BULLETIN 271

Spray Bulletin

BY

W. E. BRITTON,Entomologist

AND G. P. CLINTON,Botanist.

The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connecticut who apply for them, and to other applicants as far as the editions permit. UARY,

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

WILLIAM L. SLATE, JR., Director SPRAY BULLETIN

W. E. ELRITTC G. P. CLINTON Entoimologist Botanist /- CALENDAR - I APRIL I I/ I JULY I ------SMTWTF S ...... I2 3456789 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 I 31 ......

MARCH

Spray Bulletin

W. E. BRITTON,Entorrzologist.

AND G. P. CI,INTON,Botalzi~t.

Thc Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens 0.f Con~lecticut + who apoly for them, and to other applicants as far as the editions permit. BULLETIN 27 1 JANUARY, 1926

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

WILLIAM L. SLATE, JR., Director SPRAY BULLETIN

W. E. BRITTON G. P. CLINTOh Entomologist Botanist / i - -p k - -3 3' 'DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. FORMULAS FOR INSECTICIDES. Szbntntcr Spray. 1% to I~Lparts Lime-Sulphur. 50 parts Water. LEAD ARSENATE. Use winter spray for San Jose scale and peach leaf curl; summer spray 3 Ibs. (Paste) or 1% Ibs. (Dry) Lead Arsenate and 50 gals. Water. for fungi, to which, as needed, add lead arsenate to kill chewing insects. Spray upon foliage to kill all chewing insects. hlay be used with Bordeaux or with lime-sulphur mixture. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. I ounce in 10 gals. water, poured around cabbage plants to prevent injury PARIS GREEN. from cabbage root maggot. I Ib. Paris Green. 3 lbs. Lime. loo gals. Water. Spray upon foliage to kill chewing insects. Commonly used with Bor- DUST MIXTURES. deaux mixture on potatoes, largely superseded by lead arsenate. Sulphur 85%, lead arsenate 15% (or sulphur 90%. lead arsenate lo%), is used to dust apple orchards for fungous diseases and chewing insects. CALCIUM ARSENATE. To kill sucking insects add 2% of nicotine. Copper sulphate 15% to 25%, 1% lbs. Dry Calcium Arsenate. I?.: lbs. Dry Air-Slaked Lime. hydrated lime So%, and calcium arsenate 5% to 2570, is used successfully 50 gals. Water. in some localities on vegetables but is likely to russet apples. Plain sulphur Applied as dust or spray on potatoes. May be used in Bordeaux mix- is used in peach orchards. These dusts can be purchased, mixed ready ture. Not safe on fruit trees. for use. LINSEED OIL EMULSION. POISONED BRAN MASH. I gal. raw Linseed Oil. 1% lbs. Soap ~lakes. I gal. Water. 5 lbs. Wheat Bran. 4 ozs. White Arsenic or Paris Green. I pint Cheap Molasses. I Lemon. 7 pints Water. Dissolve flakes in water; stir in linseed oil and dilute to roo gals. Mix to form a dry mash and scztter around field to kill cut-worms, army NICOTINE SOLUTION. worms and grasshoppers. pint of a 40% nicotine sulphate solution in 50 gals. water. Dissolve FRESH HELLEBORE. and add 2 Ibs. Laundry Soap or I Ib. Calcium Caseinate for a spreader. Dust on the plants, or mix with water, I oz. in 2 gals. and spray. For Excellent for killing aphids and other sucking insects. currant-worm and other sawfly larvae. KEROSENE EMULSION. DRY LIME-SULPHUR. 2 gals. Kerosene. I Ib. Common Soap. I gal. Water. Winter Spray. Dissolve the soap in hot water, add the kerosene, and churn together 12 Ibs. dry Lime-Sulphur. 50 gals. Water. with pump until a white creamy mass is formed, which thickens on cool- ing. Dilute nine times before using for most aphids, but may be used Summer Spray. stronger or weaker. 3 Ibs. Lime-Sulphur. 50 gals. Water. MISCIBLE OILS. LIQUID LIME-SULPHUR. Mix I part of "Scalecide," "Jarvis Con~pound,""Target Scale Destroyer" Winter Spray. or other miscible oils with 15 parts of water, to kill San Jose scale, especi- I part Lime-Sulphur. Q parts Water. ally on old apple trees. CONlION LAUSDRY SOAP. . ANT POISON. Spray I Ib. dissolved ill 8 gals. water upon foliage to kill red spider, hrscnate So$a 125 grains. Sugar I pound. Honey I tablespoo~lful. aphids, and other sucking insects. Soap flakes may be used in half this Water I quart. quantity. -4dd arsenate soda and sugar to water. Boil until both are dissolved. CARBON DISULPHIDE. then add honey. \\'hen cool, place in shallow dishes with a crust of bread or bits of sponge. To kill insects infesting stored grain, in tight bins, use r lb.. for about roo cubic feet of space. Expose for about 36 hours at booF. or higher. HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. I oz. Sodiuln Cyanide. 2 ozs. Sulphuric Acid. 4 ozs. Water. CARBON DISULPHIDE EMULSION. For each loo cu. ft. space. 10 parts (volume) Carbon disulphide. I part (volurne) Cold water solul~lc For fumigating dormant nursery stock or buildings, place thc acid and rosin fish oil soap. 3 parts (volume) Water. water in an earthen jar in the house, drop in the cyanide and close thc Churn the soap and water to obtain an even mixture. Then add carbon house at once for half an hour. Ventilate for ten ininutes before enter- disulphide and churn about t~vominutes until the mixture emulsifies as ing. In greenhouse use I oz. of cyanide for each 1000 cu. ft. of space; indicated by change in color and a creamy liquid is formed. Dilute 200 avoid sunlight ; excessive moisture ; driving minds. Fumigate, between times when using and apply one quart per square foot. To kill insects in 52O and 70' F. Calcium Cyanide in granular form may now be obtained soil without injuring vegetation. for killing grubs, wireworms and ants in soil; and in form of dust for killing aphids and other sucking insects. Cautlon! 13reatlli11gthe funies will cause death. PARADICHLOROBENZENE. A granular solid chemical which gives off fumes fatal to insect life. Has recently been used successfully to control the peach borer. Also called FORMULAS FOR COMMON FUNGICIDES. "Krystal gas," "Paradichloride," "P. C. Benzene," etc. LIQUID LIME-SULPHUR. NAPHTHALENE. Winter Spray. Used in the form of moth balls and "flakes" to keep clothes 1110th~ I part Lime-Sulphur. g parts Water. out of clothing. "Flakes" scattered around the borders of floors and shelves will drive away ants. Suin?ner Spray. 1% to 1% parts Lirne-Sulphur. 50 parts Water. CALCIUM CASEINATE SPREADERS. Use winter spray for San Jose scale and peach leaf curl; sulnmer spray 1-2 Ibs. in roo gals. acts as a spreader and prevents chemical reactions, for fungi, to which, as needed, add lead arsenate to kill chewing insects. where different materials are mixed together. DRY LIblE-SULPHUR. There are now on the market several forms of dry lime-sulphur or FORXfALIN FLY POISON. similar fungicides, that because of convenience in shipping and hand- I tablespoonful Comn~ercialFormalin. '/z cup Sweet Milk. ling are replacing somewhat the more bulky liquid fungicides. Where % cup Water. experience has shown that spray injury does not result from their use. Mix and expose in a shallow plate with a slice of bread in it. Flies will they may be substituted for the latter. Use according to directions given drink the liquid, especially if no other moisture is accessible, and be killed. by the manufacturers. 4' ' SEL1'13OILED LIME-SULPHUR. the lime and strain through coarse cheese-cloth. Dilute each separately to 8 lbs. Fresh \Vhitewash Lime. 8 lbs. Fine Sulphur. 50 gals. Water. 25 gallons. Pour together slowly through a strainer into the spray barrel. For large acreage. Make stock solutions of copper sulphate and lime Start the lime slaking, sift and thoroughly stir in the sulphur, using as follows : Dissolve 40-50 pounds of copper sulphate in 50 gallons of water. just enough water to prevent, burning and allow to boil from heat of lime by suspending in a bran sack. One gallon of stock solution thus contains about for fifteen minutes. Then dilute and apply. one pound of copper sulphate. Slake 50-60 pounds of lime, strain into a A very excellent substitute for this fungicide on peaches is the com- barrel and make up to 50 gallons. A gallon of this solution contains at least mercial article called "Atomic Sulphur," without lead arsenate, used at the one pound of lime. The excess takes care of waste in slaking. Put two rate of 5 lbs. to 50 gallons water. 50-gallon dilution barrels on a platform so that the sprayer can be DRY MIX. backed under them. For a 100-gallon sprayer put 10 gallons.of stock lime mixture into the lime barrel and 10 gallons of stock copper sulphate 8 lbs. Sulphur. 4 lbs. Hydrated Lime. I lb. Casein Spreader. 50 gals. Water. solution into the copper sulphate barrel. Mix thoroughly together the first three ingredients and add to the water Dilute each to 50 gallons. By using a when needed. This fungicide is being used more and more in this state as molasses spigot for each barrel, the two ., a peach spray. streams may be run together through a trough into the sprayer. A large, fine . SULPHUR DUST. wire.strainer should be set in the sprayer Dusting with special grades of very fine sulphur, about go parts thor- openlng. Lead arsenate, Paris green, or - oughly mixed with 10 parts lead arsenate for apples and 80 parts sulphur nicotine solution may be added ii needed. and 20 parts air-slaked lime for peaches, or with special material pre- Hydrated lime is handy to use, but Bor- &,A , , pared by manufacturers, has attained some prominence as a combined deaux made with it is said by some not to T~~~., sTIn,WrP RLC~IICICYOCO fungicidal and insecticidal treatment fo.r fruit trees. Experience so far adhere so well and to be more likely to rm amn- MartRlRLJ in this state seems to show that such treatment is much more effective injure apple foliage. in controlling insects than fungous troubles of the apple. Good results Some growers get good results with the following method: Start filling in controlling peach scab and fair results for brown rot have been obtained. the sprayer with water, washing in at same time 10 gallons of the stock Dusting is much quicker and so cheape-r as regards labor, but the cost of lime mixture through the strainer. When half full, add the 10gallons of the material used is considerably greater. stock copper sulphate solution with the remaining water, stirring meanwhile. When short handed, this method. saves time. Half these amounts are used COPPER DUSTS. for a 50-gallon sprayer. There are now on the market certain commercial dusts containing lime FORMALIN. and copper sulphate that combine to form a Bordeaux mixture when in A. I pt. (I lb.) formalin in 50 gals. water, for sprinkling grain to kill contact with moisture on the leaves. These are coming somewhat into smut. See Smut under Oats. Wet sprinkle. Or better: use for certain diseases where dusts can be used to better advantage, so B. I pt. undiluted formalin is sprayed directly on 50 bushels of grain far as mechanical application is concerned, than can Bordeaux mixture. as it is shoveled over and then heaped in a pile and covered for four hours. They have been used in this state with more or less success on apples, Dry sprinkle. potatoes and especially on celery. On apples russeting, as with Bordeaux C. I pt. formalin in 30 gals. water; soak uncut tubers I hour to prevent mixture, is likely to result. potato scab. I pt. formalin in 12% gals. water, for soil treatment. BORDEAUX MIXTURE. D. Use one-half to I gal. for each square foot of surface treated; cover for 24 hours after 4-5 lbs. Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol). 5-6 lbs. Fresh Lime. 5ogals. Wat6r. treatment; air afterwards and stir soil; allow 7-10 days before seeding and For small ncreage. Dissolve the copper sulphate in hd water. Slake 10-14 days before transplanting in this soil. 95 I CORROS'IVESUBLIMATE. SPREADERS. 4 02s. Corrosive Sublimate. 30 gallons Water. Certain commercial forms of casein are now on the market and can be Dissolve the corrosive sublimate in a small amount of hot water and used in Bordeaux mixture as a spreader instead of the preceding. then dilute. Soak uncut seed potatoes in this for % to I hour. After 'COPPER SULPHATE. each treatment renew strength by adding I oz. of corrosive sublimate and water as needed to retain the 30 gallons. Use in wooden containers and 2 to 3 Ibs. Copper Sulphate. 45-50 gals. Water. mark Poison. Good for both scab and black scurf. Used chiefly as a winter spray. I lb. to 250 gals. water is sometimes though rarely used on foliage. FORMULAS FOR LES,S-USED FUNGICIDES. POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 3 ozs. Potassium Sulphide. 10 gals. Water. OTHER BORDEAUX MIXTURES. Used chiefly in greenhouses, or for powdery mildews. Dilute Bordeaux Mixture. Use I Ib. copper sulphate, 4 of lime, and make as above directed. For second and third sprayings of apples to FORMALIN FUMES. lessen russeting of the fruit. 3 pts. Formalin. 23 02s. Potassium Permanganate. Resin Bordeaux Mixture. Melt 5 Ibs. resin with I pt. fish oil, cool slightly, For each roo0 cu. ft. Space. add I Ib. soda lye, stirring. Add 5 gals. water and boil till the mixture Place bulbs or tubers in 6 to 12 in. crates so fumes can get at them. will dissolve in cold water. Mix z gals. with 48 of Bordeaux mixture. To prevent injury to potatoes, fill space at rate of 167 bu. Place formalin Used sometimes on such glaucous plants as asparagus, cabbage, onions, etc., in large pail in cleared central space and drop in the crystals of potassium to make a more adhesive spray. permanganate. Close room air-tight for 24 to 48 hours. 4 INSECTS AND THEIR INJURIES TO PLANTS. Insects are small animals belonging to the class Hexapoda probosces and suck out the sap for food. Such insects cannot (six-legged) and most of them have six legs in some stage of. be killed by applying arsenical poisons to plants but must be their existence. Spiders, mites, sow bugs, centipedes and treated with dusts or contact sprays which will suffocate them millipedes are animals but not insects and all but certain mites and corrode their tissues. Aphids, scale insects, leafhoppers have more than six legs. Insects may be divided roughly into and all plant bugs belong to this class. two groups: (I) chewing or biting insects, and (2) sucking Never Spray Fruit Trees When in Bloom. The application insects. The chewing insects (except termites or white ants, of lead arsenate or other arsenical poisons to trees in blossom and grasshoppers and crickets) have four distinct stages in may do much harm (I) by injuring the essential organs of the their life cycles, as follows: (I) egg, (2) caterpillar, grub or flowers, so that fruit will not set, and (2) by killing many of larva, (3) pupa, (4) adult insect. Such insects are said to have the bees which carry pollen from one tree to another. If all complete transformations. The exceptions noted above and honey bees and native wild bees were killed, there would be the sucking insects do not pass through these four well-marked little or no set of fruit. stages. There is usually, though not always, an egg stage, Spraying Versus Dusting. Six years' experiments in Con- and an adult stage, but there is no'pupa (except in case of the necticut show that in apple orchards, spraying gives a larger males in certain species of scale insects and white flies) and percentage of good fruit than dusting and is less expensive. the larvae are called nymphs after hatching from the eggs, and Dusting gives fairly good control of insect pests but does not undergo a gradual development, molting several times with hold fungous diseases in check like spraying. Dusting has only slight changes until the adult stage is reached. given as good results as spraying in controlling scab and Chewing or biting insects have strong jaws or mandibles brown rot on peaches. It is probable that dusts can be used with which they bite or tear off bits of food like the higher to advantage on low growing vegetable craps, where spraying animals. Such insects swallow their food and here is where is impracticable. an arsenical poison can be employed with success. This class Safe Combinations of Sprays. It is safe to mix lead arsenate includes all caterpillars, beetles, sawflies, grasshoppers and with lime-sulphur, Bordeaux and nicotine, but none of these crickets. should be combined with miscible or other oils. It is also Sucking insects puncture the tissues with their beaks or unsafe to use soap with lead arsenate. FUNGI AND THEIR DISEASES OF PLANTS. Nature. Fungi are the lowest forms of plant life. They may have more than one kind of spores, but only one corre- differ from all other plants in lacking the green coloring sponds directly to the seed of the flowering plant in that it is matter, characteristic of leaves, known as chlorophyll. Lack- the result of fertilization of the sexual elements, the other ing this they cannot manufacture from water, gases and the kinds being of an asexual nature such as buds, tubers, runners, chemical constituents of the soil, their food. This they must etc., in plants. Some spores are temporary and are merely obtain in an organized form from products of living or dead useful in quickly spreading the fungus over the host or to plants or animals. If from the living, they produce disease as new ones. Other spores are more hardy -and serve to carry a result and are called parasites; if from the dead, they merely the fungus over unfavorable periods, such as winter. With produce decay ant1 are called saprophytes. the rusts, not infrequently, certain spore stages occur as para- Stages. Fungi consist of two stages: a mycelium or vegeta- sites on one host and others on an entirely different host tive stage that has to do with gathering their food, and spores species, thus greatly complicating the life history of the that perpetuate their existence the same as the seeds do the fungus. flo~veringplants. The vegetative stage is usually inconspicu- Infection. In any case the spores give rise to new indi- ous and often not visible to the naked eye, as it consists of viduals by,germinating into threads that by later growth form microscopic l~ranchetlthreads that ramify through the sub- the mycelium. With parasitic forms this germ tube or thread stratum or host, 011 which it occurs, in search for food. There must penetrate in some manner into the living tissues of its is comparatively little difference in the appearance of the host in order to gain the food necessary for its growth. All mycelia of different fungi, hence the necessity of seeing the preventive treatments of fungous diseases by spraying are spores for identification. based on killing the spores that are carried to the susceptible 'The spores are formed on or near the surface of the host and parts of the plants before they can gain entrance by their germ are much more conspicuous and differentiated especially as tubes into the tissues. Once inside, the mycelium is no more seen under the conlpound microscope. hIushrooms and shelf injured by the spray than the plant tissues on which it is fungi are the largest fruiting forms. Smuts and rusts form placed. This makes it necessary to protect the tissues by tlusty or granular outbreaks; nlildews produce a powdery or repeated and thorough spraying as long as there is danger of dow~lygro~vtli on the infected surfaces; other fungi may have the fungus gaining entrance. It also means that the fungicide illore or lebs inconspicuous spore stages on the conspicuously i~lustbe able to kill the spores or their germ tubes but cause injuretl tishues tliat slio~~~as spots, cankers, etc. Each fungus 110 injury to the plant tissues. 1 -1 98 I L- - ~-\-- - I -~- b'- cr' 'A . ._ j - . --- - B- i d.1 - INSECT AND FUNGOUS PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. Insects, efc. ALFALFA. Tent-Caterpillar-During May the cater- Aphids-Green and pink aphids suck sap from leaves and pillars form nests at the forks of the stems occasionally ruining crop. Prompt cutting is one branches, and devour the leaves. Clip off method of killing them. and burn egg-masses on twigs in winter. Remove nests with caterpillar brush. Spray Fu~tgi. with lead arsenate once before .blossoms Downy Mildew-Forms a grayish growth on the young open and again soon after they fall. Bull. shoots ant1 the under sides of the leaves, causing the tissues 177, and Rept. 1913, p. 226. to turn brown or purplish and finally die. Develops in wet Lesser Apple-Worm-Larva feeds on seasons where the plants make a rank growth. As yet rare exterior of nearly mature fruit, and often in this state and so not serious. causes injury in storage. Spray twice as Leaf Spot-Becomes common on the leaves, first showing for codling-moth. Keep foliage and fruit as small brownish-purple spots; when abundant causes the covered until fruit is nearly grown. Rept: leave to turn yellow and drop off prematurely; in wet seasons often serious. KO efficient remedy. Mow early rather than 1910, P. 595. late. Codling-Moth or Apple-Worm-Pink cat- If possible secure seed from disease free fields and when erpillar tunnels inside the fruit, especially fields become badly infected start new ones. around the core. Spray with lead arsenate Insects, efc. APPLE. as soon as the blossoms fall. Repeat three Bud-Moths : Case Bearers : Leaf Crumpler :-Small over- and six weeks later. Rept. 1910, p. 591 illars feed upon the unfolding leayes. Spray Brown-Tail Moth : Fall Web-Worm- with lead arsenate as soon as leaf I>uds beg~n See Pear. to open. Repeat a few days later, if neces- Gipsy Moth-Brownish hairy caterpillars sary. Rept. 1909, p. 353. tlefoliate trees in bIay ant1 June. Band ' Canker-Worms-Small loopers devour the trees with tanglefoot and spray foliage with leaves in May and spin down on threads when . lead arsenate. From August to May soak disturbed. Spray with lead arsenate before egg-masses with creosote. Bull. 186; Repts. blossoms open, and again soon after they fall. 1905, P. 246; 1906, P. 235 ; 1907, P. 300. In unsprayed orchards place sticky bands Curculios-Grubs of both apple and plum around trunks of trees in October, keep sticky curculios infest the fruit, making it gnarled until January st, and again keep sticky dur- and ill-shaped. Spray with lead arsenate as iug April and May. Rept. 1908, p. 777. soon as hlossnms fall, and again a week later. 99 Repeat two weeks after blossotns fall. Destructio~iof early Leafhoppers-Whitish insects sucking sap from under side drops before July I, from apple and neighboring peach, plum the leaves. Spray with nicotine solution, as for aphids. and cherry trees is important. Remove infested fruit in thin- Tarnished Plant Bug-Injures developing fruit by sucking ning. Keep fence rows clear of trash. Rept. 1904, p. 219. sap, forming diinples. Spray or dust with nicotine as for Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer-Small spotted larvae feeding aphids. in web skeletonize upper surface of leaves. White pointed Red Spider: Clover Mite : European Red Mite-Cause cocoons formed on leaves. Purplish moths fly about and rest much injury to leaves, especially in dry seasons. Overwinter- on flowers. Three broods each season. Unsprayed apple ing eggs killed by spray of miscible oils about April 1st. trees brown in June and August. Spray with lead arsenate Spray in May and June with limesulphur middle of May, first of July and middle of August. Rept. or strong soaps. 1920, p. 190; 1921, p. 186; Bull. 246. Leaf-Blister Mite-See Pear. Green Fruit Worms : Palmer Worm : Leaf Roller-cater- Green and Rosy Aphids-Green aphids pillars all feed upon foliage and immature fruit. Spray with suck sap from the leaves and terminal lead arsenate, as for codling-moth. shoots, causing leaves to curl and checking Tussock Moths-Tufted caterpillars of several species feed growth. Rosy aphids infest fruit clusters, upon the leaves in mid-summer. Spray with lead arsenate as checking development. Use delayed dor- for codling-moth. Rept. 1905, p. 236; 1907, p. 332; 1916, mant spray with nicotine solution (5pint P. 105; 1917, P. 325. in 50 gallons water), either separately or - ~dlow~nkckedcaterpillar: Red-humped Caterpillar-Feed with lead arsenate, lime-sulphur or Bordeaux in clusters and often strip young trees in fall. Hand-picking is mixture. Dust with nicotine. Repts. 1903, easy method of control. Spray leaves with lead arsenate. P. 259; IW, P. 343. Rept. 1901,P. 274; 1917, pp. 328, 329. San JosC Scale-See Peach. Spray dormant trees with lime- Maggot or Railroad Worm-Maggots tun- sulphur or miscible oil. Bull. 165; Rept. 1904, p. 221. nel through the pulp of the ripening fruit of Red Bugs-Two species of red leaf bugs sweet and sub-acid varieties, especially those suck the sap, causing leaves and fruit to ripening early in the season. Destroy all become distorted. Spray with nicotine solu- infested fruit. Spray as late as July 15 with tion, as for aphids, or dust with 2% nicotine. lead arsenate to kill adult flies. Rept. 1910, Rept. 1917, pls. 11-111. P. 593. Woolly Apple Aphis-A bluish-white, Round-Headed Borer : Flat-Headed Borer cottony plant louse in colonies on bark, -Grubs burrow in wood at base of trunks. forming galls or swellings on twigs of small Watch trees nnd dig out borers wherever trees, and preventing wounds from healing; sawdust appears. Paint trunk with lead ar- also on roots, forming galls, and destroying senate and lime-sulphur. Rept. 1907, p. 333. - 44 small fceding roots. I'lant only clean or fumigated stock. which are eventually killed. Treat as for scab; prune and Soak soil with carbon clisul.phide, ounce in 4 gals. water. burn all dead limbs and twigs; cut out and paint over large Spray above ground with kerosene emulsion. cankers when found. Rept. 1909-10, p. 590. Fruit Specks-Appear as more or le~snumerous, small, Oyster-Shell Scale: Scurfy Scale-Scale in- brown or black spots, starting at surface of fruit and slowly sects with elongated or pear-shaped shells, on working inward; the Brooks fruit spot often has a pinkish bark, suck sap from the twigs; the former about border in light-skinned varieties. Usually controlled. by the the same coloras the bark, the latter light gray or late sprayings in June and July. Rept. 1909-10, p. 590. whitish. Spray with nicotine solution ; soap and water; or kerosene emulsion, about the second Rust-Shows as orange-colored blotches on leaves, eventu- week in June. Bull. 1'43; Rept. 1903, p. 225. ally producing minute fringed clustered cups imbedded on the under side; less frequent on fruit. Rust spreads to the apple Fzh~zgi,etc. from the cedar-apples, which appear in the early spring on the Baldwin Spot-Shows as small diseased red cedar. All cedars near the orchard should be destroyed. masses of brownish tissue, usually a short There is great difference in the suscentibility of different distance beneath the skin ;finally may appear varieties to this disease. Spraying is only partially successful at the surface as small, discolored, shrunken in this state. Repts. 1891, p. 161; 1909-10, p. 591. areas, then very similar in appearance to Scab-Produces "scabby spots" on fruit some of 'the fruit speck troubles. Not a and leaves; rarely on twigs. Give the pre- fungous disease. Thought by some to be pink and pink spravs before the blossoms due to unusual local loss of water; similar troubles may start oDen, another alter the petals fall, and follow from punctures of rosy aphids or other puncturing insects. No with one, two, or more, at intervals of three definite remedy known; spray to keep down sucking insects. weeks. For first treatment, use strong Bor- Cankers-Occur on branches and are. caused deaux, for others, weak Bordeaux or lime- chiefly by European canker fungus which event- sulphur or better still the latter for all treat- ually forms a cavity surrounded by concentric ments. Rept. 1909-10, p. 591. elevated rings of .wood extending to bark. Cut Sooty Blotch-Forms on fruit an olive- - off infected branches, or cut out infected wood black superficial growth in distinct round and bark; paint over .cut surfaces. Keep orchard colonies, often merging together. Spray as well sprayed and trimmed. Rept. 1903, p. 299. for scab, with lime-sulphur, 15to 50. The Black Rot-Causes mature fruit to turn brown, sprayings after blossoming, as for the. fruit then black ; forms small brown spots on leaves ; specks, are the more important. Rept. 1909- does some damage through cankers on branches, 10, P. 592; 1911, P. 367. Blight-See Pear. Not so serious on apple in this state as Storage Rots-Are troubles caused by a variety of fungi. on pear. Doubtful if control measures for apple are practical Store fruit, in a dry condition, in a cool, well-aired place. Do here in most cases. not store in too deep piles or too tight receptacles. Use poorer keeping varieties first, and sort over if necessary. Apples Spray Injury-Takes the form usually of burn from well sprayed trees keep best. Rept. 1915, p. 426. on leaves anti russeting on fruit. Is most likely to occur after later sprayings. Worst in wet seasons with Bordeaus and in warm seasons with lime-sulphur. Drenching the trees with Ge~leralTreat~irent for Apple Orclzards, high pressure apparatus is apt to produce injury. Spraying in bright sunshine may cause some For the general control of fungi and insects on apples in scorch on fruit on sunny side. Variesgreatly Connecticut we make the following recommendations: with different sprays. Avoid those known to (I) Dormant (winter) treatment is necessary in the pres- be injurious or injurious combinations (as soap ence of red mite, San Jos6 scale and leaf blister mite. Use and lead arsenate) ; use Bordeaux if at all only liquid lime-sulphur 1-9, or miscible oil 1-15; the latter is . for first summer treatment or on varieties not necessary for red mite control. The lime-sulphur is best used especially subject to russeting. Liquid or dry just as the leaves begin to show ("Delayed Dormant") as it lime-sulphur is now the fungicide most commonly used on then kills many aphids and may lessen scab infection. Misci- apples in this state. Rept. 1911, p. 360. ble oil must not be applied later than when buds begin .to Winter Injury-~akes various foims from swell or injury- - will result. different conditions, such as: imperfect fer- (2) Make at least three summer treatments with a fungicide tilization or russeting of fruit following late and insecticide as follows :- spring frosts; sun scorch of trunks due to I. Pink spray, when blossom buds show pink. mild winter weather followed by sudden 2. Calys spray when petals fall. cold; bud and twig killing, frost cracks in Young fruit spray three to four weeks later. trunks, blackened wood, dead roots, etc., fol- 3. lowing unusually cold winters or unfavor- For scab control a pre-pink treatment is necessary to be able environment. Set out only hardy varie- applied between delayed dormant and pink. For control of ties; avoid planting in wet ground or on sooty blotch, Brooks' fruit spot and often scab an additional INJURED HEALTHY hillsides with estreme south or southwest treatment three to four weeks after No. 3 is required. This slopes. Head trees low; avoid late fertilization and cultiva- treatment is also necessary to control apple maggot, late cod- tion ; keep earth tight around trunks : use cover crops. Repts. ling moth and green fruit worms. The calyx spray is the 1903,p. 303; 1906, P. 310; 1914, P. 6. most important to control codling moth. (3) For a fungicide we recommend liquid lime-sulphur at the brown leaves before they drop give the appears,,,, ,, the rate of 156 to 1% gallons to 50 gallons of water, or dry serious fungous disease. Due to dry summers followed in lime-sulphur at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gallons of water, for all some cases by winter injury. Xot a progressive trouble and summer treatments. In case of severe scab infection Bor- so finally not usually serious. deaux mixture 1-4-50 may be used.at the pre-pink and pink sprays without much danger of injury to the fruit but this practice is not in general use. In case one desires to dust, Fange'. ASH. a sulphur dust is preferable to a copper dust. Anthracnose-Causes large brown areas to appear suddenly (4) For the insecticide in the above. use lead arsenate, if in in late spring or earljr summer on the leaves which may soon the paste form at the rate of three pounds per fifty gallons wither up much as if sun scorched. Usually infrequent. If of the mixture, or if in the powder form one and one-half feared, spray as for anthracnose of sycamore. pounds per fifty gallons. (5) If canker worms, tent-caterpillars, bud moths or brown- Rust-Occurs commonly on blades and petioles of leaves, tail moths are causing damage, add lead arsenate to the first and less frequently on the green twigs and fruit, as small summer treatment; if not it may be omitted but should be cluster-cups filled with orange spores. The plant'tissues are included in each of the later treatments. Nicotine solution often swollen and distorted. Variable in its occurrence, some- may be added to the pre-pink treatment for aphids and to any times prominent and wide-spread and the next year or two of the subsequent treatments to destroy aphids, red bugs, possibly infrequent or absent. Said to spread to ash from tarnished plant bugs, etc. ' other spore stage on niarsh grass. No efficient control methods, but causes little permanent injury to the trees.

Insects. ARBOR-VITAE. Leaf-miner-The larva of a small moth mines the leaves Iilsects. ASPARAGUS. causing them to turn brown. Spray heavily with nicotine Asparagus Beetles, Common and 12-spot- sulphate solution the first week in June to kill adults and their ted--Adults and larvae devour the foliage. eggs. Rept. 1921, p. 157. Cut everything clean during the cutting sea- \on; afterward spray with lead arsenate and Fungi, etc. calcium caseinate. Rept. 1921, p. 171. Browning-Shows especially through the older inner leaves Asparagus Miner-Larvae tunnel under turning brown and falling prematurely in late summer or fall. epidermis of stem near base, causing prema- As there often remain only the leaves of the current year's ture death of plant above ground. Rurn in- growth the tree eventually presents a scanty healthy foliage; fested stalks. Rept. 1906, p. 303. Fznzgi, etc. .one-sidetl blossoms. ,A physiological trouble; the cause is Frost Rot-Shows as rotting shoots here and there in the not definitely known. Buy best seed; transplant only healthy field, which have been previously injured by severe late frosts. plants; have soil conditions good; keep down leafhoppers. Nbthing need be done as the trouble is not progressive despite Repts. 1903, p. 306; 1914, p. 413 (26). the presence of fungi causing the final decay. Rust-Produces small reddish or black BARLEY. elongated pustules scattered over stems. In Insects. fall, carefully gather and burn all stems from Army Worm-See Grass. affected beds and escaped plants in vicinity. In gathering for market cut below the Fungi. ground, as protruding stems offer oppor- tunity for development of first stage of the Rusts-See Oats and Wheat. fungus. Spraying with resin Bordeaux par- Smuts-Are of two kinds, covered and tially controls the disease, but is seldom loose, both largely destroying the infected practiced now. Begin spraying the latter spikes and changing them into black, sooty part of July and repeat about every 10 days structures, in the latter kind easily dissi- until the middle of September. Thorough cultivation and fer- pated. Treatment, see Oats. Rept. 1903, tilization, with plenty of humus in the soil, are advocated as beneficial. Grow varieties most resistant to the disease. This disease is not so serious as it was some years ago partly because more resistant varieties are now grown. Repts. 1896, Insects. BEAN. p. 281 ; 1904, p. 313. Green Clover Worm-Occasionally green, wriggling cater- ASTER. pillars riddle the leaves in June and July. Dust string beans with air-slaked lime or other fine powder. Spray shell beans Blister Beetles-Three or four species with lead arsenate. Repts. 1908, p. 828; 1919, p. 165. feed upon the flowers, the black one being commonest. Hand-pick and cover choice Weevils-Adults lay eggs in the pods in the plants with mosquito netting. Bull. 208, field and continue to breed in the dried seed, finally rendering it unfit for food or for planting. Fumigate the seed with carbon disulphide as soon as harvested, store in air-slaked lime, or heat in Yellows-Shows in the yellowed and oven for I hour -between 120" and 15o.O F. Bull. often inlperfectly developed foliage and 195, P. 6. ;*i ------..- -._ --_ - .v - - -? Fungi, ctc. Insects. BEET-CHARD. Anthracnose-Shows on leaves and pods as Leaf-Miner-A small fly lays eggs in the roundish discolored areas, often with a purplish leaves, and the larvae tunnel or mine be- border. Save seed from pods showing no spots tween upper and lower surfaces. Practice and plant these by themselves, selecting each clean cultivation. Destroy all infested year seed from unspotted pods for the seed leaves. Destroy all plants of the weed crop and using remainder for general crop. known as "lambs quarters" in which this Destroy all infected seedlings. Where very insect breeds. Practice late fall plowing. troublesome spray with Bordeaux, beginning when plants are only a few inches high and Fungi. repeating about every 10 to 14 days until pods Leaf Blight-See Mangel. Rept. 1903, p. 309. are formed. Rotation and destruction of old vines may prove helpful in keeping the trouble Eelzvorwzs. BEGONIA. in check. Leaf-Blight Eelworm-Produces con- spicuous dead areas on the leaves of Be- Blight-Appears much like anthracnose, but with discolored gonias (especially var. Cincinnati), ferns, areas having more of a translucent or watery character. etc. Spots vary in size and shape accord- Treat same as for anthracnose. Repts. 1898, p. 262; 1903, ing to host and disposition of larger veins. P. 307- Buy healthy stock only; keep infected plants by themselves and give them plenty Downy Mildew-Forms dense, white, woolly of room ; keep leaves as dry as possible and pick off and burn growths on pods and less luxuriantly on young worst infected. Rept. 1915, p. 455. stems and leaves of the Lima bean. Serious only in years unusually moist after the middle of July. I ~zsects. BIRCH. Plant on well-drained soil. Spray with Bordeaux Tussock Moths-See Apple, Hickory, and Horse Chestnut. beginning about the middle of July, and repeat Birch Leaf-Skeletonizer or Birch Bucculatrix-Small green- every 10 to 14 days until the middle of September. ish-yellow larvae feed upon both sides of the leaves in'late Rept. 1905, p. 278. summer, often entirely defoliating the trees. Spray with lead arsenate (about August I). Rept. 1910, p. 701. Rust-Produces small, round, reddish or black, Birch Leaf-miner-Sawfly larvae mine the terminal leaves dusty outbreaks, usually on the leaves. Plant of gray birch causing them to turn brown. There are three varieties not likely to rust. Burn the old infected plants in annual generations and a partial fourth, in Connecticut. Con- the fall, or rotate. Rept. 1903, p. 308. trol not investigated. Rept. 1924, p. 340. 105 Bronze Birch Borer--Grub makes spiral tunnel just beneath IIISL'L.~~'. Box. bark of upper main branches, ridges showing on outside. Cut Leaf-Miner- -1 small two-winged fly lays eggs in the leaf and burn infested trees before May I. Spray foliage with and the larvae tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces. lead arsenate about June I, and fertilize and water the trees. Uc. truy infested leaves. Spray under side of Rept. 1922, p. 359. leaves with molasses, I part in 3 parts water. Insects. BLACKBERRY. Oyster-Shell Scale-See Apple. Blackberry Crown Borer-Larva tunnels in roots and at base of stem. Dig out and destroy. CABBAGE-CAULIFLO WER. Red-Necked Cane Borer-Larva tunnels in canes causing Ii~sects. an irregular swelling or gall, often three inches in length. Cut Cabbage Worn-Green worms feed upon and burn all infested canes in winter or early spring. leaves all through season. Spray or dust Blackberry Sawfly-Larvae devour leaves in June and first unheaded plants with lead arsenate us in^ part of July. Spray with lead arsenate when young larvae calcium caseinate in the spray. Use inse; appear. Rept. 1912, p. 236. powder or hellebore on headed plants. Bull. Fungi, etc. 190, p. 9; Rept. 1903, p. 271. Crown Gall-Forms hard galls or irregular excrescences on Cabbage Looper-Smooth looping cater- roots and lower parts of stem. Dig out and burn affected pillars feed with cabbage worms late in plants as soon as discovered. Never use infected stock for summer, and require same treatment. Bull. transplanting. A bacterial trouble. Rept.. 1y3, p. 354. 190, p. 12; Rept. 1910, p. 706. Leaf Spot-Shows on leaves as small circular spots with Cabbage Aphis-Sucks sap from the whitish center and purplish border; also occurs on dewberry leaves. Make heavy applications of nico- and raspberry. Not usually serious, but where necessary it tine dust. Bull. 190, p. 14; Rept. 1924, can be controlled by Bordeaux applied to P. 319. the leaves, beginning before they have Cabbage Maggot-Infests stems of early- reached their full size. Rept. 1903, p. 309 set plants near surface of ground, checking Orange Rust-Breaks out in spring or growth and often killing them. Practice early summer as dusty masses of bright crop rotations. Place hexagonal tarred paper orange spores over the under side of the disks around stems at setting time. Treat leaves. The fungus is perennial in the with carbolic acid emulsion or .with corro- underground parts. Dig up and burn in- sive sublimate. Bull. 190, p. 3 ;Repts. 1908, fected plants. Rept. 1903, p. 309. p. 832; 1914, p. I& ; 1915, p. 114. 106 ..9 Flrtzgi, etc. treated in the fall with lime broadcast at the rate of 80 bushels per acre and worked in. Bacterial Leaf Spot-Shows as small, blackish, angular spots Rept. 1903, p. 31o foft Rot-See Salsify. . or specks on the leaves especially of the cauliflower. When Rept. 1903. p. 31I. abundant causes yellowing and premature death of the infected leaves. Watch the seed beds foi- signs of infection. If protni- nent in the field, next year treat the seed (see Black Rot) ant1 CARNATION. spray the seedlings with Bordeaux mixture. 1asects. Green Fly or Aphis-Sucks sap from young leaves and Black Leg--Causes cankered and finally black areas especi- buds. Fumigate greenhouse with tobacco, or spray with nico- ally at base of the stem of young plants which later in the field tine solution and soap, or with soap and water. often rot off or fail to make heads. Select only apparently healthy seedlings for transplanting and if this fails treat as Fungi. for Black Rot another year. Leaf Mold and Leaf Spot--Are two troubles much alike in appearance, producing grayish spots with colored bortlers on Black (Bacterial) Rot-Forms black lines stem, leaves and calyx. l'reat as for Rust. in veins of leaves. In time leaves turn yel- Rust-Produces small dusty pustules, more or less conflu- low and easily drop off, and interior of head ent, on the leaves and stems. Select rust-resisting \-arieties. develops a general soft rot. As the germs Spray in field with Bordeaux, adding spreader. Select for can be carried on the seed, avoid seed from transplanting only hardy and rust-free specimens. Keep air of infected fields. If in doubt, treat seed in greenhouse dry. Give one or two sprayings wit11 Bordeaux, formalin, I part to 240 of water for 15 min- after transplanting in greenhouse; for repeated sprayings use utes. Keep refuse from diseased plants out potassium sulphide or \veak copper sulphate. Rept. 1903, p. of manure; practice rotation; make seed 3 12. bed in new soil if disease appears in old one. Rept. 1912, p. 345. Stem Rot and Wilt--Cause the lower leaves first to turn yellow and dry up; then the stem gradually rots off' at its Club Root-Causes knob-like enlarge- base. Select cuttings only from perfectly healthy plants, and ments on the roots of cabbage and allietl start these in sterilized soil and replant out of doors in new plants. The germ often becomes established land, avoiding excessive use of manure. If disease appears in the soil; avoid such land and the use of after setting out in the greenhouse, pull up infected plants refuse from old plants on the soil. Be upon appearance of first symptoms, make liberal application of especially careful that the seed bed is not lime, avoid over-watering, and see that roots are properly infected. Infected land, if used, should be aerated. Repts. 1897, p., 175 ; 1903, p. 3r2. Insects. CEDAR. Soft (Heart) Rot-Shows as a soft rot of the tissues often Web-Worm-Small brown caterpillars feed upon the leaves confined to the heart. Do not plant in too wet soil ; avoid land which they web together. Spray with lead arsenate. with green cover crops recently plowed in; in banking allow for proper aeration. See Salsify. Rept. 1914, p. 10. , I Fungi. Cedar-Apple Rust-Appears in spring as conspicuous round- Ilzsects. CHERRY. ed galls with jelly-like horns bearing spores that carry the Cherry or Pear Slug-Larvae eat away fungus to apple and related hosts. Cut off and burn all cedar- the preen tissue from upper side of leaf. apples if undesirable to destroy the trees. 'See Apple Rust. Spray or dust with lead arsenate and sul- phur. Rept. 1920, p. 199. CELERY. Canker-Worms-See Apple. Insects. Cherry Maggots or Fruit Flies-Larvae of Celery Caterpillar-Feeds upon the leaves two species infest maturing fruit. Sprinkle of celery, parsley, fennel, carrot and parsnip. foliage with sweetened lead arsenate in early On the latter two plants lead arsenate may June to kill the adult flies. be used. On celery and parsley hand pick- ing is perhaps the best remedy. Rept. 1920, Plum Curculio-See Plum. p. 204. Cherry Aphid-A brown aphid which sucks sap from under side of leaves, causing them to curl. Spray with nicotine solu- Fzcrzgi, etc. tion and soap, soap and water, or kerosene emulsion. Early and Late Blight-Two diseases showing "rusty" spots on leaves; the latter Fungi. ' troul)le distinguished by the very minute Black Knot-Forms knot-like growths on twigs hlack dots in the discolored spots (fig.) and and branches. Plant only trees free from this often progress in^ in stalks after storage. trouble; in the orchard, cut off and burn all infected Spray the plants thorou,~hlyin the seed bed branches in late fall or winter, painting over large with Bordeaux, as infected plants are a cut surfaces. Cutting out knots is not advisable, as means of introducing the trouble in the field. new outbreaks usually result. In cutting off, cut Continue the spraying after transplanting at several inches below the knot, to insure removal of intervals of about two weeks up to the last diseased tissues. Remove all knots each year until of September. Some use copper dust instead of the spray. they fail to reappear. Spraying in spring and early Before covering fob bleaching. if leaf spot is abundant give summer with self-boiled lime-sulphur or Atomic Sul- final treatment. Re t: 1897, p. 167. . . phur. helps to keep new knots from fruiting. hut is . . :.P 108 -y entirely secondary in importance to the removal of the knots. free from rust. Destroy rusted leaves, especially on young Kept. 191I, p. 399. plants. Early sprayings with dilute copper sulphate or potas- Brown Rot-See Plum. Rept. 1911, p. 402. sium sulphide may help to prevent the trouble from getting a Anthracnose-Shows as numerous, closely placed, purplish start. Kept. 1903, p. 315. spots on leaves, which often have "shotholes." Spraying, if begun on young leaves early in May, is effective. Use self- Ilzsects. CINERARIA. boiled lime-sulphur or Atomic Sulphur. Give four or five Aphis or Green Fly-Sucks sap from the leaves and stems. sprayings at intervals of two weeks. Repts. 1895, p. 188; Use nicotine solution and soap, or soap and watert as a spray 191I, p. 401. or dip. Powdery Mildew-Develops a cobweb-like growth over the leaves. Usually worst in young trees; controlled by spraying. Insects. CLOVERS. Aphids-See Alfalfa. Insects. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Fungi. Black Fly or Aphis-Sucks the juice from the young leaves Powdery Mildew-Appears as a white, somewhat powdery and flower stems. Fumigate the house with tobacco; dip the coating over the leaves, especially of red clover, in its summer plants in or spray them with soap and water or nicotine solu- spore stage only. Recently a wide-spread disease over eastern tion and soap. United States. While common in this state usually not serious Gall Midge-Larvae form cone-shaped galls on leaves and as it appears most frequently on escaped plants or secondary new shoots. Spray plants about three times each week with growth. As yet no practical control measures. nicotine solution and soap. Rept. 1919, p. 161. Insccts. CORN. Leaf Mite-See Cyclamen. Cut-Worms-See Tomato. Army Worm--See Grass. Furtgi. Stalk Borer-See Dahlia. Powdery Mildew-Develops as a white White Grubs-See Grass. mealy or cobweb coating on leaves. Air Corn Ear Worm-Eats the immature ker- and water carefully, and if necessary spray nels at the end of the ear. Dust tlie silk from time to time with potassium sulphide with equal parts sulphur and powdered lead or paint heating pipes with sulphur. - arsenate. Rept. 1921, p. 165. Rust-Appears as dustv reddish-brown European Corn Borer-Imported into outbreaks, about tlie size of a pin head, chiefly on under sides eastern ;\Iassachusetts, New York and Can- of leaves. Avoid susceptible varieties. Start with cuttings ada and has been found at a few points along 109 the Connecticut coast. Clean-up measures taken. Larva Cranberry Fruit Worm-Pale green larvae infest the ber- tunnel in all parts of plant above ground. Destroy all infestel :s. Flood the bog for about two weeks as soon as the fruit plants. Send suspected material to Station. Repts. 1918, s been harvested. Destroy all infested berries. 316; 1923, P. 277. Insects. CUCUMBERS. Fungi. Striped Cucumber Beetle-Attacks young Leaf Blight-Kills parts of the leaves in August and Sep- plants, eating the leaves. Larvae. infest the tember much like an early frost. Most injurious in wet late main root or stem under ground, often killing seasons. Plant early maturing varieties and stimulate growth the plant. Dust lea\.es ~vithdry lead arsenate. by good fertilization and cultivation. Rept. 1903, p. 317. Cover plants with screens. Bull. 216, p. 34; Root and Ear Rots-Injure roots and base of stalk with a Rept. 1908, p. $07. reddish-brown rot. Stalks are easily broken off and often fail Melon Aphid-See Melon. to produce ears. The ears show moldy, white or pinkish growths. Plant only vigorous disease-free seed, practice Anthracnose-Produces prominent discolored spots, more or yearly rotation and do not let corn follow other grains. Bull. less merged, on leaves; occurs as rot on fruit. More serious 222, p. 427. on watermelon. Treatment is the same as for mildew. Smut-Forms black dusty outbreaks on Downy Mildew-Forms discolored spots as in preceding, various parts of the plant. It is especially with fungous growth on lower side. Repeated sprayings with injurious to certain varieties of sweet corn. very 10 to 14 days during the season, beginning at Seed treatment is ineffective. least by middle of July, usually keeps this disease in check. Rept. 1904, p. 329. CRANBERRY. Mosaic and White Pickle-Are two very I~zsects. similar, if not identical, physiological diseases, Fireworm or Black-headed Cranberry Worm showing in the former on the leaves as mot- -Small, pale green, black-headed caterpillars tling of lighter or yellow-green areas scattered web the leaves and new shoots together and among the norn~allygreen tissues, and in the feed inside the nest. Spray with lead arsenate latter causing the fruit to become irregularly to kill the caterpillars. Flood the bog for three days to kill shaped, knobbed, and often mottled or whitish the pupae. in color. Keep down sucking insects that may Yellow-headed Cranberry Worm-Small, green , yellow- spread the disease, as it is infectious; pull up headed caterpillars injure plants in same manner as the pre- and destroy vines first showing it. Rept. 1915, ceding. Spray with lead arsenate. Iieep bogs flooded until P 430. about May 20. Wilt-See Squash. 't', I10 - , -.--. -v=,,, 8-- -

CURRANT. Blister Rust-Shows first as dusty orange-colored outbreaks Currant Fruit Fly-Small maggots infest about size of pinhead on lower surface of leaves, and later the berries, which color prematurely and as short hair-like growths. Worst on black currants which drop. Destroy infested fruit. should be destroyed, if infected, near white pines, the alternate c ~ ~ ~ ~ foliage~ ~ in May.- W host.~ ~Iieport~ presence- D to the~ Experiment~ ~ Station.~ ~ See~ Pine. Spray with hellebore or lead arsenate. Rept. Re~t.1911-12? P. 347. 1902, p. 170. Currant Borers-The larvae of two species I,zsects. CYCLAMEN. of insects tunnel in the pith of the stems, causing the leaves to Leaf-Mite-Transparent microscopic mites cause leaves to droop and wilt. Destroy infested canes during May. Currant Stem Girdler-Adults cut or girdle tip of new shoots c~lrl>and plants do not Syringe under leaf surface S~TO"~~Ywith water. Spray with, or dip plants in, nicotine after laying eggs in them. cut and burn these tips at any solution and soap, I part in 400 parts of water. Avoid exces- time of year. Rept. 1920, p. 201. Currant Aphids-Yellowish-green aphids on under side of sive moisture in house. Rept. 1914, p. 176. leaves, causing them to curl. Underspray with nicotine solu- tion or kerosene emulsion, or apply nicotine dust. Insects. DAHLIA. Four-Lined Leaf-Bug-A yellow and black striped bug suck- ing sap from the leaves. Spray with nicotine solution and Tarnished Plant Bug-Sucks the sap from the soap. Bull. 208, p. 118. stems and buds causing them to fall. Spray with San Jose Scale-See Peach. nicotine solution and soap. Rept. 1904, p. 218. Stalk Borer-Larva tunnels up and down inside Scurfy Scale-A conspicuous pear-shaped light-gray scale Spray about the main stem, the top portion usually wilting and on bark, the insect sucking sap from twigs. dying. Carefully make longitudinal slit in the stem second week in June with kerosene emulsion or nicotine solu- and kill the borer. Bull. 208, p. III; Rept. 1919, tion and soap. Bull. 143; Rept 1903, p. 227. p. 180. Fungi. Anthracnose and Leaf Spots-Cause spots Insects. EGG-PLANT. on the leaves and usually their premature Flea Beetle-See Potato. shedding; the former also spots the fruit of Colorado Potato Beetle-See Potato. certain varieties. Spray with Bordeaux as the leaves unfold, and repeat at intervals Fungi. of 10 to 14 days until the fruit begins to Fruit Rots-Caused by several fungi, the gray mold produc- ripen. If necessary continue spraying after ing the most extensive rot. Spray with Bordeaux; pick off harvest. Rake up and burn leaves in fall. and carry away the rotting fruit. I11 ELM. Fu11.gi. Insects. ' Leaf Spot-Shows as black slightly elevated specks more or Spiny Elm Caterpillar-Clusters of black spiny caterpillars less thickly imbedded in the leaves, causing their premature often strip certain branches of elm, willow, and poplar. fall. Not usually so injurious as to warrant the expense of Remove and destroy entire cluster, or spray with lead arsenate. spraying with Bordeaux which should start on Rept. 1906, p. 260. the young leaves. Rept. 1909-10, p. 717. Elm Leaf Beetle-Adult beetles eat holes through the leaves in May, and in June and Insects. EUONYMUS. July the larvae or grubs eat away the green Euonymus Scale-The various species of tissues from the under surface. Spray with Euonymus are attacked and often injured by lead arsenate early in May to kill egg-laying this scale, which has narrow white (male) or beetles, or spray under surface of leaves with pear-shaped gray or brown (female) shells. same mixture about June I, to kill the Cut and burn infested twigs. Cover and fumi- larvae. Yellow pupae at base of trees may gate with hydrocyanic acid gas. Spray with be killed with kerosene emulsion or soap and nicotine solution or kerosene emulsion during.- water. Bull. 155; Rept. 1908, p. 815. June to kill young. Rept. 1921, p. 185. Canker-Worms-See Apple. White-Marked Tussock Moth-See Horse Chestnut. FERN. insects, etc. Leopard Moth-Larvae tunnel in branches under the bark, cutting deep galleries, often girdling the branch, which later Hemispherical Scale-Brown, oval convex scales on fronds breaks off and falls to the ground. Small trees may be exam- of plants under glass. Apply soap and water or nicotine solu- ined and borers killed by injecting carbon disulphide, or by tion as a dip or spray. Bull. 151, P. 9; Rept. 1905, p. 239. inserting a wire. Bull. 169; Rept. 1911, p. 317. Leaf-Blight Eelworm-See Begonia. Elm Scale-A large brown soft scale, oval in shape with cot- tony marginal fringe, located especially in the cracks of the GERANIUM. bark of trunk and lower branches, sucking the sap. Spray Insects. with kerosene emulsion. Bull. 151 ; Rept. 1905, p. 235. Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer-Small green wriggling caterpillars White Elm Scale-A whitish pear-shaped scale on twigs. feed upon the leaves of plants under glass. Spray with lead Spray about June 10with kerosene emulsion. arsenate. Elm Woolly Aphids-Several species curl the leaves, or form White Fly-See Tomato. in cottony masses e bark. Spray with kerosene emulsion Leaf Mite-See Cyclamen.

L I::~)zgi,elc. Irlsects. GRAPE. Bacterial Leaf Spot-Shows as light or finally dark brown, Grape Vine Flea Beetle-Adults and larvae devour the semi-pellucid when wet, spots on the leaves, causing their pre- leaves. Spray with lead arsenate the latter part of June. mature death when abundant. Watch the propagating stock Rose Chafer-Long-legged brown bee- and start with disease-free cuttings; destroy first infected tles appear about June 15 and feed upon leaves; if necessary spray with Bordeaux mixture. leaves, flowers and newly set fruit, often Gray Mold-Produces dead areas on leaves and blasts blos- doing great damage. Cover choice plants soms. Worst in poorly lighted and leaky greenhouses. Keep with netting. Spray heavily with self- drippage off plant; avoid watering in cloudy or muggy boiled lime-sulphur just before blossoms weather; ventilate. Attacks as a semi-parasite a variety of open and again after fruit has set. Rept. greenhouse plants. Rept. 1903, p. 322. 1916, p. III. Grape Plume Moth-Small green spiny caterpillars web together the newly GOOSEBERRY. formed leaves at the tips of new shoots. Damage more appar- ent than real. Crushing by pinching these leaves is the best Insects. remedy. Rept. 1914, p. 190. Currant-Worm-Devours foliage. Apply hellebore or lead arsenate early in season. Rept. 1902, p. 170. Grape Berry Moth-Larva feeds and de- velops inside the becries and is the cause Gooseberry Fruit-Worm-Feeds inside the berry. Destroy of most wormy grapes. Spray with lead infested berries. arsenate soon after the fruit sets, and repeat Currant Fruit Fly-See Currant. twice at intervals of about ten days. Bag the clusters soon after the fruit sets. Rept. Fungi. 1920, p. 206. Mildew-Forms a felt-like growth on fruit and Grape Root Worm-Adult beetles eat leaves of young shoots. Worst on European varie- chain-like holes in leaves in July, and larvae ties ; also attacks currants, especially young shoots. or grubs devour the small feeding roots Spray with potassium sulphide or other sulphur and eat channels in the bark of the larger spray as soon as buds break, and repeat about every ten days roots and main stem underground, often causing great injury. until the end of June. Spray leaves with lead arsenate. Blister Rust-Not common as yet on cultivated varieties. Sphinx and Other Caterpillars-Several species of horn See Currant. The cluster-cup rust is sometimes mistaken for worms as well as other kinds of caterpillars feed upon the this. leaves. Spray with lead arsenate or practice hand picking. Grape Leafhopper-Small, ycllow and red-marked leaf- minute, round, yellowish to black fruiting-bodies are found hoppers sucking sap from under ~ideof leaves. Spray under scattered over surface. Treat as for black rot. Potassium surface with nicotine solution and soap. sulphide is also used effectively against this fungus. Rept. Grape Phylloxera-Sucks sap from roots and leaves, form- 1895, P. 185. ing galls, and causing serious injury to European varieties. Insects. GRASS. Graft on native species. White Grubs-White grubs are the larvae of Fungi. June beetles, and when abundant in the soil and Black Rot-Causes reddish-brown spots on approaching maturity, cause much damage, espec- leaves ;more rarely on stems ; rots the berries, ially in seasons following drought, by eating off which finally become hard, shrunken and black. the roots of grass, corn, strawberries, etc. Plow This is one of the worst diseases of the grape just before October I to expose insects. Harrow very thor- and often difficult to control by spraying. Be- oughly before planting. Repts. 1912, p. 288; 1915, p. 179. gin spraying before blossoming time, about the Asiatic Beetle-Grubs of an introduced species injure lawns last of May, with second application just after in Westville. Drench with carbon-disu1,phide emulsion in blossoming and subsequent sprayings at inter- September or May when grubs are near surface. Calcium vals of about 10 to 14 days. Usually 4 or 5 cyanide 4 oz. per sq. yard, watered in will kill grubs but also sprayings with Bordeaux are sufficient. Repts. injures grass. Repts. 1923, p. 291 ; 1924, p. 294. 1889, p. 174 ;,1890, p. 100. Fall Army Worm-Attack similar to that of army worm but occurs in September instead of July, and is more apt to be con- Downy Mildew-Develops, usually, dense white fruiting lawns and millet. The worms do not migrate in such patches on under side of leaves and more or less discoloration great numbers from one field to another. Same on the upper; occurs somewhat on stems and fruit. With white varieties, like Niagara, may retard maturity, the occa- remedies apply. Also practice late fall plowing. sionally infected berries of the bunch remaining hard, white Rept. 1912, p. 284. specked, or shelling off prematurely. Treat as for black rot, Army Worm-In certain seasons grasses and omitting first treatment. grains are stripped of leaves and heads during July Rept. 1893, p. 77. by brown striped caterpillars, which when abund- Gray Mold-Causes rotting of ripening greenhouse grapes, ant move like armies from one field to another, often covering them with a more or less conspicuous grayish mat of causing great damage. Spray with lead arsenate, fruiting threads. Remove rotting grapes from the house. Use strips of grass or grain to protect fields not attacked. care in ventilating and watering. If necessary spray bunches Plow deep furrows across line of march, turning several times with potassium sulphide. the furrows towards the line. Sprinkle migrating Powdery Mildew-Produces a cobweb-like growth over worms with kerosene. Use poisoned bran mash. upper surface of leaves; most conspicuous in the fall, when the Rept. 1914, p. 157. I I4 Hickory Gall Aphid-Curious galls on the leaf stems often cause the leaves to fall in midsummer. Galls contain large Brown Spot-Caused by a soil fungus that rots off the stems number of aphids. Spray with nicotine solution just as new and roots near the surface, the parts above turning brown and growth starts in spring. Rept. 1916, p. 145. dying. Usually starts in small circular spots in lawns in wet seasons. Do not confuse with similar injury due to severe winters and summer droughts. Spray infected spots and HOLLYHOCK. adjacent grass every week or two, according to weather, with Bordeaux mixture until spots fail to spread further. as small, compact, reddish- oustules on both leaves and stems. In late fali, cut off the plants close to the ground, HICKORY. F#@if and destroy them. Spraying with Bordeaux is Insects. f$$;I helpful in checking the rust; begin as plants push ,,;&..,f \. .iL, through the ground. Rept. 1895, p. 188. Fall Web-Worm-See Pear. Walnut Caterpillar-See Walnut. H0,RSE CHESTNUT Hickory Tussock Moth-White and black hairy caterpillars feed upon the leaves in late summer. Spray with lead arse- Insects. nate. Repts. 1907, p. 332; 1917, p. 325. White-Marked Tussock Moth-Tufted caterpillars devour leaves in midsummer. Hickory Bark-Beetle-Small black beetles breed under bark Spray with lead arsenate. Repts. 1905, and the galleries soon girdle the tree. Adults emerge, leav- p. 230; 1916, p. 105. ing numerous round holes as if the bark had received a charge -Fun.. -n--pi of bird shot. Beetles also feed at base of compound leaf stems, Leaf-Spot-Shows as extended reddish-brown areas on the causing them to break and fall in midsummer. Has killed leaves, resembling sun scorch, but showing the fruiting stage thousands of trees in Atlantic States. Badly infested trees as minute black dots in the dead tissues. This trouble can be should be removed before May I, and burned, or at least the controlled by spraying with Bordeaux. The first application bark removed. Spray healthy and slightly infested trees about is made on the unfolding leaves and is followed by two or June I, with strong lead arsenate and nicotine solution. three at intervals of about two weeks. Repts. 1901, p. 267; 1914, p. 198. Hickory Borer-Larvae tunnel deep into solid wood of Itasects. HORSE RADISH. trunk. Hunt for sawdust, find the burrow, inject carbon Flea Beetle-Adults feed on the leaves, and larvae tunnel in disulphide, and plug the entrance. the petioles. Spray with Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate.

e ~~5 Insects. IRIS. LARCH. Iris Root Borer-Larva tunnels in the rootstocks, injuring Insects. many plants. Destroy infested rootstocks. In bad infesta- Larch Sawfly-Larvae defoliate trees in midsummer. Spray tions burn over the beds in winter to destroy the eggs. Repts. with lead arsenate. Rept. 1915, p. 125 1915, P. 189; 1918, p. 331. Case Bearer or Leaf Miner-Small Lepidopterous larvae mine the leaves; pass the winter in cigar-shaped cases,on the Fztn,VZ;etc. twigs. Dormant spray of lime-sulphur. Rept. 1923, p. 288. Leaf Blight-Occurs as elliptical spots with purplish border; Woolly Aphid-White cottony tufts on the bark and at the if abundant causes leaves to turn yellow and die prematurely; leaf whorls. Spray with kerosene emulsion or with nicotine is worst on German Iris. Keep foliage coated with Bordeaux sulphate solution and soap. or lime-sulphur, beginning early; gather and burn infected rubbish in late fall. Soft Rot-Attacks rootstocks, destroying lower parts SO LARKSPUR. that leaves turn yellow and die. Same bacterial disease is Insects. described under Salsify. Propagate only from healthy stock; Mite-Curls leaves and buds of new growth which become plant in well-drained soil ; use only well-rotted manure; pre- swollen and distorted, often with a purplish color. Spray vent winter injury of roots. Rept. 1903, p. 327. two or three times each week from first amearanceL L until blossoms open, with nicotine sulphate, 1-400. Rept. 191'4. p. 176. Fungi. . IVY, BOSTON. Leaf Spot-Forms conspicuous brown- Fungi, etc. ish spots with purplish borders, which Bacterial Leaf Spot-Shows as purple-black, irregular, usu- run together if abundant. It is the same ally conspicuous spots on both surfaces of the leaves. Do not as leaf stage of black rot of grape. Give confuse with the mite injury described above. On first appear- several sprayings with commercial liine- ance pick off and destroy infected leaves. In fall cut off plant? sulphur, beginning on unfoldiilg leaves. close to ground and carry away all rubbish. Burn leaves in fall.

Insects. KALE. LETTUCE. Turnip Aphid-See Turnip. Insects. Aphid or Green-Fly-Sucks sap from leaves. Ft~migate Fungi. with tobacco or hydrocyanic acid gas. Spray with soap and Black Rot-Rept. 1g15, p. 131. See Cabbage. water. 116 kLc a'- c c 0.- L 6.- a,o w vl &.s 3" em> a7Z gg qs-.g 2 E b- z 6 ,a ,,1 "i c.5 , w .- ~.a3 % 85%~a L 0 7Z 0 .'-gocd-., c ,-a .5 ~5 ,a o a~q.5 acLIz E LC aMa~g22eI s*5a,-c",> W Z w * a, hWhE.s.$ 3~ 8 ~ 2s5 aop E @-ZJ=c c am-.- g3cdw: 2032 ,* -*a: 7 ,boa O%uS -.- -255 7 3z 55 7 .a,* 'g 0s W ~~9;- a,Uwm5p0cd; Ec5:c 34%~ 2- 2 X.z+ a, z-b"-"z& ba .am w 5 2 2; 3225clcc w3C,ccd~POI-wC, a0 s--.s h- a, w w w c 7 3p: $ZV w a ,.-eE zg$2p 047 C, o~E-,, $;2*3:as 0- US c.z I- *'G w L 7 w a3iw $m aE ;; 8+zz a5 OL am~ q%9V), ~

U mU)5gzvwaU)2t E cd > w cs0.- 8 2.55 z E 3 cd w *a** Insects. MANGEL. half an inch long, and soon afterwards the young appear. Spray with miscible oils. Rept. 1921, p. 179. Leaf Miner-See Beet. Woolly Maple Leaf Scale-Cottony or Fungi. voolly masses of was, containing the fe- Leaf Blight-Shows as grayish circular males, eggs and son~etinleslarvae, appear on spots with purplish borders; when abundant the under side of the leaves of sugar maples causes premature death of leaves. Rotate; in midsummer; leaves fall prematurely. keep refuse out of manure piles; spray with J:Iales and larvae enter crevices of bark of Bordeaux before disease gets started. Rept. trunk and branches; latter pass the winter. 19.15, P. 432. .\ttaclts only sugar maples. Spraf; dormant trees wit11 nicotine solution and soap. DO Root Rot-Rots off roots below ground, turning foliage not use miscible oils. Burn all infested leaves. Bull. I51 ; yellow and often killing it. Not common, but injurious occa- Repts. 1905, p. 226 ; 191I, p. 345. sionally in low wet fields. Avoid wet ground; keep rotted plants out of manure. Rept. 1915, p. 433. Terrapin Scale-Small retldish-bl-o\vn soft scales on small twigs of silver and red maple^, sometimes lcilling the branches. Spray with lterosene emulsion. Rept. 1921, p. 183. Ijrsects. MAPLE. Oyster-Shell Scale-See Apple. Maple Borer-Larva tunnels in spiral course upward around'trunk or larger branches of Maple A,phids-Green aphids are common on under surface sugar maple, working in sapwood and cam- of leaves of Norway and Sycamore maples in June. Spray bi~un,often girdling the trees. Examine trees with nicotine solution and soap, or with kerosene emulsion. in September for sawdust. Find the burrow, inject carbon disulphide and plug the opening. Gall Mites-Disfigure leaves by forming galls on upper sur- Rept. 1922, p. 351. face. Destroy infested leaves. White-marked Tussock Moth-See Horse Chestnut. Fzc~zgi,elc. Other Tussock Moths-See Apple. Anthracnose-Causes dead areas in the leaves, often hard to distinguish from the leaf scorch. Its appearance depends Canker-Worms-See Apple. on character of season. For this reasoil spraying is of doubt- Cottony Maple Scale-Large, oval, brown soft scales on ful value in the long run, but wlien given should start on the bark of branches of silver and red maples. Each scale in unfolding leaves. Repts. 1903, 11. 329; 1915, 11. 436, unusual early summer develops a large cotton-like tuft of wax, nearly form. 118 Black (Tar) Spot-Forms slightly thickened black spots on the leaves with nicotine solution and soap. Dust with nico- the leaves, resembling finger prints. Cut-leaf maples are tine. 'dull. 21G, p. 47; Rept. 1908, p. 813. especially susceptible. Rake up and burn all leaves in the Striped Cucumber Beetle-See Cucumber. fall. Rept. 1908, p. 852.

Leaf Scorch-Shows as more or less ex- - .. tended and irregular dead areas, appearing a-- suddenly, usually from the leaf margins Anthracnose--Appears 'occasionally. See inward. A physiological trouble due to Cucumber. sudden or excessive evaporation beyond the Downy Mildew-Causes angular, eventu- \ s~~pplyof water furnished by the roots, ally brown spots in the leaves, often killing which is in turn due to abrupt changes in vines: most orominent just before melons atmospheric conditions, drought, injury to ripen, later ones not maturing or worthless. roots, etc. Pruning, when necessary, water- Begin spraying with Bordeaux mixtures soon after the vines ing or mulching, and stimulating root start to rnn, and keep them covered to the end of the season. growth by nitrogenous fertilizers are best In very wet seasons spraying is not entirely effective. Rept. remedial measures. Rept. 1905, p. 267. 1904, P. 329. Stag-head-Shows in trees killed at the top or by central Leaf Mold-Develops dead spots on the leaves very similar branches gradually dying. Due to various agents or unfavor- to those caused by downy mildew. Spray with Bordeaux on able environment such as parasitic or semiparasitic toadstools the first running vines and repeat every 10 to 14 days, making and shelf-fungi, escaping gas in soil, winter injury, etc. Cut 4 or 5 applications according to season. Repts. 1893, p. 186; off dead and dying branches; clean out decaying wood, treat 1898, p. 225. with a wood preservative and fill cavities. Stimulate new growth by nitrogenous fertilizers. Wilt-See Squash.

Insects. MARGUERITE. MILLET. Marguerite Fly or Leaf Miner-A maggot tunnels between Insccts. upper and lower leaf surfaces. Spray every ten or twelve Fall Army Worm-See Grass. days with nicotine solution. Rept. 1915, p. 188. NASTURTIUM. Insects. MEL0.N (MUSK). Insects. Melon Aphid-Sucks the sap from the under side of the Aphid-Brown aphids cluster on stems and leaves, sucking leaves, and when abundant causes much damage. Underspray the sap. Spray with nicotine solution and soap. 119 Insects. OAK. Fungi. Canker-Worms-See Apple. Black Stem Rust-Forms, chiefly on leaf sheaths and stems, first the I1 stage as reddish pustules and Gipsy Moth-See Apple. later the 111 stage as elongated black outbreaks. Brown-Tail Moth-See Pear. illso occurs on wheat, rye, and other grasses as dif- Orange-striped Oak-Worm-Black and orange striped cat- ferent strains. The I stage appears in spring on erpillars feed upon the leaves late in summer. Spray with barberry leaves as cluster-cups, but the fungus can lead arsenate. skip this stage. Quite serious in regions where grain is grown extensively, and difficult to control. 'This and several related species are becoming more important here as more grain of various kinds is Anthracnose-Appears as light-brown spots on the young Fil grown. Cut out barberries in vicinity of fields. leaves, killing some before they unfold. Infection comes from Smut-Destroys the grain, turning it into a black dusty mass spores produced in inconspicuous pustules on the young twigs. of spores. Seed treatment will prevent this smut. Either soak Treat as for anthracnose of sycamore. the seed 12 minutes in water at 133' F., and dry thoroughly, Leaf Curl-Appears, not uncommonly on certain species of or sprinkle quickly with formalin (formula A), stirring the park and lawn oaks, as a dense violet-gray felt in cupped areas grain so that it is thoroughly wet, and leave in piles for several on under side of the leaves with the upper surface elevated hours before drying out. A less cumbersome treatment com- and light colored. Without definite experience we recom- ing into general use is that given under mend same treatment as for peach leaf curl, namely, a dormant formula B. Buy seed from smut-free fields. spray with lime-sulphur, I to 9, just before buds begin to swell. ONION. Heart Rots-Develop occasionally hoof-shaped or bracket Insects. fungi on trunks. Gain entrance through wounded and dead Thrips or "White Blast"-Very small in- branches; cause rot of heart wood and sometimes slow death sects which feed upon the surface of the of sapwood and bark. Break off and burn fruiting bodies; leaves, giving the field a whitish appear- cut out diseased bark and sapwood, and dig out infected heart- ance. Burn all tops and refuse; burn over wood; fill cavity if desired. Occur in other deciduous trees, the grass land around the field to kill over- especially maples. Bull. 222, p. 446. wintering insects. Spray with nicotine solu- tion and soap, or kerosene emulsion. Repts. 1903, P. 266; 1913, P. 233. Insects. OATS. Maggot-Infests the bulb of the young Army Worm-See Grass. plant. Practice rotation of crops. Spray plants here and there over the field with sweetened lead time after they have been placed in the barn. Treat as for arsenate to kill the adult flies. Rept. 1911, p. 286. black spot. Late field spraying with Bordeaux shortly before pulling and again while lying in the field, combined with treat- Fungi. ment by formalin fumes (See Fungicides) after storing, has Anthracnose (Black Spot)-Shows as given some indications of benefit. See Fig. (B) under anthrac- black circular spots on the bulbs, usually on nose. Repts. 1903, p. 334; 1904, p. 321. white varieties after storing. Store onions as dry as.possible and keep barn dry and Insects. PALMS. cool. Avoid piling too deeply in bins. Air- slaked lime mixed with sulphur scattered Scales-Several kinds of white and brown scales infest the over them at time of storing may prove species of palms grown in greenhouses. Apply nicotine solu- tion or soap and water as a spray or as a dip. beneficial. See Stem Rot for treatment with formalin fumes. Fig. (A). Rept. 1889, p. 163. Fungi. Smut-Forms black dusty outbreaks on vari- Anthracnose-Frequently causes leaves to die at tip. Fun- ous parts of plant raised from seed; especially gus may show as small black imbedded specks oozing pinkish injurious to the very young seedlings. This masses of spores. Avoid infected stock or isolate it; pick off fungus becomes established in the soil, hence and burn worst infected leaves; keep leaves dry and house infected land should be avoided or used only well ventilated. Rept. 1913, p. 18. for transplanted onions. If used, apply with the seed in drills per acre, IOO lbs. sulphur Insects. PARSLEY-PARSNIP. thoroughly mixed with 50 lbs. air-slaked lime. Formalin (I lb. or I pt. to 12 gallons water) Celery Caterpillar-On both hosts. See Celery. thoroughly sprinkled over the seed, before cov- Parsley Stalk Weevil-Larva tunnels in crown of plant. No ered, by drip attachment to the seeder, is an remedy other than to destroy infested plants. Rept. 1913, even more desirable remedy. Repts. 1889, p. p. 252. 129; 1895, p. 176. Fungi. Stem Rot-Starts rotting of bulbs at stem end, where they become soft and shrunken, Drop-On Parsley. See Lettuce. sometimes showing beneath the layers a dense Soft Rot-On Parsnip. See Salsify. oli\.e-brown growth. This fungus in a moist season occurs on various parts of the plant in Insects. PEA. the field (possibly responsible for "blast" of seed onions), but Green Pea Aphid-rittacks the plants early in June and does not appear as a serious trouble with the bulbs until some sucks the sap from the leaves and stems, often causing great

121 injury. Early peas may mature a crop before aphids injure Oriental Peach Moth-Larvae tunnel them. Spray or dust vines with nicotine. Brush the vines new shoots early in season, later broods just before cultivating. Repts. 1899, p. 240; 1913, p. 235; leave shoots and enter fruit or go direct 1924, P. 319. into fruit; larvae winter in cocoons on Pea Weevil-The adult lays eggs in the pods in the field and bark or on ground. No satisfactory con- the larvae develop in the seed, the beetles emerging through trols yet known. Frequent sprays of round holes. Fumigate with carbon disulphide as soon as nicotine sulphate and soap, cultivation of harvested. Bull. 195, p. 5. soil in fall or early spring in localities permitting it, and the use of paradichloro- Fzcngi. l~enzenethe same as for peach borer control, have been shown to be of :ome benefit. Rept. 1924, p. 299. Leaf Spot and Powdery Mildew-Shows in the former as Fruit Bark-Beetle or Shot-Hole Borer-Makes minute tun- roundish spots on both pods and leaves; in the latter, as a nels under the bark of branches and trunk. Burn infested mealy or cobweb-like coating on same. Neither seems to be trees and keep others thrifty. Rept. 1896, sufficiently injurious here to warrant the expense of spraying. p. 240. Root-Rot-Kills tops of roots and base of vines, causing Plum Curculio-See Plum. parts above to turn yellow, wilt and die prematurely. Caused San Jose Scale-Minute scale insects, by various soil fungi. Practice rotation, use well-rotted with circular shell, which suck the sap from manure; give frequent cultivation in wet years to hasten twigs, fruit and leaves. On fruit a red spot the drying of the top soil; .plant most resistant varieties. surrounds each insect. Spray dormant Bull. 222, p. 450. trees with lime-sulphur or miscible oils. Bull. 165; Rept. 191, p. 240. r Black and Green Aphids-Suck the sap from the leaves and shoots. Spray with PEACH. nicotine solution. Insects. Fzt~lgi,ete. Peach Sawfly-Larvae feet1 upon leaves in June and July. Brown Rot-Occurs on the young twigs, Spray with lead arsenate. Rept. 1907, p. 285. leaves and blossoms, but causes most seri- Peach Borer-Larva tunnels in the base of the trunk. Dig ous injury to the fruit, rotting it about out in late fall and early spring. Paint base of trunk with lead ripening time. The rotten areas become arsenate and lime-sulphur. Remove top soil and sprinkle covered with numerous pustules of dusty powdered paradichlorobenzene around the trunk, using about brownish spores; eventually the diseased I ounce per tree, ant1 //over with soil. Rept. 1909, p. 359. fruits form hard mummies. These carry I I22 the fungus over the winter, and if half buried in the soil Winter Injury-Shows in various ways. In severe winters, develop in early spring the mature stage, which causes infec- especially when the ground is bare, the roots may be killed tion of the blossoms, etc. Certain early varieties, like the without injury to parts above the ground. In spring such Champion, are especially subject to rot. See general direc- trees put forth a scanty sickly foliage that soon drops. Often tions for treatment. This fungus occurs on plums and cherries the injury occurs in the form of a "collar girdle" in the bark and less commonly on pears and apples. Repts. 1909-10, pp. at the base of the tree. Sometimes it occurs above ground in 607, 612; 1911, PP. 374, 391. the wood (shown by its blacker color), with or without injury Crown Gall-See Plum. to the bark. When the bark is not injured, severeapruning in Leaf Curl-Causes young leaves to become spring will often save the trees. Nursery trees can sometimes irregularly curled and swollen and finally to be cut back to the snow line, below the injury, and an entirely drop off; rarely on fruit. In April as soon as new healthy trunk started. Avoid late applications of nitro- buds begin to swell, spray the trees thor- genous fertilizers and cultivation after middle of July. Mulch oughly with commercial lime-sulphur, 1-9. base of young trees in late fall with earth. Secure good drain- Same treatment takes care of San Josh scale. age. Repts. 1903, p. 341 ; 1908, p. 872. Repts. 1909-10, pp. 608, 612; 1911, p. 374; Yellows-Causes premature ripening and red spotting of 1914, P. 19. fruit, develops yellowish curled leaves, and in time spindling Powdery Mildew-Forms a grayish felt on sprout growth in bunches on the trunk. This is claimed to be young twigs and leaves. Prune off infected a contagious disease, but it is apparently pl~ysiological in twigs ; give winter treatment as for leaf curl, nature. Little peach in this state is scarcely to be distin- and summer treatment as for scab and brown guished from the yellows, showing chiefly in the small back- rot. ward fruit. Root out all infected trees; prevent winter injury; Scab -Produces roundish, olive-black be careful in selecting stock for planting. Nurserymen should spots on the fruit, discolored areas on the use especial care in selecting their stock for budding. Repts. young twigs, and rarely "shot-holes" in the 1893, p. ga; 1908, p. 872. foliage. Two treatments with self-boiled lime-sulphur, dry mix or Atomic Sulphur upon the fruit after setting and when half Ge~zeralTreatnzelat for Peaclz Orclzards. grown (about the middle of May and June) (I) Spraying peaches while dormant is of value only in will control this trouble. Repts. 1896, p. checking San JosC scale, mites and leaf curl. One application 269; 1909-10, PP. 608,614; 1911, pp. 375,391. of commercial lime-sulphur, 1-9, either in late fall, or prefer- Spray Injury-Is more likely to occur than on apple. Avoid ably early spring, will take care of all of these troubles. If Bordeaux altogether. See (3) under general treatment fol- the scale and the leaf curl are unusually prevalent both appli- lowing. Repts. 1900, p. 219; 1911, p. 372. cations will prove of value in controlling them. (2) For the prevention of scab and rot of peaches, give San Josi Scale-See Peach. three sprayings, as follows: Ist, shortly after the blossoms Pear Psylla-Small jumping plant lice suck sap from leaves have fallen ; ad, three or four weeks later; and 3d, one month and twigs, causing leaves to fall in midsummer. Spray with later. Dusting with sulphur may replace spraying where more lime sulphur 1-9 in spring just before the blossom buds open. convenient. Spray again in July with nicotine sulphate and soap, or nico- (3) Self-boiled lime-sulphur, dry mix and Atomic Sulphur tine sulphate and lime using 20 Ibs. of lime to each 50 gallons seem to be the safest and most reliable peach sprays. Fair spray. If infestation is bad spray on warm days in spring results have been obtained with some of the commercial lime- or fall with nicotine and soap to destroy adults. Rept. 1903, sulphurs, and they are much more easily handled. There is, p. 262. however, some danger of spray injury, especially with certain Sinuate Pear Borer-Grubs tunnel in branches often kill- brands. If commercial lime-sulphur is used, a strength of not ing them. Cut out the borers and spray foliage heavily in greater than 1-150, without poison, is advisable. May with lead arsenate. Rept. 1920, p. 193. (4) As lead arsenate has done little to prevent curculio Pear Thrips-A minute insect which feeds upon the un- injury in Connecticut and as it seems to increase the danger opened fruit buds, destroying them so that fruit does not set. of spray injury, we advise leaving it out unless there is con- Spray with nicotine solution and soap just as buds open, and siderable danger from the sawfly, when it can be added in the again after blossoms fall. second spraying the same as for apples. False Tarnished Plant Bug-Punctures developing fruit, causing it to be irregular and knotty. Spray with nicotine solution and soap. Insects, etc. ' PEAR. Leaf Blister MiteAttacks unfolding leaves of apple and Pear or Cherry Slug-See Cherry. pear; forms galls or blisters, which become red and later Codling-Moth-See Apple. brown. Causes many leaves to fall in July. Spray dormant Brown-Tail Moth-Occurs in the United trees with lime-sulphur in late fall or in spring. Rept. 1910, States only in eastern New England. Brown p. 700. hairy caterpillars feed on leaves, and make winter nests on twigs, maturing about the Fungi, etc. middle of June. Cut and burn winter nests. Blight-Kills young twigs, the leaves suddenly turning Spray foliage as soon as blossoms fall, and black; also produces sunken dead areas on trunks. This also in August, with lead arsenate. Rept. is a bacterial disease chiefly spread by bees during blossom- 1910, p. 683 ; Bull. 182. ing time, or by sucking insects. Winter-prune all diseased Fall Web-Worm-Makes nests on ends of branches of many branches, cutting off several inches below diseased area. Cut kinds of trees in late summer, the brown, hairy caterpillars out cankered areas and swab with disinfectant, paint exposed feeding inside the nests. Clip off and burn nests when small. wood when dry. Several times after blossoming remove all Spray with lead arsenate. Repts. 1901, p. 270; 1917, p. 319. young dead twigs. Use knife sterilized after each cut by 124

'It \ -. -+ kf-- 'I'-'L?-+ wiping with a clcTthsaturated with carbolic acid or with imbedded numerous, small, blackish fruiting-bodies. Give sev- corrosive sublimate (1-1000). Rept. 1894, p. I 13. eral sprayings with commercial lime-sulphur, starting before mildew appears. Leaf Blight-See Quince. Scab-Forms olive-black scabby spots on fruit and leaves, often causing the former to Insects. PINE. ' become distorted and cracked. The fungus Sawflies-Larvae of several native ant1 imported species lives over winter on the twigs. Certain varie- feed upon the leaves. Spray with lead arsenate. ,Rept. 1917, ties are not much injured, others, like Flemish P. 273. Beauty, are very susceptible. Spray as for White Pine Weevil-Adult snout beetle lays eggs on leader apple scab. Repts. 1894, p. 135 ; 1904~p. 323 ; in May and grubs feed and develop on it, causing it to wilt and 1911, P 396. die in midsummer. Leaders of ornamental trees may be pro- tected by spraying them with lead arsenate or lime-sulphur. Insects. PEONY. Jarring the adults into a net once a week during month of May Rose Chafer-Adult beetles feed upon blossoms of white serves greatly to reduce the damage. Infested leaders should varieties. See Grape. be cut and destroyed. Repts. 1911, p. 307; 1919, p. 144. Fungi. Pine Leaf Scale-Whitish pear-shaped shells on leaves; small trees sometimes killed. Stem Rots-Appear in the 'spring as the new stems push up Spray with nicotine solution or kerosene emulsion about the second week in June. Rept. into the air. Sometimes the tip, the base or the whole stem 1931, p. 181. may die from the rot. Two different fungi cause the same injury. Spray plants and soil as the stems push through the Pine Bark Aphid-White cottony or woolly objects on bark earth; keep soil dry by stirring; destroy infected stems. and sometimes on leaves, sucking out the sap. Spray with kerosene emulsion. Repts. 1911, p. 343 ; 1919, p. 155. PHLOX. Insects. Fungi, etc. Red Spider-Injures leaves, causing them to turn yellow. Clean culture. Spray clear water with force from hose, and in Blight (so-called)-Stunts the leaves and kills their tips, severe infestations, with linseed oil emulsion, kerosene emul- often suddenly, so that the tissues for a greater or less distance sion, or with nicotine solution and soap. are reddish-brown. This is a physiological disease; it is not contagious; due to adverse weather conditions. Chief'among Fungi. these are severe winters, killing the leaves directly or indirectly Powdery Mildew-Covers more or less completely leaves through injury to roots; warm days, in late winter or early and young stems with grayish coating within which are finally spring when ground is frozen, causing transpiration of water from the leaves that cannot be replaced; very late spring PLUM. frosts, killing tips of new leaves; sudden changes, in summer I~tsects. from moist or muggy weather to bright sunshine, resulting in Plum Aphids-Suck sap from leaves. Spray with kerosene excessive transpiration and injury; very dry summers. NO emulsion, nicotine solution and soap, or with soap and water. effective remedy. Rept. 1907, p. 353. San JosC Scale-See Peach. Dampening Off-Caused here chiefly by Rhizoctonia fungus Plum Curculio-Grub infests the grow- rotting base of the stem, the seedling falling over. Sometimes ing fruit, causing it to fall. Jar the trees it creeps up the stem, invading the base of the leaves which each morning for six weeks after blooming wither. Certain conifers are more subject to attack than and catch the beetles on sheets and destroy others. Avoid unnecessary watering; provide good ventila- them. Spraying with lead arsenate during tion; infected soil often can be helped by treatment with the same period is also advised. Rept. 1910, formalin before seeding (see Fungicides, formalin D) ; spray- ing with Bordeaux is helpful in some cases. Some use sand p. 609; Bull. 235, p. 218. as a coating over the beds. Repts. 1912, p. 348; 1915, P. 450. Fruit Bark-Beetle or Shot-Hole Borer- See Peac'~. Stem Rusts-Form on the swollen stems temporary, but conspicuous, white, blister- Fungi. like spore cups filled with a dusty orange- colored spore mass. The white pine blis- Black Knot-See Cherry. ter rust, an imported species, spreads to Brown Rot-Is the same as on peach. Thin fruit so it does the gooseberries and currants, and forms not touch. Gather and destroy all mummies after harvest. other less conspicuous leaf stages on these. Rather difficult to control by spraying, as spray does not A very similar native species on two and readily adhere to the smooth fruit. First treatment with three needle pines spreads to the leaves of Atomic Sulphur, dry mix or self-boiled lime-sulphur, should the sweet fern. In either case infected be made on half grown fruit, others at intervals of two weeks, pines should be destroyed, and also the and the last one 7 to 10days before picking. Use a spreader alternate hosts, if they occur in the neigh- in the spray. borhood. Spray seed-beds with Bordeaux Crown Gall-Shows hard roundish knots one-half inch or if liable to infection. In white pine plan- more in diameter, near crown or on roots, less frequently on tations pull out all currant and gooseber- lower part of trunk. Do nut plant infected trees. Remove ries within 500 feet. Send any suspicious knots when found and paint over cut surface. This is said to white pines or their alternate hosts to this Station for examina- be very troublesome in some states, but here, as yet, little tion. Rept. 1912, p. 347; Bulls. 214. p. 428, 237, p. 305. damage has resulted from it. 116 \'.- .. 39, V --z 4. L Insects. Wat:,op~~~. Insects. POTATO. Poplar Tent-Maker-Larvae feed on leaves and fold them Flea Beetle-Small black jumping beetles together near ends of branches, forming nests. Spray with eat holes through the leaves. Spray heavily lead arsenate. Rept. 1911, p. 310. both upper and under leaf surfaces with lead Spiny Elm Caterpillar-See Elm. arsenate or calcium arsenate. Bull. 208, p. 103; Rept. 1906, p. 271. Tussock Moths-See Apple, Hickory and Horse Chestnut. Colorado Beetle-Adults and larvae de- Poplar Borer-Larvae make large galleries in wood of trunk. vour the leaves. Spray with lead arsenate Dig out, or inject carbon disulphide into the burrow and close as soon as injury is apparent. hlay be used the opening. Rept. 1907, p. 336. in Bordeaux mixture. Bull. 208, p. 106; Poplar and Willow Curculio-Larva tunnels in smaller Rept. 1911, p. 311. trunk and branches. Destroy badly infested trees. Cut out Three Lined Potato Beetle-Larvae feed borers; inject earbon disulphide. Rept. 1907, p. 335. upon the leaves and carry their black excre- Oyster-Shell Scale-See Apple. ment on their backs. Spray with lead arse- nate. Bull. 208, p. 109. Fungi. Stalk Borer-Larva tunnels inside the stalk. Burn infested vines. See Dahlia. Bull. 208, p. III. European Canker-Forms sunken dead areas of varying Leafhopper-Sucks sap from veins, caus- extent in the bark. Importation from Europe; showing here flY;" yJ _,P, ing leaves to curl and "burn." Known as most commonly on Lombardy and white poplars. If trees are .J\.; "hopper burn." Spray or dust with nico- badly injured cut down and burn ; otherwise cut out diseased . tine to kill leafhoppers. areas going into the healthy bark, scraping and painting over - ,?.p,?.:., Potato Aphid-Green and pink aphids ap- exposed wood. Bull. 222, p. 461. /: !.)I # pearing in large numbers suck the sap from Rusts-Show on leaves as minute, powdery, yellow-orange \;@ shoots and stems, causing much damage in pustules in I1 stage, and as slightly elevated reddish blisters in @, 1917. Spray or dust with nicotine. Bull. I11 stage. Have I stape, for different species, on larch and 208, p. 115. hemlock. Avoid planting near these hosts in nursery; rake Fungi, etc. up and burn infected leaves in the fall. Rept. 1915, p. 440. Black Leg-Ends as a black rot of stem below ground; makes plants usually stunted with yellowish curled foliage; occasionally rots tubers. Usually only scattered plants appear Insects. POPPY. in the field, not spreading to the healthy. Soaking seed in Aphids-Black aphids suck sap from stems and leaves. formalin as for scab is helpful. Plant only certified seed. Spray with nicotine solution and soap. Rept. 1914, p. 21. 127 Blight or Downy Mildew-Causes a sud- tubers, as this treatment seems more effective against the den blackening of the leaves, and death of latter. Pre-sprinkling with water 48 hours before treatment vines, from July to September in moist sea- and keeping moist meantime is said to increase their efficiency. sons; usually shows a slight whitish growth Hot corrosive sublimate or formalin for short periods has also of fungus on the under side of the leaves; been recommended for potato tuber diseases. Avoid planting rots tubers. Spray with Bordeaux before on infected land. The use of lime, wood ashes, and various the trouble appears, about July I, and keep barnyard manures will increase the amount of scab. The vines well covered to the end of the season. same trouble occurs on beets and turnips. Fig. (B). Re ts. Three to five sprayings by hand or five to 1890, p. 81; 1891, p. 153; 1894, p. 118; 1895, p. 166; I&, seven by power sprayer are necessary. Use P. 246; yo-10, p. 7-14. lead arsenate in the early sprayings for in- Tip or Hopper Burn-Causes leaves to die at tip and mar- sects. After last cultivation thoroughly gins and roll up; often mistaken for true blight. This is a ridge up the rows to help keep the spores from washing down physiological trouble due to drought or sudden change from to the tubers. Early varieties usually escape blight by matur- moist to very hot bright weather or to leafhoppers. Culti- ing before its appearance. Repts. 1904, p. 363; 1905, p. 304; vate thoroughly and often to conserve moisture. Spray with 1909-10, p. 739; 1915, p. 470; 1916, P. 355; Bull. 214, p. 411. Bordeaux as for blight, as this often helps to increase yield by Mosaic-Shows as a more or less conspicuous yellow-green lengthening life of leaves. Rept. ~gog-10,p. 742. mottling of the leaves. A physiological disease not well understood. Common here, but apparently not so injurious as in some other places. Do not save tubers for planting from PRIVET. fields showing this trouble. Keep down aphids. Use only Insects. certified seed. Bull. 222, p. 464. Aphids-Suck sap from the leaves causing them to curl. Scab-Produces the common scabby ap- Spray with nicotine sulphate or apply nicotine dust. pearance on surface of tubers. Soak uncut seed-tubers one hour in formalin (formula Fungi, etc. C). Formalin fumes (see Less-Used Fungi- Anthracnose-Forms small cankers on stems, causing parts cides) are often used when large quantities above to wilt and die. Usually found in nurseries on recently are treated. Care in filling space suffi- transplanted European privet. Prune off and burn infected ciently, however, is necessary to avoid in- branches; spray with Bordeaux. Rept. 1914, p. 22. jury by "pitting" from absorption of fumes. Winter Injury-Shows in spring by stems usually being Corrosive sublimate is recommended by killed down to base or snow line. Cut off dead stems below some investigators, especially where the injury and a vigorous new growth will result if roots are not black scurf (Rhizoctonia) also occurs on the injured. Rept. 1904, p. 326. I 128 Insects. QUINCE. Insects. RASPBERRY. Aphid-See Apple. Raspberry Sawfly-Larvae devour leaves. Spray with lead Oriental Peach Moth-See Peach. arsenate or hellebore. Rept. 1918, p. 329. Quince Curculio-Grubs infest growing fruit and adults feed Cane Borer-Larva tunnels inside the canes. Cut and burn upon it, causing it to be knotty. Jar the trees same as for infested canes. plum curculio. Spray with lead arsenate about July I, and Raspberry Fruit-Worm-Brown beetles feed upon buds, repeat in 10 days. Round-Headed Borer-See Apple. leaves and blossoms, and white larvae adhere to berries at picking time. Spray with lead arsenate when beetles first Funxi, etc. -appear. Bull. 251. Black Rot-Affects the fruit, often beginning at the blossom end; also kills twigs and branches. In the fall or spring cut Fungi, etc. off and burn all dead branches. Give three sprayings, as for Anthracnose-Shows as more or less confluent whitish spots, leaf blight, with Bordeaux mixture. with purplish borders, on the stems. In spring, before buds Blight-See Pear. swell, cut out and burn all badly infected canes and then spray Leaf Blight-Appears as rounded, often confluent, reddish- with Resin-Bordeaux or Bordeaux with a casein spreader. If brown spots with central black dots on leaves and as black disease is very bad, spray again when young shoots are about sunken specks on fruit, the former often shedding prematurely six inches high, and repeat in 10 to 14 days. Aim chiefly to and the latter cracking irregularly. Spray with Bordeaux just cover the young shoots with the spray. After fruit is gathered, before blossoms open, again soon after they fall, and follow again remove any badly infected canes. Cultivate ground with one or two additional treatments at intervals of about two thoroughly to promote vigorous growth of canes. Rept. 1899, weeks, according to the weather. This fungus also occurs on P. 274. pear. Kepts. 1890, p. 99; 1891, p. 150. Crown Gall-See Blackberry. Rust-ProdYcG- small clustered cups, with fringed borders, Rust-See Blackberry. filled with orange spores, on fruit, young twigs and less frequently on leaves. Cut off and burn infected twigs and Wilt-Forms cankered areas on the canes, causing the parts fruit. Look for infected cedars in neighborhood. above to wilt. In the old canes and near the pruned ends, the fungus often develops a brownish coating of spores around each small imbedded fruiting receptacle. Spraying has not Insects. RADISH. proved very satisfactory. Old and diseased canes should be Maggot-See Cabbage. removed and burned after the fruiting season and again early Aphid-See Turnip. in spring. Rept. 1y6, p. 321. Fzcngi. Yellows-Is a more general term for Mosaic (mottled Club Root-See Cabbage. leaves), leaf curl and blue stem, three diseases causing serious

129 trouble here. Plants gradually become worthless. Spraying, Rose Scale-Whitish circular shells on the stems contain except for aphids, does not help these troubles. Dig out insects which suck the sap. Cut and burn worst infested infected plants. Propagate only from perfectly healthy and canes. Spray with nicotine solution and soap. Bull. 151, most resistant varieties, or buy from inspected stock. p. I I ; Rept. 1905, p. 241. Aphid or Green Fly-Sucks sap from the leaves and stems. Spray with nicotine solution. Insects. RHODODENDRON. Rhododendron Lace Bug-This bug sucks the sap from the Fztlzgi, etc. under side of the leaves, which are usually colored brown Crown Gall-Occurs very frequently on rose by its excrement. Spray with nicotine solution or kerosene roots, especially those of Manetti stock. Use emulsion. Rept. 1921, p. 201. cleaned tools in grafting and avoid infected Rhododendron Borer-Tunnels under bark of stems around plants. See Plum. Rept. 1911-12, p. 355. crotches. Cut out borers and cover wounds with melted Leaf Blotch-Forms large purple-black paraffin. Rept. 1922, p. 347. blotches on leaflets which often turn yellow and fall off. For greenhouse treatment paint Fungi,etc. hot water pipes with mixture of sulphur Leaf Scorch-Shows as dead marginal areas of varying and oil. Potassium sulphide or commer- width usually appearing suddenly. Plant in shade; keep cial lime and sulphur can be sprayed on the ground mulched; water if necessary in dry weather by soak- foliage. Spraying out of doors can be Rept. 1914, p. 23. 0 done with Bordeaux, if there is no objec- ing ground beneath mulch. tion to the sediment on leaves. Rept. 1903, P. 355. ROSE. Insects. Mildew-Develops a white powdery or Rose Slug-Eats away the green portion of the leaves. cobweb-like growth on the leaves, Spray with hellebore, lead arsenate or nicotine solution. which become more or less distorted and -. fall off; occasionally blasts blossoms of Rose Midge-Larvae distort young leaves and flower buds certain varieties. Tea roses especially sus- in greenhouses. Apply tobacco dust to the soil and fumigate ce~tible. Treat same as for leaf blotch: nightly with tobacco stems or nicotine paper. or dust flowers of suldhur over the leaves ; be careful in airing Rose Chafer-See Grape. greenhouses. Rept. 193, p. 356. Bull. 222, p. 474. Leafhopper-Sucks the sap from the under side of the leaves. Spray with nicotine solution and soap. RUTABAGA, See TURNIP. I' .- I~zsccts. \t ' RYE. Spray with nicotine solution and soap, same as for Cyclamen. Army Worm-See Grass. liept. 1914, p. 176. Wheat Midge-See IVhcat. Root-Knot elw worm-causes irregular swellings on the I-oots where the eelworms are present, with resulting premature Fzt~zgi. decay and sickly appearance of parts above ground. Worst in greenhouses and hot- Ergot -Forms cons~icuous, elongated, beds, as this far north the nematodes are purplish sclerotia, usually one in the spike, killed in unprotected ground over winter. most common in volunteer rye, but occa- Attacks roots of a great variety of culti- sionally in cultivated fields. Keep these vated plants. Purchase only hea'lthy plants; sclerotia out of cattle feed, as they may change infected soil if possible, dry out thor- cause abortion and other troubles. oughly in summer, leave out doors over Powdery Mildew-Shows as a thick gray- winter or sterilize with steam; avoid con- ish felt on the leaves with fruiting bodies tamination of soil with infected refuse. as blackish embedded specks. Causes pre- Rept. 1915, p. 452. mature death of leaves; often associated with rust. No practical remedy. Rept. 1909-10, P 735. Anthracnose-Shows as whitish spots with distinct purplish border on leaves and stems; spots often run together. Select Fungi, ctc. SALSIFY. seed and cuttings only from healthy stock; pick off and burn Soft Rot-Caused by bacteria in the infected leaves. Spray with Bordeaux. interior tissues of the roots, running Rust-Forms reddish-brown, roundish pustules chiefly on down from the crown, and turning them under side of leaves, causing tissues above to become yellow a darker color. Usually occurs after spotted. Appears in greenhouses and causes more or less storage. Avoid contaminated manure injury according to prevalence. Treat as for anthracnose. and too much rotting humus in the Re@. 1915, P. 443. fields; store under drv cool conditions, allowing.- sufficient ventilation. Rept. 1914, p. 25. Insects. SNOWBALL. I~zsccts,etc. SNAPDRAGON. Aphids-Suck sap from the leaves, causing them to curl. Leaf Mites-Cauw leaves to curl and plants do not blossom. Use nicotine solution and soap as a spray or dip. 131 Fungi, etc. SOY BEAN. SPRUCE. Insects. Bacterial Leaf Spot-Appears as small, dark, reddish-brown angular spots frequently merging into larger areas. Certain Spruce Gall Aphid-Forms galls at the base of the new varieties are more susceptible than others, growth on Norway and other spruces. Spray in the late fall Ito San being one of the worst. Grow or early spring with nicotine solution and soap or with kero- least susceptible varieties and if possible sene emulsion. Repts. 1906, p. 302 ; 1922, p. 357. purchase seed from uninfected fields. Spruce Bud Moth-Larva feeds on leaves of terminal shoots Crinkling Chlorosis-Shows as crinkling of the branches, causing much damage. Spray with lead or yellowish-green mottling of leaves, or arsenate. Rept. 1922, p. 357. both together. Plants less vigorous than normal ones. Hollybrook variety apt to show trouble most. Treatment same as in preceding. SQUASH-PUMPKIN. Insects. Squash Lady-Beetle-Both adults and Insects. SPINACH. larvae devour the leaves. Spray with lead Spinach or Beet Leaf-Miner-See Beet. arsenate. Bull. 181, p. I I ;216, p. 42; Rept. 1908, p. 810. Fungi. own^ Mildew Blight-Forms conspicuous yellow spots on Striped Cucumber Beetle-See Cucumber. the leaves with a purplish-gray growth on the under surface. Squash Bug or "Stink Bug9'-A brown Unusually conspicuous recently. Little resistance shown by bug three-fourths of an inch in length sucks any variety. Disease worse in wet springs and in fields where the sap from the under side of the leaves, spinach his been grown for some years. Practice rotation in which wilt and die. Spray with kerosene isolated fields if feasible. Keep down the weed called Lambs emulsion to kill the young. Bull. 216, p. 44; Quarters as it is attacked by same fungus and is chiefly respon- Rep:. 1908, p. 811. sible for harboring the mature stage over winter. Squash-Vine Borer-Larva tunnels in the base of the stem, causing decay. Spray Insects. SPIRAEA. once a.week during July around base of Aphids-Suck sap from the new shoots. Use nicotine solu- .stems with nicotine sulphate (1-250). Cut tion and soap as a spray or dip. \ slits lengthwise in the stem and kill borers. 132 i ' L,;verI\ the joints of the vine with earth so pistillate varieties in part. Dust heaviry with lead arsenate that new shoots may be formed to support and sulphur (1-5). the plant. Grow a few early plants for Strawberry Crown Borer-Grub tunnels and feeds in crown traps, and destroy them. The main crop of plant. Practice crop rotation. Burn over infested field in fall. should be planted rather late. Bull. 216, Strawberry Flea Beetle--Adults eat holes through the 1). 39; Rept. 1908, p. 806. leaves. Spray with lead arsenate. Strawberry Leaf Roller-Larva rolls leaf and feeds inside. Fungi, etc. Spray with lead arsenate. Burn fields and plow abandoned Anthracnose-See Watermelon. fields as soon as crop is harvested. Storage Rots-Caused by various fungi Strawberry Root Aphid-Sucks sap from leaves and roots, that are best held in check by storage under killing plants. Set clean plants on land not infested. Spray conditions with minimum of heat and mois- with nicotine solution and soap. ture. Strawberry White Fly-Sucks sap from leaves. Under spray with nicotine solution and soap. Wilts-Cause leaves of the plants to wilt and then dry up, White Grubs-See Grass. sometimes all of the vine thus suddenlv dvinp. If a cross sec- d .2 tion of the stem shbws a slight milky and sticky exudation, it is caused by bacteria Fungi. that clog up the water ducts. Fungi in the Leaf Spot and Blotch-Appear as con- ducts or insects at the roots may cause simi- spicuous discolored spots, the former usually with whitish centers and purplish borders, lar injury. ' I-Ieavy manuring often develops these troubles. Spraying is of little value and the latter with dark centers. Glen Mary sometimes severelv iniured bv latter. Re- exceDt as it mav kee~off insects which - U inoculate the plants kith the bactgria. 'Use enough seed to new the beds freq;entl$. In &e late fall or allow for loss by wilt and pull up and destroy all the wilted early spring cut off leaves with mower, add a little straw vines as they appear. Rept. 1903, p. 359. where necessary,' and burn over beds. Spray with Bordeaux two or three times before blossoming, beginning last of April and repeating weekly, and once after blossoming is over. Repts. 1903, p. 360; 1914, P. 5- Insects. STRAWBERRY. Powdery Mildew-Covers leaves (more frequently on under, Strawberry Sawflies-Larvae devour leaves. Spray with but more conspicuously, when present, on upper surface) with lead arsenate or hellebore. cobweb-like growth, often causing them to become stiff and Strawberry Weevil-Small snout beetles; females cut off curled inward. This can be controlled with Bordeaux if blossom buds of staminate varieties when ovipositing. Plant sprayed before abundant. Rept. 1905, p. 276. I33 Insects. SWEET PEA. l~l~ltgi,ctc. Aphids-See Pea. Calico-Causes the leaves to become ir- White Fly-See Tomato. regularly mottled with a lighter green color and makes a very inferior tobacco. Fre- Fungi. quently infected leaves finally show numer- Dampening Off-Rots ofi stem just below ground, causing ous, irregular, often merging, brown spots vines to turn yellow and finally die. Plant in well drained known as "rust." While calico is a so-called soil; place well-rotted manure deep in ground below the seed ; physiological disease, it can be .communi- avoid excessive watering; spray base of vines and ground with cated to a healthy plant through contact with Bordeaux ; change beds if appearing yearly. Rept. 1907, p. 359. a very small amount of juice from a diseased plant. Care, therefore, is necessary after Fungi. SYCAMORE. handling diseased plants in touching healthy Anthracnose-Icills young leaves in the spring; causes dead ones. Never use tobacco water or tobacco stems on the seed areas of irregular shape in tissues of older ones often following beds. If calico shows in a seed bed, pull up all suspicious veins. If thought advisable to spray, use Bordeaux on the plants and those surrounding them. If troubled year after leaves as soon as showing and repeat when half and full grown. year, sterilize the seed beds or change them, and never make them on land used for tobacco the year before. When trans- Insects. , TOBACCO. planting, wash the hands occasionally with soap and water. Tobacco or Tomato Horn-Worms-Large Repts. 1898, p. 242; 1899, p. 252; 1914, p. 357; Bull. 166, p. 10. green caterpillars with horn on the tail de- vour the leaves. Practice hand picking or Dampening Off-Due to various fungi which rot off the spray or dust the plants with lead arsenate. seedlings or their roots. Keep air of beds as dry as consistent Rept. 1906, p. 269. with good growth by care in watering and ventilating. If Flea Beetle-Adults eat holes through the trouble starts in spots, take out all infected plants leaves. Spray upper and under surface \y[ and refuse there. heavily with lead arsenate. Bull. 208, p. Black Root Rot-Shows in seed beds by 103; Rept. 1906, p. 271. ,I i. dwarfed "rosette" plants whose roots have been Cut-Worms-See Tomato. largely rotted off. Frequently it does damage in Wire-Worms-Occasionally destroy new- fields, especially where Havana has long been ly set plants under cloth by tunneling in the cultivated, but Round Tip is little injured; a stems below the surface of the ground. short rotation is advisable in bad cases. Sterilize Trap plants will attract the wire worms, which may be killed seed beds with steam or treat with formalin with cyanide before setting the main crop. (formula D). Repts. 1906, p. 342; 1907, p. 363. 134 \ I Wild Fire--Shows~*irst in lower leaves as small, roundish, Fungi, etc. yellow spots. In time these grow larger, turn darker, and Bacterial Canker-Shows as small brownish streaks of dead irregular dead areas appear more or less prominently. This and collapsed tissue running down the sides of the stems; at disease is caused by bacteria and is favored by wet weather. first may be concealed by the epidermis. The infected stems It is carried on the seed and later may be readily transferred with their leaves soon wither and die. Badly infected fields from infected places in the field by certain insects and the are sometimes worthless. First seen here in a limited way wind. Care should be used to select seed only from disease- in 1924, but was more frequent and serious the next year. free fields and sow this seed in sterilized seed bed. Where Use seed from healthy plants only, or if uncertain treat seed. doubtful seed is used this should be soaked for 10 minutes If necessary make new seed beds. Practice rotation, and in corrosive sublimate, rate of I to 1,000 parts water, stirring especially avoid fields where disease has occurred. the seed during the treatment. Drain off the liquid, wash seed in pure water several times and dry before storing. Mosaic-Rept. 1908, p. 857. See Calico of Tobacco. Old cloth used previously on infected beds should be boiled Leaf Spot-Produces on leaves and stems numerous, small, in water before used again. Spray the beds, with Bordeaux dark spots, often with white centers. Begin spraying with mixture, shortly after the young plants have rooted, repeat- Bordeaux about the middle of July, making 3 or 4 applications ing every week until the setting season is over. at intervals of 10 to 14 days. This usually develops too late in the season here to cause serious damage. Point Rot-Causes the green fruit to rot Insects. T0,MATO. at bloom end, showing a large, firm, dark- Cut-Worms-Eat off plant near ground or brown area. Claimed to be a physiological climb the plant and devour the leaves. Place trouble. Frequently bad in very dry sea- around field poisoned bait or bran mash con- sons. In greenhouses sub-irrigation is said taining arsenic. Trap cut-worms with small to prevent it. Spraying .is of little value. piece of board. Rept. 1906, p. 264; Bulls. 190, Considerable difference exists in varieties p. 18; 208, p. 112 ;216, p. 43. as to susceptibility. Tomato or Tobacco Horn-Worm-See Tobacco. Scab-Occurs most commonly in greenhouses, covering Flea Beetle-See Potato or Tobacco. under surface of leaves more or less abundantly with an olive- Potato Aphid-See Potato. brown growth which finally kills the tissue above. Spray Stalk Borer-See Dahlia. with Bordeaux, picking ripe fruit before each of the later White Fly-Sucks the sap from under side of leaves. Spray treatments. under side of leaves with soap and water. Fumigate green- houses with hydrcicyanic acid gas (% ooz. to 1000 cubic ft.). Wilt-Occurs here chiefly in greenhouses; plants turn yel- Bulls. 140; 216, p. 50; Rept. 1902, p. 148. low and slowly wither up; fungus may finally show on dead 135 stem and fruit as pinkish growth. Caused by fungus clogging Phoma Rot-Appears usually after storage, causing con- ducts and cutting off water supply to leaves; in young stage spicuous, dry, sunken, subcircular, black spots scattered over presence shown by blackened bundles where stems are cut roots. Fruiting pustules show as black dots. Store roots in across. Change soil if appearing yearly; do not sow seeds cool dry place and not too deeply in the piles. Practice yearly from infected plants, as they can carry the disease. Spraying rotation and keep refuse from manure pile. If necessary, use of no value. Rept. 1903, p. 366. only artificial fertilizers. Rept. 1912, p. 355.

TULIP TREE. Insects, etc. VIOLET. Insects. Violet Gall Midge-Larvae in curled edges of new leaves. Tulip Tree Scale-Large brown hemi- Fumigate every other night with hydrocyanic acid gas (soz. spherical soft scales on bark, sucking the to 1000 cu. ft.) until galls disappear. Exposure not less than sap, especially on lower branches. Spray two hours. Rept. 1921, p. 152. with lime-sulphur when trees are dormant. Violet Sawfly-Larvae devour leaves. Spray with lead Oils may cause injury. 'Rept. 1921, p. 176. arsenate or hellebore. Eelworms-Form galls on the roots. Plant in new soil or TURNIP-RUTABAGA. sterilize the old soil by steam. Add plenty of air-slaked lime Insects. to the soil. See Snapdragon. Cut-Worms-See Tomato. Fungi. Cabbage Maggot-See Cabbage. Spot Disease-Shows as whitish round spots on the leaves. Turnip Aphid-Green aphids on under side of leaves suck- Spray field plants early in fall with Bordeaux. Select only ing the sap. Dust with nicotine. Repts. 1916, p. 98; 1922, best stock for greenhouse; remove all affected leaves before P. 346. transplanting. When plants have become established, spray again with Bordeaux. Be careful about watering plants, and, Fungi, etc. by proper ventilation and heat during September to November, Club Root-See Cabbage. keep atmosphere of house from ever becoming too moist. Soft Rot-Causes an interior soft decay of roots, etc., of a variety of vegetables, such as turnips, salsify, parsnips, car- Insects. WALNUT. rots, celery. Very wet seasons and imperfect storage condi- Walnut Caterpillar-Clusters of black caterpillars covered tions are usually the starting point of these troubles. Store with whitish hairs strip the branches and finally the trees in under best possible conditions for keeping down heat and August. Spray with lead arsenate. Clip off twigs when cater- moisture. Keep contaminated refuse out of manure pile. pillars are small, and kill by crushing. Repts. 1914, p. 191 ; Kept. 1914,p. 2j. ,, 1917, P. 326. 136 'I f I I. - r* Walnut Weevil I, " ~urcul.io-~Zdults feed at base of leaf Loose Smut-Destroys entrit head, turning it stems. Larvae tun~klin new shoots and infest the fruit of into a dusty olive-black mass that is dissipated Persian and Japanese walnuts. Spray with lead arsenate. in time. Soak seed for 4 hours in cold water then Rept. 1912, p. 240. treat, after standing in sacks 4 hours more, for 5 minutes in hot water at temperature of 133' F., Walnut Bud Moth-Larvae feed upon tender leaves and or use formalin (B) dry sprinkle. Dry thor- shoots, webbing them together. Spray with lead arsenate. oughly if stored. Rept. 1912, p. 253. . Stinking Smut-Fills the apparently scarcely changed seeds with a dusty mass of spores. WHEAT. Spores often found more or less abundantly in Insects. middlings and other feeds containing wheat, and their presence in amount indicates poor quality, Army Worm-See Grass. and may have some connection with complaints Hessian Fly-Maggots burrow in sheath of a leaf at base of injury to stock fed on these. Use formalin of stem, causing the stalks to turn yellow and die. Plant treatment. Rept. 1909-10, p. 736. late. Insects. WILLOW. Wheat Midge-The fly lays eggs on the chaff and the mag- Fall Web Worm-See Pear. gots feed upon the developing kernels, so that the heads ripen Spiny Elm Caterpillar-See Elm. early and produce no grain. Burn stubble before plowing. Poplar Tent-Maker-See Poplar. Plow infested fields deeply in the fall. Rept. 1917, p. 366. Poplar and Willow Curculio-See Poplar. Sawflies-Larvae devour leaves, Spray with lead arsenate. Green Bug or Aphid-Green aphids suck the sap from Destroy in early fall all volunteer wheat and oats. Imported Willow Leaf Beetle-Larvae and adults feed upon leaves. the surface of the leaves of smooth-leafed, species, soon skele- Practice crop rotation. tonizing them. Spray with lead arsenate. Rept. 1921, p. 195. Aphids-Large reddish aphids congregate on twigs in fall, Fungi. and suck the sap. Spray with kerosene emulsion or nicotine Black Stem Rust-See Oats. solution and soap. Leaf Rusts-Form small, dusty, orange-colored outbreaks Oyster-Shell Scale-See Apple. on leaves, etc., and later darker and firmer mature stage. Fungi. Several closely related species on barley, rye, and wheat but Rusts-Occur on the leaves; similar in appearance and quite distinct from black stem rust. Some varieties are more closely related to those on poplar. The alternate host for one resistant than others to these various grain rusts. No effec- species is the larch and apparently there is another the alter- tive treatment. nate host of which is not yet determined. Rept. 1915, p. 450. 137 MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN SPRAY APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES. Prospective purchasers should write t:othese firms for catalogues and prices. MANUFACTURERS OF SPRAYING MACHINES. Barnes Mfg. Co., The, Mansfield, Ohio. (Hand sprayers.) Goulds Mfg. Co., 177 High St., Boston, Mass.; 16 Murray St., New York. Bateman Co., Fred. H., Grenloch, N. J. (Iron Age sprayers, traction and (Hand and power sprayers.) power.) Hardie Mfg. Co., The, Hudson, Mich. Distributors: Brockport Sprayer Bean Spray Pump Co., Lansing, Mich. (Hand and power sprayers and and Pump Co.,Brockport, N. Y.; H. V. Hart Co., Hagerstown, Md. dusters.) (Hand and power sprayers.) Brown co.,'E. C., Rochester, N. Y. (Compressed air, hand and power Hayes Pump and Planter Co.,. Galva, Ill. (Spray pumps.) outfits.) Humphryes Mfg. Co., The, Mansfield, Ohio. (Hand and power pumps.) Burch Plow Works Co., The, Crestline, Ohio. (Sprayers.) Leggett & Brother, Inc., 301 Pearl St., New York. (Hand and powcr Church, Stephen B., Seymour, Conn. (Power and hand sprayers.) dusters and liquid sprayers, insecticides and fungicides.) Church-Tyler Co., 210 Congress St., Boston, Mass. (Power and hand Lunt Jillson Co., The, Manchester, Conn.; I Washington St., Boston, Mass. sprayers.) (Hand and power outfits.) Dayton Manufacturing Co., The, 2240 East Third St., Dayton, Ohio. (Hand sprayers.) McKenzie Mfg. Co., La Crosse, Wis. (Power traction sprayers.) Deming Co., The, Salem, Ohio. (Hand and power pumps.) Myers & Brother Co., The F. E., Ashland, Ohio. (Hand and power spray Dobbins Bros. Mfg. Co., North St. Paul, Minn. (Hand dusters.) pumps. Complete power outfits.) Ellis Co., Wm. O., Concord Junction, Mass. (Spraying materials, Peerless Niagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y. (Insecticides, dusts and dusters.) Hand dusters.) Kumsey Pump Co., Ltd., 49 Federal St., Boston, Mass. (Hand and power Field Force Pump Co., Elmira, N. Y.' (Hand, traction and power sp:aying pumps.) machines.) Smith & Company, D. B., Utica, N. Y. (Sprayers and Dusting equipment Fitzhenry-Guptill Co., 135 First St., Cambridge, Mass. (Power sprayers.) for handling all insecticides.) Friend Mfg. Co., Gasport, N. Y. (Spraying outfits, power and hand spray Spramotor Co., 107-109 Erie St., Buffalo, N. Y. (Hand and power autfits.) pumps and all sprayer accessories.) \Vard-Love Pump Corporation, Rocltford, Ill. (Pumps for all purposes.)

MANUFACTURERS OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. American Cyanam'd Co., jII Fifth Ave., New York City. (Insecticides Ellis Company, \Vm. O., Concord Junction, Mass. (Dusting and spraying and fungicides.) materials. Peerless hand dusters.) Blanchard Co., The Jas. A., Hudson Terminal Bldg., 30 Church St., New Frost Insecticide Co., Arlington, Mass. (Spray chemicals and apparatus.) York City. (Insecticides and fungicides.) General Chemical Co., 40 Rector St., New York City. (Orchard Brand Bowker Chemical Co., 40 West St., New York City. (Insecticides and Spray and Dust Materials.) fungicides.) Gliddcn Co., The, Cleveland, Ohio. (Insecticides and fungicides.) Chipman Chemical Engineering Co., Inc., Bound Brook, N. J. (Insecti- Golden State Sales Corporation, 175 Franklin St., New York City. cides and fungicides.) ("Kayso," Calcium caseinate spreader.) 1)eloro Chemical Company Limited, Deloro, Ont., Can. (Arsenical insecti- Grasselli Chemical Co., The, 347 Madison Avenue, New York City. (I~isec- cides, especially Calcium Arsenate.) ticides and fungicides.) .* Heil Chemical Co., Henry, 210-214 So. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo. (Spray Pratt Company, B. G., 50 Church St., New York City. (Miscible oils.) chemicals.) Riches, Fiver & CQ., 30 Church St., New York City. (Agriculttlral insecti- Hemingway & Co., Inc. (The Sherwin-Williams Co.), 292 Madison Ave., cides and fungicides.) New York City. (Arsenical poisons.) Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., The, 709 Sixth Ave., New ~ork'City. Interstate Chemical Co., 12-20 Bay View Ave., Jersey City, N. J. (Insecti- (Cyanegg, Formaldehyde, Copper Carbonate.) cides and fungicides.) Sherwin-\Villiams Co., The, 601 Canal Road, Cleveland, Ohio. (Insecticides Lavanburg Company, Fred L., 160William St., New York City. (Arseni- and fungicides.) cal poisons.) Standard Chemical Works, Inc., Reading, Pa. (Spray and dusting materials.) Mechling Bros., Chemical Co., Camden, N. J. (Insecticides and fungicides.) Sun Oil Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Miscible oils.) Xiagara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y. (Dusting materials.) Tanglefoot Co., The, Grand Rapids, Mich. (New England Agents, Abbott, Nicotine Production Corporation, Clarksville, Tenn. (Nicotine sulphate Hall & Co., 12 So. Market St., Boston, Mass. Tanglefoot.) and free nicotine.) Taylor Chemical Co., 8 W. 40th St., New York City. (Carbon di-sulphide.) Nitrate Agencies Company, Bayonne, N. J. (Manufacturers of agricultural Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corporation, Inc., Louisville, Ky. (Nico- insecticides and fungicides.) tine solution.) Orchard and Garden Supply Co., The, Northampton, Mass. (Spray Vreeland Chemical Mfg. Co., 16 East 40th St., New York City. (Insecti- machinery and supplies.) cides and fungicides.)

CONNECTICUT DEALERS IN SPRAYING SUPPLIES. American Hardware Stores, Inc., Bridgeport. (Spray pumps and insecti- Dreher-Smith CO., 234 Main St., Middletown. (Insecticides, fungicides and cides.) spray apparatus.) Apothecaries Hall CO.,,~Benedict St'., Waterbury. (Wholesale Druggists. Dudley, Frederick D., North Haven. (Spray and dust materials.) Insecticides, fungicides, spray materials.) Eaton Chase Co., The, 129 Main St., Norwich. (Spray apparatus and Bacon Bros., 345 Main St., Middletown. (Insecticides, fungicides and spray insecticides.) apparatus.) Fairfield Hardware Store, Fairfield. (Spray materials.) Bedient, D. F., Ridgefield. (Spray materials.) Gilman, Alexander & Co., Inc., Putnam. (Spray apparatus, insecticides and Benjamin, F. C., 132-6 White St., Danbury. (Spray apparatus, insecti- fungicides.) cides and fungicides.) Grasselli Chemical Co., 46 River St., New Haven. (Insecticides and fungi- Bidwell Co., The F. S., Windsor Locks. (Insecticides, fungicides and spray cides.) apparatus.) Greenwich Hardware Co., Greenwich. (Spray materials.) Blish Hardware Co., F. T., So. Manchester. (Insecticides, fungicides and Henry & Son, W. A., Blue Hills Farm, Wallingford. (Insecticides and spray apparatus.) Cadwell & Jones, Seedsmen, 1084 Main St., Hartford. (Pumps, insecticides fungicides.) and fungicides.) Hurd & Burr, Shelton. (Spray materials.) Chandler & Morse, Putnam. (Spray apparatus, insecticides and fungicides.) Jackson-Marvin Hardware CO., 843-849 Whalley Ave., ~ew~aven. (~nsec- Coles Company, The, Middletown. (Insecticides, fungicides, spray appa- ticides and fungicides.) ratus.) Jordan Hardware Co., The, Willimantic. (Spray apparatus, insecticides Danbury Hardware Co., 249 Main St., Danhury. (Insecticides, fungicides and fungicides.) and spray apparatus.) Judson Company, The Dwight R., 237 State St., Hartford. (Insecticides Dickerman Hardware Co., Wallingford. (Insecticides and fungicides.) and fungicides.) I39 Krenz, Ludwig, 541 Main St., Middletown. (Insecticides, fungicides, spray. . Platt Co., The Frank S., 450 State St., New Haven. (Pumps, insecticides apparatus.) and fungicides.) Latham's, Stamford. (Spray apparatus, insecticides and fungicides.) Rackliffe Bros. Co., Inc., Park and Bigelow Sts., New Britain. (Spray Lee & Osgood Co., The. 131-133 Main St., Norwich. (Insecticides and materials.) fungicides.) Redford, George E., 494 Main St., Middletown. (Insecticides, fungicides, Leete Co., The Chas. S., 299 State St., New Haven. (Wholesale Druggists. spray apparatus.) Insecticides, fungicides and spray materials.) Sisson Drug Co., 729 Main St., Hartford. (Spraying machines and insecti- Lightburn & Pond Co., 39 Broadway, New Haven. (Pumps, insecticides cides.) and fungicides.) Smith & ~ishelCo., 246 Main St., Middletown. (Spray apparatus, insecti- Lyman Farm, The, Middlefield. (Agts. for Friend spray machines and cides and fungicides.) parts.) Star Hardware Co., 36 Union St., Rockville. (Spray apparatus, insecti- Meeker, H. E., 86-90 White St., Danhury. (Insecticides, fungicides and cides and fungicides.) spray apparatus.) Wheeler & Co.,207-213 Middle St., Bridgeport. (Spray apparatus, insecti- Morgan, A. D., 84 Washington St., So. Norwalk. (Spray materials.) cides and fungicides.) Norwalk Hardware Co., Norwalk. (Spray materials.) Whittlesey Co., The Chas W., 259-271 State St., New Haven. (Wholesale Olds & Whipple, Inc., 164-168 State St., Hartford. (Insecticides and Druggists. Spray apparatus, insecticides and fungicides.) fungicides.) Williams Co., The G. M., New London. (Spray apparatus. insecticides and O'Neil's Hardware Store, 165 Bank St., New London. (Spray materials.) fungicides.)