Minihistoria Monetari: Del Roma Ancian Al Globalisation
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Clearstream Cash & Banking New Banking Services, Easing
Clearstream Cash & Banking Newsletter New banking services, easing global market access In today’s world, financial possibilities are endless. In a single click, you can travel from your desk to halfway across the globe, buying and selling, and making investments in currencies one had never heard of 20 years ago. Click again and translate that exotic currency into another that you, your 16 customers and their customers can comprehend and settle. / It may all sound rather complicated As a meeting place for financial but at Clearstream our objective is institutions, fund managers and to find simple solutions to help our corporate treasurers, the platform customers, wherever they may want delivers that instant currency 0 2 to go. We endeavour to deliver the translation global investors require. ideal processes and the best possible solutions, including enhanced foreign This new partnership has led us to exchange services for currency review our current FX offering with the settlement and income processing. idea to leverage the synergies between the two companies. This could lead A financial world traveller needs to be to improved deadlines and pricing, able to translate currencies: much as full lifecycle reporting, the launch of we need a translator when visiting a new FX products, FX direct dealing foreign country, whose language we do and straight-through-processing. In not speak. Clearstream and its parent, addition, Clearstream already delivers Deutsche Börse, continue to strive for new automated and on-demand excellence in the areas of trade and solutions in foreign exchange services post-trade services. across the majority of its settlement and income currencies. -
Country Codes and Currency Codes in Research Datasets Technical Report 2020-01
Country codes and currency codes in research datasets Technical Report 2020-01 Technical Report: version 1 Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre Harald Stahl Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 2 Abstract We describe the country and currency codes provided in research datasets. Keywords: country, currency, iso-3166, iso-4217 Technical Report: version 1 DOI: 10.12757/BBk.CountryCodes.01.01 Citation: Stahl, H. (2020). Country codes and currency codes in research datasets: Technical Report 2020-01 – Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre. 3 Contents Special cases ......................................... 4 1 Appendix: Alpha code .................................. 6 1.1 Countries sorted by code . 6 1.2 Countries sorted by description . 11 1.3 Currencies sorted by code . 17 1.4 Currencies sorted by descriptio . 23 2 Appendix: previous numeric code ............................ 30 2.1 Countries numeric by code . 30 2.2 Countries by description . 35 Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 4 Special cases From 2020 on research datasets shall provide ISO-3166 two-letter code. However, there are addi- tional codes beginning with ‘X’ that are requested by the European Commission for some statistics and the breakdown of countries may vary between datasets. For bank related data it is import- ant to have separate data for Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man, whereas researchers of the real economy have an interest in small territories like Ceuta and Melilla that are not always covered by ISO-3166. Countries that are treated differently in different statistics are described below. These are – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – France – Spain – Former Yugoslavia – Serbia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -
A Monetary History of the Former German Colony of Kiaochou
A MONETARY HISTORY OF THE FORMER GERMAN COLONY OF KIAOCHOU John E. Sandrock After China’s crushing defeat by Great Britain and France in the two Opium Wars (1839-1842 and 1856-1858), the Ch’ing dynasty fell into great decline. After both of these events, the Manchu government was forced to sue for peace – the price of which proved to be very dear indeed. Great Britain and France, sensing the total collapse of civil rule in China, placed exorbitant demands upon China in the form of repatriations as laid down in the Treaty of Nanking. These took two distinct forms; the demand for monetary indemnity in silver for expenditures incurred in the war, and for the outright concession of Chinese territory. The Chinese eventually handed over twenty-one million ounces of silver to satisfy the former, and the island of Hong Kong to satisfy the latter. Thus the British territory of Hong Kong was created. This act proved the forerunner of additional demands for territorial concessions on the part of the European powers and Japan, who then proceeded to carve China up into various spheres of influence for commercial exploitation. French territorial ambitions centered upon south China. The British, in addition to their trading port of Hong Kong, sought the right to open additional Yangtze River ports to trade. Russia had ambitions for territorial expansion in the north, where she craved a warm water Russian port on the Liaotung peninsula as well as land in Manchuria. The Japanese, seizing upon the opportunity, laid claim to Korea and the offshore island of Taiwan, which was then renamed Formosa. -
0285.1.00.Pdf
the great awakening Before you start to read this book, take this moment to think about making a donation to punctum books, an independent non-profit press, @ https://punctumbooks.com/support/ If you’re reading the e-book, you can click on the image below to go directly to our donations site. Any amount, no matter the size, is appreciated and will help us to keep our ship of fools afloat. Contri- butions from dedicated readers will also help us to keep our commons open and to cultivate new work that can’t find a welcoming port elsewhere. Our ad- venture is not possible without your support. Vive la Open Access. Fig. 1. Hieronymus Bosch, Ship of Fools (1490–1500) the great awakening: New Modes of Life amidst Capitalist Ruins. Copy- right © 2020 by the editors and authors. This work carries a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 International license, which means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and you may also remix, transform and build upon the material, as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors (but not in a way that suggests the authors or punctum books en- dorses you and your work), you do not use this work for commercial gain in any form whatsoever, and that for any remixing and transformation, you distribute your rebuild under the same license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/4.0/ First published in 2020 by punctum books, Earth, Milky Way. https://punctumbooks.com ISBN-13: 978-1-953035-08-0 (print) ISBN-13: 978-1-953035-09-7 (ePDF) doi: 10.21983/P3.0285.1.00 lccn: 2020945724 Library of Congress Cataloging Data is available from the Library of Congress Copy Editing: Lucy Barnes Book Design: Vincent W.J. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3
Currency Symbols Range: 20A0–20CF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-6.3/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 6.3. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/6.3.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 6.3. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 6.3 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3, online at http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, and #45, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See http://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and http://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. -
HARMONY Or HARMONEY
Niklot Kluessendorf Harmony in money – one money for one country ICOMON e-Proceedings (Shanghai, 2010) 4 (2012), pp. 1-5 Downloaded from: www.icomon.org Harmony in money – one money for one country Niklot Klüßendorf Amöneburg, Germany [email protected] This paper discusses the German reforms from 1871 to 1876 for 26 States with different monetary traditions. Particular attention is paid to the strategy of compromise that produced harmony, notwithstanding the different traditions, habits and attitudes to money. Almost everybody found something in the new system that was familiar. The reform included three separate legal elements: coinage, government paper money and banknotes, and was carried out in such a way to avoid upsetting the different parties. Under the common roof of the new monetary unit, traditional and regional elements were preserved, eg in coin denominations, design, and even in the colours of banknotes. The ideas of compromise were helpful to the mental acceptance of the new money. As money and its tradition are rooted in the habits and feelings of the people, the strategy of creating harmony has to be taken into consideration for many monetary reforms. So the German reforms were a good example for the euro that was introduced with a similar spirit for harmony among the participating nations. New currencies need intensive preparation covering political, economic and technical aspects, and even psychological planning. The introduction of the euro was an outstanding example of this. The compromise between national and supranational ideas played an important role during the creation of a single currency for Europe. Euro banknotes, issued by the European Central Bank, demonstrate the supranational idea. -
The Latin American Dollar Standard in the Post-Crisis Era
THE LATIN AMERICAN DOLLAR STANDARD IN THE POST-CRISIS ERA REID W. CLICK* Associate Professor George Washington University Department of International Business Washington, DC 20052 (202) 994-0656 [email protected] March 15, 2007 *This paper was started while I was visiting the Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES) in Lima, Peru, during July 2006, and I am grateful for their hospitality. The work has benefited from provided by economists throughout Lima, as well as participants at the conference on Small Open Economies in a Globalized World in Rimini, Italy, August 2006. I am grateful for financial support from the U.S. Department of Education, Title VI Business and International Education Grant, to conduct this research. THE LATIN AMERICAN DOLLAR STANDARD IN THE POST-CRISIS ERA ABSTRACT This paper examines the extent to which there is currently a “dollar standard” in Latin America by empirically looking at the time series relationships between local currencies and the major global currencies using daily data over the period 2003-2006. The results indicate that three countries in the Andes – Ecuador (which is officially dollarized), Bolivia, and Peru – are on practically perfect dollar standards and might find additional financial integration fairly practicable. Four more countries – Guyana, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay – are nearly on a dollar standard and might easily move closer to dollarization. Guyana, Uruguay, and Paraguay have economies substantially smaller than that of Ecuador, which has already officially dollarized, and might find similar full dollarization relatively easy. Argentina, although having abandoned its currency board mechanism, seems to be engineering (or at least allowing) a persistent, though imperfect, link to the dollar. -
Number 37 May 2000 Euro Coins from Design to Circulation
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19064 Leggglobal SAR 0805
Western Asset Legg Mason U.S. Money Market Fund Western Asset Global Funds Plc U.S. Core Bond Fund Western Asset Euro Core Bond Fund Semi-Annual Report (Unaudited) Western Asset Diversified Strategic Income Bond For the period ended August 31, 2005 Fund Western Asset Global Multi Strategy Fund Western Asset U.S. High Yield Bond Fund Western Asset Emerging Markets Bond Fund Brandywine Global Opportunities Bond Fund Legg Mason Growth Fund Legg Mason Value Fund Royce U.S. Small Cap Equity Fund Royce 100 Equity Fund Batterymarch European Equity Fund Batterymarch Pacific Equity Fund Legg Mason Global Funds Plc Semi-Annual Report August 31, 2005 Table of Contents Introduction – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 2 Market Commentary & Fund Reviews 4 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset U.S. Money Market Fund 9 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset U.S. Core Bond Fund 11 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset Euro Core Bond Fund 16 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset Diversified Strategic Income Bond Fund 19 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset Global Multi Strategy Fund 23 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset U.S. High Yield Bond Fund 31 Portfolio of Investments – Western Asset Emerging Markets Bond Fund 35 Portfolio of Investments – Brandywine Global Opportunities Bond Fund 37 Portfolio of Investments – Legg Mason Growth Fund 38 Portfolio of Investments – Legg Mason Value Fund 39 Portfolio of Investments – Royce U.S. Small Cap Equity Fund 40 Portfolio of Investments – Royce 100 Equity Fund 44 Portfolio of Investments – Batterymarch European Equity Fund 46 Portfolio of Investments – Batterymarch Pacific Equity Fund 47 Statement of Assets and Liabilities – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 50 Statement of Operations – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 54 Statement of Changes in Net Assets Attributable to Holders of Redeemable Participating Shares – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 56 Notes to Financial Statements – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 62 Financial Information – Legg Mason Global Funds Plc 82 Statement of Major Portfolio Changes – Western Asset U.S. -
Udl-Juni Vejl2015
UOFICIELLE KURSER VEJLEDENDE - UDEN FORBINDENDE Juni LAND LANDEKODE MØNTENHED a' KURS PR. 100 ENH. AFGHANISTAN AFA AFGHANI 100 PULS 11,17 ALBANIEN ALL LEK 100 QUINDARKA 5,328 ALGERIET DZD ALGIERSK DINAR 100 CENTIMES 6,755 ANDORRA EUR EURO 100 CENT (A) ANGOLA AOA KWANZA 100 IWEI 5,521 ARGENTINA ARS PESO 100 CENTAVOS 73,38 ARMENIEN AMD DRAM 100 LUMA 1,415 ARUBA AWG ARUBA GYLDEN 100 CENT 372,49 ASERBAJDSJAN AZM ASERB.MANAT 100 GOPIK 639,14 AZORERNE EUR EURO 100 CENT (A) BAHAMA ØERNE BSD BAHAMA DOLLAR 100 CENTS 666,75 BAHRAIN BHD BAHRAIN DINAR 1000 FILS 1768,50 BANGLADESH BDT TAKA 100 PAISA 8,577 BARBADOS BBD BARBADOS DOLLAR 100 CENTS 333,37 BELIZE BZD BELIZE DOLLAR 100 CENTS 333,37 BENIN XOF C.F.A. FRANCE 100 CENTIMES 1,1370 BERMUDA BMD BERMUDA DOLLAR 100 CENT 666,75 BHUTAN BTN NGULTRUM 100 CHETRUM 10,47 INDISK RUPEE 1 ) 100 CHETRUM/PAISA BOLIVIA BOB BOLIVIANO 100 CENTAVOS 97,47 BOSNIEN-HERCEGOVINA BAM BOSN.MARK 100 PFENNIG 380,94 BOTSWANA BWP PULA 100 THEBE 67,34 BRASILIEN BRL REAL 100 CENTAVOS 213,59 BRUNEI BND BRUNEI DOLLAR 100 SEN 495,25 BURKINA FASO XOF C.F.A. FRANCE 100 CENTIMES 1,1370 BURUNDI BIF BURUNDI FRANC 100 CENTIMES 0,4305 CAMBODIA KHR RIEL 100 SEN 0,1653 CAMEROUN XAF C.F.A. FRANC 100 CENTIMES 1,1370 CAYMAN ØERNE KYD CAYMAN ISLAND DOLLAR 100 CENT 813,12 CENTRALAFRIKANSKE REP. XAF C.F.A. FRANC 100 CENTIMES 1,1370 CHILE CLP CHILE PESO 100 CENTAVOS 1,0430 COLOMBIA COP COLOMBIA PESO 100 CENTAVOS 0,2582 COMORE ØERNE KMF COMORE FRANCE 100 CENTIMES 1,5250 CONGO XAF C.F.A. -
Explaining the September 1992 ERM Crisis: the Maastricht Bargain and Domestic Politics in Germany, France, and Britain
Explaining the September 1992 ERM Crisis: The Maastricht Bargain and Domestic Politics in Germany, France, and Britain Explaining the September 1992 ERM Crisis: The Maastricht Bargain and Domestic Politics in Germany, France, and Britain Christina R. Sevilla Harvard University Dept. of Government Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] Presented at the European Community Studies Association, Fourth Biennial International Conference, May 11-14, 1995, Charleston, SC. Comments welcome. In September of 1992, the seemingly inexorable movement of the European exchange rate mechanism from a system of quasi-fixed exchange rates towards monetary union and ultimately a common currency by the end of the decade was abruptly preempted, perhaps indefinitely. Massive speculative pressure on the eve of the French referendum precipitated the worst crisis in the thirteen- year history of the European Monetary System, resulting in the ejection of the sterling and the lira from the ERM, the devaluation of the peseta, the threat of forced devaluation of several other currencies, including the "hard-core" franc, and the abandonment or near-abandonment of unilateral currency pegs to the system by non-ERM countries. Together with political recriminations and blame-laying between Britain and Germany in the aftermath, the crisis represented a tremendous blow to the goals of political and economic integration recently affirmed by EC member governments in the Maastricht Treaty on European Union in December 1991. Nevertheless, conventional wisdom at the time dictated a more sanguine assessment of the prospects for EMU, in the belief that the strains within the ERM were due to the unfortunate confluence of exceptional circumstances -- the shock of German reunification, a debt-driven recession in Britain, and the uncertainties caused by the Danish and French referendums on Maastricht. -
About the Customer Business Challenge
▼ About the Customer Banexcoin is a digital platform for the exchange of cryptocurrencies and fiat money in Latin America. The platform is compliant with PCI DSS, a globally recognized information security standard, and provides traders superior security and reliability. Banexcoin is based in Lima, Peru, and plans to release an e-commerce application so that merchants can accept cryptocurrency, the US Dollar, and even Latin American currencies, such as the Peruvian Sol. ▼ Business Challenge In 2017, CEO Bruno Aller asked Co-founder Sergio Yurman Moldauer to join the executive team, as blockchain had caught both their imaginations, and they believed blockchain would be the path towards a new global economy. Based in Lima, Peru, Banexcoin’s co-founders experienced life first-hand in an underdeveloped region. They recognized that the populous needed education on new technologies, “They are very knowledgeable. They are quick to adopt new technologies, because these are the people who don’t have access to traditional financial systems,” said Moldauer, who has been a member on the Board at the Bank of Venezuela. Blockchain, open finance, and decentralized finance creates opportunity and access for underserved segments. With widespread digitization, people will be able to transact more freely, and the cost of transactions will come down, enabling people and entrepreneurs to develop their own projects and pursue opportunities that may have previously been out of reach. Banexcoin ultimately arose from an unfilled need in Latin America for a cryptocurrency marketplace that met the security and reliability standards necessary to provide peace of mind to new users in all aspects of exchange.