DOCSLIB.ORG

Monumental Troubles FINAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Monumental Troubles FINAL Père-Lachaise in 1815 A New Method in the Study of Ephemeral Funerary Monuments Kaylee P. Alexander Figure 1. View of Père-Lachaise (4th Division), 2017, Paris, France. Photo by author. removal. It is my goal to demonstrate how Introduction monuments that have been removed or are likely to be removed can—even in Recently, the topic of monuments, and their physical absence—be used as specifically their removal, has been the profound sources of information for subject of frequent debate within the cultural analysis.1 context of the United States. However, the The visitor to Père-Lachaise today is trouble with monuments has never been confronted with rows of chapel-style exclusively American, nor is it a twenty- sepulchers, bronze and marble portraits, first-century matter. In the following, I and monumental sculptures dedicated to take the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris the dead (fig. 1). Notable for its impres- as a case study and introduce a sive graves of great cultural heroes, from methodology for studying a site where Honoré de Balzac to Jim Morrison, the the vast majority of monuments have Parisian cemetery has often been treated been removed or are subject to future as an open-air museum, a sculpture 16 garden where one can encounter works of located two kilometers east of what were great nineteenth-century French artists.2 then the city limits of Paris, was inaugurated Walking in Père-Lachaise today, one on May 21, 1804. Constructed over the almost forgets that the site is a cemetery, former estate of François d’Aix de la Chaise, yet this nearly 110-acre park contains the Mont-Louis soon became known as the 3 burials of over one million people. Cemetery of Père-Lachaise. In this paper, I first demonstrate how Following the inauguration of Père- (1) nineteenth-century funerary Lachaise, the Imperial Decree of 23 prairial monuments encountered in situ today an XII (June 12, 1804) was issued from the inaccurately represent the French Palace of Saint-Cloud. The articles of the cemetery over the course of its develop- decree pertaining specifically to burial set ment; and (2) that as a result, previous into law across France what Père-Lachaise studies of these cemeteries have been had ultimately accomplished for Paris: they heavily predisposed to survival bias. The established a heavily regulated, efficient, purpose of this article, then, will be to and salubrious system of burial across the explain a new methodology for examining empire. Among the regulations introduced the cemetery in the aggregate so to was the proscription against burials within public spaces or buildings utilized by the generate a more precise historical 4 representation of funerary monuments in living. Additionally, all cities and towns this period. To begin, I will provide a brief were required to establish new public burial overview of French burial regulations and sites, which would be located at least thirty- five meters from their borders, and all future the founding of Père-Lachaise Cemetery. burials were now to take place within From there I will focus on the methods of separate plots (at least one and a half meters my ongoing research and will share some deep and eighty centimeters wide) with a preliminary observations that will guide minimum of thirty centimeters between each the future development of this research. plot on all sides.5 Even more important than these spatial policies, however, were those regarding time. Article 6 of title I stated: Historical Context To avoid the danger posed by renewing By the end of the eighteenth century, the burial pits too early, the opening of churchyards of Paris were perceived as a burial pits for new burials shall take mounting threat to public health. place only in five-year increments; Overcrowding had resulted in improper consequently, the terrain intended to burials, and the stench emanating from these form burial sites will be extended five central sites was seen as a leading cause of times more than the space necessary to disease. In the 1780s, the government deposit the presumed number of dead responded by issuing a number of new that could be interred there each year.6 regulations including, in 1786, the suppression of churchyard cemeteries and This meant that, while all citizens had the the transferal of remains to what would right to an individual burial plot within one eventually become the Catacombs of Paris. of these new cemeteries regardless of class Although change began under the ancien or religion, they were only entitled to that régime, the most significant transformation plot for five years, after which it could be of burial practice in France took place under reopened and reused. This was the case for Napoleon. The Cemetery of Mont-Louis, 17 both communal burial territory, which was marble worker’s warehouse and studio. This provided free of charge, and concessions detail is indicative of the frankness of this temporaires (temporary concessions), which temporary concession system, and the were private land concessions that could be inevitable removal of funeral monuments. renewed to avoid recuperation by the state. This is underscored by the people strolling Another way to avoid this was to purchase a past the heap, seemingly indifferent to the concession à la perpétuité (concessions for short lifespans of their loved-ones’ life), which was intended to grant the monuments (and their own future concession in perpetuity.7 It is because of monuments). Despite this apparent this system that French cemeteries have ephemerality, the willingness to pay for such been subject to a constantly changing monuments remained rather high. landscape, which is a rather uncomfortable This highly transient system of concept, particularly for Americans who commemoration has important repercussions tend to own rather than rent their final for the ways in which the cemetery should resting places. be studied. What is at stake for scholars In light of what we know about seeking to study nineteenth-century funerary temporary burial concessions in France, an monuments in France is essentially the issue interesting detail appears at the lower right of survival bias. Survival bias is the logical of an 1815 engraving of Père-Lachaise error that results from concentrating on Cemetery (fig. 2). A pile of recently people or things that have passed some removed headstones has been piled rather selection process and, consequently, recklessly in front of what was likely a overlooking those people or things that did Figure 2. 3ème vue du Cimetière du Père Lachaise prise de l’entrée (detail) in Vues de Paris et des environs, dessinées par Courvoisier, L. Garnerey, La Gardette (Paris: Basset, 1815), vol. 1, n.p., pl. 6. Collection of the Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. 18 not. This selection bias can result in a Data Source number of false conclusions, such as the belief that sculpture played a conspicuous The purpose of this project was to role in nineteenth-century burials at Père- pinpoint a methodology that would Lachaise. circumvent the issue of survival bias by Looking ahead a decade, records from the examining all of the monuments known to year 1824 (table 1) show that, among the have been in Père-Lachaise Cemetery at a over-thirteen-thousand Christian burials that given time, rather than only those that took place in the Cemetery of Père-Lachaise remain in situ today. The rationale was that year, only 11 percent of the total that a study of the cemetery in the monuments erected were produced at a cost aggregate might yield a more nuanced over one hundred francs. Further, of the total picture of how this site may have read to spent on funerary monuments in Père- nineteenth-century residents and visitors. Lachaise in 1824, less than 4 percent of the Although the parameters were set around total cost went toward the production of nineteenth-century Paris, these methods sculptural elements. may be aptly used to address other The abundance of sculptural works in geographical and chronological contexts. Père-Lachaise today has lead to a Again, the primary issue in distorted study of the cemetery, in which investigating these kinds of monuments scholars tend to overemphasize the was the high turnover rate for non- importance of sculpture and ignore the perpetual concessions. Much of this cultural significance of popular material simply no longer exists. There- monuments to the point of erasure fore a usable proxy needed to be beyond that of the purely material. The identified; this turned out to be an 1816 high concentration of sculptural works is, publication, Le Champ du Repos. Compiled however, more a reflection of our by an editor identified only as M. Roger, contemporary society, which seeks to and his son over the course of two years, preserve these objects while others are this two-volume work contains the suppressed due to the strict regulatory epitaphs for over two thousand environment surrounding burials in monuments that were in Père-Lachaise by France. In the nineteenth century, these the end of 1815.9 more conspicuous works, however, Already in 1815 it was proving difficult accounted for a rather insignificant share to capture the state of the cemetery. In of the cemetery’s contents. Thus, to study the forward to Le Champ du Repos, the Père-Lachaise from the position of reader is cautioned that the constant sculptural works is, I argue, inaccurate. construction of new monuments and the This inaccuracy is responsible for the moving of others has challenged the recurring narrative that, through the editors’ ability to capture the cemetery cemetery’s monuments, one could have with complete information.10 Further, and easily read all the class divisions of the the editors do not mention this detail, the 8 city.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spring Break in Paris
    Spring Break in Paris Friday, March 21st to Sunday, March 30th, 2014 What you’ll do . Friday, March 21st – You’ll depart from Huntsville or Nashville International Airport bound for Europe. Usually there is a stop in one of the major cities of the east coast in order to catch your trans-Atlantic flight to Paris. Saturday, March 22nd – After flying through the night, you’ll land at Charles de Gaulle International Airport. After collecting your luggage and passing through customs, you’ll transfer into the city, usually by train. On evening one, there’s a short time for resting and refreshing at the hotel before heading out into the city for dinner and some sightseeing. You will ascend the 58-story Tour Montparnasse for the best views of Paris as the sun goes down and the lights come on in the city. Sunday, March 23rd– You’ll visit the Royal Palace of Versailles, just outside of Paris. In addition to touring the palace itself, you’ll want to visit the gardens, since Sunday is the only day the world-famous fountains are turned on. You will also have the opportunity to visit the Grand and Petit Trianon, small palaces built by the king on the grounds of Versailles in order to escape the pressures of palace life. Also not to be missed is the village-like hameau of Marie Antoinette. Later, you’ll head back to Paris for dinner and a visit to the Sacré-Coeur Basilica in Montmartre, the bohemian quarter of Paris. In Montmartre, you’ll also visit the Place du Tertre, where an artist will paint your portrait for a price.
    [Show full text]
  • International Student Welcome Guide TABLE of CONTENTS 4Ì PRACTICAL 3Ì P52 INFORMATION P32 UNIVERSITY LIFE P54 University Calendar
    2020 > 2021 International Student Welcome Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS 4ì PRACTICAL 3ì P52 INFORMATION P32 UNIVERSITY LIFE P54 University Calendar 2 P34 Organisation of Studies P58 Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne ì Study Centres P10 STUDY IN PARIS P36 Becoming a Student at Paris 1 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne P60 Acronyms ì P12 Administrative Procedures > Enrolment P62 Contacts UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 > Visas and residence permits > Orientation week > International Relations P4 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE > Accommodation Department P40 Ressources > Health > Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne P6 About the University > Banks > IT Services > Emergency Numbers > Libraries P8 Key Figures P22 Living in Paris P63 Check-lists P45 Societies and cultural activities > Budget > Working in France > Clubs and Societies > Getting Around > Cultural Activities > Going Out P48 Sports P50 Eating 1 UNIVERSITÉì PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE PANTHÉON-SORBONNE 1 PARIS P6 About the University P8 Key Figures RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 1ì EXCELLENCE REPUTATION ABOUT Teaching and research are intrinsically linked Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne is THE UNIVERSITY at Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. very well placed in international rankings. As with teaching, research is also structured In the 2020 QS World University Rankings PANTHÉON-SORBONNE 1 PARIS around three major disciplinary areas with by discipline the university was one of Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne was founded in the 13th century 36 research teams and 10 doctoral schools. the best-classed in France, with seven as the Collège de la Sorbonne by Robert de Sorbon and is located in One PhD viva takes place every day at the departments placed in the top 50 for their the heart of the capital’s Latin Quarter.
    [Show full text]
  • Catacomb Free Ebook
    FREECATACOMB EBOOK Madeleine Roux | 352 pages | 14 Jul 2016 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780062364067 | English | New York, United States Catacomb | Definition of Catacomb by Merriam-Webster Preparation work Catacomb not long after a series of gruesome Saint Innocents -cemetery-quarter basement wall collapses added a sense of urgency to the cemetery-eliminating measure, and fromnightly processions of covered wagons transferred remains from most of Paris' cemeteries to a mine shaft opened near the Rue de la Tombe-Issoire. The ossuary remained largely forgotten until it became a novelty-place for Catacomb and other private events Catacomb the Catacomb 19th century; after further renovations and the construction of accesses Catacomb Place Denfert-Rochereau Catacomb, it was open to public visitation from Catacomb ' earliest burial grounds were to the southern outskirts of Catacomb Roman-era Left Bank Catacomb. Thus, instead of burying its dead away from inhabited areas as usual, the Paris Right Bank settlement began with cemeteries near its Catacomb. The most central of these cemeteries, a Catacomb ground around the 5th-century Notre-Dame-des-Bois church, became the property of the Saint-Opportune parish after the original church was demolished by the 9th-century Norman invasions. When it became its own parish associated with the church of the " Saints Innocents " fromthis burial ground, filling the Catacomb between the present rue Saint-Denisrue de la Ferronnerierue de la Lingerie and the Catacomb BergerCatacomb become the City's principal Catacomb. By the end of the same century " Saints Innocents " was neighbour to the principal Catacomb marketplace Les Halles Catacomb, and already filled to overflowing.
    [Show full text]
  • Rose Color Light Finis Tyler Ray
    ROSE COLOR LIGHT FINIS TYLER RAY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degrees of: Master of Landscape Architecture Master of Urban Planning University of Washington 2016 Committee: Branden Born Jeffrey Hou Kenneth Yocom Programs Authorized to Offer Degrees: Landscape Architecture Urban Design and Planning ©Copyright 2016 ©Finis Copyright Tyler Ray2016 Finis Tyler Ray University of Washington ABSTRACT ROSE COLOR LIGHT FINIS TYLER RAY Co-Chairs of Supervisory Committee: Professor and Department Chair Jeffrey Hou Department of Landscape Architecture Associate Professor Kenneth Yocom Department of Landscape Architecture Spanning man’s socio-cultural evolution across six millennium, human burial has evolved from the core spiritual and ecological belief of pre-dynastic Egyptian culture that the dead nourished the living through agricultural resurgence. From the earliest point in Egyptian history in which economic and political forces began to impress upon the built environment, these forces also began to impress upon the basic spiritual connectedness of life and death. The sacred natural process has eroded to the point that our modern world is so wildly disassociated from death that disposal of modern human remains is largely regarded as inorganic, and the landscapes where we lay our dead are conceptual landfills. Modern culture has been convinced through capitalist greed and political might that the biological return to the earth is unsanitary, and the only proper way to conduct human burial is through impediment
    [Show full text]
  • The Man with the Black Feather
    THE MAN WITH THE BLACK FEATHER GASTON LEROUX CHAPTER I. M. THEOPHRASTUS LONGUET DESIRES TO IMPROVE HIS MIND AND VISITS HISTORICAL MONUMENTS. M. Theophrastus Longuet was not alone when he rang the bell of that old- time palace prison, the Conciergerie: he was accompanied by his wife Marceline, a very pretty woman, uncommonly fair for a Frenchwoman, of an admirable figure, and by M. Adolphe Lecamus, his best friend. The door, pierced by a small barred peephole, turned heavily on its hinges, as a prison door should; the warder, who acts as guide to the prison, dangling a bunch of great old-fashioned keys in his hand, surveyed the party with official gloom, and asked Theophrastus for his permit. Theophrastus had procured it that very morning at the Prefecture of Police; he held it out with the air of a citizen assured of his rights, and regarded his friend Adolphe with a look of triumph. He admired his friend almost as much as he admired his wife. Not that Adolphe was exactly a handsome man; but he wore an air of force and vigour; and there was nothing in the world which Theophrastus, the timidest man in Paris, rated more highly than force and vigour. That broad and bulging brow (whereas his own was narrow and high), those level and thick eyebrows, for the most part raised a trifle to express contempt of others and self-confidence, that piercing glance (whereas his own pale-blue eyes blinked behind the spectacles of the short-sighted), that big nose, haughtily arched, those lips surmounted by a brown, curving moustache, that strong, square chin; in a word, all that virile antithesis to his own grotesque, flabby-cheeked face, was the perpetual object of his silent admiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Paris Catacombs
    The Dark Underworld of the Paris Catacombs Underneath the City Hidden beneath the vibrant European city of Paris is an eerie network of old caves and tunnels housing the remains of 6 million people: The Catacombes de Paris. The Paris catacombs date as far back as the 12th century. The tunnels run like arteries, located beneath the city. They stretch as far as 200 miles at a depth of 20 metres (65 feet), equivalent to the size of a five story building. Only a small section of it is open to the public today. The majority of the network has been of-limits since 1955. But even in the area still accessible to tourists there are fascinating remnants of Paris' history. The catacombs have existed since the 12th century, when the mining of limestone quarries to provide bricks for the city's buildings created as a side efect an entire underground city. The tunnels lie mostly under the southern part of the metropolis. It was only during the second half of the 18th century, that the former limestone mines were transformed into burial places. The oldest and most extensive network of tunnels is under the 14th and 15th Arrondissments (districts). After a few buildings collapsed into the forgotten underground cavities in the 18th century, the city began to map The Catacomb Beginnings As Paris grew into its role as a major European hub, it eventually ran into a major problem. By the 17th century, enough people had lived and died in Paris that its cemeteries were overflowing. They were overstufed with graves to the point where corpses, at times, became uncovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe
    Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe Sabine Baring-Gould The Project Gutenberg EBook of Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe by Sabine Baring-Gould #2 in our series by Sabine Baring-Gould Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe Author: Sabine Baring-Gould Release Date: September, 2005 [EBook #8898] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on August 21, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND CAVE DWELLINGS *** Produced by Distributed Proofreaders CLIFF CASTLES AND CAVE DWELLINGS OF EUROPE Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. BY S. BARING-GOULD, M.A. [Illustration: CLIFF-CASTLE, BRENGUES.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of American Literature. INSTITUTION United States Information Agency, Washington, DC
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 417 420 CS 216 258 AUTHOR Bode, Carl TITLE Highlights of American Literature. INSTITUTION United States Information Agency, Washington, DC. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. PUB DATE 1995-00-00 NOTE 291p.; "First published 1981; this edition reprinted 1995." PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Learner (051) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Authors; Discussion (Teaching Technique); English (Second Language); Literary History; Literary Styles; *Novels; *Poetry; Questioning Techniques; *Reading Materials; Secondary Education; *United States Literature IDENTIFIERS Historical Background ABSTRACT Intended for high-intermediate/advanced level students of English as a foreign language, this book contains selections from the wide range of American literature, from its beginnings to the modern period. Each section begins with a general introduction to the literary period, and then presents essays about individual authors, selections from the author's writings, discussion questions at the end of each prose selection or group of poems, and discussion questions at the end of each chapter. The "National Beginnings" section discusses Benjamin Franklin, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The "Romanticism and Reason" section discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, and Henry James, "The
    [Show full text]
  • Fall Dialogue-Final
    Docent Council Dialogue Fall 2012 Published by the Docent Council Volume XLIIl No 1 The Paris Salon Comes to the Wadsworth Atheneum 1 Inside the Dialogue New Beginnings................................................ Diane Macris, President, Docent Council Page 3 Fall Message................................................... Charlene Shang Miller, Docent and Tour Programs Manager Page 3 A Docent’s Appreciation of Eric Zafrin................................................... JoAn Hagan, Docent Page 4 This Works for Me! ........................................ A Message from the Editors Page 5 This Works for Me: Presentations of Works of Art from Medieval to Monet........ Docent Contributors Pages 5-15 French Flicks: The Dialogue Goes to the Cinema........................................ Susan Meisler, Beth Malley Pages 7, 13 A Docent’s Recommendation-A Book Review............................................................ Eugenia Villagra Page 11 ArTrivia and Daisy Scramble........................ Sandy Voice, Beth Malley Pages 11, 15 The Art of French Cooking........................... Leta Marks Page 16 A Docent’s Meal to Celebrate Medieval to Monet Curtain Going Up on a Crime of Passion....... Sandy Voice Page 17 War? What War?............................................. Hope Vath Page 18 Docent Council Dialogue The Dialogue is created by and for docents and provides a forum for touring ideas and techniques, publishing information that is vital to docent interests such as museum changes, and recording docent activities and events.
    [Show full text]
  • BEST of Paris Curated by 1492
    BEST OF paris Curated by 1492 Best of Paris, page 1 bienvenue a paris a word from your curators No other place quite captures the heart and soul like the city of Paris. It has played a starring role in European history, a muse to films and literature, and is the absolute destination for world travelers seeking life’s finer flavors. It captivates enthusiasts of the arts with a collection of museums from the historic halls of the Louvre to the indigenous Musee Quai du Branly. It is an architect’s delight boasting the golden lattices of the Eiffel Tower to the stately stonework of a Haussmann building. It is the authority of gourmands boasting innovations in the culinary arts while honoring tradition with its legendary breads, delicate pastries and decadent chocolates. Take a leisurely stroll along the Seine or down one of the many winding streets to get lost in the magic of it all, as Paris sparkles just for you, making it no mystery why it has been hailed as the City of Light. Emmanuel & Roy Best of Paris, page 2 Best of Paris, page 3 the choice is yours at a glance We thought that a drawing is always easier to understand than words. The following icons will help you to review and compare our offers. Chapter 1 - Iconic Paris 1- Getting familiar with the city of light - part 1&2 2 - Must do Museum included Transportation needed Full day 3 - Hands on 4 - The city of fashion 5 - Around the city 6 - Neighborhoud watch 7 - Titillating taste buds 8 - Romantic escape Chapter 2 - Off the beaten path Client biography needed Suitable for children Half day 1- Explore the city with fresh eyes 2 - Must do 3 - Hands on 4 - The city of fashion 5 - Around the city 6 - Inspiring figures Distance Chapter 3 - Day trips from Paris from Paris Tickets included Cost 1 - Giverny 2 - The Champagne region 3 - The Loire valley 4 - Normandy + = less than 30 minutes driving time ++ = less than one hour driving time +++ = less than 2 hours driving time Best of Paris, page 4 Best of Paris, page 5 Best of Paris, page 6 chapter 1 iconic paris 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 DAY EUROPEAN BONANZA TOUR Covering 8 Countries
    11 DAY EUROPEAN BONANZA TOUR Covering 8 Countries FRANCE-PARIS, LUXEMBURG BELGIUM- BRUSSELS, HOLLAND- ZAANSE SCHANNS - AMSTERDAM, GERMANY- COLOGNE,FRANKFURT,MUNICH, AUSTRIA- WATTENS, INNSBRUCK, SWITZERLAND- RHINE FALLS, ST.MORITZ, LUCERNE, LIECHTENSTEIN- VADUZ, ITALY- VENICE DEPARTURE: 19TH MAY 2020 Europe has always been a remarkable destination for travellers from all over the world. The distinct charm of its countries attracts many tourists, who visit Europe to behold its natural splendour, heritage sites, attraction parks and vibrant culture. On a visit to this Continent, France will steal your heart with its capital city’s grandeur while Holland will take your breath away with its charming town planning. You will be impressed on seeing the classic architectural achievements of Belgium. This is truly an amazing Tour of Europe. Experience and enjoy the best of Europe’s much loved cities. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Day 1 Colombo/Paris 19th May Accommodation: To be notified ______________________________________________________________________________________ Check-in at Bandaranaike International Airport at 06.25 Hrs. early in the morning for departure to Paris on Oman Airlines. Arrive at Charles de Gaulle Airport at 19.25 Hrs. On arrival in Paris – The City of Lights, the world’s leading centres for business, fashion, entertainment, art and culture met by assistant and transfer to you hotel for overnight. Paris: Paris is France’s capital and most populated city. Nicknamed both the “City of Light” and the “City of Love”, this breathtaking European destination is home to the iconic Eiffel Tower. Paris located along the River Seine is known around the world for many reasons including its architecture, fashion, food and cultural gems.
    [Show full text]
  • Reign of Terror
    REIGN OF TERROR From the catacombs of Paris to the Palace of Versailles, investigators must find their way through the bloody shadows of the French Revolution—before France and the rest of Europe are lost to the coming darkness.. Reign of Terror is a two-part scenario, set before and during Selling Points the French Revolution. Part one places investigators in the • Can be used as a historic dangerous waters of the French court in 1789, while they chapter in the Horror on the pursue other equally dangerous activities below the streets in Orient Express campaign, or the Paris catacombs. In part two, they are caught up in the as a stand-alone adventure chaos and danger of The Terror, where their survival among • Scenario seeds give Keepers spies is paramount. and players the option to expand beyond the two-part REIGN OF Should the investigators fail, France and the rest of Europe structure of Reign of Terror. TERROR will be plunged into darkness, the likes of which they have • When used with Horror scenario never seen. Keepers will find additional scenario seeds and on the Orient Express, this guidance for creating a range of investigators for the setting, secret history can act as ISBN allowing expanded play in the French revolutionary era. a “living handout” for 978-156882-451-2 investigators, illuminating The full-color book is rounded out with vivid cartography, a the full horror of one of MSRP detailed timeline of the French Revolution, lush illustrations, the campaign’s most potent and a bibliography of media to inspire.
    [Show full text]