“Heja Sverige! Heia Norge!”

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“Heja Sverige! Heia Norge!” “Heja Sverige! Heia Norge!” En kritisk diskursanalys av nationalism inom svensk och norsk sportjournalistik med fokus på bevakningen av Skid-VM i Falun 2015 Författare: Oscar Westling Institutionen för mediestudier, JMK Examensarbete 15 hp/Degree 15 HE credits Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap/Media Studies Höstterminen 2015/Autumn term 2015 Författare: Oscar Westling Handledare/Supervisor: Anna Roosvall English title: “Go Sweden! Go Norway!” A critical discourse analysis of nationalism in sports journalism Oscar Westling Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, JMK 2015-04-08 Examensarbete, 15hp Sammanfattning/Abstract The purpose of this essay, entitled ”Heja Sverige! Heia Norge”, was to study the difference in nationalistic tendencies between Swedish and Norwegian news coverage of the 2015 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun, Sweden, which took place between 18 February and 1 March 2015. It was the fourth time the event took place in Falun, previous games having been held in 1954, 1974 and 1993. I performed a critical discourse analysis of a total of twelve articles split over two race days – one where Swedish athletes outperformed Norwegian athletes and vice versa. I did this order to study if the news coverage in each of the two countries’ most promininent sports papers; Sportbladet in Sweden and VG Sport in Norway, was charaterized by a nationalistic discourse, as well as comparing the two to find similarities and differences between them. Having based my analysis on theories and previous research regarding media events, nationalism, national identities, ”us and them”, imagined communities et cetera, I came to the conclusion that a nationalistic discourse is, without a doubt, present in the news coverage – something very unique for sports journalism as a genre. The athletes are often referred to as ”Sweden” or ”Norway” instead of their names; national identities are hugely influential in almost every article; theories of nations and imagined communties are confirmed and present within the texts and the theories regarding ”us and them” – the metaforical warfare between the two main antagonists Sweden and Norway – are obvious in almost every single article. The difference between the countries’ respective coverage is subtle but noticable: every article in VG Sport is longer than Sportbladets’ version, and the Norwegian newspaper seem less keen on referring to the Swedish athletes as a force to be reckoned with, albeit with a feit exceptions. However, both newspapers are definitely characterized by a nationalistic discourse which fit well into my theoretical framwork as well as previous research within the field. The length of this essay is 11 996 words. Nyckelord/Keywords Sportjournalistik, nationalism, skid-VM, längdskidåkning, Sverige, Norge, press, Aftonbladet, Sportbladet, VG Oscar Westling Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, JMK 2015-04-08 Examensarbete, 15hp Innehållsförteckning 1. Inledning .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Bakgrund: Idrott och (det norska och svenska) samhället ........................................ 2 1.2 Bakgrund: Idrott och nationalism ................................................................................ 3 1.3 Bakgrund: Skid-VM i Falun 2015 ................................................................................ 4 1.4 Syfte ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Frågeställningar ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Material och avgränsningar .......................................................................................... 5 1.6 Presentation av tävlingsdagar ....................................................................................... 5 1.6.1 Tävlingsdag ett: 24 februari .................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 Tävlingsdag två: 1 mars .......................................................................................................... 6 2. Tidigare forskning och teoretisk ram ........................................................... 7 2.1 Media events ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Massmedia, sportjournalistik och nationalism ........................................................... 8 2.3 ”Vi och dom” ................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Banal nationalism och föreställd gemenskap ............................................................ 11 2.5 Nationella identiter och nationalism .......................................................................... 12 3. Metod ............................................................................................................. 14 3.1 Kritisk diskursanalys ................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Semiotik ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.3 Analysmetod och tillämpning ..................................................................................... 15 3.3.1 Analysschema ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2 Redogörelse för rapporterings huvudsakliga innehåll .......................................................... 16 3.3.3 Makroanalys: artikelns tematiska struktur ............................................................................ 16 3.3.4 Makroanalys: artikelns schematiska struktur ....................................................................... 17 3.3.5 Mikroorienterad analys ......................................................................................................... 17 3.3.6 Kortare semiotisk analys av artikelns bildmaterial ............................................................... 18 3.4 Metodreflektion ............................................................................................................ 19 3.4.1 Validitet, reliabilitet och generaliserbarhet ........................................................................... 19 3.4.2 Personlig reflektion ............................................................................................................... 20 4. Analys och resultat ....................................................................................... 21 4.1 Tema 1: Antagonisterna Sverige och Norge .............................................................. 22 4.1.1 Tävlingsdag ett – Redogörelse, makro- och mikroanalys .................................................... 22 4.1.2 Tävlingsdag ett – Kortare semiotisk bildanalys utifrån tema 1 ............................................ 24 4.1.3 Tävlingsdag två – Redogörelse, makro- och mikroanalys ................................................... 25 4.1.3 Tävlingsdag två – Kortare semiotisk bildanalys utifrån tema 1 ........................................... 28 4.2 Tema 2: Den nationella gemenskapen ....................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Tävlingsdag ett – Makro- och mikroanalys .......................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Tävlingsdag ett – Kortare semiotisk bildanalys ................................................................... 31 4.2.3 Tävlingsdag två – Makro- och mikroanalys ......................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Tävlingsdag två – Kortare semiotisk bildanalys ................................................................... 33 5. Diskussion och slutsats ................................................................................. 34 6. Käll- och litteraturförteckning .................................................................... 36 7. Bilagor Oscar Westling Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, JMK 2015-04-08 Examensarbete, 15hp 1. Inledning Internationella sportevenemang har en tendens att väcka känslor. Nationens invånare samlas framför TV-apparater, på plats på arenor eller på sportbarer iförda nationens färger, för att stödja de inhemska atleterna. Vid stora framgångar är det inte heller helt ovanligt att gator och torg befolkas för att tillsammans fira den nationella triumfen. Det senaste exemplet av liknande, gemensamma händelser i Sverige är firandet av VM-guldet i ishockey 2013 – där närmare 20,000 personer samlades i Kungsträdgården i Stockholm för att fira det svenska ishockeylandslaget (mer känt som ”Tre Kronor”) och deras vinst över huvudantagonisten Finland i finalen. Ett annat känt exempel är VM-bronset 1994 i fotboll och dess eftermäle, då bilder på badandet i Sergels Torg-fontänen kablades ut till hela nationen. Men hur upprätthålls egentligen detta vi-tänkande? Hur kommer det sig att ”vi” svenska medborgare känner så starkt för nationella idrottsframgångar, och varför identifierar ”vi” oss med ”Sverige” som ett ”vi”, och varför identifierar vi vissa nationaliteter som huvudantagonister? Hur kommer det sig att vi firar framgångar av människor vi aldrig har träffat tillsammans med människor vi aldrig har träffat, och kanske aldrig kommer träffa igen? På något sätt måste denna föreställda gemenskap nå och träffa folket – och det här är sportjournalistiken
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