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Kondisi Air Tanah Untuk Irigasi Di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat

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Kondisi Air Tanah Untuk Irigasi Di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 3 No. 1 April 2012: 21 - 30 Kondisi air tanah untuk irigasi di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Condition of groundwater for irrigation in West Sumbawa Regency Bethy C. Matahelumual Badan Geologi Jln. Diponegoro 57 Bandung 40122 SARI Sebagian besar penduduk Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat tinggal di kawasan pedesaan. Pertanian merupakan sumber utama pendapatan mereka. Sumber air tanah di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat cukup melimpah, sehingga selain digunakan sebagai sumber air bersih, dapat juga dimanfaatkan untuk irigasi. Pengambil­ an percontoh air dilakukan di 8 kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Sekongkang, Jereweh, Maluk, Taliwang, Brang Ene, Brang Rea, Seteluk, dan Poto Tano. Pendekatan berdasarkan diagram Wilcox dan perbanding­ an Serap an Natrium (Sodium Adsorption Ratio­SAR) digunakan untuk mengetahui kelayakan air tanah bagi keperluan irigasi. Kualitas air di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat umumnya tidak memenuhi persyaratan kualitas air minum tetapi dapat digunakan untuk keperluan irigasi. Kata kunci: air tanah, irigasi, diagram Wilcox, Sumbawa Barat ABSTRACT Residents of West Sumbawa Regency are mostly live in rural area. Agriculture represents the main source of their earnings. In West Sumbawa Regency groundwater is quite abundant and it is used either as the source of drinking water and can also be used for irrigation. Shallow groundwater samples were taken in 8 Sub Districts namely Sekongkang, Jereweh, Maluk, Taliwang, Brang Ene, Brang Rea, Seteluk and Poto Tano. An approach based on Wilcox diagram and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) are used to find out ground water elegibility for irrigation.Water quality in West Sumbawa Regency generally does not meet the quality requirements of drinking water but can be used for irrigation. Keywords: groundwater, irrigation, Wilcox diagram, West Sumbawa Naskah diterima 3 Februari 2012, selesai direvisi 30 Maret 2012 Korespondensi, email: [email protected] 21 22 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 3 No. 1 April 2012: 21-30 PENDAHULUAN sawahan dijumpai di desa Beru, Endeh dan Djereweh, Lahuhan Balat, Bugis, Mura, Lam­ Wilayah Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat, Provinsi pok, Beru, Serang dan Seteluk. Luas dari Nusa Tenggara Barat secara umum ditutupi tegal/kebun kurang lebih 7.654 Ha, ladang/ oleh hutan yang mencapai luas kurang lebih huma 3.440 Ha, lahan sementara tidak diusa­ 70% dari luas wilayah kabupaten, kemudian hakan 2.201 Ha, perkebunan 3.999 Ha, hu­ disusul persawahan, tegalan, rawa, dan pe­ tan rakyat 1.945 Ha, tambak 440 Ha, kolam/ mukiman penduduk. Daerah tegalan setem­ empang 20 Ha, rawa yang tidak ditanami pat­setempat tersebar di pantai bagian barat, 1.049 Ha, pekarangan 1.048 Ha, hutan negara selatan, dan utara. 137.965 Ha, penggembalaan/padang rumput Sebagian besar penduduk Kabupaten Sum­ 2.465 Ha, lain­lain 13.714 Ha dan lahan ke­ bawa Barat tinggal di kawasan pedesaan. Per­ ring 174.441 Ha. Gambar 1 memperlihatkan tanian merupakan sumber utama pendapatan peta tata guna lahan yang dikutip dari Peta mereka. Pada tahun 2007, luas sawah yang Rupa Bumi skala 1:250.000 Lembar 1906 beririgasi teknis, setengah teknis, irigasi yang disusun oleh Badan Koordinasi Survei sederhana, irigasi mandiri, tadah hujan, dan dan Pemetaan Nasional. pasang surut seluas 14.226 Ha. Daerah per­ U B T S 0 10 20 Kilometer KETERANGAN TOPOGRAFI LAMBANG KHUSUS Garis ketinggian dari Rawa muka laut (m) Jalan Sawah Sungai Tegalan/Ladang Hutan Danau Pemukiman Batas Kecamatan Batas Kabupaten Gambar 1. Peta tata guna lahan Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Kondisi air tanah untuk irigasi di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat - Bethy C. Matahelumual 23 Kebutuhan air bersih di wilayah Kabupa­ Brang Rea dan Brang Ene, (3) Sumbawa Ba­ ten Sumbawa Barat akan selalu bertambah rat bagian Selatan yang meliputi Kecamatan mengingat rata­rata perkembangan penduduk Jereweh, Maluk, dan Sekongkang (Gambar dari tahun 2000 hingga 2009 adalah 1,53 2). % per tahun. Jumlah penduduk pada tahun 2015 diperkirakan sebanyak 110.729 jiwa, MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN yang termasuk kategori kota sedang dengan kebutuhan air bersih 100 liter/orang/jiwa, Kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan atau 11.073 m3/hari atau 4,4 x 106 m3/tahun. gambaran tentang kualitas air tanah yang Prediksi volume air yang meresap kedalam dapat digunakan untuk irigasi di Kabupaten tanah adalah ± 1,54 x 109 m3/tahun atau 1.540 Sumbawa Barat, dengan tujuan agar dapat x 106 m3/tahun (Rosadi drr., 2010), sehing­ dimanfaatkan sebagai acuan pemerintah se­ ga ketersediaan air di Kabupaten Sumbawa tempat dan instansi terkait dalam menentukan Barat cukup melimpah, selain dimanfaatkan langkah pengelolaan air tanah untuk keper­ untuk air besih, perkantoran, pelabuhan, hotel luan irigasi. dan tempat rekreasi, dapat juga dimanfaatkan untuk pertanian atau irigasi. METODOLOGI Daerah kajian mencakup seluruh wilayah Evaluasi kualitas air untuk air minum tentang Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Secara geografis Standar Kualitas Air minum mengacu pada daerah tersebut terletak pada koordinat UTM Surat Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI No­ antara 466572 m – 518000 m (T) dan 8991000 mor 907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002. Analisis m – 9060000 m (U), dengan luas wilayah ta­ contoh air mengacu pada Standard Methods hun 2006 seluas 1.849,02 km2. (Anonymous, 1995) dan Standard Nasional Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat terdiri atas 8 Indonesia (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, kecamatan, yaitu Kecamatan Sekongkang, 1994). Jereweh, Maluk, Taliwang, Brang Ene, Brang Untuk mengetahui kesesuaian kualitas air ta­ Rea, Seteluk dan Poto Tano. Kecamatan yang nah untuk keperluan irigasi atau pertanian di­ paling luas adalah Taliwang (375,93 km2) dan gunakan hubungan antara nilai Perbandingan kecamatan yang sempit adalah Kecamatan Serapan Sodium (Sodium Adsorption Ratio/ Maluk (92,42 km2). SAR) dan nilai konduktivitas air tanah. Pengambilan percontoh air dilakukan pada Perhitungan baku sebagai berikut: bulan September­Oktober 2010. Analisis kua­ litas air dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu Na daerah (1) Sumbawa Barat bagian Utara yang SAR = meliputi Kecamatan Poto Tano dan Keca­ (Ca + Mg)/2 matan Seteluk, (2) Sumbawa Barat bagian (Konsentrasi Unsur dalam meq/l) Tengah yang meliputi Kecamatan Taliwang, 24 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol. 3 No. 1 April 2012: 21-30 Kawasan Penambangan U PT. Newmont NT Sumur Bor Area tambang Sumur Gali Gambar 2. Peta lokasi pengambilan percontoh air di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Nusa Tenggara Barat. Hubungan antara nilai SAR dan konduktivi­ C4 – Sangat Tinggi, 2250­5000 mS/cm. tas digambarkan dalam bentuk diagram Wil­ Sumbu y adalah nilai SAR (meq/l) yang terbagi cox dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak atas: Groundwater Software for Windows, seperti S1 – Rendah; contoh pada Gambar 3. S2 – Sedang; Sumbu x merupakan nilai konduktivitas air S3 – Tinggi; dan tanah (mS/cm) yang terbagi atas: S4 – Sangat Tinggi. C1 – Rendah, antara 0­249 mS/cm; C2 – Sedang, antara 250­749 mS/cm; Dari diagram Wilcox tersebut terdapat 16 ke­ mungkinan kombinasi tingkat kesesuaian. C3 – Tinggi, antara 750­2249 mS/cm; dan Kondisi air tanah untuk irigasi di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat - Bethy C. Matahelumual 25 HASIL PENGAMATAN DAN DISKUSI Sodium (Alkali) Hazard 100 500 1000 5000 Kualitas Air Tanah untuk Irigasi di Very 30 30 High Kecamatan Poto Tano dan Kecamatan S4 28 26 Seteluk 24 High S3 22 SAR 20 8 20 Delapan percontoh air sumur gali di Keca­ 18 matan Poto Tano dan Seteluk tidak ada yang 16 Medium S2 14 memenuhi persyaratan air minum secara fisi­ 12 10 10 ka kimia berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Men­ 8 teri Kesehatan RI Nomor 907/MENKES/SK/ Low 6 S1 4 4 5 1 VII/2002. Berdasarkan pendekatan diagram 2 6 2 7 3 0 100 250 750 2250 Wilcox (Tabel 1 dan Gambar 4), kualitas air Conductivity (micromhos/cm at 250 C) tanah di Kecamatan Poto Tano dan Seteluk C1 C2 C3 C4 Low Medium High Very High dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan irigasi Salinity Hazard (75%), dan dikelompokkan atas 3 kelas seba­ Gambar 3. Contoh diagram Wilcox. gai berikut: 1. Kelas C3-S1, air tanah dengan klasifikasi Kondisi paling sesuai adalah jika nilai SARnya “diperbolehkan” memiliki risiko salinitas rendah (S1) dan nilai konduktivitasnya juga tinggi dan risiko natrium rendah sebanyak rendah (C1), sedangkan kondisi paling tidak 75 %. sesuai adalah jika nilai keduanya sangat tinggi (S4 dan C4). 2. Kelas C4-S2, air tanah dengan klasifikasi Tabel 1. Hasil Analisis Fisika/Kimia Percontoh Air di Kecamatan Poto Tano dan Kecamatan Seteluk 2+ 2+ 3+ 2+ + + = ­ ­ = ­ No Kode DHL pH Kes Ca Mg Fe Mn K Na CO3 HCO3 Cl SO4 NO2 NO3 ZPT mg/L Urut Percontoh mS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L CaCO3 1 SG 12 2110 7,18 600,7 82,2 94,8 0,20 0,12 7,8 170,0 0,0 463,6 311,6 59,5 0,04 7,3 1424 2 SG 13 1503 7,21 467,7 57,5 77,8 0,28 0,07 93,3 106,6 0,0 531,1 125,5 19,0 0,03 8,6 1008 3 SG 14 1587 7,26 550,3 70,7 89,6 0,10 0,01 5,3 85,4 0,0 408,9 139,6 140,0 0,05 9,5 1060 4 SG 15 1598 7,50 331,2 45,0 52,5 0,14 1,20 2,8 179,3 0,0 587,2 75,7 69,2 0,58 1,2 1072 5 SG 17 3159 7,15 642,7 97,8 95,5 0,20 0,03 6,6 251,0 0,0 475,1 406,3 109,9 0,12 10,8 2120 6 SG 18 1698 7,42 519,5 50,3 94,5 0,12 0,02 12,5 132,0 0,0 409,5 244,5 53,1 0,03 1,7 1136 7 SG 19 1408 7,41 488,7 62,8 79,6 0,09 0,22 31,3 80,0 0,0 512,7 55,7 110,0 0,05 3,6 948 8 SG 20 4901 7,73 223,3 26,3 37,8 0,53 2,67 12,4 690,0 0,0 1340,5 504,2 78,9 0,86 0,3 3280 26 Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, Vol.
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