Chapter 5 Potential and Development Concepts
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Transitions in Seed Sovereignty in Western Bhutan
Transitions in Seed Sovereignty in Western Bhutan Mai KOBAYASHI*, Rekha CHHETRI**, Katsue FUKAMACHI***, and Shozo SHIBATA*** Abstract: This paper attempts to examine Bhutan’s transitioning agricultural sector through shedding light on the history of the government initiated seed production and distribution programs, and its influence on farming households in western Bhutan. A framework for seed system development is used, based on the recognition that there are two district seed procurement systems: formal (outsourced commercial seed production) and informal (non-commercial household, or community-based). The analysis is based on a household questionnaire survey and interviews conducted in western Bhutan and Japan in 2014 and 2015. Emphasis is placed on Japan’s influence on the formal seed system, notably through the introduction of improved vegetable seed varieties in the mid-1960s, and hybrid vegetable seeds since 2006. The household survey revealed varied but sustained coexistence between the two seed systems, with a high rate of seed saving as a common thread in all communities. Variation between districts reflected degree and maturity of market integration, and the increasing popularity of hybrid seeds. Key Words: Formal and informal seed systems, Rural development, Seed sovereignty, Vegetable production, Western Bhutan Discussions of food self-sufficiency and food INTRODUCTION security have been central to the Bhutanese government’s vision of development since the Bhutan is a nation that has been celebrated for drafting and implementation of its first five-year its progressive approach to development. Their development plan in 1961 (Daly and Thinley, announcement to become the first 100% organic 2005; Minot, 2010; RGoB 1966, 1972). -
Gross National Happiness Commission the Royal Government of Bhutan
STRATEGIC PROGRAMME FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE (SPCR) UNDER THE PILOT PROGRAMME FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE (PPCR) Climate-Resilient & Low-Carbon Sustainable Development Toward Maximizing the Royal Government of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS COMMISSION THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN FOREWORD The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) recognizes the devastating impact that climate change is having on Bhutan’s economy and our vulnerable communities and biosphere, and we are committed to address these challenges and opportunities through the 12th Five Year Plan (2018-2023). In this context, during the 2009 Conference of the Parties 15 (COP 15) in Copenhagen, RGoB pledged to remain a carbon-neutral country, and has successfully done so. This was reaffirmed at the COP 21 in Paris in 2015. Despite being a negative-emission Least Developed Country (LDC), Bhutan continues to restrain its socioeconomic development to maintain more than 71% of its geographical area under forest cover,1 and currently more than 50% of the total land area is formally under protected areas2, biological corridors and natural reserves. In fact, our constitutional mandate declares that at least 60% of Bhutan’s total land areas shall remain under forest cover at all times. This Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) represents a solid framework to build the climate- resilience of vulnerable sectors of the economy and at-risk communities across the country responding to the priorities of NDC. It also offers an integrated story line on Bhutan’s national -
Continuing Customs of Negotiation and Contestation in Bhutan
Continuing Customs of Negotiation and Contestation in Bhutan Adam Pain and Deki Pema∗∗ Introduction A concern for the maintenance of traditional values and customs in the processes of modernisation within Bhutan is evident in much of Bhutan’s official documentation. The fundamental importance given to the maintenance and fostering of Buddhism, its beliefs and associated institutions reflected in Bhutan’s rich culture, is constantly returned to and emphasized in commentary. Thus the establishment of the Special Commission for Cultural Affairs in 1985 “is seen as a reflection of the great importance placed upon the preservation of the country’s unique and distinct religious and cultural traditions and values, expressed in the customs, manners, language, dress, arts and crafts which collectively define Bhutan’s national identity” (Ministry of Planning, 1996, p.193). Equally the publication of a manual on Bhutanese Etiquette (Driglam Namzhag) by the National Library of Bhutan was hopeful that it “would serve as a significant foundation in the process of cultural preservation and cultural synthesis” (Publishers Forward, National Library, 1999). One strand of analysis that could be pursued concerns the very construct of “traditional” and what is constituted as “within” or “without” that tradition. As Hobsbawm (1983) reminds us with respect to the British Monarchy, much of the ceremonial associated with it is of recent origin. Equally national flags, national anthems and even the nation state, are, as Hobsbawm would have it, “ invented traditions” designed largely to “ inculcate certain values and norms of behaviour by repetition, which automatically implies continuity with ∗ Research Fellow, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia & Planning Officer, Policy & Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu 219 Continuing Customs of Negotiation and Contestation in Bhutan the past” (op. -
Bhutan Green Growth Policy Note 7.31.14
July 31, 2014 Note on Green Growth for Bhutan Document of the World Bank 0 Table of Contents Introduction: What is the role for “green growth” in Bhutan? ....................................................... 5 Hydropower .................................................................................................................................... 9 Forestry ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Agriculture .................................................................................................................................... 18 Mining and Manufacturing ........................................................................................................... 22 Tourism ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Urbanization, Transportation and Environmental Challenges ...................................................... 29 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 32 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 35 Annex 1 –Funding for Climate Change and Environment .............................................................. i List of Boxes Box 1: Bhutan’s Macroeconomic Background .............................................................................. -
Trendy Travel Trade with Food & Shop
Trendy Travel Trade with Food & Shop Volume VII • Issue II • March 2020 • Pages 52 • Rs.100/- Address: Good Wood Estate, Lower Bharari Road, Bharari Road, Shankli, Longwood, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 Phone:0177 265 9012 Hola Mohalla, Anandpur Sahib 8 March to 10 March 2020 For More Information Please Contact Tourist information center, Near Gurudwara Takhat Sri Keshgarh sahib, Guru Teg Bahadur museum. Sri Anandpur sahib : Mobile -9779167832, Email - [email protected] PUBLISHER'S NOTE Trendy Travel Trade with Food & Shop Volume VII • Issue II • March 2020 • Pages 52 • Rs.100/- Editor & Publisher : Vedika Sharma Director: Babita Sharma Senior Editor : Tarsh Sharma Reporter : Parul Malhotra Consulting Editor : Pradeep Kapur Consulting Editor(West) : S K Mishra Consultant Art Director : Anita Mudgal Dear Reader, and the aging process. Why not do Graphic Designer : Sangeeta Arya yourself a big favor? Make yourself a priority and take some time off. Consulting Photographer : Ganesh Kapri As we all know vacation time is The best family vacations become around the corner, by keeping this the stuff of legend, inspiring the Manager Administration : Gaurav Kumar in mind T3FS covered a story on stories you and your relatives repeat Family Vacation where we highlighted and reminisce over for years. As far as Manager Circulation : Himanshu Mudgal the “roads less travelled of various memories go, we tend to remember the OUR TEAM OUR destinations”. Family vacations are good things; the time spent together E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] as important as our sleep, so don’t as a family, the new things that were let opportunities to take a family discovered, the new friends we made, Website : www.fabianmedia.net vacation slip away. -
Gross National Happiness for the Global Goals
Thirteenth Round Table Meeting 15-16 March, 2017 Thimphu, Bhutan Gross National Happiness for the Global Goals Report of the 13th Round Table Meeting Between Bhutan and its Development Partners Prepared by the Joint Task Force for the 13th RTM Royal Government of Bhutan and the United Nations in Bhutan In partnership with the United Nations Development Programme 1 Photo 1: Guests and participants Photo 2: Technical sessions CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................. 3 2. Summary of Proceedings ........................................................... 5 Inaugural Address ............................................................................ 5 Introductory Remarks ....................................................................... 6 Launch of the 12th FYP Guidelines ....................................................... 7 Opening of Side Events ..................................................................... 9 Technical Sessions ......................................................................... 10 Concluding Session ........................................................................ 10 3. Main Areas of Discussion...........................................................11 (i) GNH Concept and Operationalization: Findings from the 2015 GNH Survey and Index ............................................................................. 11 History and Concept ....................................................................... 11 Developing Assessment -
Macroeconomic Trends and Policy Implications: Evidence from Bhutan
and health Macroeconomic Trends and Policy Implications: Evidence from Bhutan Mashrur Khan and Matthew Robson * 1. Introduction Bhutan has performed remarkably well with an average growth rate of 7.72 percent from 2004-2014. This growth is heavily fuelled by its strong hydropower sector, particularly the exports of hydropower, which have grown at an average rate of 18.1 percent over the same period. In recent years, hydropower capacity has been increased substantially, leading to higher exports and electricity generation in the country. In addition, the tourism sector has grown rapidly over the last decade, which largely contributed to the generation of revenue for the country. Despite these successes, the country has experienced some setbacks, particularly in recent years. The current account deficit has been on the rise, which was mainly due to increasing hydropower-related imports to facilitate the installation of new hydropower plants. In addition, rapid credit growth has led to a consumption and housing boom, which contributed to large non-hydropower related imports. Consequently, the total reserves for the country as a percentage of total external debt has declined - reducing their ability to service debt - which is concerning since their external debt as a ratio of GDP has risen to over 80 percent in 2013-14 from around 55 percent in 2007- 08. This paper focuses on the macroeconomic trends that Bhutan has experienced since the 1990s. The paper provides detailed graphs and tables on selected economic indicators, particularly on the budget, inflation and balance of payment estimates for the country. However, the data available from various sources * Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, UK We would like to extend our appreciation to Sabina Alkire, at the OPHI, for her support throughout. -
The Case of Bhutan
Food Sec. DOI 10.1007/s12571-017-0647-5 ORIGINAL PAPER The importance and challenges of crop germplasm interdependence: the case of Bhutan Mahesh Ghimiray1 & Ronnie Vernooy2 Received: 25 January 2016 /Accepted: 2 January 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract An analysis of food crop germplasm flows into and Keywords Biodiversity . Crop germplasm . Food security . out of Bhutan was carried out to determine the extent of reli- Interdependence . Multilateral system . Pedigree analysis ance of Bhutanese agriculture on introduced germplasm. Methods used included literature review, key informant inter- views, field visits and crop pedigree analysis. Bhutan has been Introduction introducing foreign germplasm since the 1960s. By December 2015, about 300 varieties of 46 food crops including several No country in the world is self-sufficient in germplasm to non-traditional crops were introduced. Germplasm sources fulfill its food requirements. Most major agricultural crops include CGIAR centres such as IRRI, CIMMYT, ICARDA, evolved over a period of thousands of years in the developing and AVRDC and countries such as Bangladesh, India, Japan, countries which have the greatest concentration of genetic Korea, Nepal, and Thailand. Pedigree analysis of rice varieties diversity. Many countries heavily depend on non-indigenous indicated that 74% of the released varieties originated in other crops and imported germplasm for food and agricultural countries. Using imported germplasm, Bhutan has formally development (Fowler et al. 2000). Today, all countries and released over 180 varieties of cereals, fruits and vegetables. all regions have become highly interdependent (Galluzzi Initially, the germplasm flow was largely unregulated, but the et al. -
Farming and Biodiversity of Pigs in Bhutan
Animal Genetic Resources, 2011, 48, 47–61. © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011 doi:10.1017/S2078633610001256 Farming and biodiversity of pigs in Bhutan K. Nidup1,2, D. Tshering3, S. Wangdi4, C. Gyeltshen5, T. Phuntsho5 and C. Moran1 1Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction (REPROGEN), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia; 2College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Bhutan; 3Department of Livestock, National Pig Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan; 4Department of Livestock, Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Lingmithang, Bhutan; 5Department of Livestock, Regional Pig and Poultry Breeding Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Gelephu, Bhutan Summary Pigs have socio-economic and cultural importance to the livelihood of many Bhutanese rural communities. While there is evidence of increased religious disapproval of pig raising, the consumption of pork, which is mainly met from imports, is increasing every year. Pig development activities are mainly focused on introduction of exotic germplasm. There is an evidence of a slow but steady increase in the population of improved pigs in the country. On the other hand, indigenous pigs still comprise 68 percent of the total pig population but their numbers are rapidly declining. If this trend continues, indigenous pigs will become extinct within the next 10 years. Once lost, this important genetic resource is largely irreplaceable. Therefore, Government of Bhutan must make an effort to protect, promote and utilize indigenous pig resources in a sustainable manner. In addition to the current ex situ conservation programme based on cryopre- servation of semen, which needs strengthening, in situ conservation and a nucleus farm is required to combat the enormous decline of the population of indigenous pigs and to ensure a sustainable source of swine genetic resources in the country. -
Bhutan-Swiss Collaboration to Institutionalise Archaeology in Bhutan Philippe Della Casa, Peter Fux, Andreas Mäder
07_Buthan_Fux.xpd_3.1 buthan06.xp 04.07.12 16:39 Seite 173 SLSA Jahresbericht 2011 Bhutan-Swiss collaboration to institutionalise archaeology in Bhutan Philippe Della Casa, Peter Fux, Andreas Mäder 1. Introduction 1.1 The setup of the Bhutan-Swiss Archaeology Project To date, Bhutan has no archaeological institution, neither at the university nor on ad- ministration level, and except for a single rescue excavation in the course of a con- struction project initiated by Helvetas in central Bhutan – the excavation was financed by the Swiss-Liechtenstein Foundation for Archaeological Research Abroad (SLSA) and realised by the Swiss archaeologist Dr. Reto Blumer in 1999–20011 – no archaeological excavation was ever conducted in Bhutan until autumn 2008. However, on March 29, 2005, Bhutan’s current Prime Minister, H.E. Jigmi Y. Thin- ley, expressed in a letter to Werner Külling – secretary-general of the Swiss develop- ment organisation Helvetas – his wish «to initiate archaeological projects in Bhutan for the first time in the country’s history». In the same letter it is stated that «the site of the ruins of Drapham Dzong in the district of Bumthang has been selected as the first project site». Later on (May 13, 2005), the head of the Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites mentioned in a letter to Helvetas that it is «His Majesty, the King of Bhutan’s personal wish to one day initiate archaeological projects in Bhutan», and that to this very first project great importance should be attached, since it would be «a leading example to many such projects that are planned for implementation in the country in the future.» And the request is expressed «to receive possible support for this significant and pioneering project» from Helvetas, i.e. -
Zhemgang Dzongkhag
༼ར꽼ང་ཁག་རྐྱེན་ངན་འ潲ན་སྐྱོང་དང་འབྱུང་፺ས་པ荲་ཐབས་ལམ་འཆར་ག筲།༽ Dzongkhag Disaster Management and Contingency Plan Dzongkhag Administration, Zhemgang ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN 2020 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & CONTINGENCY PLAN OF ZHEMGANG DZONGKHAG [2] Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _________________________________________________________ Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ________________________________________________________________________________ 4 ACRONYMS __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 SCOPE: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 OBJECTIVES: ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE DZONGKHAG ___________________________________________________________ 7 BACKGROUND _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROFILE________________________________________________________________________ 8 FIGURE 1 – ORGANOGRAM OF DZONGKHAG ADMINISTRATION __________________________________________________ 12 1.3: WEATHER AND CLIMATE _________________________________________________________________________________ 14 1.4: DEMOGRAPHY ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 1.5 ECONOMY _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 CHAPTER 2: DZONGKHAG DISASTER MANAGEMENT -
Proceedings and Resolutions of the 70Th Session of the National Assembly of Bhutan
PROCEEDINGS AND RESOLUTIONS OF THE 70TH SESSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN. I. OPENING CEREMONY The 70th Session of the National Assembly of Bhutan began with the hallowed tradition of Shugdrel Ceremony on the first day of the ninth month of the year of the Iron Sheep corresponding to 8th October, 1991. In his opening address, the Speaker of the Assembly, Dasho Passang Dorji, welcomed His Majesty the King and all the representatives of the Central Monk Body and Rabdeys, ministers and officials representing the Royal Government, and the representatives of the public. He stated that this most auspicious occasion which had enabled the King, Government and People to assemble in the Great Hall of the National Assembly to deliberate upon matters of great importance to the country was due to the age-old and timeless blessings of the Revered Guru Ugyen Rimpochey, and the most Venerable Lineage of Lamas of the Kagyu tradition established by the great spiritual ruler Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel to whom the nation would forever be indebted. Secondly, he said it was due to the boundless merit of the nation’s most revered sovereigns, His Majesty the King and the preceding monarchs. Thirdly, it was due to the good fortune, loyalty and unity of all the people. The Speaker reminded the House that since the months of September and October of the year 1990, the ngolops in the south had perpetrated acts of high treason, wanton destruction of life and property and senseless acts of terrorism to shatter the peace and tranquility of the country.