Tourism Planning in Sumbawa Preliminary Research Report Workroom B Ltd Liability Co

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tourism Planning in Sumbawa Preliminary Research Report Workroom B Ltd Liability Co Tourism Planning in Sumbawa Preliminary Research Report workroom B Ltd Liability Co. January 2020 Tourism Planning in Sumbawa Preliminary Research Report I. Major Themes: Summary 3 A. Tailings & Tourism 3 B. Townsite After the Mine 3 C. Building Seismic Code 3 D. Inclusion / Exclusion 3 E. Growth vs Development 3 F. Social Jealousy 3 II. Project Description 4 A. Preliminary Research Introduction 4 B. Project Background 4 C. Tourism Planning 4 III. Site Context: Western Sumbawa 6 A. A Short History of the Batu Hijau Mine 6 B. History 7 C. Geography 8 D. Culture 10 E. Socioeconomics 11 F. Botanical Life 12 IV. Transforming Sumbawa: Territorial Context 2000s-today 15 A. The Mine as an Actor of Transformation 15 B. Employment 16 C. Environment 17 V. Major Themes: Expanded 19 A. Tailings & Tourism 19 B. Townsite After the Mine 21 C. Inclusion / Exclusion 21 D. Growth vs Development 22 VI. Questions 24 References 25 Credits: This report was written by Benjamin Leclair-Paquet, with the exception of the ‘Botanical Life’ section, written by Lahiru S. Wijedasa. All research by workroom B. Commissioned by Amman Mineral. Los Angeles, 2020 2 I. Major Themes: Summary A. Tailings & Tourism The tailing pipeline coming from Batu Hijau Mine’s Concentrator follows a path that cuts through an area that the Consultant Team has identified as a Priority Tourism Zone. The presence of this pipeline, irrespectively of the substances it carries, might make Swiss Beach an unlikely location for a beach resort. (see page 19 for more detail) B. Townsite After the Mine Townsite appears to be a ‘company village’ existing for the sole use of mine employees. Located adjacent to prime tourism development zones, this area will require a comprehensive building re-use strategy to prepare it for its ‘second life’. (see page 21 for more detail) C. Building Seismic Code Sumbawa is located at the junction of two tectonic plates. The preponderance of seismic activities in the region calls for a particular type of construction and the potential implementation of a seismic code1 that would have a monumental effect on the region’s resilience to natural hazard.2 (see page 9-10 for more detail) D. Inclusion / Exclusion The Batu Hijau mine introduced a new industry, employment standards, benefit programs and income levels to Sumbawans. Its jobs, much like its installations, are in sharp contrast to those traditionally found in Sumbawa. The introduction of this ‘new world’, so to speak, has engendered feelings of exclusion that should be addressed. (see page 21 for more detail) E. Growth vs Development “Growth means to get bigger, development means to get better.”3 Tourism planning in locations where basic infrastructures are missing requires both growth and development. Learning from Newmont’s past efforts, AMNT can benefit from deep, grounded historical analysis to avoid replicating the same mistakes. This constitutes in an unparalleled opportunity as the context for AMNT’s CSR work in Sumbawa is practically the same as Newmont’s. (see page 22 for more detail) F. Social Jealousy The introduction of wealth for part of the population has made the poverty of the other part of the population evermore poignant. Some villagers, for example, “spoke nostalgically about a time when they were all equally poor (sama-sama miskin). (see page 11 for more detail) 1 Seismic codes, also known as earthquake codes, are building codes designed to protect property and life in buildings in case of earthquakes. While they often raise construction costs, they also create buildings that can save lives in earthquakes by absorbing seismic acceleration. 2 Disaster management specialists have demonstrated that ‘natural disaster’ only occur when a ‘natural hazard’ clashes with a built environment unprepared for it. Comparing the effects of the Chilean earthquake of 2010 (8.8 magnitude), the Haiti earthquake of 2010 (7.0 magnitude) and the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (6.9 magnitude) takes this point home. 3 Jarkko Saarinen, Christian Rogerson, and Michael Hall, ‘Geographies of Tourism Development and Planning’, Tourism Geographies 19, no. 3 (2017): 308. 3 II. Project Description A. The Preliminary Research Report: Introduction This report was developed as a preparatory document for upcoming fieldwork in southwestern Sumbawa. The primary purpose of this report is to serve as a primer on West Sumbawa and the Batu Hijau mine for anyone invited to work on its development as a tourism destination. Its goals are to (a) summarize desk-based research conducted to familiarize ourselves with the site, (b) develop a shared understanding of the site’s historic, economic, political and socio-spatial conditions; (c) highlight key observations that warrant further investigation; and (d) raise questions that our partners and client might already have answers in order to avoid duplicating work. The report presents material gathered through a review of existing literature, maps and publicly available documents. The findings are constrained by a number of factors that mostly relate to the lack of scientifically valid literature and an abundance of disinformation campaigns presented as being scientifically researched. Another important limitation pertains to AMNT’s relatively short history in Sumbawa. This has made it particularly difficult to obtain information about their involvement within the community through its extensive Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs. On the other hand, some important scholarly work has been conducted on AMNT’s predecessor’s efforts in community development. PT Newmont’s (Newmont) record can actually shed some valuable lessons about how local communities have responded to different types CSR programs. With these limitations in mind, the findings presented here should be understood as being preliminary and requiring validation through fieldwork. B. Project Background This report was conducted as part of a larger project consisting of a tourism development plan in southwestern Sumbawa. The project was initiated by PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (AMNT) and developed under its CSR division. AMNT began collaborating with a team of tourism consultants from PT Lombok Saka in 2019 to build out a tourism development plan in Sumbawa. This initiative was put in motion partly to diversify the economy and assure the long-term prosperity of local residents after the end of mining operation in the Western Sumbawa Regency. In this context, workroom B Ltd. Liability Co. (workroom B) was invited to provide professional urban planning expertise. Our expected roles and contributions remain to be defined. C. Tourism Planning ‘Tourism planning’ has emerged as a specialization of regional and urban planning.4 Much like urban planning, tourism planning requires a holistic approach that considers the social, political, territorial, economic and cultural aspects of a site. In addition, Tourism Planning must also take into account the goals and aspirations of non-local stakeholders (i.e. potential tourists, investors, etc.), which adds a level of complexity to its activities. Tourism planning assumes a central stage in the future of the tourism sector. Working alongside tourism marketing experts, planners are developing projective strategies designed to align with the principles of sustainable development. Following best practice, successful tourism planning projects should be capable “of being built and expanded with clear links to grassroots and thus 4 Carlos Costa, ‘An Emerging Tourism Planning Paradigm? A Comparative Analysis Between Town and Tourism Planning’, International Journal of Tourism Research 3, no. 6 (2001): 425. 4 developed without losing their own personality.”5 The related fields of Tourism Planning and Tourism Marketing thereby work conjointly to develop socio-cultural infrastructures destined to support tourism activities and bring tourists in. Acknowledging that ‘planning is political’, tourism planning projects propose physical transformations that are contextually informed.6 Departing from the rational urban planning movement popular until the 1960s, contemporary urban planning calls for intensive public participation. In this framework, planners act as mediators between all primary stakeholders, ideally turning goals defined by the different parties involved into territorial proposals rather than being the sole decider behind a masterplan’s goals. The exact role of tourism planners can change with every project, and may include any of the following professional activities: Research • Secondary research (Desk-Based) • Primary research (Fieldwork) • Visual Analysis • Community Participation Workshops Action Research • Creating rapid, low-cost interventions and implementing them to assess their effects (how a project evolves, how the community adapts it, etc.) as a means to create new data in a local capacity assessment, and, if possible, affect change through the intervention itself. Territorial Assessment • Holistic research conducted to develop a baseline understanding of a site (map analysis, map making, socio-cultural analysis, environmental analysis, economic analysis. Desk- based and field research required) Site Planning • Development proposal for a site that locates and plans for key phases of development (defines what goes where on the territory). Site plans are suitable for privately owned development zones where the regulatory tools of a masterplan are not required. Masterplanning • Document intended for the long-term development of a site. Like the site plan, the
Recommended publications
  • Highlights on Indonesia's Copper Industry
    Deloitte Indonesia Perspectives | Second Edition, February 2021 Highlights on Indonesia's copper industry 1. In 2017 Indonesia was the 11th largest copper mining 5. Other than Grasberg, Indonesia’s copper deposits producer in the world with production capacity include Amman’s Batu Hijau mine and the nearby equivalent to 600 thousand tons per annum. Elang copper-gold deposit in Sumbawa, and PT Merdeka Copper Gold Tbk’s Tujuh Bukit which is 2. However, Indonesia’s copper production has been located in Banyuwangi, East Java. The Elang copper- decreasing gradually since 2016, from 695.900 metric gold resource is in the exploration stage. It has an tons to 400,200 in 2019 (according to the World estimated deposit of 12,945 billion lbs of copper. Bureau of Metal Statistics) Potential annual production could be 300-430 million. 3. The Grasberg minerals district in Papua, which is 6. PT. Freeport Indonesia and Tsingshan Steel have operated by PT Freeport Indonesia, includes open- agreed in principle the development of a new USD1.8 pit and underground mines. It has produced 528 billion smelter in Teluk Weda, Halmahera. A definitive billion ounces of copper, including more than 432 agreement is expected to be signed before March billion ounces of copper from the Grasberg open pit 2021. between 1990 and 2019. 4. Extraction of ore from the Grasberg Block Cave Editoral team in collaboration with underground mine commenced in the second quarter Paulus Miki Kurniawan of 2019, which is the same ore body mined from the Paulus Miki Kurniawan is a Merger and Acquisition surface in the Grasberg open pit.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Case on Civil Servant Teacher in West Nusa Tenggara Province
    UIJRT | United International Journal for Research & Technology | Volume 02, Issue 08, 2021 Civil Servant Teacher Recruitment Process in Indonesia: Study Case on Civil Servant Teacher in West Nusa Tenggara Province Sri Trisnawati1 and Nik Mohd Rahimi2 1,2Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia Emai: [email protected] and [email protected] Abstract— The process of civil servant teacher Indonesia is the low quality of teachers (Aris R. Huang, recruitment in Indonesia is conducted every year to et.al, 2020). Since 2012-2015, 1.3 million of the 1.6 recruit teacher professionally. The recruitment process million teachers who took the Teacher Competency Test has been conducted and enhanced in Indonesia -this exam measured competence in managing learning throughout years from pre paper-based test in 2013 to and understanding of the subjects taught-did not reach Computer Assisted Test (CAT) in the same year- the minimum score (Aris R Huang, et al, 2020). present. The aim of this research is to do a deeper exploring of the current process of civil servant teacher Teachers have an important role in improving the recruitment in Indonesia through qualitative case study quality of education because they are the main pillar in in which the online interview has been conducted to 6 shaping students as the nation's next generation. civil servant teachers in West Nusa Tenggara who took However, apart from the Teacher Competency Test the recruitment test in 2019. Furthermore, this study results in Indonesia which do not reach the minimum found that there are several significant differences in the score, Indonesia also faces issues related to the number process of recruitment especially for the teacher who of teachers is needed in Indonesia (Kompas Pedia, 2020 took the test under ministry of religious affair that they & Seidoo, 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Coupled Human and Environmental Systems from the Extractive Industry and Hydropower Sector Interfaces
    Examples of coupled human and environmental systems from the extractive industry and hydropower sector interfaces Marcia C. Castroa,1, Gary R. Kriegerb, Marci Z. Balgeb, Marcel Tannerc,d, Jürg Utzingerc,d, Maxine Whittakere, and Burton H. Singerf,1 aDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; bNewFields, Inc., Denver, CO 80202; cSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; dUniversity of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland; eCollege of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; and fEmerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 Edited by Simon A. Levin, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved September 16, 2016 (received for review June 19, 2016) Large-scale corporate projects, particularly those in extractive indus- What these and many other projects lacked was a planning tries or hydropower development, have a history from early in the process in which the maximization of profit subject to the constraint twentieth century of creating negative environmental, social, and of minimal harm to the surrounding ecosystem was operational. health impacts on communities proximal to their operations. In many Here, the term “ecosystem” includes physical, biological, and social instances, especially for hydropower projects, the forced resettlement surroundings. For the early twentieth century projects, there was of entire communities was a feature in which local cultures and core essentially no analysis of where externalized costs were going and human rights were severely impacted. These projects triggered an who was bearing them. Modern notions of a priori impact assess- activist opposition that progressively expanded and became influential ment and alignment of corporate and societal interests (6) were not at both the host community level and with multilateral financial factored into project development and essentially did not exist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Indonesia in 2009
    2009 Minerals Yearbook INDONESIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2011 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF INDONESIA By Chin S. Kuo Indonesia is rich in mineral resources, including coal, copper, in December 2008. Ministries with vested interests in the gold, natural gas, nickel, and tin. The country also has less regulations, such as the Ministries of Finance and Forestry, had significant quantities of bauxite, petroleum, and silver. The not responded to the drafts proposed by the Ministry of Energy country’s industrial production came from the cement, metal and Mineral Resources. The mining sector was unlikely to have mining, and oil and gas industries. Indonesia was among the new projects in the near future as the Government stopped five leading producers of copper and nickel in the world and its issuing new mining permits until the regulations were made tin output was ranked second after China. It was also ranked final. Mining investment fell below $1 billion in 2009 because among the world’s top 10 countries in the production of gold of the uncertainty in the new mining and coal law. BHP Billiton and natural gas. Indonesia was one of the leading exporters of Ltd. of Australia scrapped a study to develop an integrated liquefied natural gas (LNG) (after Qatar) but was a net importer nickel project on Sulawesi Island and the development of a coal of oil. mine in Central Kalimantan Province. Tsingshan Mineral Co. of China scrapped a $500 million nickel project in North Maluku Minerals in the National Economy Province. The new mining law also requires foreign investors to divest shares either to the Government, a state-owned enterprise, Indonesia’s real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was or a local private entity after the fifth year of commercial 4.5% in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Rules Making the Case for Responsible Mining
    GOLDEN RULES Making the case for responsible mining A REPORT BY EARTHWORKS AND OXFAM AMERICA Contents Introduction: The Golden Rules 2 Grasberg Mine, Indonesia 5 Yanacocha Mine, Peru, and Cortez Mine, Nevada 7 BHP Billiton Iron Ore Mines, Australia 9 Hemlo Camp Mines, Canada 10 Mongbwalu Mine, the Democratic Republic of Congo 13 Rosia Montana Mine, Romania 15 Marcopper Mine, the Philippines, and Minahasa Raya and Batu Hijau Mines, Indonesia 17 Porgera Gold Mine, Papua New Guinea 18 Junín Mine, Ecuador 21 Akyem Mine, Ghana 22 Pebble Mine, Alaska 23 Zortman-Landusky Mine, Montana 25 Bogoso/Prestea Mine, Ghana 26 Jerritt Canyon Mine, Nevada 27 Summitville Mine, Colorado 29 Following the rules: An agenda for action 30 Notes 31 Cover: Sadiola Gold Mine, Mali | Brett Eloff/Oxfam America Copyright © EARTHWORKS, Oxfam America, 2007. Reproduction is permitted for educational or noncommercial purposes, provided credit is given to EARTHWORKS and Oxfam America. Around the world, large-scale metals mining takes an enormous toll on the health of the environment and communities. Gold mining, in particular, is one of the dirtiest industries in the world. Massive open-pit mines, some measuring as much as two miles (3.2 kilometers) across, generate staggering quantities of waste—an average of 76 tons for every ounce of gold.1 In the US, metals mining is the leading contributor of toxic emissions to the environment.2 And in countries such as Ghana, Romania, and the Philippines, mining has also been associated with human rights violations, the displacement of people from their homes, and the disruption of traditional livelihoods.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia's Savviest Claim Gold As Their Next Big Investment
    REVIEW By Alberto Migliucci CEO & Founder of PETRA COMMODITIES Indonesia’s savviest claim gold as their next big investment he yellow metal has clearly turned legendary hedge fund manager Stanley gold producer Newmont. The Batu Hijau the corner, becoming flat-out Druckenmiller of Duquesne Capital just mine is located in the southwest region of the bullish following the extensive made a huge bet on gold, going $300 million island of Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara and painful correction from long on the yellow stuff. He also took big Province, Indonesia. TAugust 2011 to year-end 2015. Year-to- new positions in Freeport-McMoRan, the “The transaction will directly provide date, the US dollar gold price has increased U.S. miner that operates Grasberg, the a strategic added value to MedcoEnergi circa 26 percent to US$1334 / oz. Petra world’s largest gold mine on the western in view of the world-scale operation of Commodities anticipated back in December half of Papua. Currently, Indonesia produces PTNNT. The acquisition will strengthen last year Forbes Indonesia “GOLDEN around four percent of global gold production MedcoEnergi’s position as an energy and OPPORTUNITY” by Alberto Migliucci (Indonesia is a top 10 gold producer), half natural resources top-tier enterprise in (http://forbesindonesia.com/berita-916- of which originates from the giant Grasberg Indonesia and emphasizes our commitment golden-opportunity.html) that gold would mine which is believed to contain the world’s to contribute to the national development,” turn making the decision of several savvy largest gold reserves (67.4 million ounces). Medco’s President Director and founder investors taking big positions in the precious Indonesia has seen a re-emergence in Hilmi Panigoro said in a statement.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Village Concept and Tourism Development in Sumbawa Regency
    Jurnal Riset Kajian Teknologi dan Lingkungan (JRKTL) ||Volume|| 2 ||Issue|| 1 ||Pages|| 31 - 37 ||2019|| p-ISSN: 2621 – 3222 || e-ISSN: 2621 – 301X SMART VILLAGE CONCEPT AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SUMBAWA REGENCY Ivon Arisanti* Departemen of Psychology, Sumbawa University of Technology, Sumbawa Besar, Indonesia Email: [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------ The complexity of the development problems faced by Sumbawa Regency nowadays require an acceleration to realize rural development-based development, especially the development of villages to become smart villages through: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living, and smart government. These six elements are dimensions of Smart City that can be synergized with the development of Smart Village in advancing and developing the potential of Sumbawa Regency. The programs that can be carried out by the Sumbawa Regency Government in developing smart villages are based on the needs of each village such as the tepal village, one of the cultural villages, can attract tourists by making the bolic pan to strengthen cellular signals so that the internet is easier to accessed and tourism promotion can be intensified. For the village of Poto, the application of the command center in the village is expected to be able to easily access services and/or complaints. Services/complaints will be handled easily because they are connected to the application in the village office so that village officials can swiftly handle various complaints from the community. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) display that can monitor the activities of the community in the village especially for the important access center such as village halls, schools and health centers.
    [Show full text]
  • TROUBLED WATERS How Mine Waste Dumping Is Poisoning Our Oceans, Rivers, and Lakes
    TROUBLED WATERS HOW MINE WASTE DUMPING IS POISONING OUR OCEANS, RIVERS, AND LAKES Earthworks and MiningWatch Canada, February 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................1 TABLE 1. WATER BODIES IMPERILED BY CURRENT OR PROPOSED TAILINGS DUMPING ................................. 2 TABLE 2. MINING CORPORATIONS THAT DUMP TAILINGS INTO NATURAL WATER BODIES .......................... 4 TAILINGS DUMPING 101....................................................................................................5 OCEAN DUMPING ....................................................................................................................................... 7 RIVER DUMPING........................................................................................................................................... 8 TABLE 3. TAILINGS AND WASTE ROCK DUMPED BY EXISTING MINES EVERY YEAR ......................................... 8 LAKE DUMPING ......................................................................................................................................... 10 CAN WASTES DUMPED IN BODIES OF WATER BE CLEANED UP? ................................................................ 10 CASE STUDIES: BODIES OF WATER MOST THREATENED BY DUMPING .................................11 LOWER SLATE LAKE, FRYING PAN LAKE ALASKA, USA .................................................................................. 12 NORWEGIAN FJORDS ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Name Madu Sumbawa
    Name Date of Madu Sumbawa registration Country Indonesia 15 - 12 - 2011 Source: DGIP Main characteristics/features Geographical area Sumbawa Honey (Madu Sumbawa) is a natural forest honey that is golden yellow or brown in colour, depending on the flowering season. The production area of Sumbawa Honey is located on the Sumbawa Honey is a product of forest bees in the form of a saturated island of Sumbawa, which consists of West Sumbawa sugar solution, which is largely composed of fructose (38.5%) and Regency, Sumbawa Regency, Dompu Regency, Bima glucose (31%). In addition to carbohydrates, honey also contains Regency, and Bima Municipality, Province of West Nusa protein, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Honey is rich in Tenggara. antioxidants such as vitamin C, flavonoids and alkaloids. It can be stored for up to 6 months with no change of colour or flavour. Process of production/processing Link between the product and the territory This honey is obtained from honeycombs that are usually found on tall Sumbawa’s geographical conditions are very favourable for trees in the forest, known by local people as ‘Boan’. These can grow to various species of bees. Forest conditions are very good a height of 30m. Honey is collected from these natural beehives, which and comprise certain tree species that the bees feed on are referred to locally as ‘Bantat’ in Sumbawa, using sustainable and that make suitable breeding habitats for them. harvesting methods. Once the harvest is completed, the honey is Sumbawa is an area with great potential for forest honey filtered to reduce fermentation, resulting in clean, clear honey.
    [Show full text]
  • PTNNT Provides Update on Batu Hijau Operations
    Press Release PTNNT Provides Update on Batu Hijau Operations Jakarta, June 3, 2014 – Following its May announcement, PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara (PTNNT) today said that its concentrate storage facilities at Batu Hijau are now full, forcing the operation to halt processing activities and cease production of copper concentrate. PTNNT continues seeking clarity from the Government regarding Batu Hijau’s ability to export concentrates. The company has delayed to put employees on stand-by status at home on paid leave at reduced compensation in anticipation of a ministerial meeting this week that is intended to clarify the conditions under which copper concentrate exports will be permitted. The company is communicating with employees about the situation and most are prepared to be on standby at reduced pay, should that become necessary. PTNNT continues working diligently and in good faith with the government to resolve the export issues and to keep the Batu Hijau mine operating for the benefit of employees, shareholders, the Government, and the people of Indonesia. About PTNNT’s Contract of Work and Copper Concentrate Production The Batu Hijau copper and gold mine was developed under an investment agreement called the Contract of Work (CoW). These Contracts of Work were designed to provide assurance and stability to encourage significant, long-term investments, which is why they were endorsed by Parliament and approved by the President of Indonesia. The CoW details PTNNT’s obligations and rights – including the obligation to produce and the right to export copper concentrate – while also explicitly establishing all the taxes and duties PTNNT is required to pay.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of BIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES Volume 24| No
    ISSN: 08526834 | E-ISSN: 2337-389X Journal of BIOLOGICAL RESEARCHES Volume 24| No. 2| June| 2019 Original Article Profile of microbial community of naturally fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk using next-generation sequencing Yoga Dwi Jatmiko*, Irfan Mustafa, Tri Ardyati Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Abstract This study aimed to investigate the bacterial and fungal/yeast diversity in naturally fermented Sumbawa mare’s milk through a next-generation se- quencing approach, and evaluate the quality of fermented mare’s milk based on the presence of pathogenic or undesirable microorganisms. Microbial density determined using plate count agar (total aerobic bacteria), de Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (Lactobacillus), M17 agar (Lactococcus) and yeast peptone dextrose agar supplemented with streptomycin 50 ppm (yeast). Nutritional content and acidity level of each fermented milk sample were also evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted using FastDNA Spin (MPBIO). The total gDNA was further analyzed using illumina high-throughput se- quencing (paired-end reads), and the sequence results were analysed using QIIME v.1.9.1 to generate diversity profiles. The difference in nutrient content of mare’s milk was thought to affect the density and diversity of microbes that were able to grow. Fermented mare’s milk samples from Sum- bawa had the highest bacterial diversity compared to samples from Bima and Dompu. However, fermented mare’s milk from Dompu had the best quality which was indicated by the absence of bacteria that have the potential to be pathogenic or food spoilage, such as members of the Enterobacte- riaceae family (Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Escherichia-Shigella) and Pseudomonas.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Poverty in Rural Areas Around Gold Mine Areas in West Sumbawa Regency
    JOURNAL OF DEGRADED AND MINING LANDS MANAGEMENT ISSN: 2339-076X (e); 2502-2458 (p), Volume 3, Number 3 (April 2016): 585-594 DOI:10.15243/jdmlm.2016.033.585 Research Article Analysis of the factors affecting the poverty in rural areas around gold mine areas in West Sumbawa Regency Ibrahim*,M. Baiquni, S. Ritohardoyo, Setiadi Postgraduate Programme, Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia *corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: West Sumbawa Regencyis one of the regencies that are rich of natural resources managed by PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara. However, local communities around the gold mine areas have generally to date been poor. This study was aimed to (1) examine the effect of material poverty, physical weakness, isolation, vulnerability, and powerlessness on poverty, and (2) describe the distribution of rural povertybased on land slope mapsin gold mine areas in West Sumbawa Regency.This study applied a survey technique, observation, and structured interviews to collect data. The processing and analysis of data was carried out by a quantitative method using a multiple regression analysis. The results of the study showed that the factors significantly affecting the poverty among rural communities around gold mine areas were material poverty, physical weakness, isolation, vulnerability and powerlessness (R2 = 0.715). However, the mostly dominant factor affecting the poverty was powerlessness (t = 19.715). Meanwhile, the distribution of poverty based on topographic sites showed that the poverty occurred in villages with plain topography (Goa Village), terrain topography (Maluk Village), wave topography (Belo Village), and hilly topography (Sekongkang Bawah Village).The poverties occurred in all the villages were mostly affected by powerlessness with t values of 3.489, 13.921, 11.828, and 6.504, respectively.
    [Show full text]