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Index

abduction 62, 97 political meddling in abortion 94, 105, 116 124–5 activism 3, 12, 89, 90 relations with 150 Angell, Alan 156, 163 violent crackdown from 128 anti- forces 6, 10, 16, 48, 165 see also China anti-homecoming policy 53 Bureau of National Public Anti-Rightist Campaign 1957 64 Security 58 Anti-Rightist Movement and Cultural Beijing Capital International Airport Revolution 122 in November 1997 24 Aquino, Benigno 156, 161, 170 Beijing Spring (BS) 23 Aquino, Corazon 169–70 Beijing Students’ Autonomous Asian exiles 146–7 Federation (BSAF) 16, 25, 29, asylum 53, 64, 116 application 13 Betancourt, Romulo 156 assistance 115 Bolshevik revolution 156, 168 political 12–13, 15, 43, 114, 138 bourgeois liberalization 14, 64 programmes 67 BS see Beijing Spring (BS) right of 162 BSAF see Beijing Students’ seekers 96 Autonomous Federation (BSAF) Xue 13 bureaucratic procedures 46, 78 Australia 41, 43, 46, 69, 71, 123–4, Burma 79, 152 155 alternative visions for 161–2 immigration policy 172 exiles 159 protest marches 20 host states’ policies towards 161 Bush, George W. 44, 105, 106 Bangkok 54, 56, 95, 96 Chinese embassy in 60 CAA see China Aid Association US embassy officials in 96 (CAA) Bannon, Steve 106 CAD see Chinese Alliance for Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 158 Democracy (CAD) Beijing campaign against forced abortion 105, anti-exile strategy 59 116 control campaign 72 Canada 1, 15, 41, 46, 65, 69, 81, 83, “divide and destruct” strategy 58 95–7, 119, 131–2, 174, 180 ethnic diplomacy 69–70 Carstairs, Susan 156, 163 “grabbing political power” in 142 Carter, Jimmy 149, 154 influence and interference Castro, Fidel 149, 156, 158, 163, 164 operations 124 CCP see massacre 17 (CCP)

215

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216 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

Chai, Ling 157 economic interdependence and 178 Chen, Chuangchuang 117 economic reform in 32 Chen, Jun 16–17 embassy in Bangkok 60 Chen, Shui-bian 75, 76 engagement and economic Chen, Tang-shan 181 integration 49–50 Chen, Yonglin 43 engagement strategy 47 Cheney, Dick 44 exile politics See Chinese exile Chiang, Ching-kuo 11, 172, 176 politics Chiang, Kai-shek 176 federal structure of 109 Chile foreign policy 20 human suffering in 163 free trade 43, 53 political repression 163 human rights conditions in 131 China Aid Association (CAA) 96, ill-fated infiltration into 104 101, 104–7, 109–10, 114, 138 ill-fated spouses in 97 China/Chinese 12, 39, 40, 50, 58–9, indispensable roles 39 96, 109, 110, 112, 116, 118, 121, jails on blogs 103 124, 125–6, 135, 140, 154 lawyers and legal experts in 90 administrative detention in 110 leadership roles in new regime ambassadorial time in 21 167–72 anti-exile strategy of 38 level of legitimacy 107 Anti-Rightist Movement 122 Liberal Democratic Party 55 armed revolution 85–6 liberal public intellectuals 63–4 authorities in 48 “liberation” of 166 backwardness and brutality 19–20 low-level officials in 110–11 bipartisan atmosphere 126 media operators 72 campaigning for 110 migrant community 37, 69, 123, changing approaches 57 155 civil society dynamics 47–8 military intelligence 155 commercial and political rise of 154 multiculturalism in 127 for commercial redevelopment 92 national sovereignty and territorial community 10, 74 integrity 67 coordination with institutions in 124 networks of activists in 106 cross-border attacks against 162 opposition cells within 63 cultural obsession with 136–7 opposition parties in 90 cultural resources 71 overseas opposition groups 143–4 122 party-state system of 2 democracy movement 26, 77, 83 phenomenal economic growth 78 Democracy Party National United policy of internal exile 164 Headquarters 56 political economy 50–51 Democratic Education Foundation politico-diplomatic sanctions 38–9 97 politics, cohorts courses of 140 democratization in 22, 38–9, 47–8, post-Tiananmen regime in 31 60, 68, 78, 81, 103, 133, 136, power diplomacy 40 161 print materials to 89 diplomatic missions 22 prisoners of 110, 138 dissenting voices in 117 public opinions of 88 domestic political socialization public relations and lobbying experiences in 28 activities 101

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Index 217

publishing houses in 132 independence and autonomy 12 rights defenders and petitioners reformers in 30 from 93 self-confidence of 62 rights violating officials in 111 sympathizers 10–11 ROC constitutional politics 123 Chinese diaspora 18–19, 35–6, 69, rule of law in 116, 121 125, 153–4 secret agents to 59 communities 126–7, 153 “sent-down youth” 19–20 To’s study of 36 short-wave radio services for Chinese economy 66–7 students in 119 Chinese exiles 50, 74, 128, 130, 158, socio-political conflicts in 109 162, 165–8, 170, 171, 179 state-owned enterprises from 51 cause of 154 students in 10, 13, 67–8 collaboration between 138 theoretical exploration of 123 community 63, 129, 149 training and indoctrination movement 153 programmes in 70 Chinese Freedom and Human Rights transformative experience in 9 135 transitional circumstances in 112 Chinese Private Entrepreneurs in use of dual weapons 121 November 94 weapon against political dissent 173 Chinese Spring Festival 99 China Political Prisoner Concern Chinese Students and Scholars (CPPC) 103–4 Association (CSSA) 13, 67–8 China Spring (CS) 1, 9–10, 13–14, Chinese Students Protection Act 16, 117 1992 65 radio broadcasting and print media Chinese–Tibetan Friendship Societies 14 130 wrestle control of 23 Chou, Samuel M. 180 Chinese Alliance for Democracy Chun, Doo-hwan 170 (CAD) 1, 5, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, Civil War 10, 76 22, 23, 100, 146 Clinton, Bill 25, 38–9, 44 activists of 9, 12, 18 Clinton, Hillary 57 Fourth World Congress of 30 Cold War 50 membership of 14, 15 campaign against 149 members visiting China 16–17 framework 148–9 merger conference in 1993 30 movements during 146 print materials 14 strategy 49 proliferating activities 12 Cole, Charlie 107–8 radio broadcasting and print media collective political identity 152–4 14 colour revolution 48 reactionary 16–17 commemoration of genocide 153 role in Tiananmen 17 committed democrats 41 and Taiwanese exiles 77 communication technology 8, 89, 118 and Tiananmen democracy constructive strategic partnership 39 movement 15–18 contemporary political issues 118 Chinese American community 109 corruption 23, 28, 83, 90, 94, 111, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 4, 116, 131, 144 86, 173 counter-revolution 13, 102, 133, 158, in free elections in China 14 164

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218 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

cross-border kidnapping 59, 61, 62 Chinese proportion in 65 CS see China Spring (CS) exile community to 154 Cuba diaspora politics business with 158 study of 37 community 151, 156, 157 typology of 36 exile politics 37–8, 149, 151, 154, diasporic identity 37, 51, 151–3, 214 156–8 diasporic politics 35, 37 exiles’ invasion 162 diasporic sentiment 36, 69, 154 military attack on 158 diplomatic bargaining 24, 53 national security agencies within domestic political systems, differences 164 in 178 political opponents and consolidate domestic struggles, niche power 163 contributions to 90–100 Cuban Revolution 151 Dong, Guangping 96–7 cyber-activism 89, 161–2 DPCNC see Democratic Party of China National Committee Dalai Lama 3, 42, 67, 127, 128, 151, (DPCNC) 156, 162, 166 draconian border control mechanism democracy/democratization 40, 73, 55 160–61, 165–6, 172 and de-Sinification 75 earthquakes 96–7 enthusiasm for 32 East Timor 152, 159, 170–71, 174 goal of 47 E AVA see Embrace Australian Values ideas and practices 113 Alliance (EAVA) movement 72, 112 economic globalization 153–4 promotion 38–52 economic growth 90 stake-holders in 91 economic interdependence, and China Taiwan model of 78 178 theories and experiences of 103 electronic media 106 Democracy Wall movement 1, 11, 16, Embrace Australian Values Alliance 24–6, 56–7, 62, 100, 110, 111, (EAVA) 123–5 122, 141, 149 Esman, Milton J. 36 robust development of 9 exile politics 4–6, 88, 92, 142, 146–7, Democratic Party of China National 150–51 Committee (DPCNC) 91, 101, against authoritarian regimes 146 111–14, 117 campaigns, supportive of 155 executive council of 115 Chinese and international tradition mechanism 112 3–4 political refugees 116 community 35–6, 144, 148, 151 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) diaspora factor 150–55 73 dissidents 92, 156 Deng, Xiaoping 24, 127 diversity of 130–31 de-Sinification 34, 75, 79, 139, 165 factional infighting 156–8 Deutsche Welle Mandarin programme geopolitical environment 147–50 120 global 147 Diamond, Larry 103 home regimes’ strategy 162–7 diaspora community 59, 65, 68–9, 88 information campaign 134

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Index 219

international broadcasting services French Revolution in Paris 20 120 likelihood of leadership roles in Gao, Guangjun 115 167–72 Gao, Zhisheng 97, 111 literature on 146 genocide recognition 153 movement, sprouting of 9–15 Genser, Jared 105 nature of politics in 48 geopolitical environment 147–50 OCDM vs. OTM 172–82 Germany 40, 43–4, 68, 80, 81, 83, 84, political activism in 157 110, 122, 126, 128, 131, 132, political mobilization 152–3 148, 157, 161 public opinion campaigns 117, 120 Tibet support groups in 128 realm of 153 Gershman, Carl 47, 106, 109 role of 168–9 Global Democracy Movement stage of 151 Conference 83 violent revolution against home Global Magnitsky Human Rights regime 158–62 Accountability Act 94, 110 Goddeeris, Idesbald 142–3, 154 factionalism 28, 157, 162–3 Gorbachev, Mikhail 146 Fang, Zheng 55 Grand Alliance for China’s FDA see Federation of Democratic Reunification 21 Alliance (FDA) Grand External Propaganda 70, 123 FDC see Federation for a Democratic Greater China campaign 138 China (FDC) Greve, Louisa 47 Federation for a Democratic China (FDC) 19, 100 Han Chinese 127–9 inaugural ceremony 20 exiles 126 membership of 81–2 social activists and intellectuals merger conference in 1993 30 130 Federation of Democratic Alliance society 128–9 (FDA) 23, 100 happy ending of prominent exiles Fei, Liangyong 81, 82, 130–31, 181–2 160–61 Havel, Vaclav 25 Formosan Association for Public Helsinki Accords 149 Affairs (FAPA) 174, 175, 178, heroism 110, 169 179, 181 Hirschman, Albert O. 5, 162, 163 Foundation of Human Rights and Hispano-American societies 162 Democracy in China (FHRDC) Hong Kong 165 21 civil societies of 93 freedom of expression 42 democracy activists from 102 freedom of speech 117–18 publishing houses in 144 alternative voices on minorities Hu, Jintao 43, 44 126–30 Hu, Ping 15, 16, 149, 160–61 artful and literary contention Huang, Hebian 131 130–35 Huang, Wen-shiung 177, 181 current political issues 118–21 humanitarian aid 98–100, 102 intrusion of “red culture” 123–6 humanitarian assistance 90, 94 remembrance politics 121–3 Humanitarian China (HC) 98

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220 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

human rights 2, 17, 20–21, 24, 26, 33, Jasmine Action 113 38, 40, 41, 43, 50–54, 66, 68, Jasmine Revolution in Arab 161 77–9, 92, 94, 102, 106–8, 111, Jiang, Yefei 96–7 127–31, 135–7, 149–50, 166, Jiang, Zemin 31, 39 172, 174 Johnson, Howard 175 advocates 44 June 4 Archives 121 international conventions on 107 “June 4 rioter” 99 mottos on 20 public hearing on 13 Kennedy, Edward 178 3, 22, 54, 79, Kim, Dae-jung 170 106, 123, 136, 143 (Chinese Nationalist human suffering 163–4 Party) (KMT) 172, 176–8 in Chinese exile community 165 agents and diplomatic missions 77 Hungary 40, 48, 168 authoritarian nature of 12 Hung, Cary S. 77 disappointment with OCDM 73 Huntington, Samuel 112 independence and autonomy 12 Huo, Jianqiang 155 Overseas Working Committee 11 regime 76, 81, 173 idealism 63, 110 Independent Federation of Chinese Lansdale, Edward 158 Students and Scholars (IFCSS) Research Foundation 57 17 Laotian exiles 157 India 3, 79, 128 Latin America 3, 8, 107, 162 cross-border armed attacks 159 Lee, Shane-rong 180 Indonesia 79, 152, 170, 171 Lee, Teng-hui 73, 76, 180 information campaigns 119, 134 Lenin, Vladimir 4, 157 information warfare 39, 118 less-committed democrats 41 “In Prison with Dr. Bingzhang” Li, Haifeng 69–70 campaign 134 Li, Keqiang 44 InterEthnic/InterFaith Leadership Liberty Square (Taipei) 138–9 Conference in Taipei 138 Limonov, Eduard 148, 163 internal solidarity 156 Liu, Binyan 30–32, 54, 64, 102, 122 international community 92, 99, 117–19, 147, 181 Liu, Xiaobo 42, 44, 159 International Conference on Global Living Buddha 156 Support for Democratization in lobbying 94 China and Asia 146–7 and public relations 104, 110 International Covenant on Civil and Logvinov, Grigory 168 Political Rights 108 long-distance nationalism 69 International Human Rights Day 79, Lord, Winston 20–21 97 Iron Curtain 153, 168 Ma, Ying-jeou 78 Macao, publishing houses in 144 Japan 10, 12, 15, 73, 76, 80, 112, Make a Better China Award 102 167, 172–4 maltreatment 95 colonization of 73 Mandela, Nelson 25 modernization and democracy 167 Manglapus, Raul 170

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Index 221

Mao, Zedong 19, 24, 25, 28, 31, 65, Obama, Barack 45, 106, 135 85, 102, 111, 122, 124, 131, 164, OCDM see overseas Chinese 172 democracy movement (OCDM) Maoist propaganda 86 “one China” principle 74, 78 Marcos, Ferdinand 161 online data warehouses 103 public protest against 161 operational environment, deteriorating Margon, Sarah 52 diminished support from Taiwan Marx, Karl 4 73–81 materialist dialectical 28 dissidents’ marginalization in Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 169 diaspora 65–73 exile politics as diasporic activism media 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 25, 41, 35–8 51–3, 63, 66, 70–72, 75, 83, 87, pain of absolute exile 52–64 89, 91, 92, 96, 101, 104–6, 114, stamina for democracy promotion 118, 119, 121, 123–6, 131, 132, 38–52 134, 142–4, 158, 161, 185 Operation Mongoose 158 and extensive surveillance Operation Public Justice 158–9 operations 71–2 Operation Sparrow 92–3 online 7 Opium War 166 overseas Chinese 4–5 organizational membership 19, 86 social 7 OTM see overseas Taiwanese Merkel, Angela 44 movement (OTM) minorities, alternative voices on Overseas Chinese Affairs Office 126–30 (OCAO) 69–70 Mongolia 165 overseas Chinese communities 171 ecological disasters in 127 Overseas Chinese Democracy Most Favoured Nation (MFN) trade Coalition (OCDC) 26 status 20 overseas Chinese democracy Congressional lobbying on 22 movement (OCDM) 9, 59, 76, movement post-Tiananmen 18–21 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 104, 116, multiculturalism in China 127 118, 141–3, 147, 153 multimedia 89 achievement of 84 democracy campaign 131 active participants in 2 platforms 119 activities and impacts 140–44 multi-platform communication CAD and Tiananmen democracy strategy 70 movement 15–18 commentaries of 141–2 Nanjing Massacre in 1937 167 context of 38 Nathan, Andrew 111 definition 1–3 national diaspora communities 151 diasporic support base 173–5 National Security Strategy 49 dimension of 131 national sovereignty 165–6 distinct feature of 94 New Zealand 155 duty of principle for 90 exile in 155 efficacy of 85 PRC representatives in 155 exile politics 3–6 non-violent social movements 93 geopolitical environment 177–81 North America Taiwanese Professors’ happy ending of prominent exiles Association (NATPA) 179–80 181–2

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222 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

intensity of infighting 157 violent actions on 177 interaction with Taiwanese civil on violent revolution 175–7 society 139–40 international environment 178 Pacific War 167 international public opinion 143 Palmer United Party 155 international support for 60 Paris-based Chinese exiles 146–7 marginalization of 67 Park, Chung-hee 170–71 mobilizational base of 150–51 Peaceful Reunification of China 71 momentum of 23–4 Pence, Mike 44, 50, 106 movement post-Tiananmen 18–22 Peng, Ming-min 181 negative comments on 96 Peng, Ming 119, 159 no-violence track-record of 177 Peng, Xiaoming 157 operational environment of 37, 149 operational parameters for 177 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 1 organizational landscape of 100 People’s Republic of China (PRC) organizational members 82 anti-exile strategy 61 organizational rejuvenation in and ROC rivalry 74 101–2 values-laden confrontation with 126 organizations 66 permanent normal trade relations positive development for 40 (PNTR) 39 reputation of 32 Peron, Juan Domingo 156 Rescue Office 95–6 personal remembrance politics 133 research and 6–8 Pew Research Center survey 41 sprouting of exile movement 9–15 the Philippines 161 study of 4–5 exiles 171 support of 150 presidential elections 170 Taipei’s approach to 136 Pinochet trajectory 6 social and political control, 163 on violent revolution 175–7 Pinochet, Augusto 163, 164 Western regular funding 21 “plate of loose sand” impression of overseas Taiwanese movement (OTM) movement 100 147, 172–3 Poland 168 diasporic support base 173–5 economic well-being 169 domestic political opposition and political exiles of 169 173 political activism 18 feature of 174 political asylum 43 geopolitical environment 177–81 political beliefs 99 groups 179 political consciousness, level and happy ending of prominent exiles substance of 36 181–2 political democratization 24, 73 national independence and political political identity 154 democratization 173 political mobilization 151 nationalism and democratization political persecution 102 174 political prisoners 133–4 operational parameters for 177 political repression in China 149 organizations 174 political victimization 107 in reference to students from print media 106 Taiwan 173 professional students 173

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Index 223

proliferating awards 102 sculptures 135 prominent exiles 181–2 self-censorship 42–3 Protect Canadian Values Alliance 131 self-interests 91 public moral shaming 94 selfishness 66 public relations, lobbying and 104 “709 crackdown” in 2015 91 public tip-offs 94 Shain, Yossi 147, 167 Sheng, Xue 55–6, 81, 83 Qi, Jiazhen 102 Skrbis, Zlatko 69 Qi, Mo 84 social media 114 Qian, Yuejun 132 platforms 89, 131 Qiaowu campaign 69 social movements Qiaowu policy 69–71, 74 activists 93 Qi’s Cultural Foundation (QCF) 102 campaigns, theories and experiences strategic decisions by 102 of 103 Qin, Yongmin 44 modus operandi in 101 in West 101 racism 125 socio-cultural dehydration 63 Radio Free Asia (RFA) 119–20 socio-cultural globalization 153–4 Ramos-Horta, José 170–71 socio-political campaigns 88 reactionary organizations 55 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 168 Reagan, Ronald 48–9 South Korea 11, 170 idea of promoting democracy 49 exiles 171 red culture 123–6 New Democratic Party 170–71 in Australia 125 opposition forces in 150 Red Danger Rankings 103 political exiles from 150 style 29 Soviet bloc exiles 149 refugee business 114, 115 operational environment of 150 refugee status, application for 116 Soviet disintegration in 1991 149 religious beliefs 99 Soviet Union Republic of China (ROC) 11 Cold War campaign against 149 campaign 78 exiles 148, 168 embassy 173 normal emigration policy 152 rivalry 74 World War emigration from 152 rescue operations 95 Spain 57, 122, 169 revolutionary communication specialized education 102–3 technology 118 spiritual mentors 64 rights-defending movement 90, 92, Sri Lanka 79, 151–2 100, 104 state–diaspora relations 36 rights violation, victims of 93–4 Sun, Yat-sen 3, 85, 167 Robert Kennedy Foundation 46 Sunflower Movement of Taiwan 136, Russian October Revolution 4 139 Support Network for the Persecuted in Salonga, Jovito 170 China (SNPC) 99 San Francisco-based Chinese Democratic Education Taipei 48, 74, 80, 150, 173, 176–7 Foundation 102 blacklisting policy 180 Sarkozy, Nicolas 42 enthusiasm for support 75

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224 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

KMT regime in 76 approach to Chinese exiles 79 mainland exiles for 58 Forum’s history of dealing with 80 Military Intelligence Bureau (MIB) leadership role in 80 11 Taiwanization, Lee’s support for 73 party-state establishment in 11 Tamil Eelam 151 Washington’s diplomatic Tamil nationalist groups 151 de-recognition of 177–8 techno-optimism 89 Taiwan 32, 166 techno-pessimism 89 advanced civil society in 138 television channels 119 annual conference in 180 terrorism 59–61 anti-government uprising in 172 TFD see Taiwan Foundation for Association for Human Rights 137 Democracy (TFD) campaigning for democracy and Thai–Burma border 161 human rights 180–81 Thai–Burmese border 159 civil societies of 93 Thailand 95 colonial rule of 172 asylum seekers 96 cultural background 147 Tiananmen Democracy University 103 democracy activists from 102 Tiananmen Square massacre 1–2, 5, democratic institutions in 103 18, 24, 25, 27, 38–9, 53, 54–5, domestic political opposition and 59, 74, 94–5, 99, 103, 105, 107, social movements 178–9 108, 110, 111, 116, 117, 124, emerging solidarity with 136–40 127, 132, 140, 142, 154, 155 human rights 172–3 aftermath of 30–31 identity and diplomatic goals 80 “black hand” of 54 independence 75, 180–81 CAD and 15–18 intelligence value for 61 demonstrations 62, 64 martial law 172 exiles 146 model of democratization 75, 78 fugitives 121 national self-determination 77 gathering of protestors in 16 NGOs 138 green card 66 political developments 147 universal condemnation of 20 political well-being 136 Tibetan exiles 3 social activists and students in 136 dissidents’ encounters with 127 sovereign status 79 interactions with 166 sovereignty and lobby 181 politics 151 Support China Human Rights Tibet/Tibetan 127, 162 Lawyers Network 137 Beijing’s policy in 127, 129 Taiwan Relations Act 178 foreign policy and defence 129 Taiwan Association for China Human historical and future status of 166 Rights (TACHR) 102, 137, 139 movement 156 Taiwanese Association of America solidarity with 128 (TAA) 181 status of 128 conflict resolution in 175 support groups in Germany 128 Taiwanese civil society 138 Torres, María de los Angeles 37, 151, Taiwanese movement 175–6 163, 164 Taiwan Foundation for Democracy torture, forms of 91–2 (TFD) 77–8 traditional groups 100, 101, 104 annual budget for 79 traditional social movements 141

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Index 225

training institutions 102–3 policy targeting China 50 transnational activism 142 political forces in 150 transnational social movements 27 relations with China 5 Trump, Donald 40, 49–51 socio-cultural relations with 149–50 transactional foreign policy 52 Taiwanese community in 175 Tyminski, Stanislaw 169 terrorism 156–7 trade deficit and unemployment 51 Umbrella Movement of Hong Kong on universal human rights 41 139, 165 withdrawal from UNHRC 52 UN Commission on Human Rights US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 41–2 148 UN, congressional lobbying and funding from 148 activities at 117 military attacks 149 UNESCO see United Nations role with émigrés 150 Educational, Scientific and US–China diplomatic relations 111 Cultural Organization US Congressional Human Rights (UNESCO) Caucus 61 UNHCR see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Vietnamese community in West 151 (UNHCR) Vietnam War, US withdrawal from United Nations Educational, Scientific 151 and Cultural Organization violence (UNESCO) 107–8 declaration of 160 United Nations High Commissioner moderate actions of 160 for Refugees (UNHCR) 92, 95, revolutionary 161 96 violent revolution China’s Universal Periodic Review against home regime 158–62 report 107 vs. peaceful social movement 159 recognition from 96 visa bans 94 Universal Declaration of Human Voice of America (VOA) 47, 119, Rights 108, 146–7 120 universal values 90 urban guerrilla warfare 161 Wan, Runnan 30–31, 168 US 172 Wang, Bingzhang 9, 11, 27, 59, anti-establishment influence 176 60–61, 77, 149, 159 during Cold War 150 Wang, Dan 103, 139–40 corruption and human rights abuses Wang, Dio 155 111 Wang, Juntao 25, 91, 111 Cuban community in 151 conviction 111–12 democracy-promotion programmes optimism about DPCNC 112 48 political authenticity 114 domestic politics and policies 50 Wang, Min 92 domestic repression tactics 150 Wang, Tianan 134 exile politics 37–8 Wang, Xiaoxuan 155 foreign policy agendas of 39 Wapner, Paul 142–3 interest in democracy promotion 45 Wei, Jingsheng 24, 44, 115, 157, National Defense Strategy 49 166

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226 The overseas Chinese democracy movement

West/Western WUFI see World United Formosans capitalism 150 for Independence (WUFI) diplomatic reactions 57 Wu, Harry 57 government agencies 46 Wu, Jianmin 120, 144 historiography 122–3 Wuer, Kaixi 16 ideological superiority 153 media 118 Xi, Jinping 51, 70, 93, 117, 122, 159, multicultural society 127 165 rights groups 96 Xia, Yeliang 159–60 style democracy 63 Xue, Wei 12–13, 24–5, 81, 128 WFTA see World Federation of asylum application 13 Taiwanese Associations (WFTA) Wolf, Frank 61 Yan, Jiaqi 114, 157 Women’s Rights in China (New York) Yang, Jian 155 97 Yang, Jianli 91, 94, 104, 120 World Federation of Taiwanese Yang, Maysing 77, 175 Associations (WFTA) 174, 180, 181 Zhao, Ziyang 21, 27 World Trade Organization (WTO) 39 Zhou, Fengsuo 98 World United Formosans for Zhu, Xueyuan 85 Independence (WUFI) 174, 180 Zweig, Stefan 63

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