Police Service Strength 17 September 2021
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By Grahame Allen, Megan Harding Police Service Strength 17 September 2021 Summary 1 England & Wales 2 Scotland 3 British Transport Police 4 Northern Ireland 5 International Comparisons 6 Appendix 1: Statistical Tables 7 Appendix 2: Methodology, Frontline Policing commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number CO00634 Police Service Strength Image Credits Police by Charles Roffey. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 / image cropped. Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. 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If you have general questions about the work of the House of Commons email [email protected]. 2 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength Contents 1 England & Wales 6 1.1 Police Workforce 6 1.2 Police Officer Strength 7 Long-term absences 8 Police per 100,000 population 9 1.3 Police Officer Diversity 11 1.4 Joiners and Leavers 12 1.5 Other Police Service Staff 13 Police Civilian Support Staff 13 1.6 Measuring the Frontline 13 Police Community Support Officers (PCSO) 15 Special Constabulary 16 1.7 Central Service Secondments 19 2 Scotland 20 2.1 Police Officer Diversity 21 3 British Transport Police 22 4 Northern Ireland 23 4.1 Police Officer Diversity 23 5 International Comparisons 26 6 Appendix 1: Statistical Tables 28 7 Appendix 2: Methodology, Frontline Policing 42 3 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength Summary Total police officer strength in the United Kingdom increased year on year between 2003, when there were 155,000 officers, and 2010, when there were just over 171,600. Since this peak, the number of police officers fell each year up until 2018. Numbers have since risen and, at 31 March 2021, there were around 160,000 police officers operating within the United Kingdom. This was an increase of 3% compared to the number of police officers operating in 2003, but 7% fewer than in 2010. 1 These figures are given in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE) officers, rather than headcount. Number of police officers in the UK as at 31 March, 2003-2021 (thousand) 171 172 167 165 165 166 165 162 162 160 157 155 155 154 153 151 150 150 150 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Sources: Home Office, Police Workforce: England and Wales (various editions); Scottish Government, Police Officer Quarterly Strength Statistics, (various editions); Police Service of Northern Ireland, Strength of Police Service Statistics (various editions), Figure for police officer strength in Northern Ireland as at 31 March 2021 provided to House of Commons Library by PSNI on request. This briefing paper explores police service strength data from the Home Office, Scottish Government, and Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). The paper analyses England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland in turn, and includes international comparisons where available. 1 Numbers are based on full time equivalent and exclude Police Community Support Officers (PCSO) or Special Constables (SC). Data for England & Wales and Scotland is at 31 March; data for Northern Ireland is calendar year end for previous years and 1 July for 2018-2020 and 1 August for 2021 4 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength Latest figures 1. England & Wales: on 31 March 2021, there were 135,301 police officers in England and Wales compared with 129,110 on the 31 March 2020 (Excluding British Transport Police and Central Service Secondments). 2. Scotland: on 31 June 2021, there were 17,289 police officers in Scotland compared to 17,273 on 31 June 2020. 3. Northern Ireland: at the beginning of September 2021, there were 6,962 police officers in Northern Ireland compared to 6,917 in July 2020. 4. British Transport Police: on 31 March 2021 there were 2,902 FTE police officers employed by the British Transport Police. 5. Central Service Secondments (CSS): on 31 March 2021 there were 245 police officers on CSS. 5 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength 1 England & Wales 1.1 Police Workforce Police service strength data is published biannually by the Home Office. Detailed statistics are published in July, showing the situation at 31 March; in January, headline statistics are released showing the situation at 30 September in the previous year. The chart below shows the trend in total police workforce from 2003 (as at 31 March). The police workforce in England & Wales increased year on year until a peak in 2010. The size of the police workforce fell year on year until 2018 when the figure increased by 1,066 on the previous year. At 31 March 2021, there were 220,519 personnel, a reduction of 10% compared to 2010 and a 5% increase compared to 31 March 2020. 2 Police workforce strength in England and Wales as at 31 March, FTE including long-term absentees (thousands) 243 244 233 237 233 221 224 220 221 212 214 209 208 211 198 201 199 200 202 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Notes: excludes special constables, secondments to central services and British Transport Police. Figures have been rounded to the nearest thousand. Source: Home Office, Police Workforce: England and Wales: 31 March 2021, Table H3 Of the full time equivalent (FTE) paid staff in the police service in England & Wales at the end of March 2021, 61% were police officers of various ranks, 34% were support staff or designated officers (combined) 4% were Police Community and Support Officers (PCSOs). There were no police traffic wardens in 2020/21. 2 Excludes special constables, secondments to central services, and British Transport Police. 6 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength 1.2 Police Officer Strength The current headline measure of police officer strength includes long-term absentee staff, such as those taking career breaks or parental leave. At 31 March 2021 the total strength of the 43 police forces in England & Wales was 135,301 FTE officers. Including those on Central Service Secondments (CSS) and British Transport Police (BTP) the total was 137,567. The chart below shows the trends in police officer strength, as at 31 March, between 2003 and 2021. Police officer strength in England and Wales as at 31 March, FTE inlcuding long-term absentees (thousands) 144 144 141 142 142 141 138 139 135 134 133 130 129 128 127 124 123 122 123 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Notes: excludes special constables, secondments to central services and British Transport Police. Figures have been rounded to the nearest thousand. Source: Home Office, Police Workforce: England and Wales: 31 March 2021, Table H3 Between 31 March 2020 and 31 March 2021, police officer strength in England and Wales increased by 6,191 FTE officers (4.8%). Between 31 March 2010 and 2021, police officer strength across the 43 forces fell by just under 6% (-8,433 officers). At 31 March 2021, in addition to the officers in the 43 police forces there were 245 officers in CSS and 2,902 working for the BTP. Table A1, appended, shows strength data for each of the 43 police forces in England & Wales, as well as CSS and BTP numbers. All 43 police forces saw an increase in officer numbers in the year leading up to 31 March 2021. Hampshire Constabulary and South Yorkshire Police saw the largest increases of 12.9% and 12.6% respectively. Nottinghamshire Police reported the smallest increase in officer numbers between 31 March 2020 and 31 March 2021 of 0.4%. In Wales, North Wales and South Wales Police saw the largest rise of 5.4% each. 7 Commons Library Research Briefing, 17 September 2021 Police Service Strength Long-term absences Prior to March 2003, long-term absent staff, such as those taking career breaks or parental leave, were not included in the headline measures of police officer strength. The Home Office still collects police strength data based on this definition, which allows a longer time series analysis. Excluding absent staff, there were 131,297 FTE police officers in the 43 police forces across England & Wales at 31 March 2021. Figures for 31 March 2021 represent a drop of 6% compared to 2010. At 31 March 2021 there were around 4,200 police officers considered long-term absentees. 3 The chart below shows police officer strength excluding long-term absentees from 1979 at 31 March each year. Police officer strength excluding long-term absentees as at 31 March, England and Wales, FTE (thousands) 145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 2009 2015 2021 Notes: excludes special constables, secondments to central services and British Transport Police.