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Ciudades Globales: Procesos Sociales De Cambio En Las Nuevas Ciudades Chinas

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Ciudades Globales: Procesos Sociales De Cambio En Las Nuevas Ciudades Chinas CIUDADES GLOBALES: PROCESOS SOCIALES DE CAMBIO EN LAS NUEVAS CIUDADES CHINAS Tesis doctoral de Tian-Cheng Zheng Máster en Problemas Sociales, por la Universidad de Granada Programa de Doctorado en Sociología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Director de la tesis doctoral: Catedrático Dr. D. Luis Enrique Alonso Benito Codirectora de la tesis: Profesora adjunta Dra. Dª. Olga Gil Programa de Doctorado en Economía 2017 Departamento de Sociología Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID Cantoblanco, Madrid 1 Para mis padres: Zheng Xun y Zhang Guo-Qiang, 2 ÍNDICE Lista de tablas, gráficos, y mapas 4 Lista de abreviaturas y expresiones extranjeras 6 Prefacio y agradecimientos 9 Capítulo 1. Marco teórico y metodológico 17 Metodología e hipótesis principales 19 Marco teórico de la tesis 26 Sobre el concepto de “ciudad global” 32 La concepción urbana neo-marxista 43 Entrevistas y trabajo de campo 55 Capítulo 2. Modelos de ciudades en China 57 Estructura urbana de China 58 Shanghái y el Delta del Río Yangtsé 67 Beijing y Delta del Río Amarillo y Mar de Bohai 76 Hong Kong y el Delta del Río de las Perlas 88 Capítulo 3. El caso de Shenzhen 100 Nueva ciudad de crecimiento rápido 102 Pautas de urbanización en China 105 Problemas urbanos 108 Distribución espacial de la población 120 Desigualdades económicas 124 Sistema de gobierno 126 Capítulo 4. Crecimiento urbano acelerado 130 Una ciudad enfocada en maker culture 132 Zona franca de Qianhai y Shekou 137 La relación entre Shenzhen y Hong Kong 144 Metrópolis formada por la unión de siete ciudades 153 Multinacionales tecnológicas y financieras 158 Evolución de los tres sectores productivos 182 Capítulo 5. Procesos de cambio social 191 Desigualdad y clase media 193 Migraciones del campo a la ciudad 200 Sistema de viviendas 208 Familias y hogares 215 Educación 219 3 Sanidad 234 Calidad de vida 239 Consumo y comercio 244 El Shenzhen del futuro 249 Capítulo 6. Conclusiones 274 Bibliografía 293 Otras fuentes estadísticas 310 Apéndice Entrevistas realizadas en Shenzhen 318 Nota sobre el autor 324 4 LISTA DE TABLAS, GRÁFICOS, Y MAPAS Tablas Tabla 1.1 Comparación de la ciudad global, ciudad mundial, y ciudad informacional. Tabla 2.1 Siete niveles en relación a la población de las ciudades en China. Tabla 2.2 Ciudades chinas con población en el área urbana superior al millón de habitantes. Tabla 2.3 PIB de Shanghái, Beijing, Cantón y Nanjing (años 1949-1952). Tabla 2.4 Inversiones en los tres sectores económicos de Shanghái y Beijing. Tabla 2.5 PIB en las tres grandes ciudades del Delta del Río Yangtsé. Tabla 2.6 PIB en las tres grandes ciudades del Delta del Mar de Bohai. Tabla 2.7 PIB en las tres grandes ciudades del Delta del Río de las Perlas. Tabla 2.8 Las 20 ciudades chinas con mayor conectividad de red. Tabla 2.9 Lista de las 20 ciudades más globales del mundo, según GCI. Tabla 2.10 Lista de las 20 ciudades más globales del Mundo, según GPCI. Tabla 3.1 Población de Shenzhen entre 1979 y 2013. Tabla 3.2 Estructura de población en Shenzhen por distritos. Tabla 3.3 Número de millonarios chinos por ciudad (China continental). Tabla 4.1 Marco de innovación de Shenzhen. Tabla 4.2 Crecimiento de Qianhai según sus políticas favorables. Tabla 4.3 Negocios de los operadores de telecomunicaciones de Huawei. Tabla 4.4 Bienes de equipos y soluciones de redes. Tabla 4.5 Porcentaje de los sectores productivos. Tabla 5.1 Coeficiente Gini en China. Tabla 5.2 Perfil de los habitantes en Shenzhen. Tabla 5.3 Comparación del distrito de Nanshan y el distrito de Wuhua en el año 2013. Tabla 5.4 Ranking de ciudades chinas con mayor incremento del precio de la vivienda (2014-2015). Tabla 5.5 Ranking de las 10 ciudades chinas más caras por m². Tabla 5.6 Evolución de número de escuelas por nivel y por tipo (2004-2013). Tabla 5.7 Evolución de número de estudiantes de Shenzhen por nivel y tipo de escuela (2004-2013). Tabla 5.8 Evolución del número de profesores a tiempo completo por nivel y tipo de escuela (2004-2013). 5 Tabla 5.9 Evolución de la proporción alumnos-docentes por nivel y tipo de escuela (2004- 2013). Tabla 5.10 Porcentaje de población con diferente nivel educativo. Tabla 5.11 Nivel de educación de los residentes en Shenzhen (2006). Tabla 5.12 Índice de Calidad del Aire (AQI) de las megaciudades chinas en 2014. Tabla 5.13 Evolución de los recursos hospitalarios en Shenzhen. Tabla 5.14 Nivel de salud y de ingresos por ocupación laboral (Año 2002). Tabla 5.15 Nivel de satisfacción de las familias chinas (Año 1995, 2002). Tabla 5.16 Puertos por tráfico de contenedores por número de TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit/ Unidad equivalente a veinte pies). Tabla 5.17 Comparación de los puertos por tráfico de contenedores. Tabla A.1 Entrevistas realizadas en Shenzhen. Gráficos Gráfico 2.1 Volumen y crecimiento de los ingresos financieros de Beijing y Shanghái entre 2000 y 2011. Gráfico 3.1 Pirámide de población en Shenzhen en el año 1995. Gráfico 3.2 Pirámide de población en Shenzhen en el año 2000. Gráfico 3.3 Pirámide de población en Shenzhen en el año 2005. Gráfico 3.4 Pirámide de población con hukou o sin hukou de Shenzhen en el año 2005. Gráfico 4.1 Evolución del mercado de valores en Shanghái y Shenzhen. Gráfico 4.2 Comparación del mercado inmobiliario. Gráfico 4.3 Evolución de la inversión extranjera directa en Shenzhen. Gráfico 4.4 Evolución del PIB en Shenzhen, comparado con Hong Kong. Gráfico 4.5 Las 25 áreas urbanas más grandes en superficie en Asia oriental. Gráfico 4.6 Porcentaje de los sectores productivos. Gráfico 5.1 Tendencia en la desigualdad del ingreso disponible. Gráfico 5.2 Tendencia de desigualdad en países occidentales. Gráfico 5.3 Ingreso medio anual de las familias urbanas en China (1990-2007). Mapas Mapa 2.1 Las tres zonas metropolitanas en China continental. Mapa 2.2 Mapa lumínico de las ciudades chinas según la NASA. Mapa 2.3 El Delta del Río Yangtsé. Mapa 2.4 El Delta del Río Amarillo y Mar de Bohai. Mapa 2.5 Delta del Río de las Perlas. Mapa 3.1 Mapa de Shenzhen con sus diez distritos. 6 Mapa 4.1 Zona franca de Qianhai y Shekou. Mapa 4.2 Las 25 áreas urbanas más pobladas de Asia oriental. Mapa 4.3 Oficinas de Beijing Genomics Institute en el mundo. Mapa 4.4 Distribución global de Mindray. Mapa 4.5 Distribución de las patentes de Netac. Mapa 5.1 Puertos y aeropuertos de Shenzhen, Hong Kong y Guangzhou. Fotos Foto 3.1 Vista de Shenzhen en 1964 desde el Crest Hill. Foto 3.2 Vista de Shenzhen en 2015 (medio siglo después) desde el Crest Hill. Foto 3.3 Shennan Road en 1985. Foto 3.4 Shennan Road en 2015 (treinta años después). Foto 4.1 Times Square, en Manhattan, con publicidad de Shenzhen. Foto 4.2 Zona franca de Qianhai en el año 2010. Foto 4.3 Diseño proyectado de la zona franca de Qianhai en el año 2030. Foto 5.1 Típicas viviendas ilegales en Shenzhen construidas por la población nativa. Foto 5.2 Niños/as en el paso de control de Hong Kong. Foto 5.3 Los niños/as tienen que cruzar la frontera cada día en ambas direcciones. Foto 5.4 Mostrador normal en el centro comercial de HuaQiangbei. Foto 5.5 Central business district de Futian. Foto 5.6 Viviendas ilegales construidas por campesinos nativos en Baishizhou. Foto 5.7 Zona rica al lado de viviendas ilegales en Baishizhou. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS Y EXPRESIONES EXTRANJERAS AAPA: American Association of Port Authorities. ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. BGI: Beijing Genomics Institute. CAAM: China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. CASS: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. CBD: central business district. CCTV: China Central Television. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access. CEPA: Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement. Chun yun: En la temporada de viajes la población vuelve a sus ciudades o pueblos natales sobre todo en el Año Nuevo Chino. CMB: China Merchants Bank. 7 CPE: customer-premises equipment. CPF: Comisión de Planificación Familiar. CRIC: China Real Estate Information Corp. DJI: Da-Jiang Innovations Science and Technology. DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer. EHESS: Escuela de Estudios Superiores en Ciencias Sociales. ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning. FDD-LTE: Frequency Division Dual, Long Term Evolution. FTTx: Fiber to the x. GaWC: Globalization and World Cities. GCI: Global Cities Index. GNC: Conectividad de Red Global. GPCI: Global Power City Index. Gran Revolución Cultural Proletaria: Campaña de masas en la República Popular China de 1966 a 1976. Dirigida contra altos cargos del partido e intelectuales. Hizo mucho daño a la sociedad de China. GSC: The Geographical Society of China. GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications. HSBC: The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. hukou: Un registro de familias en China que identifica oficialmente a una persona como residente de una zona. Incluye información de identificación como nombre, padres, cónyuge y fecha de nacimiento. I+D: investigación y desarrollo. IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem. IRPF: Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas. ISO 9001: Un conjunto de normas sobre calidad y gestión de calidad de la Organización Internacional de Normalización. JOC: The Journal of Commerce. LED: Light-emitting diodes (pantalla). IoT: Internet of Things. maker culture: Cultura de extensión basada en la tecnología de hazlo tú mismo. MDF: main distribution frame. MSAN: multi-service access node. MSTP: multi-Service Transfer Platform. NASA: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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