DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Management of Grape Diseases Prepared by Mike A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrated Management of Grape Diseases Prepared by Mike A Organic Small Fruit Disease Management Guidelines Integrated Management of Grape Diseases Prepared by Mike A. Ellis, Professor and Mizuho Nita, Graduate Research Associate Department of Plant Pathology at the Ohio State University/OARDC This PDF file is provided as a part of “OSU Fruit Disease Resources” website (http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/fruitpathology/). Introduction Disease management strategies are very similar for both organic and conventional small fruit production systems in the Midwest. In both systems it is important to develop and use an integrated disease management program that integrates as many disease control methods as possible, the more the better. Major components of the disease management program include: use of specific cultural practices; developing knowledge of the pathogen and disease biology, use of disease resistant cultivars, and timely application of organically approved fungicides or biological control agents or products when needed. These guidelines have been written for caneberries (raspberry and blackberry), strawberry, blueberry and grape. Specific information is provided for each crop in its respective chapter. Most disease control methods or strategies are identical for both conventional and organic production systems. Perhaps the greatest difference between organic and conventional production systems is that organic growers are not permitted to use synthetic "conventional" fungicides. If disease control materials are required in the organic system, growers are limited to the use of "inorganic" fungicides such as sulfur (elemental sulfur and lime-sulfur) or copper fungicides (Bordeaux mixture and fixed copper products). In addition, there are several new "alternative" disease control materials and biological control products that are currently available and are cleared for use in organic production. There are several problems associated with the use of these inorganic fungicides and "alternative" products in small fruit disease control programs. Among the most important are 1) Phytoxicity, which is the potential to cause damage to foliage, fruit set and fruit finish (this is a concern primarily with copper and sulfur fungicides); and 2) their limited spectrum of fungicide activity, which means they may not be capable of providing simultaneous control of the wide range of fungal pathogens that can cause economic damage to the crop. For example, sulfur is highly effective for controlling powdery mildew on most fruit crops, but provides little or no control of most other diseases. In a climate like the Midwest, environmental conditions during the growing season are generally very conducive (warm and wet) to the development of several important diseases, insect pests and weeds. Limitations in relation to which pesticides may or may not be used, present the organic grower with some unique and very demanding challenges. Whereas the use of various cultural practices and disease resistance will be the "back bone" of the organic disease management program, the limited use of organically approved pesticides or biocontrol agents will probably be required at times. Integrated Management of Grape Diseases Developing a disease management program that successfully controls all of the important grape diseases simultaneously presents a unique challenge. In order to accomplish this, all available control methods must be integrated into one overall disease management program. The disease management program should emphasize the integrated use of disease resistance, various cultural practices, a knowledge of disease biology, and the use of organically approved fungicides or biological control agents or products when necessary. Identifying and Understanding the Major Grape Diseases It is important for growers to be able to recognize the major grape diseases. Proper disease identification is critical to making the correct disease management decisions. In addition, growers should develop a basic understanding of pathogen biology and disease cycles for the major grape diseases. The more one knows about the disease, the better equipped they are to make sound and effective management decisions. The following publications contain color photographs of disease symptoms on grapes, as well as in- depth information on pathogen biology and disease development. Compendium of Grape Diseases - Published by the American Phytopathological Society, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121. Phone: 612-454-7250 (1-800-328-7560). This is the most comprehensive book on grape diseases available. All commercial growers should have a copy. Grapes: Production, Management and Marketing - Bulletin 815 from Ohio State University Extension can be obtained from: Ohio State University Extension Publications, 2120 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210. Phone 614-292-1607. The following information gives a description of symptoms and causal organisms for the most common grape diseases in the Midwest. Identifying and Understanding the Major Grape Diseases Black Rot The causal fungus (Guignardia bidwellii) overwinters in mummified fruit on the vine or on the ground. Spring rains trigger the release of airborne ascospores and/or rain splashed conidia from the mummies. Primary infections occur on green tissues if temperatures and duration of leaf wetness are conducive (Table 5). Recent research indicates that the majority of ascospores from mummies on the ground are discharged within a time period from one inch shoot growth to 2 to 3 weeks after bloom. If mummies are allowed to hang on the vines, they can discharge ascospores and conidia throughout the growing season. Black Rot Disease Cycle (Figure 58) Figure 58: Black rot disease cycle. We wish to thank the New York State Agriculture Experiment Station for use of this figure. Figure taken from Grape IPM Disease Identification Sheet No. 4. In conventional production systems, black rot is controlled primarily through the use of effective fungicides combined with various cultural practices. Black rot may be particularly important in organic production systems because the organically approved fungicides (copper and sulfur) are not very effective for black rot control. Therefore, growers should develop a thorough understanding of the black rot disease cycle and the cultural practices used to control it. Lesions on canes from the previous season can also produce conidia for a period of at least one month starting at budbreak. Cane lesions are probably most important in mechanically pruned or hedged vineyards that have an abundance of canes in the canopy. All green tissues of the vine are susceptible to infection. Leaves are susceptible for about one week after they reach full size. Brown circular lesions develop on infected leaves about 9 to 11 days after infection (Figure 59). Within a few days, black spherical fruiting bodies (pycnidia) form within the lesions (Figure 60). Each one of these pycnidia can produce a second type of spore (conidia). These conidia are spread by rain splash and can cause secondary infections of leaves and fruit throughout the growing season. It is important to emphasize that a single ascospore can cause a primary infection (leaf lesion). Within each leaf lesion (primary infection), many pycnidia form. Each pycnidium can produce hundreds of thousands of conidia, each of which can cause another infection (secondary infection) later in the season. Therefore, it is extremely important to control the early season primary infections caused by ascospores. Remember, infection by one ascospore can result in the development of millions of secondary conidia in the vineyard. Figure 59: Black rot lesions on grape leaf. Figure 60: Close-up of black rot leaf lesion showing fungal fruit bodies (pycnidia). Figure 61: Black rot on berries. Figure 62: Close-up of black rot mummy. The fruit infection phase of the disease can result in serious economic loss. Berries are susceptible to the infection from bloom until shortly after bloom. Older literature reports that berries become resistant when they reach 5 to 8 percent sugar. Recent research in New York indicates that berries become resistant to black rot much earlier (2 to 3 weeks after bloom). Therefore, the most critical time to control black rot fruit infections with fungicide is from immediately prior to bloom through 2 to 4 weeks after bloom. An infected berry first appears light brown in color. Soon the entire berry turns dark brown, and then black pycnidia develop on its surface. Infected berries eventually turn into shriveled, hard, black mummies (Figure 61, 62). These mummies also serve as a source of secondary inoculum later in the growing season and are the primary means by which the fungus overwinters. Table 5. Grape Black Rot. Leaf wetness duration-temperature combinations necessary for grape foliar infection by black rot. Temperature °F and minimum leaf wetness duration (hr) for light infection Temperature Leaf wetness duration 50 24 55 12 60 9 65 8 70 7 75 7 80 6 85 9 90 12 *Data represent a compilation from several experiments with the cultivars Concord, Catawba, Aurora and Baco noir. The bottom line for black rot control Sanitation is critical to successful black rot control. Mummies are the most important overwintering source of the black rot fungus. If all mummies and infected canes are removed from the vineyard, there is no source of primary inoculum in the spring and, thus, the disease is controlled. Any practice that removes mummies and other infected material from the vineyard will be beneficial to the disease management
Load more

Recommended publications
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, COPPER SULFATE
    c C EPA Reg. Number: Date of U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Issuance: Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention Office of Pesticide Programs 88633-3 AUG 26 20H Registration Division (7504P) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave.', N.W. Washington, DC 20460 Term of Issuance: Conditional NOTICE OF PESTICIDE: X_ Registration Name of Pesticide Product: Reregistration Copper Sulfate [under FIFRA, as amended) Pentahydrate Name and Address of Registrant (include ZIP Code): Mailed to: Delta Agro Chemicals Connie Welch Road 6 No 15 A Agent of Delta Agro Chemicals Maddi, Cairo, Egypt toXcel Toxicology & Regulatory Affairs 7140 Heritage Village Plaza Gainesville, VA 20155 On the basis of information furnished by the registrant, the above named pesticide is hereby registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act Registration is in no way to be construed as an endorsement or recommendation of this product by the Agency. Jn order to protect health and the environment, the Administrator, on his motion, may at any time suspend or cancel the registration of a pesticide in accordance with the Act. The acceptance of any name in connection with the registration of a product under this Act is not to be construed as giving the registrant a right to exclusive use of the name or to its use if it has been covered by others. The basic formulation CSF dated April 9, 2014 of the product referred to above, submitted in connection with registration under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act is acceptable. The basic CSF will be added to your file. This product is conditionally registered in accordance with FIFRA section 3(c)(7)(A) provided that you: Page 1 of 2 Signature of Approving Official: Date: AUG 2 6 20H Tony Kish, Product Manager1^) Fungicide Branch/Registration Division/OPP/OCSPP (7504P) EPA Form 8570-6 C~ C" Notice of Pesticide Registration— v_- ""y Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate " // EPA Reg.
    [Show full text]
  • Wine-Grower-News #283 8-30-14
    Wine-Grower-News #283 8-30-14 Midwest Grape & Wine Industry Institute: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine Information in this issue includes: Results of the 6th Annual Cold Climate Competition 8-31, Upper Mississippi Valley Grape Growers Field Day-Baldwin, IA Book Review - THE POWER OF VISUAL STORYTELLING Which States Sell Wine in Grocery Stores - infographic 9-10, Evening Vineyard Walk - Verona, WI 9-(13-14), Principles of Wine Sensory Evaluation – Brainerd, MN 9-27, 5th Annual Loess Hills Wine Festival – Council Bluffs Good Agricultural Practices: Workshops Set for Fall 2014, Spring 2015 10-30 to 11-1, American Wine Society National Conference – Concord, NC Neeto Keeno Show n Tell Videos of Interest Marketing Tidbits Notable Quotables Articles of Interest Calendar of Events th Results of the 6 Annual Cold Climate Competition The 2014 Annual Cold Climate Competition that was held in Minneapolis, MN. The judging involved 284 wines from 59 commercial wineries in 11 states. The 21 expert wine judges awarded 10 Double Gold, 23 Gold, 67 Silver and 80 Bronze medals at this year’s event. Check out the winners here: http://mgga.publishpath.com/Websites/mgga/images/Competition%20Images/2014ICCW CPressRelease_National.pdf Grape Harvest has started in Iowa. Remember to use the Iowa Wine Growers Association “Classifieds” to buy or sell grapes: http://iowawinegrowers.org/category/classifieds/ 1 8-31, Upper Mississippi Valley Grape Growers Field Day - Baldwin, IA When: 1 p.m. - 2:30 pm, Sunday, August 31, 2014 Where: Tabor Home Vineyards & Winery 3570 67th, Street Baldwin, IA 52207 Agenda: This field day covers a vineyard tour, a comparison and evaluation of the NE 2010 cultivars from the University of Minnesota & Cornell University and a chance to sample fresh grapes of the new cultivars and selections.
    [Show full text]
  • Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are Hybrid Varieties Right for Oklahoma?
    Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are hybrid varieties right for Oklahoma? Bruce Bordelon Purdue University Wine Grape Team 2014 Oklahoma Grape Growers Workshop 2006 survey of grape varieties in Oklahoma: Vinifera 80%. Hybrids 15% American 7% Muscadines 1% Profiles and Challenges…continued… • V. vinifera cultivars are the most widely grown in Oklahoma…; however, observation and research has shown most European cultivars to be highly susceptible to cold damage. • More research needs to be conducted to elicit where European cultivars will do best in Oklahoma. • French-American hybrids are good alternatives due to their better cold tolerance, but have not been embraced by Oklahoma grape growers... Reasons for this bias likely include hybrid cultivars being perceived as lower quality than European cultivars, lack of knowledge of available hybrid cultivars, personal preference, and misinformation. Profiles and Challenges…continued… • The unpredictable continental climate of Oklahoma is one of the foremost obstacles for potential grape growers. • It is essential that appropriate site selection be done prior to planting. • Many locations in Oklahoma are unsuitable for most grapes, including hybrids and American grapes. • Growing grapes in Oklahoma is a risky endeavor and minimization of potential loss by consideration of cultivar and environmental interactions is paramount to ensure long-term success. • There are areas where some European cultivars may succeed. • Many hybrid and American grapes are better suited for most areas of Oklahoma than
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide Contents Foreword
    2 014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Arkansas Spray Guide University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service AG1281 Illinois University of Illinois Extension ICSG3-14 Indiana Purdue Extension ID-169 Iowa Iowa State University Extension and Outreach PM 1375 Kansas K-State Research and Extension Kentucky University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service ID-94 Missouri University of Missouri Missouri State University MX377 Nebraska University of Nebraska — Lincoln Extension Ohio Ohio State University Extension 506B2 Oklahoma Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service E-987 West Virginia West Virginia University Extension Service Publication 865 Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Extension A3899 2014 Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................6 Tips on Using This Spray Guide .................................................................................................13 Grape Spray Schedule .................................................................................................................15 Blueberry Spray Schedule ...........................................................................................................37 Raspberry and Blackberry Spray Schedule .................................................................................42 Strawberry Spray Schedule .........................................................................................................49
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Characteristics of Wine Made by Disease Tolerant Varieties
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI UDINE in agreement with FONDAZIONE EDMUND MACH PhD School in Agricultural Science and Biotechnology Cycle XXX Doctoral Thesis Chemical characteristics of wine made by disease tolerant varieties PhD Candidate Supervisor Silvia Ruocco Dr. Urska Vrhovsek Co-Supervisor Prof. Doris Rauhut DEFENCE YEAR 2018 To the best gift that life gave us: to you Nonna Rosa CONTENTS Abstract 1 Aim of the PhD project 2 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Preface to Chapter 2 17 Chapter 2 The metabolomic profile of red non-V. vinifera genotypes 19 Preface to Chapter 3 and 4 50 Chapter 3 Study of the composition of grape from disease tolerant varieties 56 Chapter 4 Investigation of volatile and non-volatile compounds of wine 79 produced by disease tolerant varieties Concluding remarks 140 Summary of PhD experiences 141 Acknowledgements 142 Abstract Vitis vinifera L. is the most widely cultivated Vitis species around the world which includes a great number of cultivars. Owing to the superior quality of their grapes, these cultivars were long considered the only suitable for the production of high quality wines. However, the lack of resistance genes to fungal diseases like powdery and downy mildew (Uncinula necator and Plasmopara viticola) makes it necessary the application of huge amounts of chemical products in vineyard. Thus, the search for alternative and more sustainable methods to control the major grapevine pathogens have increased the interest in new disease tolerant varieties. Chemical characterisation of these varieties is an important prerequisite to evaluate and promote their use on the global wine market. The aim of this project was to produce a comprehensive study of some promising new disease tolerant varieties recently introduced to the cultivation by identifying the peculiar aspects of their composition and measuring their positive and negative quality traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Marquette and Frontenac: Ten Viticulture Tips John Thull and Jim Luby University of Minnesota
    Marquette and Frontenac: Ten Viticulture Tips John Thull and Jim Luby University of Minnesota Photo by Dave Hansen Photo by Nicholas Howard Univ. of Minnesota Marquette • Introduced in 2006 by UMN • MN1094 x Ravat 262 Photo by Steve Zeller, Parley Lake Winery Marquette Site Selection and Vineyard Establishment • Hardiness will be compromised on wet, fertile sites. – Always avoid low spots for planting. Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Site Selection and Vineyard Establishment • Primary shoots are invigorated on VSP trellises. – Can be favorable on less fertile sites. – Yields will suffer if planted to VSP on very fertile ground. • High Cordon training generally recommended for higher yields. Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Training and Pruning • Heavier average cluster weights from longer spurs and even 10-12 bud canes than from short spurs. • 6 to 8 buds per trellis foot can give good yields for vines spaced 6 feet apart. Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Training and Pruning • Early Bud Break – some growers double prune or use dormancy inducing spray on Marquette. – Strong tendrils can slow down the pruning process. Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Training and Pruning • Lateral shoot development is substantial. – Summer lateral shoots coming from the leaf axils should be removed around the fruit zone. Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Disease and Pest Management • Black Rot, Anthracnose, and Powdery Mildew infections can become severe if not treated timely. – Very good resistance to Downy Mildew Photo by David L. Hansen, University of Minnesota Marquette Harvest Considerations • Fruit sugar levels can surpass 26 Brix.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixth International Congress on Mountain and Steep Slope Viticulture
    SEXTO CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE VITICULTURA DE MONTAÑA Y EN FUERTE PENDIENTE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MOUNTAIN AND STEEP SLOPE VITICULTURE San Cristobal de la Laguna (Isla de Tenerife) – España 26 – 28 de Abril de 2018 “Viticultura heroica: de la uva al vino a través de recorridos de sostenibilidad y calidad" “Heroic viticulture: from grape to win through sustainability and quality” ACTOS PROCEEDINGS COMUNICACIONES ORALES ORAL COMMUNICATIONS ISBN 978-88-902330-5-0 PATROCINIOS Generating Innovation Between Practice and Research SEXTO CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE VITICULTURA DE MONTAÑA Y EN FUERTE PENDIENTE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MOUNTAIN AND STEEP SLOPE VITICULTURE SESIÓN I SESSION I Mecanización y viticultura de precisión en los viñedos en fuerte pendiente Mechanization and precision viticulture for steep slope vineyard PATROCINIOS Generating Innovation Between Practice and Research Steep slope viticulture in germany – dealing with present and future challenges Mathias Scheidweiler1, Manfred Stoll1, Hans-Peter Schwarz2, Andreas Kurth3, Simone Mueller Loose3, Larissa Strub3, Gergely Szolnoki3, and Hans-Reiner Schultz4 1) Dept. of General and Organic Viticulture, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Strasse, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany. [email protected] 2) Department of Engineering, Geisenheim University 3) Department of Business Administration and Market Research, Geisenheim University 4) President, Geisenheim University ABSTRACT For many reasons the future viability of steep slope viticulture is under threat, with changing climatic conditions and a high a ratio of costs to revenue some of the most immediate concerns. Within a range of research topics, steep slope viticulture is still a major focus at the University of Geisenheim. We will discuss various aspects of consumer´s recognition, viticultural constraints in terms of climatic adaptations (water requirements, training system or fruit composition) as well as innovations in mechanisation in the context of future challenges of steep slope viticulture.
    [Show full text]
  • Bordeauxmixture00cran.Pdf
    Colleqe 7 Aqrieultwer < icAris University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign ACES ^*2^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN The person charging this material is responsible for its renewal or return to the library on or before the due r immUm fee for a lost ''em is i>JUu.OO$300 onfn T H $125.00, for bound journals. Theft, and mutilation, underlining of books are reasons or action d.sc.phnary and may result in dismissal he from University. Please note: self-stick notes result in torn may pages and lift some inks. n Via the Tele hone 2f o*o P Center at 217-333-8400 846-262-15-10 (toll-free) or [email protected]. '.uiuc.edu/catalog/ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 135 BORDEAUX MIXTURE By CHARLES S. CRANDALL URBANA, ILLINOIS, MAY, 1909 SUMMARY OF BULLETIN No. 135 1. Bordeaux mixture was discovered by accident in the fall of 1882 by Professor Millardet. Page 205 2. Original formulas have been greatly modified. The first formula con- tained more than six times the copper sulphate and nearly 12 times the lime per gallon of water that is used in the present standard 4-4-50 formula. Page 207 3. It is conclusively demonstrated that mixtures made with air-slaked lime are not only extremely injurious to foliage, but are much less adhesive than are mixtures made with fresh-slaked lime. Pages 210 and 288 4. The chemical reactions that occur when copper sulphate and lime are combined take place in a manner to give best results only when the ingredients are combined ki certain definite proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Grafted and Own-Rooted Vinifera, Hybrid, and American Grapes at Three Locations in Oklahoma
    Performance of Grafted and Own-rooted Vinifera, Hybrid, and American Grapes at Three Locations in Oklahoma B. D. McCraw, Professor Emeritus, E. T. Stafne, Assist. Prof. and W. G. McGlynn, Assoc. Professor, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK R. K. Striegler, Director- ICCVE, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Introduction The emerging Oklahoma grape industry needs grape cultivar performance data localized as much as possible to facilitate decision making by present and prospective grape growers. Likewise, as grape acreage increases, information on rootstock performance will be needed to allow growers to make informed decisions relative to best management cultural practices. The purpose of this study was to compare winter hardiness, yield, and quality of various grape cultivars (Vinifera, American, and Hybrids) either grafted or own rooted, under various vineyard conditions in Oklahoma. Materials and Methods The trial was established with grower cooperators at Woodland Park Vineyard near Stillwater in Payne County, Prairie Wind Vineyard near Burns Flat in Washita County and at Rohrer Farm near Buffalo in Harper County, Oklahoma. Red and white Vinifera, American, and Hybrid varieties listed below were selected to allow comparison of hardy with less hardy varieties in varying Oklahoma climates. Cultivar Color Type 1. Riesling White V. vinifera 2. Chardonnay White V. vinifera 3. Cabernet Franc Red V. vinifera 4. Cabernet Sauvignon Red V. vinifera 5. Vignoles White Hybrid 6. Chardonel White Hybrid 7. Chambourcin Red Hybrid 8. Frontenac Red Hybrid 9. Cynthiana Red American 10. Sunbelt Red American 11. Traminette White Hybrid 12. NY 62 (Valvin Muscat) White Hybrid 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Winecentury Treble.Pdf
    THE WINE CENTURY CLUB Instructions: 331 East 18th Street Check the box next to each grape variety you have tasted. For varieties not listed here, please use the blank spaces at the bottom of Suite 4 the application. The notes column is for wine name, appellation, vintage, etc. and is optional. Grape varieties that you've tried only in New York, NY 10003 blends with other varieties are permitted. If you have at least 100 varieties checked, email, fax or mail the application to the address at fax: 212 658 9328 the left and allow 4-6 weeks to receive you certificate and further information regarding your membership. Please note that the email: [email protected] application is entirely on the honor system; should you lie, may the wrath of Bacchus curse your palate! MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 301 Name: Anatoli Levine Email Address: 24 Street: City/Province: State, Zip, Country: GRAPE VARIETY NOTES (optional) GRAPE VARIETY NOTES (optional) Agiorgitiko Tgfitah Agioritiko Regional wine, Greece Molinara Masi Costasera Amarone Classico 2000, Italy Aglianico many different Monica Argiolas Perdera Isola dei Nuraghi 2007 IGT, Italy Airén Bodegas Ercavio Blanco 2007, Spain Montepulciano many different Albariño Burgans Albariño 2004, Rias Biaxas, Spain Mourvèdre (Mataro) Le Cigare Volant 2001, Bonny Doon Vineyard, CA Aleatico Vin de Mr Le Baron de Montfaucon 2007, Rhone, France Müller Thurgau Black Tower 2003, Rivaner Rheinhessen, Germany Alfrocheiro Herdade do Peso Vinho do Monte 2007, Alentejano, Portugal Muscadelle Malezan 2002 Bordeaux
    [Show full text]
  • Bordeaux Mixture
    BORDEAUX MIXTURE Integrated Pest Management for Backyard Orchardists and Home Gardeners Bordeaux mixture is an outstanding as Bordeaux mix. They are most effec- fungicide and bactericide that has been tive and are a better choice to use in used for decades to control some dis- spring after the trees have broken dor- eases of tree fruits and nuts, vine fruits, mancy and tender leaves are exposed. and ornamentals. The ability of Bor- To be effective for certain pathogens deaux mixture to weather the fall, win- such as the leaf curl fungus, the fixed ter, and spring rains and to adhere to copper compound must contain at least plants makes it an excellent choice for 50% copper. With all Bordeaux and a winter fungicide. If Bordeaux mix- fixed copper sprays, thorough cover- ture is applied in spring after the tree age is essential to give plants the de- breaks dormancy, use weaker, more sired protection from disease-causing dilute formulations of the mixture to pathogens. Advantages and disadvan- reduce the risk of plant injury. The ap- tages of both sprays are outlined in plication of Bordeaux during hot Table 1. weather may cause yellowing and leaf peach and nectarine, downy mildew drop. Leaf burn may occur if rain Bordeaux is also commercially avail- and powdery mildew fungi in grapes, occurs soon after a Bordeaux applica- able in premixed packages; however, peacock spot pathogen in olives, wal- tion. To reduce the chance of leaf burn, these products are not nearly as effec- nut blight bacteria in walnut, and black add 1 quart of spray oil for every 100 tive as freshly made Bordeaux.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Commercial Wine Grapes in Nebraska (G2289)
    NebGuide Nebraska Extension Research-Based Information That You Can Use G2289 · Index: Crops, Crop Production Issued July 2017 Growing Commercial Wine Grapes in Nebraska Paul E. Read, Extension Horticulturist and Professor of Horticulture Stephen J. Gamet, Research Technologist In recent years, interest in grape production and win- ery development has increased tremendously in Nebraska and the Midwest. This increased interest has led to a need for detailed information on vineyard establishment and commercial grape production. A successful winery must have a ready source of consistently high- quality fruit that is available every year. Fortunately for Nebraska growers, many locations through- out the state provide the essential resources of quality soil, water, and abundant sunshine. The experience of growers and University of Nebraska– Lincoln research have demon- strated that many sites are suitable for growing grapes of excellent quality that can be finished into wines of excep- tional quality. Do your homework: Before embarking upon the Figure 1. Sloping sites facilitate air drainage since cold air is heavier potentially risky venture of growing grapes for wine than warm air and flows downhill (air drainage). production, garner as much information as you can. Read trade journals and research articles. Attend grower work- shops and conferences, and visit other growers’ vineyards selection is probably the most frequent cause of vineyard to discuss these growers’ approaches and learn from their failure. In the Midwest, three main factors are critical to experiences. Focus your research on Midwest regional the selection of a vineyard site: Cold temperatures, air resources, ask questions, and study some more. movement, and soil drainage.
    [Show full text]