pressure
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Simakobu or Pig-tailed snub-nosed langur Nasalis concolor (Miller, 1903) Indonesia Top 25: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology122: Two subspecies: o Nasalis concolor concolor (Millar, 1903) o Nasalis c. siberu (Chasen and Kloss, 1927) N. c. siberu ~6,000–15,000 in Siberut Very little published on behavior and National Park ecology Total population down from 26,000 in Found in swamp forests and lowland 1980 rainforests and primary forests on Maximum decline of 75% in 20 hillsides123-125 years124 Diurnal124 Population densities also reduced, Semi-terrestrial124 indicating a 73–90% decline in 10 128-130 Almost equal time resting (46%) and years feeding (44%) and less time moving (7%)126 122 Primarily folivorous124 Threats : Birth season from June to July125 Hunting o Preferred game species in 130, 131 122 some areas Range : o Hunting pressure increased Endemic to Indonesia with improved access and Confined to the Mentawai Islands off replacement of bows with air 124 the western coast of Sumatra rifles128 N. c. concolor o In 1987, estimated that twice o Inhabits Sipora, North Pagai, as many individuals were and South Pagai Islands and hunted as were born in the several small islets off South Pagai islands123 Pagai o Pet trade o Remaining forest cover on the Forest loss 2 127 Pagai islands ~826km o Commercial logging124, 128 – N. c. siberu particularly sensitive130 o Only on Siberut Island o Conversion to palm oil o 190,500ha Siberut National plantations and cash crops124, Park covers 47% of Siberut 128 Island o Human encroachment o Remaining 53% outside of o Forest clearing and extraction protected areas by local people124, 128
Estimated population122: N. c. concolor two estimates: ~3,347 Justification for the Top 25: individuals on the Pagai islands127 and Heavy hunting and commercial 700–1,800 total population128 logging
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Delacour’s langur Trachypithecus delacouri (Osgood, 1932) Vietnam Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010. 2012
Biology132: Restricted to limestone karst forest habitat, with additional records of secondary forest in limestone areas133, 134 Up to 1,000m asl135 Two protected areas with important Caves thought to offer protection from subpopulations showed a decline of predators and temperature extremes136 20% in 5 years from 2000 to 2004 Diurnal and crepuscular Four protected areas showed a Degree of terrestriality is habitat- dramatic decline during 2009137 dependent135 Approximately 6 locations extirpated 60–80% of the diet consists of leaves, Current total population unknown, but with 20–40% shoots, fruit, flowers and likely to be a maximum of 250 wild bark135 individuals
Threats132: Range132: Small population size Very restricted area in north Vietnam Hunting 5,000km² between 20º–21ºN and o Traditional medicines 105º–106ºE o Meat Distribution closely related to the Fragmentation limestone mountain ranges in the o Only the largest population of provinces Ninh Binh, Thanh Hoa, Hoa 68–70 individuals is thought Binh, and Ha Nam133 likely to survive136, 137 17 isolated locations totaling less than o Inbreeding may result in loss 400–450km² (size estimates from 18 of genetic viability locations)136, 137 Minor threat: Forest loss and degradation o Illegal grazing of goats Estimated population132: o Limestone quarrying138, 139 1999/2000 estimated 281–317136 Potential threat: Tourism and 320 hunted individuals over 10 years, associated development135 but actual number undoubtedly higher 60% of total population in isolated subpopulations with less than 20 Justification for the Top 25: individuals133 Critically small, fragmented Largest subpopulation, in the only population under hunting pressure well guarded forest, has increased and totals ~68–70 individuals133, 138, 139
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Golden-headed langur or Cat Ba langur Trachypithecus poliocephalus poliocephalus (Trouessart, 1911) Vietnam Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology140: Inhabits tropical moist forest on limestone karst hills 70–100m asl, possibly 0–200m141 Six to seven taxa of the T. francoisi group share range Threats140: Caves thought to offer protection from predators and temperature extremes, Small population size 136 o but are accessible by human hunters Fragmentation resulting in inbreeding in subpopulations, Diurnal which could compromise Arboreal and terrestrial142 genetic viability 60–80% of the diet consists of leaves, o Limited mate choice with 20–40% shoots, fruit, flowers and 135 o Susceptible to natural or bark human disaster causing total extinction142, 143
Hunting Range140: o Traditional medicines Confined to the island of Cat Ba in the o Bushmeat Gulf of Tonkin, northeastern Vietnam o Driven by increasingly Further restricted to ~100km2 area of 143 attractive commercial gains occupancy Habitat disturbance and fragmentation Mostly in Cat Ba National Park, which o Increasing human population covers more than half of the main 143 o Tourism and associated island development Wildlife protection deficient o Rampant fires due to honey Divided into seven isolated collectors142 144 subpopulations due to habitat 143 fragmentation
140 Estimated population : Justification for the Top 25: 142 60–70 individuals (64 in 2006 ) Critically low population size and low 3–4 all-female, non-reproducing reproductive output, with threats from groups143 hunting Reproductive output low Stagnated at 1–2 offspring per year143
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Western purple-faced langur Semnopithecus vetulus nestor (Bennett, 1833) Sri Lanka Top 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology145: Inhabits lowland tropical rainforest Refugee populations presently inhabit semi- urban and rural home gardens, rubber plantations and areas with adequate canopy cover146 Highly arboreal Estimated population145: Fragmentation forces this species to Unknown the ground for which it is ill- Believed to have undergone a decline adapted147 of more than 80% over three Folivorous generations151 Fragmentation and urbanization in Extirpation151 most of this species’ range has resulted in a diet mainly consisting of Threats145: fruits from residential gardens148 Habitat loss and fragmentation152, 153 Nutritional consequences of urban diet o Urbanization, including unclear, but feeding on fruits long- human settlement and term may be detrimental as they are infrastructure and industry not adapted to a frugivorous diet and o Agriculture, particularly crop fruits tend to occur seasonally plantations o Deforestation Dependent on gardens for survival Range145: Dangers from power lines and Western Sri Lanka, from the north of roads147, 151, 152 the Kalu Ganga as far north as the Dogs147 rainforest limit149 Occasional hunting Ranges up to 1,000m asl146 o Pet trade Inhabits an area of high human density o Persecution for crop-raiding154 81–90% of the entire historic range o Local trade for meat, but not deforested and urbanized147, 150 significant152 Only recorded as present in 43% of o Becoming more tolerant to eastern (n=23) and 78% in the western humans which is putting them 153 (n=27) halves of the historical range147 at increased risk Population fragmentation and isolation Largest inhabited forests, with a total Justification for the Top 25: area of 21km2, surround two reservoirs Habitat loss, fragmentation and (Kalatuwawa and Labugama)147 urbanization
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Grey-shanked douc monkey Pygathrix cinerea (Nadler, 1997) Vietnam Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology155: Mostly found in primary mountain evergreen forest156 Altitude of 900–1,400m asl Canopy cover of 80–90%156
Range155: Central Vietnam between 13º30' and 16ºN Recorded in five provinces: Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, and Binh Dinh136, 156 Occurrence confirmed in eight protected sites: Song Thanh Nature Reserve, Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Ba To Cultural and Historical Site, An o Snares common Toan Nature Reserve, Kon Cha Rang o Degraded habitats increase the Nature Reserve, Kon Ka Kinh risk of being caught in snares National Park, Mom Ray National whilst travelling Park and A Yun Pa Nature Reserve o Hundreds of traps installed in trees frequently used by monkey groups Estimated population155: o Trapped animals are often 156 severely injured or mutilated 600–700 individuals o Less than one quarter of Fragmented hunted animals are Some areas with assumed occurrence 155 confiscated alive not yet surveyed156 Forest loss Endangered Primate Rescue Center o Agricultural expansion has begun a breeding program with o Illegal logging confiscated animals o Firewood collection o Almost 10,000ha of forest are
155 selectively logged every year Threats : 156 in the central highlands Hunting o Meat o Traditional medicine 156 o Pets o Problem inside protected areas Justification for the Top 25: o Response to hunting is to hide Intensive logging and hunting motionless rather than fleeing, which makes them more
susceptible136
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Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus (Dollman, 1912) Vietnam Top 25: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology157: Described in 1912 Collected on no more than two occasions over the next 50–60 years Presumed extinct Rediscovered in 1989 Tropical evergreen forests associated with karst limestone hills and mountains158, 159 o 2006: No evidence, but local Largely restricted to primary forest160 reports suggested 8–12 200–1,200m asl158 TSM conservation area, Ha Giang Selective feeder consuming young Province 159, 160 o 2001: estimated 30–40 based leaves, unripe fruits and seeds 164 Diurnal161 on interviews 159 o 2006: observed about 81 Arboreal and terrestrial animals; estimated 90158
Range157: Tung Vai Commune of Quan Ba 149 District close to the border with China Northeastern Vietnam o 60 individuals Historically occurred east of the Red 136 Total population: estimated around River 200–250+ individuals throughout Due to widespread deforestation and range157, 159 intensive hunting, its distribution has
become severely restricted136 Threats157: Currently, five completely isolated Hunting pressure159 localities known o Traditional medicines136, 158 Small forest patches in Tuyen Quang, o High pressure158 Bac Kan, Ha Giang and Thai Nguyen 136 o Hydroelectric power project Provinces increases number of people and demand for meat136, 158 Estimated population157: 158 o Not shy and do not necessarily Tat Ke sector flee when encountered161 o 1993: 72 individuals 160 Habitat degradation observed, 80 estimated o Firewood o 2005: far lower densities, 17– o Timber exploitation 22 estimated158 158 o Shifting cultivation Ban Bung sector o Collection of non-timber o 1993: 23 observed, 50 160 forest products for estimated commercial purposes o No verifiable information for 159 158 o Roads 2005 Cham Chu Nature Reserve Justification for the Top 25: o 1992: survey with locals Critically small fragmented population estimated 20–40 individuals162 163 under hunting pressure o 2001: 70 estimated 25
Gibbons in Peril: Three species of gibbon were considered for this edition: Nomascus hainanus, N. leucogenys and N. nasutus N. hainanus was recently listed on the ZSL/IUCN list of 100 most threatened species (Priceless or Worthless), with just 23–25 individuals remaining For the World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2012–2014, we have selected N. nasutus as a flagship species to highlight the plight of other gibbons
Cao-Vit or Eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Kunkel d'Herculais, 1884) China, Vietnam Top 25: 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology165: Historically one of two subspecies, but both elevated to species level166, 167 Inhabits montane and limestone forests in a wet tropical monsoon climate168 500–900m asl168 Primarily fruivorous (86.6%), but also consumes leaves (4.7%), animal matter (0.5%) and undetermined food class (8.2%)169, 170
Range165: 2002: estimated 26 individuals in five Historical range was east of the Red groups171, 172 River in China and Vietnam 2004: 37 individuals in eight groups173 Current range very restricted Total population estimated at 110 Sino-Vietnam border, northeastern individuals living in 18 groups173 Vietnam167, 171, 172 o 48km² Threats165: o 22º55'N 106º30'E Habitat loss and disturbance o Includes the northern Phong o Cleared for cultivation Nam-Ngoc Khe forests (about o Pasture for livestock 30km²) of Trung Khanh o Firewood collection District, Cao Bang Province, o Charcoal production Vietnam o Already restricted range170 Jingxi County, Guangxi Zhuang Small population Autonomous Region, southeastern o Inbreeding effects China167, 171, 172 o Poor mate choice o Area immediately adjacent to o Human or natural disaster167, Vietnam 170 o ~18km² Hunting170
Justification for the Top 25: 165 Estimated population : Small range and population size, with Feared extinct until a survey a large threat from habitat loss and rediscovered a population in the disturbance limestone forest of Phong Nam-Ngoc Khe Communes171, 172
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27
Variegated or Brown spider monkey Ateles hybridus (I. Geoffroy, 1829) Colombia, Venezuela Top 25: 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012
Biology174: Two subspecies: o Ateles hybridus brunneus o A. h. hybridus175 Large size Slow reproductive rate of a single offspring at 3–4-year intervals Spider monkeys are generally highly frugivorous (83%), but also eat young leaves and flowers176 They form groups of up to 20–30 individuals176
Range174: A. h. brunneus
o Restricted to Colombia Potential extirpation o Between the lower Ríos Cauca and Magdalena in the Held in captivity in zoos and rescue Departments of Bolívar, centers in Colombia 177 Antioquia and Caldas 174 o Small geographic range where Threats : forest loss, degradation and Habitat loss and increasing fragmentation are widespread fragmentation o Surrounded by human o Agriculture and cattle populations o Human expansion o 9% of potential range remains o Land clearing continuous forest o Logging A. h. hybridus o Conversion to secondary o Right bank of the Río forest Magdalena extending into o Potential corridors at risk western Venezuela175, 178 Hunting o Extremely fragmented, with o A. h. hybridus a favourite game species in the Perijá small populations 179 Mountains Estimated population174: Pet trade Unknown Low population densities Justification for the Top 25: A. h. hybridus extremely fragmented and there may be few populations of High rate of habitat loss and hunting an adequate size to be viable in the mid- to long-term175, 177
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Ecuadorian brown-headed spider monkey Ateles fusciceps fusciceps (Gray, 1866) Ecuador Top 25: 2006, 2012
180
Biology : Tropical and subtropical human forests from 100 to 1,700m asl181 Diurnal Strictly arboreal, preferring the uppermost levels of the canopy Group size of up to 35 individuals Diet consists mainly of ripe fruit (83%), but also flowers and a number of species of leaves182 Slow reproductive rate of one offspring at up to 3-year intervals183
22, 180 Range22, 180: Estimated population : Endemic to Ecuador in the north, west Unknown of the Andes, in the Province of Population density of 1.2 2 Esmeraldas, and, at least historically it individuals/km in Cotacachi- 184 would seem, south as far as the Cayapas 185 Cordillera de Colonche 80% decline due to habitat loss Very small distribution, which is highly fragmented Two populations remaining: o North of the Rio Mira, in the 22, 180 “Reserva Etnica Awá” close Threats : to the Colombian border22 Habitat loss and fragmentation o To the south, largely within o High rate due to 185 the limits of the “Reserva deforestation Ecológica Cotacachi- Hunting 185 Cayapas” and the o Strong pressure neighbouring forest (north), mainly in a private reserve: “Reserva Biológica Los Cedros” 22 It has been suggested that A. f. Justification for the Top 25: fusciceps may be found in southern Restricted distribution with high Colombia, continuous with the fragmentation, and small population populations in Ecuador178, but there is size still no evidence to support this
29
Ka’apor capuchin monkey Cebus kaapori (Queiroz, 1992) Brazil Top 25: 2012
Biology186: Arboreal quadrupeds, typically found in the lower to mid-canopy and understorey187-189 Undisturbed and slightly disturbed dense lowland
Amazonian high forest Estimated density: Altitudes of 200m or less190 o 0.98 individuals/km² in the Can also be found in edge habitat in Gurupí Biological Reserve192 the transition with the Zona dos o 0.99 groups/10 km in the Cocais Fazenda Cauaxi in Frugivorous and insectivorous diet, Paragominas191 they are manipulative and extractive Three groups in 480km walked in the scavengers Gurupí Biological Reserve197 Groups observed to be 1–7 191 individuals Threats186: Males disperse Habitat loss Both sexes take up linear hierarchies, o Forests in southern Pará and the top ranking male being dominant 187 Maranhão have been over the top ranking female extensively destroyed Sympatric with Cebus apella, causing o Region with the highest 192 inter-species competition human population density and the highest level of deforestation and habitat 186 Range : degradation in the entire Northwest Maranhão and northeast Brazilian Amazon191 190 Pará in the Brazilian Amazon o Occurs in only one protected Ranging from east of the lower Rio area, which has lost half of its Tocantins to the bank of the Rio forest Grajaú where it enters the Zona dos o Selective logging of trees Cocais190, 191, 193-196 providing fruit that are a Now absent east of the Rio Grajaú 193 significant part of the diet197 Hunting Pet trade190 186 Estimated population : Unknown Justification for the Top 25: Drastic decline of at least 80% over Extreme threat from deforestation and the past three generations hunting causing drastic population decline
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San Martín titi monkey Callicebus oenanthe (Thomas, 1924) Peru Top 25: 2012
Biology198: Able to survive in a wide variety of habitats including, at least in the short term, in forest fragments199, 200 Monogamous Found in small family groups of two to six Females usually give birth to one offspring per year Diet consists primarily of insects and fruit o Liana species and fruits from the mistletoe family are particularly important o Insects form a larger portion of the diet than in most other titi monkey species201
Range198: Found in the upper Rio Mayo Valley, extending to the south into the Bajo Mayo and Huallaga central o This is largely the cultivation At least 60% of the original habitat of rice and coffee 202 has been lost o Cattle ranching and selective Additional surveys are required in all logging also occur potential habitats in San Martin o Rapid rates of deforestation Not found in any protected areas have caused the loss of 40% of the forest over the last 20 years Estimated population198: o Construction of a two-lane Estimated density of 1.4 individuals asphalt road has further /ha increased human activity in Remaining populations extremely the area fragmented and in small groups Also hunted for bushmeat 200, 202, 203, Groups observed in fragments as small with pressure likely to increase as as 2ha199 other game becomes scarce and forest Estimated decline of 80% over the last fragmentation increases access. 25 years Popular as pets 200, 202-204
Threats198: Justification for the Top 25: Habitat loss and fragmentation200, 203 Massive deforestation of this species’ o Major agrarian program has preferred habitat resulting in a drastic attracted huge numbers of population decline immigrants to the area
31
Northern brown howler monkey Alouatta guariba guariba (Humboldt, 1812) Brazil Top 25: 2012
Biology205, 206: Validity as a subspecies in question Inhabits lowland, submontane and montane forest
Communicates with howls which can 205, 206 Estimated population : be heard up to 2km away207 Unlikely to be more than 250 mature Group size is usually four or five, but individuals can be up to eleven No subpopulation above 50 mature Usually only one dominant male, individuals is thought to exist occasionally two
Quite small and broadly overlapping home ranges, of 5ha up to 45ha, 208 depending on the type of habitat Leaf-based diet Threats205, 206: The only New World primates to Hunting regularly include mature leaves in Deforestation their diet, though younger leaves are o Hunting is a larger threat as preferred groups can survive in small Molar teeth are particularly adapted forest fragments if they are for chewing leaves through shearing not hunted Mature fruit is also an important part o Selective logging of the diet Disease epidemics
205, 206 Range : Justification for the Top 25: Restricted to a small area north of the Very small population under a number Rio Jequitinhonha of threats
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References
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Editors’ addresses
Mittermeier, Russell A. Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA and Chairman, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, e-mail: [email protected].
Schwitzer, Christoph. Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK and Coordinator, Madagascar Section, and Red List Authority Focal Point, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, e-mail: [email protected].
Rylands, Anthony B. Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA and Deputy Chairman, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, e-mail: [email protected].
Taylor, Lucy A. Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK and School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK, e-mail: [email protected]
Chiozza, Federica. Global Mammal Assessment program, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma,Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy, e-mail: [email protected].
Williamson, Elizabeth A. School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK and Coordinator, Section on Great Apes, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, e-mail: [email protected].
Wallis, Janette. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Environment (IPE), University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA and Vice President for Conservation, International Primatological Society (IPS), e- mail: [email protected]
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IUCN/SSC PRIMATE SPECIALIST GROUP (PSG) The Chairman is Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia. The Deputy Chairman is Anthony B. Rylands, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia.
Coordinator – Section on Great Apes, Liz Williamson, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
There are Regional Coordinators and Advisors for the principal areas where primates occur, as follows: AFRICA SECTION – West Africa – W. Scott McGraw, Hunter The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; MADAGASCAR SECTION – Christoph Schwitzer, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Bristol, UK; NEOTROPICAL SECTION – Mesoamerica – Liliana Cortés-Ortiz, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Andean Countries – Erwin Palacios, Conservación Internacional Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, and Eckhard W. Heymann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany; Brazil and the Guianas – M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, Maurício Talebi, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil, and Liza M. Veiga, Universidade Federal do Pará & Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil; ASIA SECTION – China – Long Yongcheng, The Nature Conservancy, China; Southeast Asia – Jatna Supriatna, Conservation International Indonesia Program, Jakarta, Indonesia, and Christian Roos, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany; South Asia – Sally Walker, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore, India.
INTERNATIONAL PRIMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY (IPS) The President is Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2, Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan. The Secretary General is Nancy Caine, Califorrnia State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA.
There are six Vice-Presidents: Treasurer and Vice-President for Membership – Steven Schapiro, Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTMDACC, Bastrop, Texas, USA; Vice-President for Communications – Claudia Fichtel, Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, D - 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Vice-President for Conservation – Janette Wallis, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Environment (IPE), The University of Oklahoma, 630 Parrington Oval, Monnet Hall, Rm 555, Norman, OK 73019-4036, USA; Vice-President for Captive Care – Christoph Schwitzer, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA, UK; Vice- President for Education and Outreach – Elizabeth Lonsdorf, The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA; and Vice President for Research – Joanna Setchell, Durham University, Department of Anthropology, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of IUCN, a union of sovereign states, government agencies and non-governmental organizations. SSC’s mission is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programs to save, restore and wisely manage species and their habitats. Survival of the world’s living primate species and subspecies is the principal mission of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), over 400 volunteer professionals who represent the front line in international primate conservation. The PSG website is
The International Primatological Society (IPS) was created to encourage all areas of non-human primatological scientific research, to facilitate cooperation among scientists of all nationalities engaged in primate research, and to promote the conservation of all primate species. The Society is organized exclusively for scientific, educational and charitable purposes. For more information about IPS, visit
Conservation International (CI) applies innovations in science, economics, policy and community participation to protect the Earth’s richest regions of plant and animal diversity in the biodiversity hotspots, high-biodiversity wilderness areas and key marine ecosystems. With headquarters in Arlington, VA, CI works in more than 40 countries on four continents. For more information about CI, visit
Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation (BCSF) is an operating unit of the Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, which also runs Bristol Zoo Gardens. BCSF undertakes conservation action and conservation research in both the UK and the developing world. Its mission is to identify and implement sustainable solutions to species and ecosystem conservation challenges, through research, action and local collaboration. For more information about BCSF, visit
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