Sistema De Acoplamento Haldex Foi Seco, Piso Molhado, Com Neve, Etc)

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Sistema De Acoplamento Haldex Foi Seco, Piso Molhado, Com Neve, Etc) 80 ABRIL 2019 CEPRA Sistema de WWW.POSVENDA.PT acoplamento Haldex 1.ª PARTE o circular, os veículos auto- Audi tem vindo a apostar no sistema de móveis podem-se deparar acoplamento Haldex. Por outro lado, os com diferentes tipos de piso veículos da marca Volkswagem equipados (asfalto, terra, gravilha, etc.) e com tração às 4 rodas apresentam-se com Técnica também com diferentes con- a designação 4motion, e salvo algumas Adições meteorológicas, como chuva, neve exceções, usam principalmente o sistema e granizo, que por sua vez influenciam de de acoplamento Haldex. forma decisiva, as condições do piso (piso O sistema de acoplamento Haldex foi seco, piso molhado, com neve, etc). inventado nos anos 80, pelo sueco Sigvard As rodas de tração ou rodas motrizes do Johansson, conhecido como “Sigge” ou veículo, são as rodas que se encontram no “SAAB-Sigge”, nascido em Långasjö, T eixo do veículo que recebe a potência do Småland, na Suécia. Sigvard Johansson motor, o que faz com que possuam tração trabalhou na fabricante sueca Sabb, em e façam movimentar o veículo. Trollhättan, desde o final da década de 50 Quando a potência do motor é distribuída até meados da década de 80. Após a sua a todas as quatro rodas do veículo, temos passagem pela Saab criou várias empre- um veículo AWD (All-Wheel Drive) ou sas, onde desenvolveu e obteve patentes 2.ª PARTE 4WD (Four-Wheel Drive). de algumas soluções tecnológicas para No caso de um veículo AWD ou 4WD, automóveis, entre as quais se destaca a ambos os eixos dianteiro e traseiro precisam patente de um sistema de acoplamento ser equipados com um diferencial, devido para veículos de tração às 4 rodas. Foi ao fato de que todas as rodas possuem então em meados da década de 90, que a tração e precisam girar com diferentes empresa sueca Haldex adquiriu a patente velocidades quando o veículo executa a Sigvard Johansson, daquele que veio a uma curva. ser conhecido por sistema de acoplamento Para permitir velocidades de rotação di- Haldex. Em 1996, a Haldex AB adquiriu ferentes entre o eixo dianteiro e o eixo o direito de produção e começou a fabricar traseiro é necessário a existência de um o acoplamento Haldex na sua fábrica de diferencial central, que pode ser por exem- Landskrona, na Suécia, tendo sido lan- plo um diferencial Torsen, ou outro tipo çada a primeira geração em 1998, com o de acoplamento como é o caso do sistema fabricante Volkswagen. de acoplamento Haldex. Sigvard Johansson também se dedicou Os sistemas de acoplamento Haldex e os ao automobilismo, tendo sido piloto de diferenciais Torsen, são muito usados em competição em rallys, tendo chegado veículos do Grupo Volkswagen, com gran- mesmo a trabalhar no departamento de de predominância na marca Volkswagen competição da Saab. e na marca Audi. Os motores com bloco montado transversalmente, usam normal- mente o sistema de acoplamento Haldex, enquanto os motores com bloco montado longitudinalmente usam mais o sistema Torsen. Os veículos da marca Audi com tração às 4 rodas equipados com estas tec- nologias, apresentam-se com a designação Quattro, sendo que a Audi é a marca que mais apostou no diferencial Torsen, que se tornou mesmo a imagem de marca do Em 2011, a Haldex Traction AB, divisão seu sistema Quattro. O diferencial Torsen da empresa Haldex AB responsável pela fez famoso o sistema Quattro e vice-versa. produção do acoplamento Haldex, foi ad- No entanto, desde algum tempo que a quirida pela norte americana BorgWarner. 81 Desde 1998 até agora, o acoplamento entre as quais, uma tração considerada do acoplamento Haldex existem três tipos Haldex já tem 5 gerações. permanente às quatro rodas com uma principais de componentes: mecânicos, A primeira geração do acoplamento Haldex embraiagem multidiscos controlada ele- hidráulicos e eletrónicos. Os mecânicos apareceu então em 1998 e foi utilizada tronicamente, uma resposta muito rá- compreendem essencialmente componen- entretanto em veículos tais como, o Audi pida, nenhum esforço na embraiagem tes rotativos e móveis, onde se incluem, TT, o Audi S3 e o Volkswagen Golf. Antes, ao estacionar e manobrar o veículo, um entre outros, os veios de entrada e de saída a Volkswagen utilizava um acoplamento sistema compatível com a utilização de do acoplamento Haldex, o conjunto de viscoso que reconhecia o deslizamento pneus diferentes (como é caso por exem- discos da embraiagem multidiscos (discos das rodas do veículo através da diferença plo, da utilização de roda de emergência) interiores e exteriores), disco de elevação e nas velocidades entre os eixos dianteiro e e um sistema sem restrições ao reboque êmbolos de elevação e de acionamento. Os traseiro. O acoplamento viscoso distribuía do veículo, com o eixo levantado do hidráulicos compreendem essencialmente, o binário para ambos os eixos e detetava chão. O acoplamento Haldex é total- válvulas de pressão, acumulador, filtro de o deslizamento, mas não a causa desse mente combinável com outros sistemas óleo e válvulas reguladoras de pressão. Os deslizamento. ligados ao controle de tração, como por eletrónicos compreendem essencialmente, O surgimento do acoplamento Haldex foi exemplo, o EDL (Electronic Differential eletrobomba de óleo, servomotor de vál- um grande avanço na tecnologia da tração Lock), o ASR (Anti-Slip Regulation) ou vula reguladora, sensor de temperatura e às quatro rodas. Numa primeira análise, se TCS (Traction Control System), o ESP unidade eletrónica de comando. as rodas do eixo dianteiro do veículo per- (Electronic Stability Control), o EBD O veio de entrada da embraiagem multi- derem tração, entrarem em deslizamento, (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution) e o discos, está ligado ao veio de transmissão o acoplamento Haldex permite transferir ABS (Anti-lock Braking System). do veículo. Através de rolamentos de rolos, parte do binário e tração para as rodas do O acoplamento Haldex pode ser utiliza- o êmbolo de elevação e o êmbolo de acio- eixo traseiro. Podemos ter uma distribuição do em veículos com motores dianteiros namento, bem como os discos exteriores entre os eixos dianteiro/traseiro de por montados transversalmente, é montado da embraiagem multidiscos, são arrastados exemplo, 90/10, 95/5 ou 100/0, que pode junto ao diferencial do eixo traseiro e é quando o veio de entrada da embraiagem chegar a um máximo de 50/50. acionado pelo veio de transmissão do gira. O veio de saída da embraiagem mul- O acoplamento Haldex apresentou-se veículo, estando este ligado ao veio de tidiscos forma uma unidade desde o disco então como um sistema controlável, em entrada do acoplamento Haldex. de elevação até ao pinhão da engrenagem que durante o processo de controle, a O binário do motor do veículo é trans- cónica. Os discos interiores da embraia- unidade eletrónica de comando do sistema mitido para o veio de transmissão através gem, estão ligados ao veio de saída através também processa informações adicionais da caixa de velocidades, do diferencial do de dentes longitudinais. além da perda de tração ou deslizamento eixo dianteiro e dos semi-eixos dianteiros. das rodas. O deslizamento deixou de ser o único fator decisivo na distribuição das forças de tração, sendo o estado dinâmico do veículo também um fator a considerar. A unidade eletrónica de comando do sis- tema Haldex, processa diferentes sinais, tais como os enviados pelos sensores do sistema ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) ou da posição do pedal do acelerador. A unidade eletrónica de comando do No acoplamento Haldex, o veio de entrada sistema Haldex processa também infor- está separado do veio de saída (que vai para mações sobre a velocidade do veículo, o diferencial do eixo traseiro). comportamento em curva, em modo de O acoplamento Haldex é formado por tração e em modo sem tração, de forma a uma embraiagem multidiscos, sendo o poder reagir de maneira ideal em qualquer binário transmitido ao diferencial do eixo situação de condução. traseiro por meio do conjunto de discos da O sistema Haldex trouxe várias vantagens, embraiagem. Na embraiagem multidiscos PUBLICIDADE 82 T ABRIL 2019 Quando o veículo acelera, o veio de entrada resultado de uma diferença nas velocida- O acoplamento Haldex de segunda gera- da embraiagem multidiscos, juntamente des entre o veio de entrada e o veio de ção surgiu em 2001, e foi utilizado pelo com os rolamentos do êmbolo de elevação, saída. Esta pressão de óleo é regulada por grupo Volkswagen a partir de 2004, entre CEPRA gira em torno do disco de elevação, esta- válvulas. A embraiagem multidiscos pode outros, em veículos como o Volkswagen cionário, do veio de saída. O rolamento assim permitir uma certa quantidade de Golf a Volkswagen Transporter. Funciona WWW.POSVENDA.PT de rolos do êmbolo de elevação, segue ao deslizamento quando se encontra aberta praticamente da mesma maneira que o da longo da superfície de formato ondulante e semi-aberta (quase fechada). Na realida- primeira geração, com algumas melhorias do disco de elevação. Devido ao formato de, existem dois êmbolos de elevação no na sua arquitetura e alterações na confi- ondulante, o rolamento transfere movi- alojamento da embraiagem multidiscos. guração dos componentes eletrónicos e mentos ascendentes e descendentes para Estes êmbolos são acionados por pares hidráulicos. O controle elétrico da válvula o êmbolo de elevação, o que faz com que de rolamentos. São também necessárias reguladora foi reconfigurado e o filtro o êmbolo de elevação execute um movi- duas válvulas de aspiração e duas válvulas de óleo para o acoplamento Haldex foi mento de elevação, gerando uma pressão de de pressão. modificado. óleo, que é por sua vez conduzida através Uma bomba elétrica gera uma pré-pressão de uma conduta de óleo para o êmbolo de óleo para o os êmbolos de elevação do de acionamento. A pressão do óleo força o acoplamento Haldex.
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