DOCSLIB.ORG

History Is the Window on the Future— Wynkyn De Words: the First, True Lean Strategist in the English-Speaking Print Community

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History Is the Window on the Future— Wynkyn De Words: the First, True Lean Strategist in the English-Speaking Print Community History is the window on the future— Wynkyn De Words: The First, True Lean Strategist in the English-Speaking Print Community By Ken Macro, Ph. D. Professor of Graphic Communication, Cal Poly Printing Industry Advisor and Consultant One of my strategies for assisting printing, entrepreneur, he took calculated risks; however, publishing, packaging, and related companies in he understood business. And, more importantly, preparing for future success is to advise on how to he understood the market and the need to use the past to improve the present and prepare manufacture customized products in a mutually for the future. acceptable schedule that was faster than his competitor. This paper focuses on strategies using events of the past, and sometimes centuries ago, to help The First English Blue-Collar Printer form strategies for the present and future printing Wynkyn de Worde is, what I would call, the first industry. Consider the often-used metaphor, English blue-collar printer. Born in Flanders “History is the widow on the future.” Consider that (today known as Belgium) a Dutch speaking The Great Books of the Western World continues to community, De Worde was hired as a young be the tomes of history advocating the apprentice by William Caxton to bring the printing philosophies and advice of the world’s greatest press to England in the year 1476. Caxton, a thinkers. "What's past is prologue" is a quote prominent aristocratic textile merchandiser and from William Shakespeare in his play, The entrepreneur from England who, while working in Tempest. This means that the past is a great Cologne, befriended Ulrich Zell (a contemporary indication of what the future brings. Confucius of Gutenberg, Fust, and Schöffer) and, together said, “Study the past if you would define the with De Worde, learned the crafts of type-making, future.” typecasting, and printing.2 At the time of the opening of Caxton’s press in Westminster Abbey, Wynkyn De Worde near London, England, Caxton was already in his This essay is an anecdote about a widely unknown 50s. Thus, Wynkyn de Worde oversaw most of the but wise strategist for the printing industry, production and essentially ran the entire Wynkyn De Worde (died c. 1534). operation. Upon Caxton’s death in 1492, and after a long three-year litigation process, De Worde He was excited! As he raced back to the printing inherited the shop and remained in the same office on Fleet Street through Shoe Lane in location under Caxton’s name from 1495-1500. In London, Wynkyn de Worde ran into Noel Havy the year 1500, De Worde, having an (aka Nowell) his bookbinder colleague. “It’s entrepreneurial vision with regards to the sales of official, I have been commissioned to print the The books, moved his printing office onto Fleet Street 1 Shippe of Fools. I will be needing you to assist in near St. Paul’s Cathedral that was quickly the binding. I will know more in the next several becoming the primary hub for book sales in all of days.” Havy nodded, and Wynkyn dispersed United Kingdom. quickly. Upon his arrival at the printing office he directed his apprentices to take inventory of his De Worde became known as “the popular type sorts—all meticulously stored in a type-case. printer”3 and, in his time of business, produced “We will need a full set of Type 8 of our Black over 800 titles of books, and additional ephemera, Letter fount. We must prepare this and organize it bulls, indulgences, and pamphlets in many varied accordingly.” The year was 1509 and it proved to traditional and non-traditional genres. As a non- be quite a busy and profitable year for Wynkyn de pedigreed general laborer who became a Worde. After all, he had his printing company, successful entrepreneur, his story resonates bindery business, and book selling venture all loudly with contemporary culture. In its infancy, taking off at an unprecedented speed. As an the craft of printing came with great financial burdens, i.e., investing and procuring quantities of 1 Henry Plomer. Wynkyn De Worde and His Contemporaries from the Death of Caxton to 1535 2 Ibid. 7. (Kent, England, Wm. Dawson & Sons, 1974). 70. 3 Ibid. 8. 1 paper, ink, metal for the manufacturing of type, headlines and/or woodcuts for initials to indicate contracting labor, binders, illuminists, and, selling new pages or paragraphs. The lower case the completed works within markets in order to contained the main font chosen for the body of the recoup investments. Sometimes, by not often, a text for each work. Each case was arranged as benefactor would provide money for “start up such so that common and repetitive letters could costs” in order to defray the burden. Only those be most easily be grabbed without effort, whereas, affiliated with aristocracy could benefit from such minimally used letters would remain on the outer commissions. periphery (i.e., Z, Q, P, W, etcetera).5 In wasn’t until well into the 17th century the upper case was As an astute businessman, however, De Worde earmarked for capital letters, and the lower case, strategically maneuvered his portfolio of talents for non-capitalized letters. through the obtainment of smaller printing jobs, book sales, and omni-sourced printing and In the early printing years, traditionally, the binding projects. Additionally, understanding that printing master (the owner) would undertake the the printing revolution was not to just benefit the tasks of setting and composing type and aristocracy, academics, or the church, but also the generating each sheet of output from the printing common people, he printed books and materials press. Additionally, at this time, it was tradition geared towards their vernacular, interests, and for the printing establishment to create its own humor. And, he philosophically committed himself type through the design and carving of steel and his printing operations to continuously punches, and then punched copper matrices for improving through analyzing and adjusting pouring lead and manufacturing each sort. As the processes, studying organizational settings, and production process improved over the years, the human interactions contained there within. similar to that of a current “Lean-friendly” printing plant, tasks were divided into specialties Not an Artist or Designer—A Printer in which the workforce was trained in specific De Worde was not an artist, nor was he keen on crafts. According to Joseph Moxon (1683), who design. He had inherited William Caxton’s Type wrote the first essential detailed standard collection consisting of several versions of Black operating procedures handbook for what was Letter (English) Gothic Lettre de Forme4. Keeping then called the printing trades, Mechanick in mind that this was the beginning of letterpress Exercises: or The Doctrine of Handy Works applied printing, there were few fonts to be used and to the Art of Printing (London, England), there selection was minimal. He was, however, really were two teams of specialists employed within the one of the first early printers to incorporate printing house at that time: founders and printers. graphics in the form of hand-carved wood The founders were responsible for manufacturing engravings that he commissioned artists to design type and consisted of: 1) the Letter-Cutter, 2) the and produce. Admittedly, he had only a few for Letter-Caster, and, 3) the Letter Dresser. Similarly, which he used repetitively in many of his printed on the press production side, there contained the works. positions: 1) the Compositor, 2) the Corrector, 3) the Pressman, and 4) the “ink-maker.”6 As A Window on the Future referenced in great detail in Moxon’s book, the At this time, the job or type case, was essentially tasks for each of these integral positions are the first form of visual management and an highlighted as such, and exhibit the processes applicable example of what is known today as required to expedite printing production in 5S—the highly acclaimed first executable phase of adherence to customer demand and quality Lean Manufacturing (based on Toyota Production tolerances. This would be considered the System). Recognizing that typesetters (those that predecessor to standardized work initiatives composed the letters into text and lines) needed executed in plants today. to be able to easily locate type for composing, the job case (type-case) became instrumental in establishing production regimens to yielding enhanced turnaround. As such, the case was built on a raised platform and allowed for the 5 Joseph Moxon. Mechanick Exercises, or the placement of two trays of sorts from which the Doctrine of Handy Works applied to the Art of compositor could set the type. Initially, the upper Printing. Edited By HerBert Davis and Harry Carter case contained a larger font size for setting (London, England, Oxford University Press, 1958). 11. 4 Ibid. 50. 6 Ibid. 12. 2 Henry Plomer (1972) writes of De Worde, “[he] distance—just as Wynkyn de Worde did back in was content to remain the mechanic. He was in no 1501. sense a scholar, and knew very little of the literary value of books.” And yet, James Moran (2003) Today’s Business Environment attributes Wynkyn de Worde as “the first Today’s business environment is hauntingly publisher and printer to popularise the products similar to Wynkyn de Worde’s world, in that, we, of the printing press and by far the most too, are starting anew. In the new Industry 4.0 important and prolific of all the early English platform, digital printing technologies coupled printers.”7 with artificial intelligence (AI) are more than just buzzwords. The frictionless, streamlined, cloud- Contributions to Today’s Printing Industry based production milieu is here and will Wynkyn de Worde’s contributions to the inevitably “knock on you door” within the next contemporary printing communities of today have five years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gazette of the Grolier Club
    GAZETTE OF THE GROLIER CLUB Number 4—N ovember, 1922 CONTENTS Honorary Membership.—A Bequest to the Club.— The House.—The Blake Bibliography.—Publication Com- mittee Notes.—The Library.—Exhibitions.—Machiavelli on Books. —Adam von Bartsch. —Early Printed Books, Part 11. —A Bibliographical Study of Robert Browning’s'Paracelsus, Part I. Honorary Membership. -At the October meeting of the Council, Geoffrey Keynes, author of the “Bibliog- raphy of William Blake,” lately published by the Grolier Club, was elected an Honorary Foreign Cor- responding member of the Club. A Bequest to the Club. -One of the chief interests of the late Hamilton B. Tompkins was the collection of prints suitable for extra-illustrating “Franklin in France” by Edward E. Hale and Edward E. Hale, Jr. 74 In his will he bequeathed the work, which he had en- larged to six volumes, to the Club, together with a sum of money for binding it suitably. The books have recently arrived and, as soon as they have been bound, will be on exhibition in the Library. They will be greatly valued, not only as an important possession, but as a token of the donor’s regard and thought for the Club. Mr. Tompkins had been a member since 1887. The House. Beyond a rearrangement of the Books in the Library and Print Room, the replacing of the descriptive labels for the Club’s collection of Bindings and the usual cleaning, there have been other im- provements during the summer. The walls and ceil- ings of the Club Room have been thoroughly cleaned and the ceilings of the Hall and Librarian’s room have been recalcimined.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Missals Printed for Wynkyn De Worde
    TWO MISSALS PRINTED FOR WYNKYN DE WORDE GEORGE D. PAINTER, DENNIS E. RHODES, AND HOWARD M. NIXON The British Library has recently acquired two important and exceedingly rare editions of the Sarum Missal. These mere produced in Paris m I4gj and i^ii for Wynkyn de Worde and others., and are fully described in the second and third sections of this article. The first section gives a brief general account of the printing of the Sarum Missal for the English market during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. I THE English printers of the fifteenth century seemed curiously reluctant to print the major service-books of their own national liturgy, the rite of Sarum. This apparent disinclination cannot be explained by any lack of a market for such works. The Sarum Missal, above all, was certainly in greater demand than any other single book in pre- Reformation England, for every mass-saying priest and every church or chapel in the land was obliged to own or share a copy for daily use. Yet it is a striking fact that of the twelve known editions of the Sarum Missal during the incunable period all but two were printed abroad, in Paris, Basle, Venice, or Rouen, and imported to England. The cause of this paradoxical abstention was no doubt the inability of English printers to rise to the required magnificence of type-founts and woodcut decoration, and to meet the exceptional technical demands of high-quality red-printing, music printing, and beauty of setting, which were necessary for the chief service-book of the Roman Church in England.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Books Published in Paris, 1501-1540
    Latin Books Published in Paris, 1501-1540 Sophie Mullins This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 6 September 2013 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Sophie Anne Mullins hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 76,400 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2007 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between [2007] and 2013. (If you received assistance in writing from anyone other than your supervisor/s): I, …..., received assistance in the writing of this thesis in respect of [language, grammar, spelling or syntax], which was provided by …… Date 2/5/14 signature of candidate ……… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 2/5/14 signature of supervisor ……… 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.
    [Show full text]
  • SOKOL BOOKS LTD • LIST for the NEW YORK ANTIQUARIAN BOOK FAIR 3Rd - 6Th APRIL 2014 BOOTH NUMBER: A14
    SOKOL BOOKS LTD • LIST FOR THE NEW YORK ANTIQUARIAN BOOK FAIR 3rd - 6th APRIL 2014 BOOTH NUMBER: A14 Park Avenue Armory, 643 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sokol.co.uk FAIR OPENING TIMES: Preview: Thursday 3rd April • 5-9pm Friday 4th April • 12pm - 8pm Saturday, 5th April • 12pm - 7pm Sunday, 6th April • 12pm - 5pm And do visit our shop in Chelsea at: 239A Fulham Road London SW3 6HY ... where we offer both our customary early books and a wider antiquarian stock. Opening times: Tuesday - Saturday, 11am - 7pm. Office telephone number: 0207 499 5571 Shop telephone number: 0207 351 5119 We wish to purchase English and European books & manuscripts before 1640, later collections (large or small) and interesting or unusual maps, prints, pictures and artefacts. AUTHOR TITLE PLACE PUBLISHER DATE STOCK_ PRICE HEADER NO ACCOLTI, Pietro Lo Inganno de gl'Occhi Florence Pietro Cecconcelli 1625 L822 $25,000.00 17thC SPANISH CRIMSON MOROCCO GILT. AESOP Vita & Fabulae… Venice Apud Aldum 1505 L1283 $100,000.00 AESOP Aesopus moralistus n.pl., n.pr. [Johannes 1497 L1731 $16,000.00 WITH EXTENSIVE INTERLINEAR [Augsburg] Schönsperger] COMMENTARY AGRICOLA, De re metallica libri XII. Basel Hieronymus Froben 1561 L1730 $21,000.00 IN USE AFTER 400 YEARS Georgius ALESSIO The secretes of the reuerend Maister London London, by Ronland Hall, for 1562 L1633 $10,000.00 RARE AND VALUABLE Piemontese. Alexis of Piemont. Nycolas England COLLECTION [RUSCELLI Girolamo] ALPINI, Prospero De medicina Aegyptiorum Venice Francesco de Franceschi 1591 L888 $8,500.00 ONE OF THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN STUDIES OF NON- WESTERN MEDICINE ALVERNUS, De fide De legibus [Augsburg] [Günther Zainer] 1475 L1342 $23,000.00 ESOTERICA, SEX & DEMONS Guillelmus [ANONYMOUS] CLOSET for Ladies and London Printed by John Hauiland 1627 L1415 $8,000.00 UNUSUALLY WELL PRESERVED Gentlevvomen.
    [Show full text]
  • Translation, Early Printing, and Gender in England, 1484-1535
    05fl_23.1_hosington.qxd 2008/11/19 16:00 PM Page 41 Translation, Early Printing, and Gender in England, 1484-1535 Brenda M. Hosington Translation cannot be divorced from the context in which it flourishes, that is, from the linguistic, literary, social, and cultural developments taking place at a given time and in a given setting. Nor can it be fully comprehended without a consideration of certain ideological impulses. One of the socio-cultural developments affecting translation in the years 1484-1535 is the introduction of printing to England. One of the ideological con- cerns in the period also affecting translation is that of gender. Both intersect in the pro- duction of translations concerning women and women’s issues, of which there is a sig- nificant number. These, I think, should be considered against the backdrop of early printing in England, for printers and patrons often had specific agendas in mind, moti- vated by ideological concerns — be they religious, moral, or commercial — which dic- tated not only the choice of texts to be published but also the editorial changes to be made within those texts. As Lotte Hellinga has pointed out, the history of printing reflects two dynamics that are in varying balance — the obvious one that is commercial and borne of the printer’s need to cover expenses and make a profit, and the more complex one that is non-commercial and relates to the power of the printed text to disseminate knowledge, implant new ideas, and so on.1 The first, the commercial aspect, has been an ongoing consideration in the history of print.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding Aid to the Grabhorn Letterpress Printing Ephemera Collection
    Finding Aid to the Grabhorn Letterpress Printing Ephemera Collection Finding Aid by: Samantha Cairo-Toby Finding Aid date: November 2018 Book Arts & Special Collections San Francisco Public Library 100 Larkin Street San Francisco 94102 (415)557-4560 [email protected] Summary Information: Repository: Book Arts & Special Collections Creator: Grabhorn, Robert Title: Finding Aid for the Grabhorn Letterpress Printing Ephemera Colletion Finding Aid Filing Title: Grabhorn Letterpress Printing Ephemera Collection ID: BASC 1 Date [inclusive]: 950 CE-2018 (bulk 1890-2018) Physical Description: 230.4 linear feet (300 boxes) Physical Location: Collection is stored on site. Language of Material: Collection materials are primarily in English, but includes French, German, Dutch, Italian, Latin, Welsh, Russian, Greek, Spanish, and Chinese. Abstract: The collection contains ephemeral materials printed with metal or wood type using a letterpress. Ephemeral materials include: prospectuses, notices, fliers, postcards, broadsides, bookmarks, chapbooks, pamphlets and small books/accordion fold books. The collection dates range from 950 CE (China) to present, with the bulk of the collection ranging from 1890 CE to present. Additions to the Collection are ongoing. The earliest printed materials in the collection come from China and Europe, but the bulk of the collection is from California and the United States of America printed in the 20th century. Preferred Citation: [Identification of item/Title of folder], Grabhorn Letterpress Printing Ephemera Collection (BASC 1), Book Arts & Special Collections, San Francisco Public Library. Custodial History: Ephemera has been part of Book Arts & Special Collections since 1925 when William Randolph Young, a library trustee, was instrumental in establishing the Max Kuhl Collection of rare books and manuscripts, after the destruction of the Library’s collection in the 1906 earthquake and fire.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of English Printing : 1476-1900
    J \ Books about Books Edited by A. W. Pollard A Short History of English Printing BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS Edited bv A. W. POLLARD POPULAR RE-ISSUE BOOKS IN MANUSCRIPT. By Falconer Madan, Bodley's Librarian, Oxford. THE BINDING OF BOOKS. By H. P. HORNE. A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH PRINTING. By II. K. Plomer. EARLY ILLUSTRATED BOOKS. By A. W. POLI.ARD. Other volumes in pi-eparatioit. A Short History of English Printing 1476-1900 By Henry R. Plomer London Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibncr & Co., Ltd. Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane, E.C, MDCCCCXV I-'irst Edition, 1900 Second (Popular) Edition, 1915 The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved Editor's Preface When Mr. Plomer consented at my request to write a short history of EngHsh printing which should stop neither at the end of the fifteenth century, nor at the end of the sixteenth century, nor at 1640, but should come down, as best it could, to our ovm day, we were not without appre- hensions that the task might prove one of some difficulty. How difficult it would be we had certainly no idea, or the book would never have been begun, and now that it is Imished I would bespeak the reader's sympathies, on Mr. Plomer 's behalf, that its inevitable shortcomings may be the more generously forgiven. If we look at what has already been written on the subject the diffi- culties will be more easily appreciated. In England, as in other countries, the period in the history of the press which is best known to us is, by the perversity of antiquaries, that which is furthest removed from our own time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boke of Comforte Agaynste All Trybulacyons an Introductory Study1
    Ágnes Ecsedy The Boke of Comforte Agaynste All Trybulacyons An Introductory Study1 This paper explores the textual history, readership, and the literary and spiritual con- text of The Boke of Comforte Agaynste All Trybulacyons, printed in London around 1505. The Boke is the English version of the Livret des consolacions printed some years earlier in Paris. I propose that the Boke and its French antecedent are the direct descendants of a Latin compilation printed on the Continent, including the works of Jacobus Gruytrodius, Petrus Blesensis, and Isidore of Seville. I also aim to point out the Boke’s stylistic properties and its place in the tradition of English prose. Both this work and its contemporaries (i.e., early printed material from the 16th century) can contribute greatly to our understanding of early Tudor English literature, spirituality, and book culture. “[A] wondir olde boke of lytil quantiti the whiche as to the syghte semed as of none reputacion. .”2 1 Introduction After Wynkyn de Worde had inherited William Caxton’s workshop in Westminster, he soon found that its location was not favourable with respect to business. It was well for Caxton to settle at Westminster, near to his courtly patrons, but for de Worde, whose target clientele consisted chiefly of commoners, Flete Street was a much more advantageous location.3 There he set up his workshop and started his 1. My research on The Boke of Comforte Agaynste Trybulacyons has been carefully super- vised by Prof. Benedek Péter Tóta; a great part of this article owes its being to his support and guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Continental Books
    CONTINENTAL BOOKS CATA LOGU E 1448 MAGGS BROS LTD 1 continental books & manuscriPts MAGGS BROS ltd 2 1 ALBERTUS MAGNUS, ST De laudibus beatae virginis Mariae. [Cologne, Ulrich Zell, not after 1473]. Folio (274 x 200mm) 165 leaves (of 166, lacking final Sacramentum mundi, ed Karl Rahner, 1975, p 903.) blank). Gothic type, 36 lines, double column. 2-4 line Only relatively recently has Albertus Magnus’ Maggs Bros Ltd, 50 Berkeley Square, London W1J 5BA initial spaces, alternating spaces filled in red, red authorship been challenged, see A Fries, Die unter Tel 020 7493 7160 paragraph marks, underlining and capital strokes. Single dem Namen des Albertus Magnus überlieferten Fax 020 7499 2007 pinhole visible in the lower margins. Early 19th-century mariologischen Schriften (1954) pp5-80, 130-131, Email [email protected] ochre paper boards, red spine label lettered in gilt, red and A Kolping, in Recherches de théologie ancienne Opening hours Monday to Friday 9.30am–5pm edges (spine darkened, a little soiled and marked). £15,000 et médiévale 25 (1958) pp 285-328 (Sack Freiburg). By 1473, it was rare for a pinhole to still be Bank account Allied Irish (GB), 10 Berkeley Square, London FIRST EDITION. A fine wide-margined copy with visible in the lower inner margin as found here. In W1J 6AA deep impressions of the types on remarkably 1466 and 1467 all of Zell’s books had four Sort code 23-83-97 fresh paper, printed by the prototypographer of pinholes on each page but this was soon reduced Account no 47777070 Cologne, Ulrich Zell.
    [Show full text]
  • Mise En Page 1
    1 3 Précieuse et rarissime édition originale incunable de six sermons de Saint-Augustin imprimée vers 1469-1470 par Ulrich Zell, premier imprimeur de Cologne. 1 AUGUSTINUS AURELIUS HIPPONENSIS (354-430). D E FUGA MULIERUM . D E CONTINENTIA . DE CONTEMPTU MUNDI . E PISTOLA AD PAULINUM PRESBYTERUM . S ERMO DE VITA ET MORIBUS CLERICORUM . SERMO SECUNDUS DE VITA ET MORIBUS CLERICORUM . Cologne, Ulrich Zell, c. 1469-1470. In-4 de (24) ff. ; complet, minimes restaurations de papier sans atteinte au texte à l’angle supérieur de huit feuillets, rubriqué en rouge. Vélin ivoire moderne. 210 x 150 mm. ÉDITION ORIGINALE RARISSIME DE SIX SERMONS DE SAINT -A UGUSTIN IMPRIMÉE PAR ULRICH ZELL VERS 1469-1470. ISTC, Ia01279000 ; GW, 2955 ; Hain HC, 1962 ; Goff, A-1279 ; Pellechet, 1470 ; Proctor, 861 & BSB-Ink C-32 ; CIBN A-733 ; IGI, VI 1000-A ; Oates, 358-9 ; Sheppard, 647-8 ; Rosenthal, 6144 ; Voulliéme, Köln, 212. Plusieurs des sermons de Saint-Augustin comptent parmi les plus belles exégèses que possède l’Eglise. Saint Augustin est des Pères de l’Eglise celui autour duquel le monde chrétien a le plus âprement disputé : catholiques et protestants, jansénistes et jésuites se sont également abrités derrière son autorité pour faire triompher leurs doctrines. L’humanité est aux yeux de saint Augustin si radicalement enfoncée dans le péché que sa nature lui interdit toute aspiration vers le bien. Le salut ne peut donc être que l'œuvre de Dieu seul. (Michèle Federico Sciacca). Ulrich Zell apprend la technique de la typographie à Mayence dans l’atelier de Peter Schoeffer et Johann Fust, et doit sans doute quitter la ville comme beaucoup d’autres imprimeurs, après le sac de la ville, dans la nuit du 28 octobre 1462, par les troupes de l’archevêque Adolphe de Nassau.
    [Show full text]
  • Printers and Typography As Agents of Cultural Exchange in Fifteenth- Century Europe
    Movable Type, Movable Printers: Printers and Typography as Agents of Cultural Exchange in Fifteenth- Century Europe Jacob A. Gibbons S1433725 Book and Digital Media Studies MA Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Erik Kwakkel Second Reader: Prof. Paul Hoftijzer Date of completion: 28 July, 2014 Word Count: 19.896 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Typographic Exchange within Cities 15 Chapter 3: Intra-regional Typographic Exchange 25 Chapter 4: Trans-European Typographic Exchange 36 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Looking Forward 46 Works Cited 52 2 Chapter 1: Introduction From its birth in Mainz in the 1450s, printing and the printers who implemented it spread rapidly through Europe, reaching Italy by 1465, Paris in 1470, the Low Countries by the early 1470s1, Poland by 1473, and by way of Flanders England in 14762. Printing was immediately a highly desirable technology, able to meet the fifteenth century’s growing demand for books of all kinds3 by mass-producing the codex form and all that could be included between its two covers. There already existed international markets in Europe for other goods that were traded abroad by merchants, but print functioned differently as a commodity. Whereas wool could be brought to the nearest port for export overseas and simply sold there, handed off to the merchant who would then travel to the next port and sell the product there, a printing press or a fount of type were not simply exchanged for a sum of a money in fifteenth-century Europe4. Printing entailed a crucial difference: its novelty required a very specific and very rare expertise, which meant that those who exported print from its home in Germany very often went with it to its new home in a new culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Incunabulainuniv00univ.Pdf
    LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAICN 3..016. 093 Un3i cop. 3 Rare Book & Special Collections Library INCUNABULA IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN To ROBERT BINGHAM DOWNS Director of the University Library Dean of Library Administration 1943-1971 In appreciation of his interest and perseverance in building the university's collection of incunabula INCUNABULA IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN compiled by Marian Harman Robert B. Downs Publication Fund No. 5 The University of Illinois Library and The Graduate School of Library Science Distributed by the UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS Urbana Chicago London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Illinois. University at Urbana-Champaign. Library. Incunabula in the University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign. (Robert B. Downs Publication Fund ; no. 5) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Incunabula Bibliography Catalogs. 2. Illinois. University at Urbana-Champaign. Library Catalogs. I. Harman, Marian, 1899- II. Title. III. Series: Robert B. Downs Publication Fund series ; no. 5. Z2 1+0. 135 1979 016.093 79-17355 ISBN 0-252-00789-1 uiucr 5v./ This publication has been made possible through the generosity of the University of Illinois Library Friends at Urbana-Champaign, and in particular, of MRS. WILLIAM E. KAPPAUF >n CONTENTS Introduction iii List of Abbreviations v Symbols v Incunabula in the University of Illinois Library 1 Indexes : 1) Titles 192 2) Printers, Publishers, and Places 205 3) Printing by Country, City, and Printer 211 U) Chronological Index by Printing Date 236 Concordances: 1) Goff 2U2 2) Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke 2hh 3) Hain 2h$ U) Proctor 21*8 5) Copinger 250 6) Reichling 2l INTRODUCTION In 19l*9, the late Christopher U.
    [Show full text]