The FOCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA of Photography, 4Th Edition

Index

1,2-dihydroquinoxaline, 703 Kodak camera, 188–189 achromatic system, 633 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline, 703 Life and picture magazines, 192–194 acid, 37 2m/3m/5m telescope cameras, 315 magazines, 192 acetic, 37 3D tomography, 507, 524 miniature cameras, 189 boric, 48 3M, 319 museums, galleries, and collections, citric, 61 3-phenyl-3-mercapto-propionic acid, 205–210 fixing bath, 37 708 National Geographic, 195 gallic, 80 6 ϫ 4.5 medium-format cameras, 308 overview, 187 hydrochloric, 86 13.8 ϫ 7.7k panchromatic frame personal documentary, 197 nitric, 96–97 cameras, 504 Polaroid camera system, 189–191 oxalic, 100 19th century, technical evolution of reformist photography, 195–197 pyrogallic, 108 photography in, 27 war coverage, 194–195 sulfuric, 117 art of photography, 31–32 35mm cameras, 778 tannic, 117 Bayard, Hyppolyte, 29 50mm anastigmat f/3.5 cameras, 314 acidic pH, 662 business of photography, 30–31 50mm f/0.95 lens, 780 acidified silver nitrate solutions, 663 calotype, 29–30 85mm Summarex f/1.5 lens, 314 acknowledgement race , 1839, 29 collodion variants and negative 120/220 films, 650 AC-powered tungsten lights, 365 processes, 32–33 250-mm f/5.6 Superachromat lens, 320 acoustic holography, 501 collodion variants and positive 1960s, 200–201, 202 actinic, 37 processes, 32 1980s pornography, 203 actinic focus, 37 concepts of, 27 1990s pornography, 203–204 actinic values, 753 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, 28 actinometers, 37, 75 daguerreotypes, 28–29 A action shots, 349 first attempts at photography, 27 Abbe, Ernst, 592 activation/stabilization systems, 652 flexible films, 34–35 Abbe numbers, 66 active pixel sensors (APS), 594 gelatin emulsions and modern era, Abbott, Berenice, 192, 193, 239, active reflectors, 761 33–34 493–494 acuity, 635 glimpses of color, 35 aberrations, 174, 715 acusto-optical tunable filters, 419 Herschel, Sir John, 29 Abney, William, 72, 86, 123 Adams, Ansel, 207, 212, 217, 220, 223, negatives on glass, 31 abrading medium, 36–37 226, 229, 239–240, 277, 282, 670 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28 abridged spectrophotometers, 750 Adams, (Eddie) Edward T., 239 paper photography, 28–29 absorption, 37, 742 Adams, George, 592 permanency concerns, 33 absorption filters, 721 Adams, Robert, 240–241, 334 Ponton, Mungo, 29 absorption spectrums, 644 Adamson, Robert, 30, 341 proliferation of photography, 35–36 abstract concepts, 443 adaptation, visual, 634–635 race for acknowledgement, 18, 39, 29 abstract images, 181 adapter card, 426 sensitometry, 35 Acasia senegal tree, 84 adaptive optics, 635 wet plate process, 31 accelerated testing, 692 A/D converter, 426 20th century society and photography accelerators, 37, 660 additive color, 37, 693–695 advertising photography, 191 acceptors, 370 Additivity Law, 388, 743 amateur photography, 188 accommodation, 635 address, 403, 426 background, 188 accredited standards committee (ASC), addressable resolution, 426 digital photography, 191 373 Adelstein, Peter, 358 documentary photography, 195 acetic acid, 37 adhesives, 37–38 European modernism/American acetylene, 37 administrative metadata, 412 realism, 191–192 achromatic, 177 Adobe, 302–303 Family Of Man exhibition, 197 achromatic doublet, 719 Adobe® PostScript® technology, 302 journalistic/editorial photography, achromatic doublet lenses, 585 Adobe Acrobat® software, 302 192 achromatic objectives, 596 Adobe Camera Raw (ACR), 401, 402

807

IIndex.inddndex.indd 807807 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:376:19:37 PMPM 808 Index

Adobe Engagement Platform, 303 alabasterines, 32, 38, 41, 61, 62, 83 amidol, 41 Adobe InDesign® software, 302 Albert, Josef, 38 ammonia, 41 Adobe Photoshop® software, 302, 415 albertype, 38 ammonium bicarbonate, 41 Adobe Portable Document Format album, 38 ammonium bromide, 41 (PDF), 302 albumen, 38–39 ammonium chloride, 41 Adox Fotowerke, 305 albumen glass plates, 80 ammonium dichromate, 41 adsorption catalysis, 660, 661 albumen negatives, 39 ammonium iodide, 41 Advanced Photo System (APS) albumen-on-glass process, 70 ammonium nitrate, 41 technology, 700, 782 alcohol, 39 ammonium thiocyanate, 41 Advanced Spaceborne Th ermal algorithms ammonium thiosulfate, 683, 704 Emission and Reflection compression algorithms, 410–411 amorphous selenium detector array, 565 Radiometer (ASTER), 608 defined, 426 ampere, 473 advertising illustrations, 324 aliasing, 426 amphitype, 42 advertising photography, 187, 191, Alinder, Mary, 265 amplitude, 426 320–321 aliphatic phosphines, 707 amplitude holograms, 552 Advocate camera, 778 alkali, 40 amyl, 42 aerial cameras, 315 alkali fixers, 683 analglyph, 42 aerial film, 648 “alkaline” development, 68 analog dial, 676 aerial haze, 728–729 allegorical photography, 40, 186–187 analog signals, 360 aerial perspective, 38 Allen, James Latimer, 235 analog-to-digital (AD), 426 aerial photography, 501–504 ALPA Superior Swiss precision, 320 analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 426 aerial strip cameras, 619–620 alpha channel, 426 analytic manipulation, 183 aesthetic eff ect, 187 alternate light source (ALS), 602 anamorphic images, 468 aestheticism, 228 ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit, 426 anamorphic lenses, 338, 716, 724 aesthetization, 182 aluminum chloride, 40 anastigmat, 174 AF35M camera, 781 aluminum-magnesium wire flashbulbs, anatomical substrates, 633 aff ect-less images, 292 755 AND operator, 426 afocal lenses, 721, 724 alum potassium, 40 angiography, 568 African American photographers and Alvarez, Manual Bravo, 240 angioplasty, 568 photographic subjects, 234–238 amateur photography, 187, 188, 191 anhydrous, 42 aesthetics and politics, 236–237 photographers, 40 aniline, 42 African American contributions, 234 planetary images, 512 aniline dyes, 42 dichotomy of old and new negroes, studios, 476 Animals, Th e, 293 234–236 amateur planetary images, 512 animation, 183, 215, 479, 480 documentary photography, 236 amber, 40 anisotrophy, 539 negotiating African American ambient-light photography, 625 Annan, Th omas, 71, 335 cultural identities, 237–238 ambrotypes, 32, 40–41, 45, 62, 66, 75 annual report photography, 327 afterglow, 547 American Association of Museums anomalous trichromats, 633 Afterimage, 269 Code of Ethics, 205 anonymous sculptures, 243 agar-agar, 38 American Civil War, 32, 335, 350 Anschutz, Ottomar, 525, 764 Agee, James, 252, 267 American Engineering Standards Ansco, 42–43, 189 Agfa, 303, 651 Committee, 372 Ansco Autoset cameras, 43, 780 Agfa Brovira, 303 American ivorytypes, 88 anterior chamber, 629 Agfacolor New Reversal Film, 303 American National Standards Institute, Anthony, Henry T., 42 Agfacolor Neue, 698 372–373 anthotype, 43 Agfa Photo Imaging Systems, 303 American Photographs, 230, 231, 252 anthropological photography, 504–505 Agfa Portriga rapid, 303 American realism, 191–192 Anthropology and Photography, AgGuard, 689 Americans, Th e, 197, 222, 231, 254, 335, 1860–1920, 233 agitation, 669–670 348 antialiasing, 426 agriculture, 256, 560 American Standard Code for Information anti-aliasing filters, 365 air bells, 38 Interchange (ASCII), 427 anti-foggants, 646 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging American Standards Association (ASA), anti-halation, 43 Spectrometer (AVIRIS), 610 756 anti-halation layers, 559 air brush, 38 American Standards Institute (USASI), anti-halation protection, 650, 651 air-spaced, 174 372 antiphotographic, 36 Airy disc images, 718 America’s Series, 238 antireflection (AR) coating, 712

IIndex.inddndex.indd 808808 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:386:19:38 PMPM Index 809

anti-reflection layer, 371 argentometer, 43 Association of International antiseptic, 43 argentothiosulfate, 663 Photography Art Dealers (AIPAD), anti-virus, 426 argon bombs, 547 470 Antlitz der Zeit (Face of Our Time), 285 Argus Model A camera, 777 astigmatism, 175, 716 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 201, 211, 222 Aristotype, 43 astronomical imaging, 561 Apeiron Workshops, 220 aristotype papers, 50 astronomical photography, 182, 644, 645 aperture, 174, 297, 524 aristotypes, 62 astronomy, 40, 382, 419, 493, 494, Aperture, 223, 227, 231, 293 arithmetical operations, 405–407 508–513, 560, 632 aperture diaphragm, 597, 598 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), 426 asymmetrical, 175 aperture “school,” 217–218 arithmetic timing, 674–675 Atget, Jean-Eugène-Auguste, 182, 229, aperture stop, 715 Armory Show, 184 239, 241–242 apochromatic lens, 717 Arnold, Charlie, 213 Athenaeum, Th e, 29 apochromatic objectives, 596 Arnold Newman, 278 Atkins, Anna, 66, 493 Apollo Program, 615 array processors, 427 atomic force microscopy (AFM), 531 Apothecary bottles, 62 arrays atomic number, 568 appetite appeal, 323 CCD, 427 atomic weight, 44 Apple Computer, 303–304, 485–486 defined, 426 atomic weight Z, 568 Apple II microcomputer, 303 linear, 431 attenuation properties, 607 Apple Macintosh computer, 441, 442 arrowroot, 43–44 auctions, 469, 484 Apple Quick Take cameras, 303, 782 Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, 803 August Sander: Citizens of the Twentieth application, defined, 426 art, 180 Century, 196 apprenticeship programs, 353 digital, 480–484 AuraFlash, 759 Apraxine, Pierre, 208 science as, 492–496 aurin, 44 Apt, Jay, 615 art editors, 230 authenticity, 448, 451 AP Wire photo, 192 ArtForum magazine, 185, 232 authentic photography, 230 aqua fortis, 43 Artificial Light and Photography, 759 authors, and metadata, 415 aqua regia, 43 artifact-based archivists, 457 Autobiography of Malcolm X, Th e, 237 aquatic flora, 519 artificial color scheme, 604 autochrome, 195, 365, 693 aqua vitae, 43 artificial light, 91, 299 autochrome plates, 365, 640, 643 arabic gum, 43 artificial realities, 451 AutoEye camera, 780 Arago, Francois, 28, 492–493, 508 Artigue, Frédéric, 44 Autofocal Leica camera, 314 Arbus, Allan, 241 Artigue, Victor, 44, 59 autofocus, 781 Arbus, Diane Nemerov, 201, 207, 222, Artigueotypes, 59 autofocus lenses, 557 241 Art in America, 469 Automatic 100 cameras, 780 Archaeological photography, 506–507 artistic production, 180–181 automatic enlarging systems, 801–803 Archer, Frederick Scott, 31, 32, 38, 39, 41, artist studio, 476 automatic exposure cameras, 317 57, 58, 61, 77, 83, 124, 239, 664, 670 art market, 469 automatic flash exposures, 767 archetypes, 462 art of photography, 31–32 automatic focus, 801 architectural photography, 325 art-photography galleries, 469 autonomous unmanned vehicles camera placement, 325–326 art restoration, 560 (AUVs), 624 lighting, 326 Arts Councils, 225 Autoprocess Systems, 318 archival processing, 682–688, 692 art stars, 470 autoradiography, 513, 646, 647 fixing, 683–686 art world economy, 470 Auto-Reflex shutter, 780 image deterioration, 691 Asahiflex Model I cameras, 779 AutoreflexT camera, 780 image permanence, 692 Asahiflex cameras, 779 Avedon, Richard, 200–201, 207, 242, 348 image stabilization, 689 Ashbee, Charles R., 217 average gradient, 667 print drying and flattening, 690–691 Ashigara Research Laboratory, 307 Avery, John, 532 print storage, 691–692 Ashley, Bruce, 490 avoirdupois, 44 toning, 686–688 asphalt, 44 awards, 448 washing, 688–689 aspheric lenses, 721, 724 axons, 629 arc lighting, 757–758 “as shot” setting, 402 azo dyes, 701 area array, 426 Association for Information and Image area-array cameras, 418 Management (AIIM), 373 B area-array sensors, 365, 367 Association for Suppliers of Printing Baby Boom, 211–212 area weighted average resolution and Publishing Technology baby holder, 44 (AWAR), 502 (NPES), 373 Baby Makina cameras, 773

IIndex.inddndex.indd 809809 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:396:19:39 PMPM 810 Index

Baby Rollei 44, 775 Battey, Cornelius Marion, 234–235 Bike Riders, Th e, 268 Bach, Th omas, 490 baud rate, 427 bilinear interpolation, 407 background, 44–45, 474 Bauer, William, 623 Billings, Earl, 213 backing up, 427 Bauhaus, 181 Billroth, T., 570 back porch, 427 Bauhaus pedagogy, 216 binary codes, 359 backprojection, 568 Bauhaus photographers, 181 binder, 46 backscattered electrons, 531 Bausch & Lomb, 641 Bingham, Robert, 31, 61 backscattered light, 648 Bayard, Hippolyte, 29, 70, 124 Bingley, Godfrey, 537 backup storage devices, 488 Bayer patterns, 365, 401 binocular vision, 634 Bad Weather, 281 Bazin, Ernest, 623 biocolor systems, 694 Bailey, David, 201 B-Boy, 237 BioCommunications Association, 521 Baillarger, J.G.F., 569 beam splitters, 366, 542, 693, 713, 726 biographies of 19th century bain marie, 45 Beat generation, 231 photographic technology Baker, Henry, 592 Beato, Felice, 31 innovators balance, 45 Beaton, Cecil, 199, 202, 204 Abney, Sir William, 123 Baldessari, John, 238, 242 Beauty of Another Order, 493, 494 Archer, Frederick Scott, 124 Baldus, Edouard, 30 Becher, Bernd, 185, 243, 257 Bayard, Hippolyte, 124 Balinese Character: A Photographic Becher, Hilla, 185, 243, 257 Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 124 Analysis, Th e, 505 Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond, 124 Bennett, Charles, 124 Ball, James Presley, 234 Becquerel, Henri, 513, 566 Bertsch, Adolph, 124 Ballad of Sexual Dependency, Th e, 197, beer, 46 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré, 256 beeswax, 46 124–125 ballistics photography, 513 Behrendt, 569 Bogisch, A., 125 balloon photography, 506 Bellmer, Hans, 182, 243 Brewster, Sir David, 125 ballots, 374 Bellocq, E.J. (John Ernst Joseph), 243 Carey-Lea, Matthew, 125 balsams, 45 bellows, 46 Chevalier, Charles Louis, 125 Baltz, Lewis, 242 bellows factor, 589 Claudet, Antoine Francois Jean, 125 band integrated value, 741 Bell System Technical Journal, 361 Cros, Charles, 125 bandpass, 749, 753 benefit auctions, 470 Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, bandpass filters, 605 Benjamin, Walter, 182, 223, 227, 229, 230 125–126 bandpass sampling intervals, 753 Bennett, Charles, 34, 48, 124 Dallmeyer, John Henry, 126 Barakei (Ordeal by Roses), 260 Bennett plates, 71 Dancer, John Benjamin, 126 Barbaro, Daniel, 51 Benton, Stephen, 552 Davy, Sir Humphry, 126 bar-codes, 553 benzene, 46 Draper, John William, 126 Barfly, 761 Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung (BIZ), 192, Driffield, Vero Charles, 126 barium sulfate, 46, 652 270 Ducos Du Hauron, Louis, 126–127 Barker, Robert, 477 Berman, Zeke, 186 Eastman, George, 126–127 Barlow, John Perry, 483 Bernhard, Ruth, 218, 243 Eder, Josef Maria, 127 Barnack, Oscar, 189 Berns, R., 419 Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, 127 Barnes, Clive, 328 Bertillon systems, 332 Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon, 127 Barnett, Greg, 358 Bertsch, Adolph, 124 Fraunhofer, Joseph Von, 128 Barnum, P. T., 468 Bessler enlarger, 486 Gaudin, Marc Antoine Augustine, 128 barrel distortion, 479 Beta-VHS, 372 Goddard, John Frederick, 128 Barrie, Dennis, 203 Bettmann, Otto, 350–351 Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, barrier filters, 534, 722, 727 Bettmann Archive, 351 128 Barrow, Th omas, 186, 242–243 Bey, Aziz, 274 Hurter, Ferdinand, 128 Barthes, Roland, 231, 232 Bey, Dawoud, 237 Ives, Frederic Eugene, 128–129 baryta base papers, 652 bibulous paper, 47–48 Lippmann, Gabriel, 129 baryta/fiber base prints, 654 bichromate disease, 46 Lumiere, Auguste and Lumiere, baryta papers, 33, 45 bicolored, 46 Louis, 129 base, 45, 647 biconvex achromatic lens, 55 Maddox, Richard Leach, 129 base exposure time, 675, 676 bidirectional geometry, 750 Maxwell, James Clerk, 129 bas-relief, 45 bidirectional reflectance distribution Monckhoven, Desire Charles Bassman, Lillian, 200 function (BRDF), 387 Emanuel Van, 129 Bateson, Gregory, 505 bidirectional spectrophotometers, Muybridge, Eadweard James, 130 bath, 37, 46 750–751 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 130–131

IIndex.inddndex.indd 810810 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:406:19:40 PMPM Index 811

Niépce de St. Victor, Claude Felix Brassai (Gyula Halasz), 244 Heartfield, John (John Helmut Abel, 130–131 Brigman, Anne, 244 Herzfeld), 258 Obernetter, Johann Baptist, 131 Brodovitch, Alexey, 244 Heinecken, Robert, 258 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 131 Bubley, Ester, 244–245 Hiller, Lejaren a, 258–259 Petzval, Josef Max, 132 Bullock, Wynn, 245 Hine, Lewis Wickes, 259 Poitevin, Alphonse Louis, 132 Burrows, Larry (Henry Frank Leslie), Hoch, Hannah, 259 Ponton, Mungo, 132 245 Hockney, David, 259–260 Reade, Rev. Joseph Bancroft, 132 Burson, Nancy, 245 Horst, Horst P. (Horst Bormann), 260 Regnault, Henry Victor, 132 Callahan, Harry, 245–246 Hosoe, Eikoh, 260 Sabattier, Aramand, 132 Capa, Robert (Andre Friedmann), 246 Hoyningen-Huene George, 260 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 132 Caponigro, Paul, 246 Iturbide, Graciela, 260 Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 132 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 246 Jones Griffiths, Philip, 261 Seebeck, Johann Th omas, 133 Chiarenza, Carl, 246–247 Josephson, Ken, 261 Simpson, George Warton, 133 Clark, Larry, 247 Karsh, Yousuf, 261 Steinheil, Carl August Von and Close, Chuck, 247–248 Kasebier, Gertrude, 261–262 Steinheil, Hugo Adolph, 133 Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 247 Keita, Seydou, 262 Sutton, Th omas, 133 Coplans, John, 248 Kepes, Gyorgy, 262 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson, 133 Crewdson, Gregory, 248 Kertesz, Andre, 262 Talbot, William Henry Fox, 133–134 Cunningham, Imogen, 248 Klein, William, 262–263 Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm, 134 Curtis, Edward Sheriff , 248–249 Klett, Mark, 263 Voigtlander, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich, Davidson, Bruce, 249 Koudelka, Josef, 263 134 Decarava, Roy, 249–250 Krims, Les, 263–264 Warnerke, Leon (Vladislav Demachy, Robert, 250 Kruger, Barbara, 264 Malakhovskil), 134 De Meyer, Baron Adolf, 249 Krull, Germaine, 264 Wedgwood, Th omas, 134 diCorcia, Philip-Lorca, 250 Kuhn, Heinrich, 264 Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 134 Disfarmer, Mike (Mike Meyers), 250 Lange, Dorothea, 265 Willis, William, 134 Doisneau, Robert, 250 Lartigue, Jacques-Henri, 265 Wolcott, Alexander, 134 Edgerton, Harold, 250–251 Laughlin, Clarence John, 265 Woodbury, Walter Bentley, 134–135 Eggleston, William, 251 Lee, Russell, 265–266 Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther, Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 251 Leibovitz, Annie, 266 135 Erwitt, Elliot, 251 Levine, Sherrie, 266 Zeiss, Carl, 135 Evans, Frederick Henry, 251–252 Levinthal, David, 267 biographies of 20th century Evans, Walker, 251–252 Levitt, Helen, 267 photographers Faurer, Louis, 252 Link, O. Winston, 267 Abbott, Berenice, 239 Fichter, Robert, 252–253 List, Herbert, 267–268 Adams, Ansel, 239–240 Flick, Robert, 253 Lynes, George Platt, 268 Adams, (Eddie) Edward T., 239 Frampton, Hollis, 253–254 Lyon, Danny, 268 Adams, Robert, 240–241 Frank, Robert, 254 Lyons, Nathan and Joan, 268–269 Alvarez, Manual Bravo, 240 Freund, Gisele, 254 Man, Felix (Hans Baumann), 270 Arbus, Diane Nemerov, 241 Friedlander, Lee, 254 Mann, Sally, 270 Atget, Jean-Eugene-Auguste, 241–242 Fuss, Adam, 254–255 Mapplethorpe, Robert, 270–271 Avedon, Richard, 242 Giacomelli, Mario, 254–255 Mark, Mary Ellen, 271 Baldessari, John, 242 Gibson, Ralph, 255 McBean, Angus, 271–272 Baltz, Lewis, 242 Gilbert and George (Gilbert McCullin, Don, 272 Barrow, Th omas, 242–243 Proesch and George Passmore), Meatyard, Ralph Eugene, 272 Becher, Bernd and Hilla, 243 255 Meiselas, Susan, 272–273 Bellmer, Hans, 243 Gilbreth, Frank B. and Lillian, 255 Metzger, Ray, 273 Bellocq, E.J. (John Ernst Joseph), 243 Gilpin, Laura, 255–256 Meyerowitz, Joel, 273–274 Bernhard, Ruth, 243 Golden, Judith, 256 Michals, Duane, 274 Blossfeldt, Karl, 243 Goldin, Nan, 256 Miller, Lee, 274 Boughton, Alice, 243 Gowin, Emmet, 256 Misrach, Richard, 274–275 Bourke-White, Margaret, 244 Grossman, Sid, 256 Model, Lisette, 275 Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo, Group f/64, 256–257 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 275–276 244 Gursky, Andreas, 257 Morgan, Barbara Brooks, 276 Brandt, Bill (Hermann Wilhelm Haas, Ernst, 257 Morimura, Yasumasa, 276–277 Brandt), 244 Halsman, Philippe, 257–258 Mortensen, William, 277

IIndex.inddndex.indd 811811 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:406:19:40 PMPM 812 Index

biographies of 20th century Witkin, Joel Peter, 294 bleach accelerator, silver dye-bleach photographers (contd) Wolcott, Marion Post, 294 photography problem remedy, 707 Nachtwey, James, 277 biological photography, 518 bleach bath, 703 Nettles, Bea, 278 biomedical photography, 569 bleach-fix (BLIX) step, 662 Newman, Arnold, 278–279 biomicroscopes, 581 bleaching, 47, 61, 696 Newton, Helmut, 279 bipack assembly films, 651 Blind Boys, Th e, 226 Nilsson, Lennart, 279 bipolar neuron, 632 blind spot, 629, 635 Nixon, Nicholas, 279–280 birefringence eff ects, 650 blister, 47 Outerbridge, Paul, Jr., 280 birefringent, 662 blitz workshops, 217 Parker, Olivia, 280–281 bis-azo components, 702 blocking filters, 533 Parks, Gordon, 281 bit depth, 427 blocking out, 47 Parr, Martin, 281–282 bitmap, 427 blogs, 454 Penn, Irving, 282 bit plane, 427 blondes, 760 Porter, Eliot Furness, 282 bits, 361–362, 427 Blossfeldt, Karl, 243 Rauschenberg, Robert, 282–283 bit streams, 363 blotting paper, 47–48 Ray, Man (Emmanuel Rudnitsky), 283 bitumen, 641 “blow-through” lamps, 754 Renger-Patzsch, Albert, 283 bitumen of Judea, 46 Blow Up, 201, 211, 222 Richards, Eugene, 283 Black, James Wallace, 501 blue glass, 48 Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich, Black & White periodical, 471 blue sensitive, 48 283 black and white exposure requirements, blue-sensitive emulsion layer, 705 Rothstein, Arthur, 284 796–798 blue toner, 48 Ruscha, Edward, 284 black and white films, 649–652 blue visible light, 557 Salgado, Sebastiao, 284 anti-halation protection, 651 blue vitriol, 65 Salomon, Erich, 284–285 chromogenic films, 651–652 blurring, 48, 427 Samaras, Lucas, 285 film design, 651 board, defined, 427 Sander, August, 285–286 film sensitivity, 651 body heat, 562 Schad, Christian, 286 overview, 649–650 Bogisch, A., 125 Sheeler, Charles, 286 push-processing, 651 boiling, 48 Sheridan, Sonia Landy, 286 spectral sensitivity, 650 Bolton, Richard, 233 Sherman, Cindy, 286–287 support, 650 Bolton, W. B., 33 Siskind, Aaron, 287 black and white papers, 652–654 bombs, 91 Smith, W. Eugene, 287 chromogenic papers, 654 bone gelatin, 48 Sommer, Frederick, 287–288 contrast grades, 653 bon temps, 48 Steichen, Edward Jean, 288 image stability of resin coated papers, bon tons, 48, 57, 76 Steiner, Ralph, 288 654 bon ton tubes, 49 Steinert, Otto, 288 overview, 652 book camera, 48 Stieglitz, Alfred, 288–289 spectral sensitivity, 654 booms, 506 Strand, Paul, 289 support, 652–653 boot, defined, 427 Struth, Th omas, 289 surface, 653 borax, 48, 660 Stryker, Roy Emerson, 289 tone and tint, 653 boric acid, 48 Sudek, Josef, 289–290 variable contrast papers, 653–654 Born Free and Equal, 239 Sugimoto, Hiroshi, 290 black and white photographs, 359 Borthwick, Mark, 203 Szarkowski, John Th addeus, 290 blackbody equation, 734–735, 741 Boss, Th e , 235 Tomatsu, Shomei, 290 blackbody radiator, 382, 384 Boston Review of Photography, Th e, 224 Uelsmann, Jerry N., 290–291 Black Book, 237 botanical photography, 521–523, 560 Ulmann, Doris, 291 black cloth, 47 bottle burping, 324 Van Der Zee, James, 291 blacking, 47 bottles, 48 Vishniac, Roman, 292 blacklights, 533 boudoir, 49 Warhol, Andy (Warhola, Andrew), black mirror, 47 Boughton, Alice, 243 292 Black Mountain College, 217 Bourdieu, Pierre, 481 Weegee (Arthur H. Fellig), 292 black spots, 47 Bourdin, G. J., 57 Weems, Carrie Mae, 292–293 black varnish, 47 Bourdin, Guy, 201, 202 Weston, Edward, 293 Blaker, Alfred, 587 Bourke-White, Margaret, 192, 244 White, Clarence Hudson, 293 Blanchard’s brush, 47 Boutan, Louis, 623, 754 White, Minor, 293 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis Desérié, 31, 33, Bowles, Ken, 485 Winogrand, Garry, 293–294 39, 84, 93, 124–125 box daguerreotype cameras, 56

IIndex.inddndex.indd 812812 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:416:19:41 PMPM Index 813

boxes, 49 Burden of Representation, Th e, 233 raw file, 401–403 Boys, Charles, 513 Burge, Daniel, 440 testing, 377–382 Brady, Mathew, 70, 350 Burgess, John, 34, 71 exposure, 771 Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo, 244 Burgin, Victor, 186 first, 55 Brandt, Bill (Hermann Wilhelm Brandt), Buried Channel FT CCD, 371 focus and viewing, 770–771 223, 225, 244 Buried Photodiode image sensor, 371 history of twentieth century, 771–788 Braque, George, 181 burners, magnesium, 754 image handling, 771 Brassaï (Gyula Halasz), 183, 244 Burnett, Chris, 179 with interchangeable lenses, 333 Braun, Adolph, 35 burn-in exposures, 681 Kodak, 188–189 Bravo, Manuel Alvarez, 260 burning, 466 magazine, 92 Brehm, Frederick F., 213, 619 burning tests, 681 memory cards, 488 Breton, André, 229, 240 burnishers, 50 miniature, 189 Brewster, Sir David, 125 Burns, P.D., 419 multiple-lens and multiplying, 57–59 brightfield illumination, 599 burnt-in photography, 50 multiplying, 95 brightness ranges, Zone System, 466 burn tools, 467 photographic, 55 brightness resolution, 427 Burrows, Larry (Henry Frank Leslie), pinhole, 104 Brigman, Anne, 244 194, 245 placement, 325–326 Brilliant TLR camera, 777 Burson, Nancy, 245 Polaroid, 189–191 Brin, Sergey, 591 business of photography, 30–31 scanning, 480 bristol board, 49 Bussy, Alexandre, 754 settings, 377–378 British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions, Byers, Fred, 458 shutters, 347 66, 493 bytes, 427 slit, 480 British Association of Picture Libraries storage of, 474 and Agencies (BAPLA), 353 C stores, 301 British Journal of Photography, Th e, 31 cabinet cards, 32, 50 supports, 298 Brittain, David, 179 cabinet photograph, 50 Talbot’s early, 55–57 broad peaks, 756 cache, 427 transferring files to computer, 378 Brodovitch, Alexey, 200, 242, 244, 268 cadmium, 50 whitened, 122 bromide, 49 cadmium bromide, 50 Wing, 122 bromide paper, 49 cadmium chloride, 50 camera settings, 442 bromide steaks, 669 cadmium iodide, 50 Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth- bromine, 49 cadmium sulfide, 740 Century Photography, Th e, 232–233 Bron, Pierre, 763 Caffin, Charles, 228 Camera Works, 184, 205, 223, 224, 228, bronze, 49 Cage, John, 185 243, 251, 262, 289 Brooker, 695 calcium bromide, 50 Cameron, Julia Margaret, 32, 228 Brownie cameras, 772, 775 calcium carbonate, 50 camouflage, figure-ground, 462–463 browning, 81 calcium chloride, 50–51 Canada balsam, 45, 59 brown print process, 49 Caldwell, Erskine, 244 Canada turpentine, 45 Brueck, Th eodor, 773 California and the West, 293 Cancellation series, 242 Brulages, 183 Callahan, Harry, 245–246 cancer, and radiation levels, 567 Brunell, June, 279 callibration procedure, 749 candelas, 735 brushes, 47–50 Callier eff ect, 794 Canon, 304–305 Bubley, Ester, 244–245 calotype, 29–30, 50, 341, 664 Canon 5D, 488 Buckle’s brush, 49 CalypsoPhot 35mm, 623 Canon A-1 camera, 781 buff , 50 Camera Arts, 223 Canon Digital Rebel, 488 buff ering agents, 660 Camera Clubs, 216 Canon IIDx, 488 buff er memory, 427 camera clubs, 347 cantos, 275 bugs, defined, 427 Camera Indica: Th e Social Life of Indian canvas, 467 buildings, photographs of, 325 Photographs, 233 Capa, Cornell, 209 bulb exposure, 50 Camera Notes, 188, 288 Capa, Robert (Andre Friedmann), 246, Bullock, Wynn, 245 camera obscura, 341 340 Bunnell, Peter, 224, 278 camera phones, 313 capacitors, 757 Bunte equilibrium, 708 cameras, 51–59, 770–771 Cape Light, 273 Bunte-salt, 707 19th century, 157 Caponigro, Paul, 246 Burbridge, Richard, 204 book, 48 Capping shutters, 541 Burch, J.M., 389 digital, 488–491 Capsta, John, 696

IIndex.inddndex.indd 813813 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:416:19:41 PMPM 814 Index

Capstaff , 696 CF, 710 chlorophyll, 60, 522 capture and rituals, 467 chain image, 297 chripotypes, 60 carbon, 59 chain of evidence, 536 Christensen, 701 carbonaceous fossils, 538 chamfered-box daguerreotype cameras, Christie’s, 208 carbon-arc lights, 760 65 chroma, 88 carbon dioxide gas, 519 Chandra X-ray Telescope, 609 chromatic aberration, 55 carbonized filament lamps, 757 channels, 428 chromatic aberrations, 175, 624, 721 carbon process, 33, 59 characteristic curve, 645 chromatic adaptation, 635 carbon rods, 757–758 charge-coupled device (CCD), 428, 499, chromatic colors, 175 carbon tissue, 59 502, 509, 518, 781 chromaticity diagram, 392 carbro, 59 array, 749 chromaticity diagrams, 745 Carbutt, John, 77 cameras, 510, 529, 594 chromaticity values, 391, 396 card, defined, 427 CCD array, 427 chromatype, 60 Cardano, Girolamo, 51 chips, 594, 605 chrominance values, 395 Care and Handling of CDs and DVDs, color scanner, 427 chromogenic color processes, 709 458 photosensors, 618 chromogenic development, 661–662 Carey-Lea, Matthew, 125 sensors, 649 chromogenic films, 651–652 Carnival Strippers, 272 video systems, 542 chromogenic materials, 708 carte de visite, 32, 38, 57, 59–60 charge-coupled device (CCD) array, 427 chromogenic papers, 654 cartes de visite, 49, 50, 73, 329, 342 charge-coupled device (CCD) color chronographs, 524 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 189, 229, 232, scanner, 427 chronophotographic apparatus, 570 236, 246, 267, 335, 347, 460, 465 chargecoupled device (CCD) light chrysotype, 60 cartographs, 501 sensor, 465 Cibachrome, 310, 701, 709–710 Cason, Jeff , 221 charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 385, Cibachrome II print materials, 709–710 catadioptric lenses, 522, 724–725 401, 426 cibachrome/ilfochrome, 710 catalog photography, 322 defined, 428 Cibachrome/Ilfochrome chromolytic catechol, 657 Charles, John, 693 process, 709 cathode-ray tube (CRT), 398, 427, 429, Chauff our, Monsieur, 754 Cibachrome print materials, 710 801 Checefsky, Bruce, 179 cibacopy, 710 cave photography, 523–524 checksums, 361, 364 Cibacopy materials, 709 Cecil, Hugh, 271 chelating agents, 656 CIE 1931 standard observer, 389 ceiling, of studios, 472 chemical development, 657–660 CIE color spaces, 745 Celebrated Contemporaries in chemical filter, 78 CIELAB space, 746 Unguarded Moments, 284 chemical flash lighting, 754 CIELAB system, 392 celebrity portraiture, 343 duration and synchronization, CIELAB values, 420 cells, 175 756–757 CIELUV system, 392 Cellular-Yule-Nielsen-Spectral- enclosed flashbulbs, 754–756 CIEXYZ values, 420 Neugebauer model (CYNSN), 420 magnesium burners, 754 ciliary muscle, 635 celluloid, 60, 78, 664 modern flashbulbs, 757 defined, 635 cellulose fibers, 652 chemical flocculations, 646 cine cameras, 517, 539 cellulose nitrate, 60, 305 chemical sensitization, 649 Cine-Kodak Motion Picture Camera, 312 cellulose nitrate solution, 60 defined, 649 cine lenses, 589 cellulose triacetate, 650 of silver halide crystals, 644 cinematography, 38, 41, 292, 333, 374, cellulose triacetate base, 650 chemical synapse, 635 560, 674 Celsius, 760 defined, 635 cinema-verité look, 354 cemented elements, 175 Chemist, Th e, 31 Cine-Queen, 759 Center for Advanced Visual Studies at Cherry portable hand cameras, 772 cine X-rays, 517 MIT, 262 Chevalier, Charles, 28 circadian pacemaker, 635 Center for Creative Imaging, 487 Chevalier, Charles Louis, 125 defined, 635 Center for Creative Photography (CCP), Chevalier, Vincent, 28 circuit breakers, 473 209, 710 Chiarenza, Carl, 217, 227, 246–247 circular polarizers, 523 Center of the Eye, 220 Child is Born, A, 279 circular strip cameras, 620 center-weighted metering, 738 Children of the Poor, Th e, 71, 335 circumferential illumination, 751 Central Processing Unit (CPU), 427 chilling table, 60 Cirkut cameras, 338, 619, 772 ceramic photography, 50 chloride paper, 60 citric acid, 61 ceramic process, 60 chlorine, 60 City, Th e, 288

IIndex.inddndex.indd 814814 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:426:19:42 PMPM Index 815

Civil Rights Era, 236 colloidal silver filters, 727 Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), 428 Civil Rights movement, 236 color. See also color management; color color image encoding, 395, 396 Clarence H. White School of spaces color imaging algorithms, 386 Photography, 216 additive color systems, 693–695 colorimeters, 388, 748, 750 Clark, Larry, 197, 207, 247, 255 aliasing, 365, 371 colorimetric calculations, 389 Classic Essays on Photography, 233 and continuous electric lighting colorimetric color spaces, 394 class pictures, 345 systems, 760–762 colorimetric interpretation, 401–402 Claude, Georges, 760, 764 defined, 729 colorimetry, 388–393, 750 Claude Lorraine glass, 47 detection by human vision, 632–633 trichromatic theory of color vision, 388 Claudet, Antoine Francois Jean, 125 early development in color CIE colorimetry, 390–393 clay-coated paper, 45 photography, 692–693 color matching functions, 388–389 clearing time, 663, 683 exposure requirements, 798–799 cone fundamentals, 389–390 Clegue, Lucian, 220 mapping, 428 opponent color modulations, 390 Clerk-Maxwell, James, 35 measurement, 747–753 color interpolation, 365 climate control, in studio space, 473 callibration procedure, 749–750 color look-up table (CLUT), 427, 428 clipping, 402 color measurement color management, 398–399, 444 clockwork selector switch, 525 instrumentation, 752–753 in future, 400–401 clone, defined, 428 definitions, 748–749 International Color Consortium Close, Chuck, 183, 247–248 history of, 747–748 (ICC) color management close-range three-dimensional laser instrumentation, 752–753 architecture, 399 scanning, 507 instrument selection, 753 International Color Consortium close-up photography, 584–590 overview, 747 (ICC) profile, 399 cloud negative, 61 phenomenology and design, overview, 398 cloud shutters and stops, 61 750–752 profile connection space (PCS), 399 CMOS (complimentary metal oxide polychromatic versus software, 507 semiconductor) chip, 428 monochromatic illumination, color management module (CMM), 399, CMOS integrated circuits, 306 749 400 CMOS sensors, 371 measurement devices, 748 color management software, 507 coating, emulsion, 647 and perspective, 729 Color Management System (WCS), 400 coating heads, 709 reproduction, 369, 418 color matching functions (CMFs), 388, coating machine, 61 subtractive color systems, 695–700 389 cobalt salt, 756 colorama, 189 Color Micrographic films, 709 Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 181, 247 Colorama pictures, 189 color moiré, 366 Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue, 197 Color and Spectral Imaging With the Color Rendering Index, 761 code, defined, 428 Crisatel Acquisition System, 359 color rendition, 367, 368, 400 CODEC, 427 color artifacts, 402 color scanner, CCD, 427 coherent light, 678, 680 color-balance filters, 523 color-sensitive emulsions, 795 Coke, Van Deren, 213, 222, 272 color-blind, 48, 633 color separation, 34, 45, 282, 421, 422, Colas process, 76 color capture devices, 418 640, 661, 667, 673, 676 cold-light fluorescent systems, 795 color characterizations, 372 color-separation process, 512 cold-light systems, 795 color compensating (CC) filters, 723 color slide films, 522 Coleman, A.D., 187, 220, 277, 439 color-compensating filters, 625 color spaces, 394–395 collage, 181–184, 253, 258, 259 color conversion filters, 723 color image encodings, 396 college level programs in photography, color correction (CC) filters, 741 color space encodings, 395–396 212–213 color daguerreotypes, 35 digital color image workflow, 396–397 Collins, Lisa Gail, 237 color developer, 700 color space white-point, 394–395 collodio-bromide emulsions, 62 color digitizers, 313 color spectrum filters, 723 collodio-chloride emulsions, 72 colored glass, 83 color stimulus, 386 collodio-chloride printing-out papers, 75 color emulsions, 508–509 color temperature, 384, 385, 387, 475, collodion, 31, 32–33, 61, 62, 63, 642, 649 color-encoding gamuts, 396 641, 642, 656–661, 669, 673 collodion emulsion plates, 33 color enlargers, 796–799 color temperature meters, 741–742 collodion emulsions, 58 color exposure systems, 802 color vision, trichromatic theory of collodion positives, 41 color film slides, 466 CIE colorimetry, 390–393 collodion positive transparency, 64 color filter array (CFA), 371, 401 color matching functions, 388–389 collodion-pouring bottles, 48 color filters, 368, 370, 722–723, 795 cone fundamentals, 389–390 collodion process, 82 color fringing, 428 opponent color modulations, 390

IIndex.inddndex.indd 815815 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:426:19:42 PMPM 816 Index

color vision defects, 633 computer emulators, 457 Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of combat cameras, 573 computer graphics, 612 Photography, Th e, 233 combination lens, 175 computer imaging, 441 continuous electric lighting systems, combining process, 511–512 computer memory, 403 757–763 cometless pouring bottles, 48, 62 computer modeling, 613 arc lighting, 757–758 commercial advertisements, 350 Computer Science, 485 controlling color, 760–762 commercial developers, 69 Comstock, Daniel, 695 early discharge sources, 760 commercial photography, 192, 198, 200, concave, 175 early filament lamps, 758–759 323 concave mirrors, 719 high-power discharge sources, Commission International de l’Eclairage concentric, defined, 175 762–763 (CIE), 384, 388, 390–393, 745–747 concept picture, 415 improved filament lamps, 759 commissions, for stock photography, conceptual still lifes, 325 light modifiers, 763 351 Concerned Photography, 246 overview, 757 committee memberships, 373 Condax, Philip, 763 tungsten-halogen lamps, 759–760 Committee on Graphic Arts Technology condensation, 181, 658 contours, 462 Standards (CGATS), 373 condenser aperture, 597 contraction development, 667–669 Common, Andrew Ainslie, 508 condenser lenses, 529, 725 contrast, and Zone System, 671 Communication/Journalism condenser optical construction, 794 contrast adjustments, 400 Department, Shippensburg condensers, 65 contrast control, 666–670 University, 441 condenser systems, 795 contrast filters, 594, 723 communication/publishing companies, cone fundamentals, trichromatic theory contrast/gamma parameters, 378 453 of color vision, 389–390 contrasting metric scales, 506 compact digital cameras, 522 conemonochromats, 633 contrast range, 478 compact disc (CD) burners, 507 cone opsins, 632 converge, 175 compact disc–interactive (CD-I), 427, cones, 385, 388 Conversations with the Dead, 268 428 conference area, professional studio, 476 convertible lenses, 725 compact disc read-only memory (CD- confocal laser scanning microscopy convex, 175 ROM), 427, 428 (CLSM), 601 convex mirrors, 719 compact discs (CDs), 427, 507 conjugate pathway, 598 convolution, 407 compact disc–video (CD-V), 427 contact printing, 65 convolution kernel, 407 compact flash, 428, 488 Contaflex cameras, 779 Cooper, L. Gordon, 614 compatible magnetic oxide semi- Contarex Super Electronic (SE), 780 Coordination of European Picture conductors (CMOS), 504 contemporary issues, 456, 471–492 Agencies Press Heritage (CEPIC), competing couplers, 699 digital art and digital audiences, 353 compilers, 428 480–484 Coplans, John, 248 Complete Story of Till Murder Case, 236 digital seeing, 465–467 copper, 65 complimentary metal oxide ethical photojournalism, 446–453 copperas, 77 semiconductors (CMOS), 371, 385, evidence and truth, 467–468 copper bromide, 65 401, 594 future of publishing, 453–455 copper chloride, 65 composite photography, 468 impact of digital imaging on copper sulfate, 65 composition methods, 506 photographic education, copying, 65 compound pneumatic shutters, 773 441–446 copyright laws, 483–484 compound shutters, 773 keeping up to date, 485–491 Corbis Images, 351 compression, 428 overview, 439–440, 456–460 cored carbons, 758 compression algorithms, 410–411 photographic studio of 21st century, core preservation metadata, 414 Compton scattering, 563, 568 471–475 core-shell grains, 645 CompuGraphic software, 486 photographic virtual reality, 477–479 cornea, 632 compur clockwork timed shutters, 773 photo marketplace and contemporary corona discharge, 562–563 computed tomography (CT), 428, 613 images makers, 469–471 corona patterns, 563 computer-aided design (CAD), 427, 428 saving image essence versus physical corporate photography, 326–327 computer-aided manufacture (CAM), object, 457–460 corporate publications, 327 427, 428 science as art, 492–496 correlated color temperature, 384 computer-aided retrieval (CAR), 427 Contemporary Photographer, 224, 225, cortical neurons, 634 computer algorithm families, 403 226, 227 Cosine Law, 384 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI), Contessa-Nettle Piccolette 127 Vest cosmic rays, 661 428 Pocket camera, 774 Cost, Frank, 336

IIndex.inddndex.indd 816816 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:436:19:43 PMPM Index 817

cotton, gun, 65 Curtis, Edward Sheriff , 196, 248–249, Day, F. Holland, 36 “counter-hegemonic” cultural sites, 227 505 daylight illuminants, 385 coupler solvent, 698 curves, 467 Day Off , A , 197 court, 234, 242 cut-and-paste, 428 Days at Sea, 255 Cousteau, Jacques Yves, 623 cut-off systems, 541 DCS100 Digital camera, 782 Cox, C.J., 518 cut-on systems, 541 “dead” pixels, 401 CPS II, 710 Cutting, James Anson, 32, 40, 66 Deardorff , Laben F., 773 CRA certification, 582 Cutting patents, 66 Debes, Jack, 349 Cramer, Charles, 486, 488 cyanide, 62, 66, 79 deblurring, 429 Cranz-Schardin shadowgraph cameras, cyanine dyes, 695–696 de Broglie’s equation, 563 541 cyanotypes, 33, 66, 493 decantation, 68 crape markings, 65 cyborgs, 481 DeCarava, Roy, 236, 249–250 crash, defined, 428 cyclorama, 475 decay rates, 359 Crater, Lucybelle, 272 cyclorama walls, 475 “decision-free” cameras, 312 Crawford, Colin, 451 cylinder glass, 66 Decisive Moment, 246 crayon enlargement, 65 cylindrical holograms, 553 Decisive Moment, Th e, 229 Creative Camera, 224, 225, 227 cylindrical projection, 478, 479 Deckel, Fredrich, 773 creative photography, 224 Czermak, Johann Nepomuk, 532 decoders, 429 credibility, 447 decoding of digital codes, 360–361 Crewdson, Gregory, 248 D deconvolution fluorescence microscopy, crime scenes, documentation of, Dada ethos, 286 602 603 Dadaism, 185 Deep South, 270 Crisis magazine, 235 Dadaists, 181 default pan, 479 critical judgment, 469 Daguerre, Jacques Mandé, 641 default tilt, 478, 479 critical thinking, 444 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28, 42, default zoom, 479 critics, in 18th century, 228 55, 66, 74, 79, 82, 84–85, 86, 87, 88, Defiance Dry Plate, 42 Crompton, R. E. B., 758 125–126, 188, 212, 333 definitions, 372 Crookes, William, 754 daguerreotypes, 28, 29, 30, 35, 41, Degas, Edgar, 180, 347 cropping, 468 66–67, 75, 216, 341, 692 degauss, 429 Cros, Antoine Hippolyte, 89 daguerreotypists, 30, 44 deionized water, 667 Cros, Charles, 125, 693 Dahlquist, Paul, 203 De la Rue, Warren, 508 Cross, Lloyd, 553 Dahl-Wolf, Louise, 200 Delves, J., 592 crossed polarization, 539 Dali, Salvador, 183 Demachy, Robert, 250 cross-media publishing model, 455 Dallmeyer, John Henry, 126 De Meyer, Baron Adolphe, 198, 249 Crova, Andre, 764 dance photography, 327–329 Demijohns bottles, 48 Crown glass, 66, 83, 175 Dancer, John Benjamin, 57, 126, 592 demosaicing, 401 Crumpler, Wendy, 487 dark adaptation, 635 Denisyuk, Yuri, 551 cryogenic cooling, 561 dark current output, 749 Denisyuk halograms, 552 crystallization, 41 darkfield illumination, 526–527, 599 dense wavelength division multiplexing crystalotypes, 39, 66 darkroom, 67–68, 674 (DWDM), 723 crystoleum, 66 dark tents, 68 densitometry, 750 CTD II, 710 DARPA, 479 density fluctuations, 647 CTR, 710 data acquisition, 612 density reduction, 683 CU-5 closeup framing kits, 317 databases, 429 dental photography, 527–529 cube strip projection images, 478 Data computer algorithm family, 403 Department of Generative Systems, 286 cubic projection, 478, 479 data fields, 413 depth detection, 634 cubism, 182 data processing, 612 depth-of-field (DOF), 577, 586, 631, 728 Cummings, Robert, 186 David, Joseph, 623 Derhak, M.W., 420 Cunningham, Imogen, 248 Davidhazy, Andrew, 495, 620 de-skill art, 182 cupric bromide, 65 Davidson, Bruce, 197, 211, 225, 249, desktop pictures, 429 cupric chloride, 65 347, 348, 464 desktop publishing (DTP), 429 cuprotypes, 76 da Vinci, Leonardo, 51, 468 dessin fumee technique, 28 curators, 470 Davis, Keith, 211, 214 Destruction Business, Th e, 272 Curie, Marie, 513, 566 Davis Gibson filters, 727 detective cameras, 58 Curie, Pierre, 513, 566 Davy, Humphrey, 27, 79, 126, 754, 757 detector materials, 739 cursors, 428 Day, Corinne, 204 detectors, 605

IIndex.inddndex.indd 817817 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:436:19:43 PMPM 818 Index

deterministic eff ect, 569 Digiomnivore, 481 digital negative (DNG), 402–403, 458 developer agents, 655 digital archiving, 471–472 digital photography, 191, 357–435, developer formulations, 69 digital asset management (DAM), 454, 444–445 developer inhibitor releasing (DIR) 507 archives, 474–475 couplers, 699 digital audio disc (DAD), 428 colorimetry, 388–393 developer molecules, 661 digital audio tape (DAT), 429 color management, 398–399 developers, 68–69 digital cameras, 210, 339, 488–491 color spaces, 394–395 developer silver sludge formation, 707 digital mapping cameras (DMC), 504 digital archiving, 359–364 development motion cameras, 526 digital art, 480–484 chemical, 657–660 raw file, 401–403 digital camera raw file, 401–403 color, 661–662 testing, 375, 377–382 digital camera testing, 377–382 contraction, 667–669 digital capture, 444, 471, 474, 475 digital seeing, 465–467 customizing, 671–674 digital code, 360, 395, 399 image formation, 382–388 direct, 657–660 digital company and photographic film imaging systems, 364–370 expansion, 667–669 profiles, 301–320 impact on photographic education, mechanism of photographic, 660–661 3M, 319 441–446 normal, 667–669 Adobe, 302–303 impact on professional photography physical, 656–657 Agfa, 303 studios, 471–472 silver dye-bleach materials Apple, 303–304 manipulation of images, 594 components, 702 Canon, 304–305 and metadata, 411–417 and Zone System, 671 Du Pont, 305–306 categories, 412 development accelerators, 646 Efke, 306 defined, 411–412 development inhibition releasing Epson, 306–307 handling metadata, 415–417 (DIR), 662 Forte, 307 metadata and retrieval, 413–414 development temperature, 669 Fujifilm, 307 standards, 414 Devons, Mary, 184 Hasselblad, 307–308 storage and technologies, 414–415 DeWolfe, George, 467 HP Invent, 308–309 terminology, 412–413 de Wouters, Jean, 623 Ilford, 309–310 use and requirements, 412 diagnostic dye tests, 582 Kodak, 310–313 preservation, unintended eff ects diagnostic radiology, 563 Konica Minolta, 313 of, on traditional image diamonds, 69 Kyocera, 313 preservation, 460 diaphragm mechanical shutters, 544 Leica/Leitz, 313–315 processing images, 403–411, 507 Diary of a Century, 348 Lucky Film, 313 arithmetical operations, 405–407 diazo, 649 Nikon, 315–316 compression algorithms, 410–411 Dibbets, Jan, 253 Olympus, 316 convolution, 407 dichroic filters, 727 Polaroid, 316–319 digital representation of images, 403 dichromated albumen, 39 Sony, 319 geometrical transformations, 407 dichromats, 633 Svema, 319 histogram, 405 diCorcia, Philip-Lorca, 250 Zeiss, 319–320 linear neighborhood operations, Dietrich, Marlene, 199 digital count histograms, 739 407–409 Die Welt ist Schon (Th e World is digital democratization, 340 neighborhood operations, 407 Beautiful), 283 digital detectors, 504, 509 non-linear neighborhood diff erential interference contrast (DIC), digital distribution, 482–483 operations, 409–410 599, 600 digital divide, 454 point operations, 404–405 diff ract, 175 digital enlarging systems, 803 scan-o-grams, 422–425 diff raction blur, 590 digital halftone, 429 solid state imaging sensors, 370–371 diff raction limited imaging, 715 digital hubs, 304 spectral imaging, 418–422 diff raction-limited lenses, 714 Digital Imaging and Communications in standards and imaging materials, diff use highlights, 664 Medicine (DICOM), 568–569 372–376 diff use reflection, 712 digital imaging sensors, 366 digital plates, 429 diff user optical construction, 794 digital information/communication, 453 digital printers, 487 diff users, 69 digital light projection (DLP), 806 digital printing, 429, 454, 487–488 diff usion screen, 69 digital mapping cameras (DMC), 504 digital projectors, 488 diff usion systems, 795–796 digital motion cameras, 526 digital recordings, 360 digestive-regurgitative-excretive digital multi-function printers (MFPs), digital repairs, 521 biosystem, 481 304 digital repositories, 457

IIndex.inddndex.indd 818818 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:446:19:44 PMPM Index 819

digital sensors, 771 documentary styles, 336 Du Pont polyester technology, 305 digital signal processing (DSP), 429 documentation, 364 dusting-on process, 72 digital single lens reflex (DSRL) document structure tags, 455 Dutch Masters, 325 cameras, 472 Dodero, Louis, 332 DVD burners, 507 digital skulduggery, 576 dodge tools, 467 DX code, 594 digital SLR cameras, 323, 382 dodging, 466, 681 DX encoding system, 781–782 digital still cameras, 782 Doering, W. H., 756 Dycril photopolymer printing plates, digital storage unit (DSU), 429 Doisneau, Robert, 250, 340 305 digital technology, 210 Donné, Alfred, 569 dye-forming developer, 698 digital-to-analog (DA), 428 donors, 370 dyes, 701–704 digital-to-analog converter (DAC), 428, dope, 60 dye sensitizer, 71–72 429 Doppler eff ect, 568 dye sublimation, 430 digital video, 429 DOS, defined, 429 dye toning methods, 664 digital zones, 467 dots per inch (DPI), 429 dynamic random access memory digitization, 359–360 Doubilet, David, 625 (DRAM), 429, 430, 595 digitization process, 359 double-exposure interferometry, 551 dynamic range, 430, 479 digitizers, 429 double-exposure stunts, 339 Dyson, Michael Eric, 237 dihydroquinoxaline, 703 doublet, 175 dimensional tolerances, 372 DoubleTake magazine, 335 E dimensions, studio space consideration, double transfer, 71 E-1 line digital cameras, 316 472 drachm, 71 E-6 process, 699 diopters, 664 draft international standards, 374 EarthKam program, 615 dipper, 70 Draper, Henry, 508 earth-orbiting telescopes, 510 direct development, 657–660 Draper, John William, 126, 493 Earth Resources Technology Satellite directional sidelight, 325 drawings, photogenic, 101 (ERTS), 605, 615 directionselective retinal ganglion cells, dressing room, professional studio, 476 earthworks, 185 634 Drew, Richard G., 319 East 100th Street, 197, 211, 464 direct positive, 70 Driffield, Vero Charles, 126, 671 Easterly, Th omas, 30 direct read after write (DRAW), 429 drop/dropping, 71 Eastman, George, 58, 77, 126–127, 188, direct sunlight, 45, 48, 70, 479, 641 drop-in loading 126 cartridge cameras, 228, 308, 347, 494, 693, 771–772 discharge sources, 760–763 780 Eastman Color cameras, 699 disconcerting viewpoints, 181 dropping bottles, 71 Eastman Dry Plate Company, 89 disc photography, 312 drops, 58 Eastman Kodak. See Kodak Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 411 drop shutters, 58, 71 Eastman plates, 42 Disdéri, André-Adolphe-Eugéne, 59, 342 drum cameras, 540 Eastman Transparent Film, 35 Disfarmer, Mike (Mike Meyers), 250 drum scanners, 441 Eastman-Walker roll film, 78 Disk Operating System (DOS), 429 dry gelatin process, 508 eBay, 591 disks, 429 dry plates, 71, 310 Ebony magazine, 236 Disney, Michael, 313–314 dry-silver microfilm, 319 Eder, Josef Maria, 127 disorientation, 181 DSLR cameras, 349 edge (adjacency eff ects), 647–648 disparity, 635 Dublin Core, 414 edge detection, 430 display, plasma, 433 DuBois, W. E. B., 234, 235 Edgerton, Harold E., 195, 250–251, 525, display area, professional studio, 476 du Camp, Maxime, 30, 70 549, 623 display monitors, 429–430 Duchamp, Marcel, 185 Edgerton, Samuel, 227 distal remote sensing, 604 Duchenne, G.B., 570 edging, 72 distilled water, 667 Ducos du Hauron, Louis, 126–127 Edison, Th omas, 757 distortion, 175, 716 Dufay, Louis, 693 editorial illustration, 324 distortion, barrel, 479 Dufaycolor, 693 editorial /journalistic photography, 192 dithering, 430 du Hauron, Louis Ducos, 35, 42, 64, 89 editorial media, 350 diurnal motion, 511 Duhring, L.A., 570 editorial photographers, 451 diverge, 175 “dumb” CMM, 400 editors, 226 diverging lenses, 719 Dumb Ox, Th e, 227 education, photographic, 210–215 docudramas, 250 du Motay, 60 early college level programs, 212–213 Documentary Group, 256 Duncan, David Douglas, 194 impact of digital imaging on, 441–446 documentary photography, 70–71, 187, Du Pont, 305–306 Jack Kerouac introduction to 195, 197, 236, 293, 443, 469, 504 Du Pont photographic film, 305 Th e Americans, 210–211

IIndex.inddndex.indd 819819 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:456:19:45 PMPM 820 Index

education, photographic (contd) electronic programmers, 805 illumination systems, 793 national influence on, 211–212 electronic publications, 455 lens, 791 Society for Photographic Education, electronic publishing, 430 light source, 793–794 213–215 electronics stores, 301 projection assembly, 790–791 Edwards, Elizabeth, 233 electron microscopy, 529–531 system alignment, 796 eff ective dose, defined, 569 electrons, 569 design of, 788–789 eff ective film speed test, 672–674 electrophysiological substrates, 633 digital systems, 803 Efke, 306 electroplating, 67 future of enlarging, 803 Eggleston, William, 251 electrotachyscope, 764 lenses, 720, 725 Eickemeyer, Rudolph, 235 electrotherapy, 570 specialized application systems, Eisenstaedt, Alfred, 251 elements, 175 799–801 Ektachrome, 614, 699 El Taller de Gráfica Popular, 220 entomologists, 518 Ektachrome Professional Infrared (EIR) embedding faces, 461 eosin, 73–74 reversal film, 559 embryo images, 279 e-paper, 455 electrical integration schemes, 748 Emerson, P. H., 36 Epson, 306–307 electrically conducting coatings, 530 emery, 72 Epson Powerlight 745c, 488 electrical wiring, 473 emittance, 382, 384 Epson printers, 490 Electric Egg, 760 emitted light, 467 equality, 447 Electric-eye 200 Series cameras, 317 emulation, 363 equilibrium, 707 electricity and power requirements, for emulsification, 72, 508, 645, 649 equipment, photographic (19th century) studio space, 473 emulsions, 77, 508 actinometer, 37 electric lighting systems. See continuous gelatin, 33–34 air brush, 38 electric lighting systems silver halide, 641–646 albertype, 38 electric spark, 54, 668 coating finals, 646 argentometer, 43 electrochemical cells, 69, 655, 656 digestion and sensitization, 646 baby holder, 44 electrodes, 371 emulsification, 645 balance, 45 electromagnetic (EM) radiation, 499, gelatin medium, 642–643 black cloth, 47 500, 531, 533, 738 ripening, 645 black mirror, 47 electromagnetic (EM) shutters, 545 silver halide grains, 641–642 Blanchard’s brush, 47 electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, 556, washing, 646 blue glass, 48 563, 733 enameling, 72–73, 76 book camera, 48 electromagnetic (EM) wave theories, 711 encaustic paste, 73 bottles, 48 electromagnetic radiation, 382, 736 enclosed flashbulbs, 754–756 boxes, 49 electromagnetic spectrum, 492 encoders, 430 buckle’s brush, 50 electron detectors, 530–531 endoscopic illumination, 532 buff , 50 electron diff raction, 530 endoscopic photography, 507, 532 burnisher, 50 electron guns, 529 endoscopy, 532 cameras, 51–59 electron imaging, 529 endothelial cell, 581 chilling table, 60 electronic autoguiders, 511 energlatype, 73 coating machine, 61 electronic darkrooms, 358 energy, 734 collodion bottle, 62 electronic engineering industry, 374 energy/light measurement, 736–741 condenser, 65 electronic file storage media, 458 measurement devices, 738–741 contact printing frame, 65 electronic flash lighting, 195, 251, 298, source measurements, 737 dark tent, portable darkroom tent, 68 299, 323, 473, 507, 519, 589, 763–770 surface measurements, 737 diamond, 69 exposure control, 767–770 Enhanced Graphic Adapters (EGA), 430 diff usion screen, diff user, 69 Harold Edgerton, 765–766 enlargers, 73, 788–803 dipper, 70 high-speed developments, 764–765 automatic systems, 801–803 drop shutter, 71 history of, 763–764 basics, 788 evaporating dish, 74 modern flash units, 766 color, 796–799 exposure meter, 74–75 synchronized, 519 construction of, 789–796 head rest/head stand, 85 electronic flash tubes, 549 base, 789–790 hydrometer, 86 electronic f-stop timers, 676–677, 678 column, 789 knife, 89 electronic imaging, 332, 441 condenser systems, 794–795 kromscop, 89 electronic imaging equipment, 298 diff usion systems, 795–796 magazine camera, 92 electronic-imaging equipment, 299 film carrier, 792–793 magic lantern, 92 electronic photography, 430 focusing, 791–792 mask back, 92

IIndex.inddndex.indd 820820 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:456:19:45 PMPM Index 821

multiplying camera, 95 Exploding Into Life, 283 photography pioneers, 198–199 negative holder, 95 expose to the right, 402 post-1960s, 202 pencil, 101 expositions, 469 post-World War II growth, 200 photometer, 102 exposure, 74, 771 World War II impact, 199–200 reflecting screen, 109 instantaneous, 87 fast emulsion, 651 rolling press, 110 print, 674 fast peaks, 756 siphon, 113 requirements, 796–799 fauna, 519 solar enlarger, 114–115 time for, 544–545 Faurer, Louis, 252 thermometer, 118 and Zone System, 671 fax, 430 trimmer, 119 exposure control, 442, 767–770 Feature Group Projects, 217 tripod, 119 exposure index (EI), 672 FED 35mm camera, 778 umbrella tent, 119 exposure latitude, 466–467 FED-S camera, 777 whirler, 122 exposure-metering systems, 402 Fenton, Roger, 70, 573 equipment, photography’s dependence exposure meters, 74–75, 298, 587 Ferrari, Maria, 491 on, 297–300 exposure time, 28, 41, 43, 58, 87, 338, Ferrato, Donna, 197 equivalent exposure, 442 377, 639, 641, 643, 644, 656, 665, ferric ammonium citrate, 76 equivalent focal length, 714 669, 673, 675–678, 680 ferric ammonium oxalate, 76 Ermanox cameras, 189, 774 expressive art, 184 ferric cupric process, 76 Ernemann, 773 extended memory, 430 ferric gallic process, 76 Ernst, Max, 181 Extensible Markup Language (XML), ferric oxalate, 76 erotic–pornographic photographers, 198 414–415, 455 ferriogallic, 76 error corrections, 361 Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP), ferromagnetic materials, 360 Erwitt, Elliot, 251 414, 455 ferrotype, 76 Escher, Maurits, 461 extension-tube sets, 586 ferrotype cameras, 57 Es kommt der neue Fotograf! (Here extraneous light, 473 ferrotype process, 73, 76 Comes the New Photography), 229 extraocular muscles, 629 ferrotyper, 76 Essence magazine, 281 extraterrestrial cosmic rays, 580 ferrotypes, 32, 38, 62 essence of image, saving, 456–460 extreme composition, 181 ferrotyping, 76 Estes, Richard, 183 eyenology, 460 ferrotypists, 76 etching, 27, 89 ferrous ammonium oxalate, 76 ether, 74 F ferrous ammonium sulfate, 76–77 ethical guidelines, 452 fading, 76 ferrous nitrate, 77 ethical judgment, 450–451 “Fading Away,” 40, 340 ferrous oxalate, 77 ethical photojournalism, 446–453 fairness, 448 ferrous sulfate, 62, 77 ethics, 205, 339, 340, 439, 447, 448, 452 Falcon-Abbey Electricamera, 777 festoon, 77 ethyl alcohol, 39, 74 Faller, Marion, 253 fiber-base (FB) papers, 692 ethyl oxide, 74 False-color photography, 533 fiber-base (FB) prints, 682, 688–690 Euclidean distances, 391, 392 false orbs, 337 fiber-optic light, 589, 795 European modernism, 191–192 Family Album, Th e, 272 Fichter, Robert, 252–253, 278 Evans, Frederick Henry, 251–252 Family of Man, Th e, 191, 197, 231, 245, field curvature aberrations, 596 Evans, Margaret, 439 340–341 Field Eff ect transistors, 371 Evans, Ralph M., 64, 693 Family therapy, 463 field lenses, 720, 725 Evans, Walker, 236, 251–252, 267, 293, Faraday, Michael, 544, 760 field of view (FOV), 479 347 Faraday shutters, 542 field photography, 310 evaporating dish, 74 Fargier, A., 59 field stop, 715 Events in the Water, 278 far-infrared radiation (NIR), 556 figure-ground, 461–463 Every Building on the Sunset Strip, 284 Farmer, Howard, 75 filament, 795 evidence and truth, 467–468 farmer’s reducer, 75–76 filament lamps, 758–759 Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif), Farm Security Administration (FSA), filamentous silver, 706 414 196, 265, 266, 279, 281, 348 file corruption, 475 exchange club, 74 fashion, 198–204. See also pornography file formats, 360, 458 exciter filters, 534, 727 1960s, 200–201, 202 failure in reading, 362 expansion development, 667–669 current work, 204 identification, 362 expectancy, 468 fashion photography pioneers, lost specification, 362 Experimental Researches in Electricity, 198–199 parameters, 378 760 late-century, 202–203 file headers, 414

IIndex.inddndex.indd 821821 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:466:19:46 PMPM 822 Index

File Info dialog box, Adobe Photoshop fixing, 78–80 focal length, 511, 714, 715, 719, 731, 791 CS, 415 archival processing, 683–686 focal plane, 385, 714, 715 files silver dye-bleach materials focal-plane slit shutters, 58 defined, 430 components, 704–705 focus and viewing, cameras, 770–771 transferring, from camera to fixing bath, 79, 683 focusing glass, 81 computer, 378 fixing solutions, 655 focusing lens, 51 workflows, 507 Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, 29, 67, 82, 127 focus parameters, 378 fill-flash, 282 flash-activated slaves, 524 fog, 81, 649, 727 film, 77, 298 flashbulbs, 517, 524, 754–757 fog filters, 727 characteristic curves, 667 flash duration, 549 fogging, 34 chilling, 512 flash guns, 524, 579, 766, 767 folders, 188 Color Micrographic, 709 flash photography, 80 Fontcubara, Joan, 233 design, 651 flash powder, 80 food photography, 323–324, 476 developers, 667 Flash!: Seeing the Unseen, 764 food stylists, 323 developing time test, 674 Flash software, Macromedia, 303 Ford, Henry, 773 flexible, 34–35 flash systems, for plant photography, 522 forensic photography, 469, 535–537, nitrate, 96 flash tubes, 549 560, 621 processing, 666–667 flash unit capacitors, 549 forgery, 560 sensitivity, 651 flash units, 766 format conversions, 364, 507 speed, 671–674 flash X-rays, 517 format migration, 363 eff ective film speed test, 673–674 flatbed scanners, 521 format photography, 650 film developing time test, 674 flat field, 175 formats, 372 paper black density test, 673 flat-field lenses, 725 form detection, human visual system, support, 77–78 flat negatives, 667 633–634 film cameras, 478 Fleckhaus, Willy, 225 forming gas process, 510 film exposure latitude, 665 flexible films, 34–35, 664 Forte, 307 film exposures, 669, 674 flexible light-tight baffle, 338 Fortune 500 companies, 326 film exposure scale, 665 Flick, Robert, 186, 253 fossil, 40 film Fotorama F55-V cameras, 782 Flint glass, 175 Foto-Auge (Photo-Eye), 229 film projection systems, 460 flipping works, 470 Fotokor-1 folding plate camera, 775 film-screen cassettes, 564 flooring, in studio space, 472 Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon, 127 film speed, 651, 672 floppy disk drive camera models, 319 Foucault knife-edge, 610 film-strength” fixer, 683 Florence, Antoine Hercules Romuald, Fourier image reconstruction film writers, 441 27, 79 techniques, 500 filtered backprojection, 565 Flour paste, 80 Fourier mathematics, 738 filters, 366, 653, 721–724 fluorescein angiography, 581, 582 Fourier space, 500 chemical, 78 fluorescence, 400 Fourier transform, 411, 668, 678 optical, 78 fluorescence microscopy, 599, 600–601 four-in-one Flashcube, 757 smoothing, 434 fluorescence photography, 506, 533–535 four-shot/one-area array sensor with types, 727–728 fluorescent light, 680 Bayer pattern, 368 filter wheel, 367, 368, 370, 644 fluorescent tube illuminators, 591 fovea, 385, 629 fine art photographers, 186 fluorescent tubes, 793 frame, printing, 108 finishing area, professional studio, fluoresces, 761 frames per second, 488, 643, 664 476 fluorite lens, 725 frame store instruments, 526 FireWire, 430 fluorite lenses, 725 Frame Transfer image sensor, 370 firmware, 430 fluorite objectives, 596 framing rates, 517, 542 first attempts at photography, 27 fluorochromes, 601 Frampton, Hollis, 253–254 first cameras, 55 fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG), 566 Frank, Robert, 197, 210, 222, 225, 226, Fischer, Rudolph, 696 fluorophores, 601, 602 231, 254, 255, 293, 335, 348 fisheye lenses, 510, 725 flux, 384 Franke, Paul, 774 Fitt, Brian, 758 flux density, 734 Frankel, Felice, 495 fixation, 79, 662–663 Fluxus movement, 185 fraud, 560 fixed focal length lens, 770 fly through movies, 507 Fraunhofer, Joseph Von, 128 fixed-grade papers, 654 f-numbers, 35, 59, 588, 713 freelance photography, 330 fixer, 78–80, 655, 666–667, 683 Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 36, Freeman, John Craig, 440 fixer staining, 687 265, 301, 316, 320 French, Leroy, 623

IIndex.inddndex.indd 822822 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:466:19:46 PMPM Index 823

frequency response plots, 649 gas-hypering techniques, 510 Gilbreth, Frank B. and Lillian, 255 Fresnel designs, 763 gaslight papers, 60, 81–82 gilding, 67 Fresnel equations, 712, 722 Gaspar, Bela, 701 Gilka, Bob, 450 Fresnel-lensed 225A Brute arc lamps, Gaspar Color, 701 Gilman, Howard, 208 759 gas-phase hypersensitizations, 554 Gilpin, Laura, 255–256 Fresnel lenses, 725, 763 gate electrode, 371 glacial, 37 Fretwell, Paul, 524 Gates, Bill, 351, 482 glamour. See fashion Freund, Gisèle, 232, 254 Gaudin, Marc Antoine Augustine, 62, glass, 82–83 Friedlander, Lee, 231–232, 243, 254, 348 128 blue, 48 frilling, 47, 81 Gaumont system, 694 Crown, 66, 175 fringe pattern, 552 Gaussian and Newtonian equations, 715 cylinder, 66 Frith, Francis, 333 Gauss-type lens, 175 Flint, 175 Frizot, Michel, 233 Gee, Helen, 206 negatives, 31 front surface mirrors, 61 Geissler, Heinrich, 760 ruby, 110 f-stop modifications, 676 gelatin, 82, 642–643 technology breakthroughs, 167–168 f-stop settings, 401, 674 bone, 48 yellow, 122 f-stop timing, 675–677 silver dye-bleach materials glass film carriers, 792–793 Fujica ST701 cameras, 781 components, 702 glass lenses, 529 Fujicolor 400 film, 781 gelatin anti-halation plates, 85 glassless film carriers, 792 Fuji DL-200 cameras, 782 gelatin chloride papers, 75 Glass of Absinthe, Th e , 347 Fujifilm, 307 gelatin developing-out papers, 75 Glass positive, 83 Fuji FinePix cameras, 307 gelatin emulsions, 33–34, 72 Glass Tears, 470 Fuji Frontier mini-lab, 307 gelatin tintypes, 76 Glenn, John, 43 Fujix Memory Card Camera DS-X, 782 gems, 49, 57 gliding, 82 full plates, 85 generator flash systems, 766 global illumination algorithms, 612 fuming, 81 Genthe, Arnold, 265 global positioning satellite (GPS), 502, functional MRI (fMRI), 567 geographic information systems (GIS), 507, 538 fundus cameras, 582 504, 507 gloss meters, 750 fuses, 473 geology, 537–539 glue, 83–84 Fuss, Adam, 254–255 geometrical transformations, 407 glycerin, 84, 324 futurism, 180, 244 geometric distortions, 624, 717 Goddard, John Frederick, 67, 128 geometric timing, 675–678 Godowsky, Leopold, Jr., 697 G George Eastman House (GEH), Goerz, C. P., 773 G1 through G3 proximity-focused 208–209, 210, 293 gold, 84 image intensifiers, 546 George Eastman House Technology Goldberg, Vicki, 233 Gabor, Dennis, 551 Collection, 771–772 gold chloride, 84 Gaedicke, Johannes, 754 Germack, J.N., 570 Golden, Judith, 256 Gagnan, Emile, 623 Gernsheim, Alison, 231 Goldin, Nan, 197, 203, 256 gain of an electron is a reduction Gernsheim, Helmut, 231 gold toning, 29, 33, 84, 664 reaction (GeRR), 655 Geschke, Chuck, 302 Goodman, Mark, 220 Galantee show, 803 Gestalt, 463–465 “good” photographic gelatins, 82 Galileo, 499 Gestalt laws, 460 Goodwin, Reverend Hannibal, 42, 78 gallery system, 469–470 Gestalt therapy, 463 Goodwin flexible film, 773 gallic acid, 81 Getty Images, 351 Gouraud, François, 216 gallium arsenide (GaAs), 546 Getty Museum, 470 Gowin, Emmet, 256, 270 gallium arsenide phosphide cells, 741 ghost image, 82 graduate, 84 gallo-nitrate of silver, 81 Giacomelli, Mario, 254–255 graduated filters, 727 galvanizing, 30 G.I. Bill, 212, 339 Gräff , Werner, 229 gamma (␥) function, 395 Gibson, H.L., 587 Graflex large format single lens reflex gamma correction, 402 Gibson, Ralph, 255 (SLR), 772 gamma ray emitters, 566 Gidal, Tim, 232 Graham, Martha, 276 gamma rays, 499 Giddings, Al, 623 graininess, 647 Gantz, Jacob, 569–570 gigabyte, 430 grain morphology, 657 ganzfeld concept, 460 Gilbert and George, 185, 255 grains, silver halide, 641–644 Garner, Gretchen, 179 Passmore, George, 185, 255 grandmother cells, 634 Garvey, Marcus, 235, 291 Proesch, Gilbert, 185,255 granularity, 647

IIndex.inddndex.indd 823823 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:476:19:47 PMPM 824 Index

graphical users interface (GUI), 430 Halsman, Philippe, 257–258 hemispherical, defined, 175 graphic arts industry, 373 Hamilton, David, 202 hemispherical dome ports, 624 graphite, 84 hammers, 537 hemispherical geometry, 750 graphite powder, 59 Handbook of Colorimetry, 745 hemispherical spectrophotometers, graphite retouching, 72 Hansa camera, 777 751–752 Grassmann, Hermann, 743 Hansa Canon, 304 Henneberg, Hugo, 264 grating equation, 714 Hanson, W. T. “Bunny,” 699 Hering, E., 390 gravitational fields, 463 Harbutt, Charles, 226 Hering, Ewald, 633, 743 gray (Gy), defined, 569 hard copy, 430 Herring illusion, 461 Green, Jonathan, 210 hardcopy output, 457 Herschel, John Frederick William, Greenberg, Clement, 230, 232 hard disk, 430, 454–455 27–29, 33, 42, 43, 60, 66, 75, 79, 83, green/blue filters, 401 hardening agents, 646 128, 347, 508 Greenfield, Lois, 328 hard glass, 760 Herschel, William, 556, 656 green-sensitive emulsion layer, 705 hard light, 333 Herzberger, M., 319 green vitriol, 77 “Hard Times,” 40 Hesler, Alexander, 342 Griffith-Jones, Phillip, 225 Harlem Renaissance, 235, 291 Hewlett-Packard 196B oscilloscope grip equipment, 471 Harold Edgerton, 765–766 camera, 309 Griswold, Victor, 32, 76 Harper’s Bazaar, 199, 200, 241, 244 “Hidden Pictures” illustration, 462 Groover, Jan, 186 Harris, Lyle Ashton, 238 hide glues, 83 Gropius, Walter, 212, 275 Harrison, William Jerome, 33, 537 HIE film, 559 Gros, Jean Baptiste Louis, 325 harsh negative, 667 Higgins, Chester, 237 Grossman, Sid, 217, 256 Hart, Dr. David, 179 high-definition television (HDTV), 430 ground control points (GCPs), 502 Hartmann, Sadakichi, 228, 229, 232 high density (HD), 430 Ground Zero, 273 hartshorn, 41 high-density chips, 304 Group f/64, 229, 256–257 Hass, Hans, 623 high dynamic range imaging (HDRI), Guide Number System, 767 Hasselblad, Arvid Viktor, 307–308, 777 479 Guide to Photography Workshops and Hasselblad 70mm cameras, 616 Higher Education Arts Data Services Schools, Th e, 221 Hasselblad 500C cameras, 308 (HEADS), 211 Guild, 388 Hasselblad 500 EL cameras, 308 high exposure reciprocity failure, 644 gum arabic, 84 Hasselblad 1000F cameras, 308 high humidity, 642 gum bichromate process, 84 Hasselblad 1600F cameras, 308, 778 high-intensity photographic gummed tape, 690 Hasselblad Electronic Data Cameras illuminators (HIPI), 547 gun, photographic, 102 (HEDC), 781 highlight areas, 666 gun cotton, 85 Hasselblad SWA cameras, 308 highlights, 671 gunpowder, 305 Hasselblad SWC cameras, 308 high resolution, 701 Gursky, Andreas, 187, 257 Hattersley, Arnold, 214 high-resolution electronic cameras, 324 Gutenberg Galaxy, Th e, 222 Hattersley, Ralph, 214, 467 high-speed cinematography, 539–543 gutta percha, 85 Hauron, Louis Ducos de, 693, 695 high-speed films, 649–650, 651 Gutta percha trees, 85 Hawes, Josiah Johnson, 30, 216 high-speed flash radiography, 621 gyromagnetic ratio, 567, 569 Hay, Alexei, 204 high-speed infrared film (HIE), 559 Haynes, Barry, 439 high-speed photography, 543 H haze filters, 579, 722, 727 high-speed shutters, 544 Haas, Ernst, 257 head rest/head stand, 85 high-speed still photography, 544–550 Haggins, Robert L., 237 Head Up Displays (HUDs), 553 high-speed X-radiology units, 547 Haking, W., 43 Heartfield, John (John Helmut Hill, Bernhard, 418, 419 halation, 85 Herzfeld), 258 Hill, David Octavius, 30, 341 Hale, Edward Everett, 216 heat filters, 727 Hill, D.O., 228 Haley, Alex, 237 heating ventilation air conditioning Hill, Levi L., 35, 85, 692 half-plate, 85 system (HVAC), 473 Hiller, Lejaren a, 258–259 half-tone process, 198 Heidecke, Reinhold, 774 hillotype, 85 half-tone reproductions, 191 Heinecken, Robert, 258 hilotype, 692 Hall, Howard, 625 heliochromes, 35, 85 Hine, Lewis Wickes, 196, 259, 335, 448, Hall, Stuart, 237 heliographs, 27, 85 505 Hallmark Collection, 208 Heliopiktor cameras, 532 hiphop music, 237 halogen, 85 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 693 Hiro, 192, 244 halogen light sources, 365 hemicube projection images, 478 Hirschowitz, Basil, 532

IIndex.inddndex.indd 824824 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:486:19:48 PMPM Index 825

Hiser, Cherie, 220 negative, 95 perception of color, 632–633 histogram, 405, 430–431 plate, 104 perception of depth, 634 historical structures, photographs of, pneumatic, 105 perception of form, 633–634 325 roll, 110 perception of motion, 634 History and Description of the Process of holdover, 550 visual consciousness, 635 the Daguerreotype and Diorama, holograms, 550–551, 714 humectant, 86 Th e, 25 holographic interferometry, 551 Humphrey’s Journal, 31 History of Art, 347 holographic non-destructive testing Hunt, Robert, 60 History of Photography, 217, 230, 492 (HNDT), 553 Hurter, Ferdinand, 128, 671 history of photography Holographic Optical Elements, 306 Hurvich, L.M., 390 art of photography, 31–32 holographic optical elements (HOEs), hyalotypes, 73, 86 business of photography, 30–31 553 Hyatt, Isaiah, 77 calotype, 29–30 holography, 551–553, 714, 730 Hyatt, John, 77 collodion variants and negative Homasote, 473 Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodine processes, 32–33 home (computers), defined, 431 (HMI) lamps, 762–763 collodion variants and positive homoerotic photographs, 199 hydrazine, 657 processes, 32 homophobia, 203 hydrazo compound, 703 concepts of photography, 27 Hooke, Robert, 592, 610 hydrochloric acid, 86 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28 Hopkins, Harold, 532 hydrogen nuclei, 567 daguerreotype improvements, 29 Hopkins Rod endoscopes, 532 hydrometer, 86 daguerreotypes, 28 Horrell, Dr. C. William, 210 hydronalium, 755 first attempts at photography, 27 Horst, Horst P. (Horst Bormann), 199, hydroquinone, 86, 657, 661 flexible films, 34–35 204, 260 hyperfocal distances, 522 gelatin emulsions and modern era, Horst process, 695 hypering, 554 33–34 Hosoe, Eikoh, 260 hyperlinks, 479 glimpses of color, 35 Hotchkiss Workshop in Creative hypermedia, 479 Herschel, Sir John, 29 Photography, 220 hyperopia, 632 Hyppolyte Bayard, Hyppolyte29 hot mirror, 677 hypersensitization, 554–555, 649 negatives on glass, 31 “hot” pixels, 401 hyperspectral imaging, 575 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28 Hounsfield unit, 569 hypertext, 479 paper photography, 28–29 Houston, David, 78 hypo, 28, 86 permanency concerns, 33 Howard, Th omas, 340 hypo-alum toners, 687 proliferation of photography, 35–36 How the Other Half Lives, 71, 196, 335, hypo-clearing agents, 663 Ponton, Nungo, 29 448 hypo eliminators, 688–689 race for acknowledgement, 1839, 29 Hoyningen-Huene, George, 199, 201, hypo-fixing process, 663 sensitometry, 35 260 hyposulfite of soda (hypo), 683 wet plate process, 31 HP-28C graphing calculator, 309 History of Photography from 1839 to the HP-35 scientific electronic calculator, I Present, Th e, 209 309 Ibuka, Masaru, 319 History of Photography from the Earliest HP-41C alphanumeric calculator, 309 ICC-absolute colorimetric intent, 399 Use of the Camera Obscura in the HP Invent, 308–309 ICC workflows, 400 Eleventh Century Up to 1914, Th e, HP LaserJet printers, 309 icons, 431 231 HT2 (hypo test) solution, 689 ID cards, 332 History of Photography: Social and Hubble Space Telescope, 494–495, 510, identification photography, 330–332 Cultural Perspectives, A, 233 609 identity theft, 332 History of Woman Photographers, 233 hue, 465 ideological photography, 505 Hi Synchro shutter, 780 Hughes, Langston, 235, 236, 250 Ilfochrome, 701, 702, 709 Hitler Moves East, 267 Hugunin, James, 227 Ilford, 309–310, 651, 683, 707 HK 7 camera, 308 human errors, 362 Ilford Manual of Photography, 309 Hoch, Hannah, 259 human fetus images, 279 illuminance, 736 Hockney, David, 259–260 human visual system (HVS), 385, 387, illuminants, 382–385 Hoff man, Robert, 600 629–635 illuminating ray path, 599 Hoff man Modulation Contrast (HMC) basic structure of, 629–631 illumination, 387, 749 systems, 600 changing visual percept, 634–635 illumination conjugate pathway, 598 holders detection of light, 632 illumination systems, 793, 794 baby, 44 ocular optics, 631–632 Illustrated London News, 192

IIndex.inddndex.indd 825825 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:486:19:48 PMPM 826 Index

illustration photography, 324 photographic, 714–719 photographs, 556–562 illustrations, 322 spectral, 418–422 wavelengths, 602 illustrative imagery, 451 technical committees, 374 inhibitors, 699 illustrative photography, 322 imaging computer systems, 473 in-house photographers, 332 I Love Fast Cars, 204 imaging materials, and standards, initialize, defined, 431 Imacon 468 cameras, 542 372–376 inkjet printers, 304, 431 image analysis, 321, 403, 422 American National Standards inplant photographers, 332 image archives, 506 Institute, 372–373 input fiber-optic windows, 546 image area, 364, 366, 368, 369, 631, 649 importance of standards, 372 Input/Output (I/O), 431 image-capture products, 306 International Standards Organization, “input” profile, 398 Image computer algorithm family, 403 373–376 input-referred image state, 397 image content recognition (ICR), 401 Imaging Materials—Optical Disc input scanner, 431 image converter cameras, 539 Media—Storage Practices (IOS), 458 input surface intensity (Iin), 722 image converters, 539, 546 imaging sensors, 370–371, 557 insects, 519 image data, 305, 396, 401–403, 414, 422, imaging systems, 364–370 insoluble silver halide, 683 428, 434, 456–458, 487, 639, 671 IR imaging systems, 370 Instamatic cameras, 210, 485 image editing software, 401, 520 macroscan area array systems, 369 Instamatic concept, 781 image elongation, 717 microscan area array systems, instantaneous exposure, 58, 71, 86–87 image files, 456, 556 368–369 instant-readout detectors, 510 image formation, 382–388 multi-channel imaging systems, 370 instrumental metamerism, 420 illuminants and light, 382–385 multi-shot area array systems, 367–368 instrument geometry, 753 photometry, 383–384 one-shot area array systems, 365–367 instrument selection, 753 physical image formation, 386–388 scanner systems, 364–365 Instrument Systems Division (ISD), radiometry, 383 imaging techniques, 506 Konica Minolta, 313 reflectance, 385 imaging technologies (IT) committees, insurance policies, for studios, 474 sensors, 385–388 373 integral color masking, 699 image-forming coupler, 699 Imai, F., 419 integral holograms, 553 image intensifiers, 546 Immediate Family, 197, 202, 270 integral tri-pack, 698 image interpretation, 667 imperial, 86 intellectual copyright law, 483–484 image manipulation, 555–556 Imperial Chemical Industries (I.C.I.), intellectual property, 483 image networks, 568 309 “intelligent” CMM, 400 image permanence, 456 impressionism, 184 intense negative, 87 Image Permanence Institute (IPI), 692 Impressions, 224 intensification, 87 Imageprint, 487 Improved Process of Taking Photographic interaction, 612 image processing, 433, 520 Pictures upon Glass, 40 interactive, defined, 431 algorithms, 378 Inamori, Dr. Kazuo, 313 interference filters, 722 defined, 431 incident intensity (Ii), 722 interference fringes, 551 software for, 520 incident light meters, 736, 739 interference patterns, 575 image-relevant detail, 674 incident radiation, 721 interferometry, 514, 738 imageRUNNER (iR), 304 incorporated coupler processes, 698 inter-instrument agreement, 753 imagery, 535 indexed color, 431 interiors, 87 image sensor, 370–371 index of refraction, 719 interior views, 326 image size, 730–731 Indian red, 86 interlace, defined, 431 image stabilization, archival processing, indicator stop bath, 662 Interline Transfer CCD image sensor, 689 indium tin oxide electrodes, 371 371 image-storage technology, 300 Indocyanine Green (ICG) dye, 582 intermittent workshops, 217 image systems, moving, 539 industrial photography, 332–333 inter-model agreement, 753 Image Technology Standards Board Inferno, 277 internal reflection, 337, 662 (ITSB), 373 inferotemporal cortex, 634 International Center of Photography image tiles, 369 Infinity Stylus camera, 316 (ICP), 209 image tonality, 657 information channels, 453 International Color Consortium (ICC), image transmissions, 555 infrared (IR), 467, 533 399, 414 image-wise silver distribution, 655 cameras, 560 International Council on Monuments Imageworks Center and School, 220 films, 533, 558, 650 and Sites (ICOMOS), 584 Imaging filters, 557, 727 International Electrotechnical electron, 529 imaging systems, 370 Commission (IEC), 373, 374

IIndex.inddndex.indd 826826 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:496:19:49 PMPM Index 827

International Imaging Industry isochromatic plates, 35 K Association, 373 isoing, 82 kallitype, 89 International Museum of Photography isotope, 569 Kalmus, Herbert, 695 (IMP), 208–209 isotropic filters, 409 Kansas State University Geology International Organization for ISO Working Group, 692 Department, 216 Standardization (ISO), 373, 374, Iturbide, Graciela, 260 kaolin, 89 385 Ives, Frederic Eugene, 35, 64, 89, Kaplan, Daile, 440 International Press Telecommunications 128–129 Kaplan, John, 439 Council, 414 ivorytype, 88 Karsh, Yousuf, 261 International Press Telecommunications Käsebier, Gertrude, 36, 248, 261–262 Council (IPTC) fields, 415 J Keats, John, 481 International Press Telecommunications Jaaskelainen, Timo, 419 Keita, Seydou, 262 Council (IPTC)-NAA standard, 414 Jablochkoff , Paul, 758 Kelly, Earl, 216 International Society for Jablochkoff Candle, 758 Kelly, Mary, 186 Photogrammetry and Remote Jackson, William Henry, 42, 70, 77 Kelvin scale, 741, 760 Sensing (ISPRS), 584 Jameson, D., 390 Kemp, Dr. Lynne Bentley, 179 International Standard ISO 6, 651 Janson, H.W., 347 Kendall developer, 657, 661 International Standards Organization, Japanese camera industry (JCII), 780 Kendall-Pelz rule, 657 373–374 Japanese Society of Scientific Kennett, Richard, 34 Internet, eff ects on photojournalism, 340 Photography, 494 Kepes, Gyorgy, 262, 463 interpolation, 431 Japan varnish/japanning, 88 Kern, Richard, 203 interpretative art, 184 japonisme, 228 kernels, 407, 409, 431 “Interpreted Real,” 467 Java VR, 479 kerning, 431 intervals, 463 Jay, Bill, 225 Kerouac, Jack, 210–211 Interview magazine, 292 Jeff ery, Ian, 226 Kerr, John, 545 intraocular lens, 632 Jena, Carl Zeiss, 773 Kerr cells, 542 intraoral photography, 527 Jet, 236 Kertész, André, 229, 244, 262, 347 In Tune with Tomorrow, 316 Jim Crow laws, 234 keyhole surgery, 532 inverse centimeters, 734 “job” jacket systems, 474 keying, 431 Inverse Square Law, 384, 737 Jobo processor, 486 Keystone eff ect, 727 inverse square law of illumination, 589 Johnson, J., 34 Kids, 247 inverted images, 631 Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 235 Killian, James, 764 invisible evidence, 603 Johnston, William J., 619 kilobit (kb), 431 invisible radiation, 661 Joint Photographers Experts Group kilobyte (kB), 431 Invitational Teaching Conference, 213 (JPEG), 411, 431 Kind of History, A, 220 iodide, 706 joint technical committees (JTCs), 374 Kinemacolor, 693 iodine, 87–88 Joly, John, 35, 88–89, 93 King, Coretta Scott, 236 iodine fumes, 67 Joly plate, 88–89 King, Martin Luther Jr., 236 iodine vapors, 760 Jones, Daniel, 76 Kinnear, C. G. H., 56 iodobromide emulsion, 641 Jones, Grace, 201 Kinnear cameras, 46 ionization, 567 Jones, Quincy, 481 Kino Flo, 761 ionization constant, 660 Jones Griffiths, Philip, 261 Kinsey, Alfred C., 268 ionization paths, 547 Josephson, Ken, 261 Kircher, Athanasius, 803 ionization sweet spot, 660 Jostens pictures, 344 kirilian photography, 562–563 ionizing currents, 766 joule, 734 Kiss, Th e, 250 Iraq conflict, censorship of war pictures, Jourdan, Charles, 202 kitchen, in professional studio, 476 194–195 journalistic/editorial photography, 187, kite aerial photography, 506 iron, 88 192 kits, 89 iron oxalate, 75 Journal of the Royal Institution, 27 Kleeblat, 264 iron salt process, 88 Judd, D.B., 389 Klein, Rudolph, 773 iron sulfate, 77 Judd, D.L., 384 Klein, Steven, 204 irradiance, 383, 384, 734 Julien Levy Collection, 206 Klein, William, 201, 262–263 irrationality, 182 Jung, Carl, 462 Klett, Mark, 263 Is Anyone Taking Any Notice?, 272 Jupiter Images, 351 Kloen, William, 32, 76 isinglass, 83 Juster, Norton, 742 Knave of Hearts, 268 isochromatic photography, 88 juxtaposes images, 238 knife, 89

IIndex.inddndex.indd 827827 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:496:19:49 PMPM 828 Index

“known” values, 753 Kuhn, Heinrich, 264 LeCoultre Compass cameras, 777 Koch, Carl, 778 Kula, Vlastimil, 203 Lee, Russell, 265–266 Kodachrome, 696 Kyocera, 313 Lee, Spike, 237 Kodachrome cameras, 773, 777 Kyocera Visual Phone VP-210, 313 Leeuwenhoek, 499 Kodachrome film, 195, 311, 312, 322, Lefkowitz, Lester, 587 805 L Le Gray, Gustave, 30, 31, 61 Kodacolor film, 189, 312, 698 LabPQR, 420 Leibovitz, Annie, 266, 328 Kodak, 35, 58, 308, 310–313, 348, 441, labs, 299 Leica ADS40 Digital Sensors, 504 554, 695 La Chapelle, David, 204 Leica cameras, 189, 314, 315, 347, 775 Kodak aerial film, 594 Lambertian diff user, 735 Leicaflex SL cameras, 314 Kodak cameras, 188–189, 310, 772 Lambertian surfaces, 387 Leica/Leitz, 313–315 Kodak Carousel Projectors, 312 Lambert’s law, 722 Leith, Emmett, 551 Kodak Carousel system, 805 lamps, early filament, 758–760 Leith-Upatnieks halograms, 552 Kodak Cavalcade Projector, 312 Lanchester, F. W., 63 Leitz, Ernst, 314, 772 Kodak Developer DK-50, 657 Land, Edwin, 189 Leitz lenses, 189 Kodak Ektachrome Transparency Sheet land cameras, 317, 507 Lemagny, Jean-Claude, 233 film, 312 Landsat, 615 lens boards, 588 Kodak Girl, 188, 311 landscape lenses, 56, 158–159, 175 lens diaphragm rings, 588 Kodak Instamatic Cameras, 311, 312 landscape photography, 333–334 lenses, 175, 298, 719–721 Kodak International Newspaper Lange, Dorothea, 223, 236, 265 of 19th century, 160–167 Snapshot Awards (KINSA), 348 Langenheim, Frederick, 30, 31, 38, 83, combination, 175 Kodak Model 3 Folding Pocket camera, 86, 90 design, 157–158, 167 772 Langenheim, William, 30, 31, 38, 83, 86, experimentation and alternatives, Kodak Photo CD system, 312 89–90 159–160 Kodak Photomicrography Color Film, Langmuir, Irving, 758 eyepiece, 593 594 language, 218 first modern, 168–174 Kodak Pocket Instamatic cameras, 311 lantern, magic, 92 Gauss-type, 175 Kodak Print Siphon, 689 lantern slide, 89 landscape, 158–159, 175 Kodak Rapid Selenium toner, 688 Laplace filters, 409 portrait, 159, 175–176 Kodak Research Laboratories, 420, 645 large format cameras (LFCs), 325, 467, rectilinear, 176 Kodak Retina Reflex Camera, 312 616 types, 724–727 Kodak Stereo Camera, 779 large-scaled digital printing presses, 454 lens eyepiece, 593 Kodak Vest Pocket camera, 773 Larmor frequency, 567, 569 leptographic paper, 33, 50, 90 Kodascope Projector, 312 Lartigue, Jacques-Henri, 265, 348 le Secq, Henri, 30 Kodaslide Projector, 805 laser beam printers (LBPs), 304 Lester, Paul, 448 Köhler, August, 598 laser discs, 479 lettertypes, 76 Köhler illumination, 598 laser printers, 459 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, 252 Koilos shutter, 772 laser pulses, 547 leucotypes, 70 Konica Minolta, 313 laser technology, 304 leveling, 90 Konica Minolta 5D cameras, 319 Last Days of Summer, Th e, 202 Levine, Sherrie, 187, 266 Konica Minolta Colorimeters, 313 late-century fashion, 202–203 Levinthal, David, 267 Konica Minolta meters, 313 latent images, 26, 30, 74, 649, 666 Levitt, Helen, 267 Konica Minolta’s Color Analyzers, 313 lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 630 Levy, Julien, 206 Koni-Omega Rapid, 780 Laughlin, Clarence John, 265 Lewin, Kurt, 463 Korn, Dr. Arthur, 772 Laurent, Jean, 62, 90 Lewis, W. H., 56 Kosuth, Joseph, 238 lavender oil, 90 Leyden jars, 763–764 Kotera, H., 419 Lavendula spica, 90 Lhote, Andre, 200 Koudelka, Josef, 263 law enforcement, 245 Liberman, Alexander, 200, 201, 282 Krims, Les, 187, 263–264 L-cones, 385, 743 library, defined, 431 Krinov, E. L., 419 Lea, M. C., 77 Library of Photography, 211 Kriss, Michael, 358 lead, 90 Libsohn, Sol, 256 Kristof, Emory, 623 lead acetate, 90 Lichtenberg figures, 563 kromscop, 89 lead chromate, 90 Lieberkuhn mirror, 589 Kromskop, Ives, 64 lead nitrate, 90 Life is Good for You in New York — Kruger, Barbara, 183, 187, 238, 264 leaf shutters, 544 William Klein Trance Witness Revels, Krull, Germaine, 264 LeBlon, Jakob Christoff el, 64 262–263

IIndex.inddndex.indd 828828 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:496:19:49 PMPM Index 829

Lifelike Portraiture, 756 liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, Luce, Henry, 192 Life magazine, 192–194, 222, 225, 230, 431–432 Luchford, Glen, 204 236, 251, 279, 335 liquid crystal displays, 306 Lucky Film, 313 Life Touch pictures, 344 liquid-hydrogen bubble chambers, 580 luma-chroma color spaces, 395 ligands, 708 liquid-phase hypersensitizations, 554 lumens, 735 Light, David, 615 liquids, photographing, 324 Lumiére, Auguste and Louis, 93, 129, 693 light detection, human visual system, 632 Lisa computer, Apple, 304 Lumiere, La , 31 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 431, 542, Lissitsky, El, 229 luminance, 390, 735 547, 781 List, Herbert, 199, 267–268 luminance channel (L*), 746 lighting, 91, 471 lithium, 91 luminance values, 395 architectural photography, 326 lithium bromide, 91 luminescence, 534 chemical flash, 754–757 lithium chloride, 92 luminosity function, 383 continuous electric lighting systems, lithography, 27 luminous effiency function, 388, 389 757–763 litmus paper, 91–92 luminous flux, 547, 735 defined, 728 Little Boy, 268 luminous intensity, 735 electronic flash lighting, 763 Living With the Enemy, 197 luminous power, 383 methods, 506 load, defined, 432 lunar surface photographs, 615 overview, 753–754 lobes, occipital, 636 Lunn, Harry, 207 and perspective, 728 location photography, 573 lwer hardening level, 654 rembrandt, 109 location studio, 476–477 Lyman, David, 220 renting, 471 Locke, Alain, 235 Lynes, George Platt, 268 window, 122 lock-up, defined, 432 Lyon, Danny, 268 Lighting By Design: A Technical Guide, Lockwood, Lee, 225, 226 Lyons, Joan, 268–269 758 logarithmic scales, 645 Lyons, Nathan, 213, 214, 217, 218, 220, light pollution, 578 log exposure range, 679 231, 268–269 light rays, 599, 629 logic board, 432 light scatter, 657 Londe, Albert, 525, 570 M light-sensitive receptors, 771 long exposure, 59, 203, 472, 653, 665, M3 cameras, 314 light-sensitive silver halides, 666 674, 676, 678 M5 cameras, 315 light trap, 90 long-focal-length lenses, 349 MacAdam, D., 746 light wavelengths, 743 long-focus lenses, 725 Macbeth color checker rendition chart, Lightwork, 224 longitudinal chromatic aberrations, 717 385 Linked ring, 91 Longly, William, 623 Mach, Ernst, 513, 548 Lincoln portrait, 342–343 Long-Term Preservation of Complex machine code, 432 Lindbergh, Peter, 204 Processes, 363 Macintosh computers, 304, 441, 442 linear arrays, 431 long wavelength radio waves, 711 macro-flash units, 522 linear CCD array, 427, 649 long wavelength sensitivity, 388 macro lenses, 507, 585, 625, 720, 725 linear filters, 407 long X-ray pulses, 517 macro parameters, 378 linearity laws, 388 Look magazine, 193, 335 macroscan area array systems, 369 linearly polarizing filters, 722 Look of Th ings, Th e, 233 macroscanning, 369 linear neighborhood operations, 407 Look-Up Table (LUT), 399, 432 macro-zoom lenses, 725 linear output, 431 Lorant, Stephan, 270 Maddox, Richard Leach, 33, 71, 129, 664 linear perspective, 728–730 Lorie, R.A., 363 magazine cameras, 58, 92 line-pairs per millimeter (lpm), 718 lossless compression, 361, 410 magazines, 192, 211, 351 line voltage, 793 loss less file types, 458 magic lanterns, 92, 803–805 Linhof, Valentin, 773 loss of electron is an oxidization magic numbers, 362 Link, O. Winston, 267 reaction (LeO), 655 Magicube systems, 757 Lion, Jules, 234 lossy compression, 410–411 magnesium, 92 Lippman, Andrew, 477 Loveland, R.P., 570 magnesium burners, 754 Lippmann, Gabriel, 63, 72, 91, 129, 419, low-contrast print material (CF), 710 magnesium fluoride, 713 552, 692 low-contrast scene, 671 magnesium powder, 80 Lippmann color plates, 39 low-intensity reciprocity failures (LIRF), magnesium ribbons, 756 Lippmann emulsions, 72, 91 509, 554, 578, 644–645 magnetically recorded video tape, 460 Lippmann process, 91 low-level aerial archaeology platforms, magnetic media tapes, 362 liquid crystal display (LCD), 431, 467, 506 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, 806 lubricant, 92 567

IIndex.inddndex.indd 829829 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:506:19:50 PMPM 830 Index

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 613 materials enlarger lens, 725 magneto-optical shutters, 545 black and white films, 649–652 field lens, 725 magnification calculations, 589 anti-halation protection, 651 fisheye lens, 725 Magnum Photos, 336 chromogenic films, 651–652 flat-field lens, 725 Magritte, Rene, 461 film design, 651 fluorite lens, 725 Mahn film, 559 film sensitivity, 651 fresnel lens, 725 Maholy-Nagy, 182 overview, 649–650 long-focus lens, 725 mail-order catalogs, 322 push-processing, 651 macro lens, 725 Maine Photographic Workshops, 220 spectral sensitivity, 650 macro-zoom lens, 725 Making Malcolm: Th e Myth and support, 650 meniscus lens, 725 Meaning of Malcolm X, 237 black and white papers, 652–654 micro-imaging lens, 725 Malcolm X, 237 chromogenic papers, 654 mirror lens, 725 Malerei, Fotografie, Film (Painting, contrast grades, 653 negative lens, 725–726 Photography, Film), 276 image stability of resin coated orthoscopic lens, 726 Malraux, Andrea, 183 papers, 654 perspective-control/PC lens, 726 Mamiya Elca cameras, 779 overview, 652 portrait lens, 726 Mamiyaflex C cameras, 779 spectral sensitivity, 654 positive lens, 726 mammography, 566, 569 support, 652–653 process lens, 726 Mammoth camera, 772 surface, 653 projector lens, 726 mammoth plate, 92 tone and tint, 653 reduction lens, 726 Man, Felix (Hans Baumann), 270 variable contrast papers, 653–654 relay lens, 726 Manchee, Doug, 440 cameras, 770–771 soft-focus lens, 726 Manet, Edouard, 180 enlargers, 788–803 split-diopter lens, 726 Manhattan gallery “291,” 229 automatic enlarging systems, supplementary lens, 726 Manly, Th omas, 59 801–803 teleconverter lens, 726 Mann, Sally, 197, 202, 270 basics, 788 telephoto lens, 726 Mannes, Leopold, 697 color, 796–799 variable focal length lens, 726 Mansfield, George, 34 construction of, 789–796 wide angle lens, 726–727 Many Voices, 283 design of, 788–789 zoom lens, 727 mapmakers, 504 digital enlarging systems, 803 photographic lighting, 753 mapped, defined, 479 future of enlarging, 803 chemical flash lighting, 754–757 mapping, 428, 432 specialized application enlarging continuous electric lighting Mapplethorpe, Robert, 203, 237, systems, 799–801 systems, 757–763 270–271 filter types electronic flash lighting, 763–770 Marcus, Carl, 491 barrier filters, 727 overview, 753–754 Marey, Etienne-Jules, 550, 570 colloidal silver filters, 727 photographic optics, 711–724 Marey, J., 524–525 Davis Gibson Filters, 727 photographic filters, 721–724 Margulies, Simon, 358 dichroic filters, 727 photographic imaging, 714–719 Marien, Mary Warner, 233 exciter filters, 727 photographic lenses, 719–721 Marine Hospital Services (MHS), 591 fog filters, 727 projection, 803–806 Mark, Mary Ellen, 197, 271 graduated filters, 727 silver halide materials, 641–649 marker beads, 517 haze filters, 727 emulsion coating, 647 marketplace, photo, 469–471 heat filters, 727 the future of silver halide, 649 Martha Stewart Living, 194 infrared filters, 727 modulation transfer function, 649 Martin, Adolphe Alexandre, 32 neutral-density filters, 727–728 silver halide emulsions, 641–646 Martin, Charles, 623 spatial filters, 728 silver halide grain properties, Martinez-Sanchez, José, 33, 62, 90 spatial frequency filters, 728 643–645 Martinez-Sanchez, Laurent, 33 star filters, 728 silver image quality attributes, mask, 92 status filters, 728 647–649 masking negative, 92 lens types, 724–727 Mathematics and the Imagination, mass culture, 182, 183, 187 afocal lens, 724 591 mass media, 185, 187, 199, 202, 222, anamorphic lens, 724 matrix mapping, 394 226, 258, 292 aspheric lens, 724 matrix metering, 738–739 master film (CMM), 709 catadioptric lens, 724–725 mat spacers, 459 mastic, 92 condenser lens, 725 matt surface, 93 mat, 92–93 convertible lens, 725 Mavica cameras, 191

IIndex.inddndex.indd 830830 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:516:19:51 PMPM Index 831

Maxwell, James Clerk, 64, 129, 512, 692, memory chips, 488–489 microscan area array systems, 368–369 743 memory stick technology, 319 microscanning technology, 368 Maynard, John Parker, 61 Menard, Louis, 61 microscopes, 495 McBean, Angus, 271–272 Men at Work, 259 microscopic patterns, 552 McCausland, Elizabeth, 230 meniscus, 175 microscopy, 318, 492, 493 McCullin, Don, 225, 272 meniscus lenses, 725 middle temporal (MT) visual cortex, McDean, Craig, 204 Men of Mark, 247 634 McDonough, James William, 93 mental images, 629 Midget #5 flashbulbs, 755 McDonough plates, 88 mercaptanes, 707 Mieche, Adolf, 754 McDonough’s process, 93 mercaptide ion, 708 Migrant Mother, 236 McDougall, Angus, 339 Mercer, Kobena, 237 migrations, 364 McKendry, John, 270 Mercuric chloride, 93 Mili, Gjon, 328 McLaughlin, Clarence John, 187 mercury, 93 military photography, 573–575 McLuhan, Marshall, 227, 236, 467 mercury toning, 664 milk-glass positives, 32, 62 M-cones, 385, 632, 744 Merifield, P.M., 614 Miller, Lee, 199, 274 Mead, Margaret, 505 Mermelstein, Jeff , 335 Miller principle, 540 measles, 93 mesopic vision, 385, 743 Minamata, 287 measured color, 747 metadata and digital photography, “mind’s eye’s” compositions, 422 measurement devices, 738–741 411–417, 454 minerals, 25, 50, 51, 61, 205, 319, 661 Meatyard, Ralph Eugene, 187, 272 categories, 412 miniature cameras, 189 mechanical reproduction, 184 defined, 411–412 minicomputers, 432 mechanical shutters, 58 and retrieval, 413–414 minims, 71, 94 Meckes, Oliver, 495 standards, 414 minimum density, 678, 679 media convergence, 360 storage and technologies, 414–415 Minolta, 313 Medianet project, 486 terminology, 412–413 Minolta Flex cameras, 777 median filters, 409 use and requirements, 412 Minolta SR-2 cameras, 779 media-relative colorimetric intent, 399 metal ion sources, 655 Minority Photographers Inc., 224 medical diagnostic imaging (MRI), Metall series, 264 mirroring, 691 563–569 metal reduction, 655 mirror lenses, 725 medical photography, 469, 560, 569–572 metal vapor lasers, 517 mirror-likenesses, 341 medium peaks, 756 metamerism, 400, 418 mirror/pentaprism, 189 mediums, physical damage to, 362 metamorphoser, 805 mirror/prism cameras, 518 Medium Source Rare-Earth (MSR) metastases, 569 mirrors, 47, 94, 528 lamps, 762–763 methyl alcohol, 39 Mirrors and Windows: American medium wavelength sensitivity, 388 methylated spirit, 93 Photography Since 1960, 232 Mees, C.E. Kenneth, 420, 554, 697, 774 Metol, 93, 661 Misrach, Richard, 274–275 megabit (Mb), 432 Metric Guide Numbers, 767 Miss Girl, 238 megabyte (MB), 432 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 209 Miyake, Yoichi, 419 megabytes per second/megabits per Metzger, Ray, 273 mobile telephones, image quality, second (MBPS), 432 Meyerowitz, Joel, 273–274, 348 339–340 megapixal digital imaging camera Meyer Tele-Megor lenses, 308 Model, Lisette, 275 systems, 595 mezzotint painting, 66 Model 95 cameras, 317 megapixals, 504 mica, 94 Model 200A, 309 Meggaflash, 757 Michals, Duane, 186, 274 Model A Leica cameras, 314 Meisel, Steven, 204 microcomputer, 432 Model C Leica cameras, 314 Meiselas, Susan, 194, 272–273, 335 micro-autoradiography, 649 Model IIIa cameras, 314 melainotypes, 62, 76, 93 microbolometers, 621 Model IIIf cameras, 314 melt, 93 micro-computers, 432, 485 model releases, 352 Memo cameras, 774 microdensitometer, 647 modern abstraction, 229 memory, 432 microdispersion method, 63 modern flashbulbs, 757 buff er, 427 microfilm, 373, 710 Modernism, 185 defined, 432 microfossils, 538 Modernist movement, 205 extended, 430 micro-imaging lenses, 725 Modern Photojournalism: Origin and static, 434 micrometers, 608 Evolution, 1910–1933, 232 memory cards, 432 microphones, 501 Modern Postcard printers, 341 memory cells, 403 micro-photography, 94 Modotti, Tina, 240, 293

IIndex.inddndex.indd 831831 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:516:19:51 PMPM 832 Index

modulation transfer function (MTF), multiple exposures, 800 natural energy, 563 378, 649, 719 multiple-format enlargers, 792 natural lighting, 522 Moholy, Lucia Schultz, 275 multiple-lens cameras, 57–59 nature photography, 576–577 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 212, 229, 262, multiple tiles with one-area array sensor, nautical twilight, 579 275–276, 286 369 near-infrared light, 711 “moment of serving” appearance, 324 multiplying cameras, 57–59, 95 near-infrared radiation (NIR), 556, 606 “moments of awakening” images, 202 multi-shot area array systems, 367–368 near points, 632 Monckhoven, Desire Charles Emanuel multi-slot vertical print washers, 689 near-ultraviolet light, 711 Van, 129 multispectral digital cameras, 504 Neblette, C. B., 213 Monet, Claude, 180 multispectral imaging, 421, 422 Neff , Peter, 32, 76 monochromatic aberrations, 716 multispectral scanner, 419 Neff , William, 76 monochromatic illumination, 749 Mumler, William, 82, 337 Negative monochrome area array sensor, 367 Munchner Illustrierte Presse (MIP), 270 negative cloud, 61 monochrome channels, 605 Museum of Modern Art, 209 negative contrast, 667, 669 monochrome information channels, 533 Museum Without Walls, 183 negative density, 665, 667 monopods, 298 Mussolini, 270 negative development, 666–670 monosize emulsions, 645 Muybridge, Eadweard James, 130, 253, negative envelope, 95 montage, 183, 229, 244, 264 439, 524, 550, 570, 623, 764 negative exposure durations, 674 Moon, Sarah, 202 myopia, 632 negative holder, 95 Morgan, Barbara Brooks, 223, 276, 328, mythological imagery, 294 negative intense, 87 347 negative lenses, 719, 725–726 Morgan, Willard, 276, 347 N negative masking, 92 Morimura, Yasumasa, 276–277 Nachtwey, James, 277 negative number, 95 Morizov, Nikolai, 419 Nadar, Félix, 341–342 negative paper, 100–101 Morse, Samuel F. B., 86, 216 Nadar, Gaspar Felix Tournachon, 32 negative printers, 460 Mortensen, William, 277, 758 Nadir, 480 negative sky, 113 Moscow, 263 Nagel, Dr. August, 774 negative varnish, 95–96 Moss, Kate, 202 Nagel Vollenda cameras, 775 negatives, 648, 788 motherboard, 432 Nagy, Moholy, 212 negative sensitivity, 745 motion detection, 634 Naked City, 292 negatives on glass, 31 motion parallax, 730 nanobots, 481 Negro Pavilion, Exposition Universelle motion perspective, 729 nanoseconds, 518, 547 in Paris, 235 Motion Picture Experts Group, (MPEG), narrative, 181 Neo-Dada, 283 432 narrative, documentary, and editorial Nepera Chemical Company, 81 motion-picture projectors, 805 work (NDE), 334 Nettles, Bea, 278 motion-pictures, standards for, 373 narrow-band filters, 370 network, 432 Mott, F.L., 339 National Archives and Records neutral-density filters, 722, 727–728 mounting, 94–95 Administration (NARA), 363 neutrons, 569 mouse, defined, 432 National Association for the Newbert, Chris, 625 ‘mouse traps,” 56 Advancement of Colored People New Deal program, 230 Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 237 (NAACP), 235 Newhall, Beaumont, 208–209, 217, 223, Moviemaps, 477 National Association of Schools of Art 230–231, 277 moving objects, 59, 365, 367, 368, 634, and Design (NASAD), 211 Newhall, Nancy, 223, 277 643, 664, 665 National Endowment for the Arts New History of Photography, 233 MQ developer, 95 (NEA), 211 New Journalism, 249 “Mrs. John Leslie as Truth,” 40 National Geographic magazine, 195 Newman, Arnold, 278–279 Muary, F.F., 570 national influence on photographic Newman, James, 591 mucilage, 95 education, 211–212 New Negro: An Interpretation, 235 mucilage glues, 83 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 591 New Negro for a New Century, A, 235 Mueller, Robby, 761 National Press Photographers New Negro movement, 235 Müller, Lillian, 202 Association (NPPA), 339 Newton, Helmut, 201, 202, 279 multi-channel imaging systems, 370 National Science Foundation’s (NSF), Newton’s rings, 792–793 Multigrade, Ilford, 653 612 New Topographics outlook, 240 multi-layer assembly films, 652 National Television Standards “New West” photographs, 240 multimedia, 480 Committee (NTSC), 432 New York, New York, 201 multiphoton microscopy, 602 Native Americans, 248, 268 New York Art Directors’ Club, 191

IIndex.inddndex.indd 832832 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:526:19:52 PMPM Index 833

New York City Beat scene, 254 Nyquist theorem, 432 External, 581 New York Review of Books, 211 nystagmus, 636 Fundus, 581–582 Nichol, W. J., 89 Slit lamp biomicrography, 581 Nicholson, Chris, 623 O Specular biomicrography, 581 Niépce, Isidore, 29 Obernetter, Johann Baptist, 62, 76, 131 optical aberrations, 632 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28, 44, object beams, 552 optical blurs, 590 55, 60, 74, 83, 85, 86, 130–131, 641 object distance, 730–731 optical character reader/recognition Niépce de St. Victor, Claude Felix Abel, objectification, 182 (OCR), 432 31, 35, 38, 70, 73, 83, 85, 130–131 objectivity, 71, 181, 185, 229, 243, 247, optical disc file storage medias, 458 Niépceotypes, 31, 38, 96 252, 264, 283, 286, 289, 443, 448, optical fiber technology, 507 Niepce process, 96 492 optical filter, 78 night photography, 96, 577–580 observer (O) members, 374 optical glass, 83, 650 Nikon, 315–316 obsolescence, 362–363, 456 optical holography, 673 Nikon cameras, 189, 315 obtuse perspectives, 181 optical microscopy, 526, 601 Nikonos I cameras, 780 occipital lobes, 636 optical pathways, 598 Nikonos underwater lenses, 625 October, 232 optical radiation, 733 Nikon Small World photomicrography ocular optics, 631–632 optical sensitization, 115 competition, 494 ocular sensors, 633 optic disc, 629 Nikorette camera, 315 odorless toners, 687 Opticolor systems, 694 Nilsson, Lennart, 279, 571 OECF2 (opto electronic conversion optics, 711–724 nine-shot/one area-array sensor with function), 377 filters, 721–724 Bayer pattern, 369 Oehmichen, Etienne, 764 imaging, 714–719 ninth plate, 96 off -axis lighting, 523 lenses, 719–721 Nitke, Barbara, 203 of-the-film (OTF) plane, 781 optimize, defined, 432 nitrate film, 96 oil optimum print fixing, 685 nitric acid, 96–97 coloring, 99 opto-electronic conversion function nitrocellulose, 43, 97, 650 lavender, 90 (OECF) measurements, 378 nitrogen oxides, 459 olive, 99 orb photography, 337–338 Nixon, Bebe, 280 spike, 115 ordinary emulsion, 99 Nixon, Nicholas, 279–280, 348 O’Keeff e, Georgia, 289 organic restrainers, 38, 660 “noble” metal, 656 Old Character Series, 235 original file storage media, 457 nodal points, 338, 477, 480 Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow, Th e, Orion Nebula, 508 noise level, 367 71, 335 OR operator, 426 nomenclature, 372 Old Master paintings, 245 orthochromatic, 99 non-linear filters, 409 olive oil, 99 orthochromatic emulsions, 35 non-linear sRGB values, 396 Olympus, 316 orthochromatic films, 650, 696 non-linear sYCC values, 396 one-shot area array systems, 365–367 orthogonal photographic stations, non-linear transfer function, 395 OneStep Land camera, 318 516–517 non-pictorial data, 412 one-step photography, 317 orthoscopic lenses, 726 non-recoverable read errors, 361 on line, defined, 432 osmium filaments, 758 non-silver process, 97–99 online journals, 454 Osterman, Mark, 36 “normal” contrast scene, 671 On Photography, 211, 232 Ostermeyer, Johannes, 755 normal development, 667–669 on-site editing, 340 Ostrow, Saul, 179 normalization factor, 387, 391 On the Road, 210 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 131 North American Indian, Th e, 505 ontology, 413 Ostwald ripening, 649 Nostalgia, 253 opalotypes, 39, 62, 99 O’Sullivan, Timothy H., 70, 350, 537 Notations in Passing, 269 opaltypes, 62 Ottawa, Nicole, 495 Nothing Personal, 201 opaque, 99 Outerbridge, Paul, Jr., 280 Nova magazine, 222 operating rooms, 571 output amplifier, 371 Nubus, 432 operating system (OS), 432 output device coordinates, 398 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 567 ophthalmic photography, 321 output fiber-optic windows, 546 nuclear track recording, 580 opponency channels (a* and b*), 746 “output” profile, 398 numbering system, 465 opponent color modulations, 390 outputreferred color encodings, 396 numerical aperture (NA), 595 Opportunities in the Dance, 329 output-referred image state, 397–398 numerical f-stop timing table, 676 Optex AuraSoft, 759 outputs, 444 Nyquist frequency, 359 Ophthalmic photography, 580–582 overcast, 333

IIndex.inddndex.indd 833833 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:526:19:52 PMPM 834 Index

overdevelopment/overexposure, 99–100 litmus, 92 defined, 728 overexposure, 665–666 plain, 104 types of, 728–733 overflow drains, 371 porcelain, 105 perspective-control (PC) lens, 325, 726 overhead projected images, 805 self-toning, 111 perspective distortions, 717 overlap, and perspective, 728 tracing, 118 pet, 650 overlapping images, 583 paper black density test, 673 Petruck, Peninah R., 232–233 Overview of Technological Approaches to paper negative, 100–101 Petzval, Josef Max, 29, 132 Digital Preservation and Challenges paper photography, 28–29 Petzval curvature, 716–717 in Coming Years, 363 paper roll films, 34 Petzval lens, 29 Owens, Bill, 197 parabolic aluminum reflector lamp, 759 Pfahl, John, 186 oxalic acid, 100 parallax, 314, 634, 638, 664, 680 pH, 660 oxgall, 100 para-phenylenediamine color developer, phantasmagoria, 803 oxidation, 654, 683, 691 698 Phantom Tollbooth, Th e, 742 oxidized developers, 69 paraxial optics, 714 phase contrast microscopy, 599 oxidizing agents, 655, 691, 704 Paris de nuit, 229 phase objects, 599 oxymel process, 100 Parke-Bernet, 207–208 phenomenology and design, 750–752 ozotype, 100 Parker, Olivia, 280–281 bidirectional spectrophotometers, Parkes, Alexander, 77 750–751 P Parkkinen, Jussi, 419 hemispherical spectrophotometers, Padeste, Romano, 357 Parks, Gordon, 200, 236, 281 751–752 Page, Larry, 591 Parr, Martin, 281–282 spectrofluorimeter design, 752 paint, 432 participating (P) members, 374 Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA), 206 Painter and the Photograph, Th e, 222 passé-partout, 92, 101 phosphate salts, 660 painters, 180 paste, 101 phosphorescent intensifying screens, 564 Painting, Photography, Film, 229 pastel portrait, 101 phosphoresces, 761 painting with light technique, 602 patent plate, 101 phosphors, 430, 661, 669 paleontological photography, 538 Pathfinder cameras, 317 photic entrainment, 636 palladium, 100 Pavlova, Anna, 329 photo calls, 330 Palmquist, Peter, 209 PC electronic publishing lab, 442 photocathode, 545, 617 Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), pellet process, 101 photo collage, 181, 182 Xerox, 302 pellicle beam splitters, 713 photoconductive detector materials, 738 panchromatically sensitization of pellicles, 34, 647 photo-derived reproduction processes, films, 650 Pellix amera, 780 185 panchromatic collodion emulsion Peltier cooling, 595 photo-diode, 371 plates, 72 Pelz developer, 657 Photo District News, 471 panchromatic films, 696 pencil, 101 photoelectric absorption, 563 panchromatic papers, 654, 795 Pencil of Nature, 30, 493 photoelectric detectors, 542, 738 panchromatic plates, 35 Penn, Irving, 200, 207, 282, 476–477 photoelectric eff ect, 569 pannotype, 100 Penrose, Roland, 274 photoelectrons, 371 panorama, 477 Pensacola Naval Air Station, 485 photoemissive detector materials, 738 panorama cameras, 338, 618–619 Pentax Electro Spotmatic (ES), 781 Photo Fakery, 468 panoramic comic strip slides, 803 perception, 460 photofinish cameras, 618 panoramic nodes, 479 figure-ground, 461–463 photofinishing, 101, 349 panoramic objects, 479 Gestalt, 463–465 photofinish photography, 621 panoramic photography, 100, 338–339, perceptual intent, 399 Photo Gallery & Workshop Handbook, 477 Perfect Moment, Th e, 270 Th e, 221 panoramic tripod heads, 477 performance artists, 185 photogene, 101 pan range, 478, 480 peripheral cameras, 619 photogenic drawings, 101, 494 paper, 100 peripherals, 432 Photogenic Manipulation, 61 baryta, 45 permanency concerns, 33 photogens, 62 blotting, 47–48 permanent mediums, 364 photoglyphy, 101 bromide, 49 personal documentary, 197 photogram, 101 chloride, 60 personal liability coverage, 474 photogrammetric measurements, 536 contrast measurements, 678 personal vision, 226 photogrammetrists, 504 gaslight, 81–82 perspective, 728–733 photogrammetry, 307, 321, 403, leptographic, 90 aerial, 38 583–584, 676

IIndex.inddndex.indd 834834 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:536:19:53 PMPM Index 835

photograms, 182 Lucky Film, 313 Photography in Print: Writings from photograph, defined, 27 Nikon, 315–316 1816 to the Present, 233 photographer, 415 Olympus, 316 Photography Instruction in Higher Photographers Association of Polaroid, 316–319 Education, 210 America, 34 Sony, 319 Photography Until Now, 233 “photographer’s eye,” 251 Svema, 319 photogravure, 102 Photographer’s Eye, Th e, 232 Zeiss, 319–320 photo IDs, 332 Photographers’ Place in Derbyshire, 220 photography’s dependence on photo interpretations, 501 Photographic Activity Test (PAT), 692 equipment, 297–300 photojournalism, 339–341, 439, 443, Photographic and Fine Art Journal, 31 photojournalism, 339–341 446–453, 469 photographic booms, 506 portrait photography, 341–343 Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach, photographic calling cards, 329 postcard photography, 341 448 photographic camera, 298, 629 school photography, 344–346 Photo League classes, 217 photographic color film, 307 snapshot photography, 346–349 Photolith film, 305 photographic combining process, sports photography, 349–350 photomacrography, 537 511–512 still-life photography, 324–325 photomechanical process, 102 photographic companies and stock photography, 350–353 Photo-Me International, 710 applications theatrical photography, 329–330 photometer, 102 advertising photography applications, wedding photography, 353–354 photometric source measurement, 737 321 photographic development, mechanism photometric units, 383, 384 application overviews, 320–321 of, 660–661 photometry, 383–384, 733–736 architectural photography, 325–326 photographic emulsions, 82, 648, 761 photomicrography, 507, 521, 537, 571, catalog photography, 322 photographic exposure, 736 584–590, 592–602 commercial photography, 323 Photographic Flash, Th e, 763 Photo Miniature magazine, 341 corporate photography, 326–327 photographic gun, 102 photomontages, 181, 182, 800 dance and theater photography, photographic illustration, 324 photomultiplier tube (PMT) measuring 327–329 photographic images, 35 systems, 801 food photography, 323–324 photographic journal, 102 photomultiplier tubes, 569 freelance photography, 330 photographic lamps, 759 photon energy, 385 identification photography, 330–332 photographic masks, 800 photonic energy, 743 illustration photography, 324 Photographic News, 31 photon mapping, 613 industrial photography, 332–333 photographic papers, 652–653 photon microscopy, 602 landscape photography, 333–334 cold tone, 653 Photo Notes, 217 narrative, documentary, and editorial density range, 653 photons, 382, 636 photography, 334–336 glossy, 653 photopic observer, 736 orb photography, 337–338 matt, 653 photopic vision, 385 panoramic photography, 338–339 neutral tone, 653 photopolymers, 641, 649 photographic film and digital resin coated, 652, 653 Photo Portfolio Success, 448 company profiles, 301–320 semi-matt, 653 Photo-Realism, 183 3M, 319 warm tone, 653 photorealistic rendering systems, 613 Adobe, 302–303 photographic plates, 310 photoreceptors, 385, 629, 632 Agfa, 303 photographic prints, 468 photoresists, 649 Apple, 303–304 Photographic Review of Medicine and Photo Secession movement, 184, 212, Canon, 304–305 Surgery, 570 228, 244, 773 Du Pont, 305–306 photographic “seeing,” 439 photosensitive enlarging paper, 790 Efke, 306 Photographie Medicale, La, 570 photosensitive printing media, 803 Epson, 306–307 Photographie Moderne, La, 570 Photoshop, 423, 486, 491, 782 Forte, 307 Photographing the Famous, 243 Photoshop Artistry, 439 Fujifilm, 307 Photography, A Short Critical History, photo silk screens, 185 Hasselblad, 307–308 230 photo sites, 385 HP Invent, 308–309 Photography: A Crisis of History, 233 PhotoSmart digital cameras, 309 Ilford, 309–310 Photography: A Cultural History, 233 photospace coverage, 699 Kodak, 310–313 Photography and Society, 232, 254 photovoltaic detector materials, 738 Konica Minolta, 313 Photography and the American Scene, photovoltaic eff ect, 26 Kyocera, 313 231 Phuc, Kim, 449 Leica/Leitz, 313–315 Photography In Color, 280 physautotype, 102–103

IIndex.inddndex.indd 835835 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:536:19:53 PMPM 836 Index

physical development, 68, 103, 656–657 platinum process, 105 1960s, 200–202 physical fields, 463 Plaubeltype cameras, 775 1980s, 202–203 physical image formation, 386–388 Playboy, 201 1990s, 203–204 physical optics, 713 player, defined, 480 port, serial, 434 physiology of color theory, 743–745 Plow that Broke the Plains, Th e, 288 portable darkroom tent, 68 Picasso, Pablo, 181, 183 plumbicon, 433 Portable Document Format (PDF), 302 Picker, Fred, 220 pneumatic holder, 105 portable equipment, 353 pictorial documentary representation, 70 pneumatic shutter, 105 portable studios, 477 pictorialism, 103–104, 277 point-and-shoot cameras, 771, 779 Porter, Eliot Furness, 282 Pictorialist photographers, 188 pointing device, 433 portfolios, 327 Pictorial Photographers of America, point light sources, 384 portrait lenses, 56, 159, 175–176, 726 262, 293 point operations, 404–405 portrait photography, 101, 105–106, pictorial strategies, 181 point processing, 433 329, 341–343 Picture Archive Council of America point spread function, 597 portrait pictures, 330 (PACA), 353 Poirson, A.B., 390 portraits, 447 Picture Archiving and Communication poisons, 106–107 positive, 107 Systems (PACS), 565, 569 Poitevin, Alphonse Louis, 33, 59, 60, 84, “positive documentation,” 259 picture magazines, 192–194 99, 132 positive images, 788 Picture Post, 223 PolaBlue 35 mm instant slide film, 318 positive lenses, 719, 726 Pictures from Home, 197, 204 Polachrome, 695 positive photogenic drawings, 28 pictures per second (PPS), 433 Polacolor, 317 positive processes, and collodion picture story, 229 Polacolor 2 film, 318 variants, 32 piezo drives, 368 Polaform Process, 318 positron, 569 piezo-electric transducers, 568 Polaroid, 316–319 postcard photography, 341 pigeon post, 104 polarization colors, 539 post-development processes, 662–664 pigment molecules, 632 polarized light microscopy, 599 fixation, 662–663 pigment process, 104 polarizers, 316, 649 stop bath, 662 pinhole photography, 104, 175, 583 polarizing filters, 538, 722 toning, 663–664 pinhole spy cameras, 583 Polaroid camera system, 189–191 washing, 663 Pinney, Christopher, 233 Polaroid Corporation, 695 post-fixation physical development, 656 pin registration carriers, 793 Polaroid Land Model 95 camera, 778 post-impressionist painters, 180 Piper, Adrian, 238 Polaroid Model ED-10 Land Instrument position and orientation systems (POS), Pistacia lentiscus, 92 cameras, 317 502 pistolgraphs, 58 Polaroid Sun System, 318 Post-it® Notes, 319 pitch, 480 Polaroid Type 611 video image Post-Modern era, 207 pixelated, 480 recording film, 318 post-modernism, 183, 187 pixelation, 433 police photographers, 536, 602–604 post-mortem photography, 107 pixel elements, 595 Polk, Herman, 235 post-wash treatments, 686 pixel pitch, 365 Polk, Prentice H., 235 potassium, 107 pixels, 385, 433, 480, 739, 803 pollutants, 459 potassium alum, 663 pixel sizes, 368 polychromatic aberrations, 717 potassium bichromate, 107 pixel values, 404, 407 polychromatic illumination, 749 potassium bromide, 107, 660 pixilated arrays, 607 polyethylene laminated paper, 652 potassium cyanide, 107 pKa, 660 polyethylene layer, 654 potassium chloropatinate, 107 Place de l’Europe, 465 polyethylene naphthalene (PEN), 700 potassium iodide, 107 plain paper, 104 polyethylene terephthalate, 650 potassium ferricyanide, 107 “plain” prints, 39 polysulfide toners, 687 potassium nitrate, 108 Planckian radiator, 385 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 642 potassium oxalate, 108 Planck’s Formula, 382 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 458 potlatch, 480–484 plane polarized light, 711 Ponton, Mungo, 29, 132 Pouncy, J., 59 plant morphology, 521 Pop Art, 183 Poupee Project, 182 plasma display, 433 Pop Culture portraits, 292 Powell, R.J., 238 plastic diff usion lens, 795 porcelain paper, 45, 105 power, 734 plate, 104–105 pornography, 198–204 PowerBook laptop computers, 304 Plateau, Joseph, 764 World War II impact, 199–200 pragnanz, law of, 465 plate glass, 83 post-World War II, 201–202 Praxinoscope, 805

IIndex.inddndex.indd 836836 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:546:19:54 PMPM Index 837

precision astrometry, 510 post-development, 662 pulsed-xenon flash tubes, 793 pre-coated dry plates, 188 fixation, 662–663 “pure” aesthetics, 289 pre-coated photographic papers, 188 stop bath, 662 “pure photography,” 257 pre-fixation physical development, 68, toning, 663–664 Puritanism, 203 656, 657 washing, 663 push-processing, 651 pre-flashing, 555 processing equipment, 298, 299 p-Well region, 371 pre-focused cameras, 327 process lenses, 726 pyrogallic acid, 108 preservation of images, 507 processor, array, 427 pyroxylin, 108 Pressman, Roger, 482 Pro-Digital SLR cameras, 466 “pre-visualization” notion, 229 Professional Photographers of American Q primary color filters, 798 (PPofA), 353 qualitatively, 186 primary data, 411 professional three-bath process (P-3X), qualitative microscopy, 599 Prince, Richard, 187 710 quantitative microscopy, 599 Principal Components Analysis (PCA), profile architecture, 399 quantity sufficient (QS), 108 420 profile connection space (PCS), 398, 399 quantization, 359–360 print, 108 projected area, 734 quantum efficiency, 371, 385 print backing cards, 343 projectile arming mechanisms, 517 quantum mechanical photon theories, print bleaching, 687 Projecting Phenakistoscope, 805 711 print coaters, 317 projection, 803–806 quantum physics, 360 print drying and flattening, archival projection enlarging, 73 Quantum Th eory, 382 processing, 690–691 projection printing, 788 quarter plate, 108 printed-out images, 86 projector lenses, 726 quarter-wave coating, 713 print exposure, 674 Prokudin-Gorski, Sergei, 693 quartz-iodide, 760 print films, 709 proliferation of photography, 35–36 quartz watch, 306 printing, 680–682 promenade, 108 quasars, 509 changes in, 454 Prontor shutter, 772 quasi-mystical material, 231 contact, 65 proofreading, 364 QuickSnap cameras, 782 digital, 429 ProPhoto RGB output-referred QuickTime Player, 477 directing viewer’s eye, 681–682 encoding, 398 QuickTime virtual reality (QTVR), 480 exposing for highlights, 680 Proportionality Law, 388 quinonediamine, 661 tuning shadows with contrast, 680–681 props, 323, 352, 474 quinone formation, 660 printing frame, 108 Prosch Duplex shutters, 58 quinoxaline, 703 printing maps, 676 prosumer, 727 QV-10 cameras, 782 printing-out/printing-out papers, 108 protons, 567, 569 printing press, 439 protosulfate of iron, 77 R Printletter magazine, 223 proximal remote sensing, 604 rack-work slide projection, 803 print life expectancy, 459 pseudo-coloring, 433 radar, 382, 646 print on demand (POD), 454 pseudo-stochastic pattern, 366 radian, 734 print portfolios, 474 Public Bath House, 202 radiance, 383, 384, 735, 737 Print Quality Information, 700 Public Relations, 293 radiance map, 480 prints, 456 publishing, future of, 453–455 radiant excitance, 383 displaying, 459 changes in printing, 454 radiant exitance, 384, 734 preserving, 457, 459 defined, 453 radiant flux, 734 quality of, 674–678 digital divide, 454 Radiant Identities, 202 storage of, 691–692 electronic publications, 455 radiant intensity, 383, 384, 735 prismatic images, 181 e-paper, 455 radiant power, 384 Prizmacolor, 696 Extensible Markup Language (XML), radiate photonic energies, 418 pro-am sex photography, 203 455 radiation, 26, 28, 32, 37, 39, 43, 51, 64, Procedures and Standard Practices, 372 Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP), 76, 317, 382, 383, 385, 389, 396, Proceedings of the Entomological Society 455 459, 467, 636, 638, 639, 641, 642, of London, 518 lessons learned, 454–455 649, 658, 660, 661, 663, 664, 671, processes more democratic publishing network, 672, 683–686 development, 655–660 454 radiation-emitting parts, 513 direct, or chemical, development, overview, 453 radiation laws, 382 657–660 and photography, 453–454 radical art, 229 physical development, 656–657 rich content creation, 455 radioactivity, 566

IIndex.inddndex.indd 837837 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:556:19:55 PMPM 838 Index

radiographs, 305 redox, 655 restrainers, 109, 660 radiology, 319 redox catalyst, 703 retardates, 241 radiometric quantities, 383 red-sensitive emulsion layer, 705 retina, 385, 581, 629 radiometric source measurement, 737 reducing agents, 68, 655, 657 retinal architecture, 629 radiometric units, 383, 384 reducing/reduction, 109 retinal ganglion cells, 632, 633 radiometry, 383, 733–735 reductionists, 229 retinal periphery, 631 radiopharmaceutical, defined, 569 reduction lenses, 726 re-touching, 109–110 radio radiation, 607 redundancy, 361, 364 retrofocus, 726 radiosity, 403 red visible light, 557 retrofocus lenses, 720 radiation weighting factor, 567 Reeb, Otto, 753 retro-reflective screens, 514 Rand, Michael, 225 Reed, Martin, 689 reverse osmosis, 646 Randall, Suze, 202 reference beams, 552 reverse telephoto lenses, 720 Random Access Memory (RAM), 427, refixing, 688 revolving back, 110 433 reflectance, 748 revolving background, 110 rangefinder cameras, 779 reflectance factor, 385 RF digital cameras, 466 rapid fixers, 663, 683 reflected-light meters, 735 RGB, defined, 433 raster, 433 reflecting screen, 109 RGB color image encodings, 397, 398 raster graphics, 433 reflection holograms, 552 RGB filters, 365 raster image file format (RIFF), 433 reflections, 519 Rheinberg, Julius, 599 raster image processor (RIP), 433 reflective light meters, 738, 739 Rheinberg illumination, 599 rasterization, 359 reflectors, 508, 509 ribbons, 92 raster unit, 433 reflex mirrors, 726 Rice, John Andrew, 217 Rau, William H., 184 reformist photography, 195–197 Richard Avedon Studio, 242 Rauschenberg, Robert, 183, 207, 282–283 refract, 176 Richards, Eugene, 197, 283 raw device coordinates, 397 refraction, 712 Richardson, Bob, 200 RAW files, 458, 468, 507 refractive dispersion, 712, 717 Richter, Gerhard, 183 raw imagery, 449 refractive index, 624, 712 rights-managed (RM) business model, raw sensor response coordinates, 397 refractive lenses, 719 352 Ray, Man (Emmanuel Rudnitsky), 182, Regester, Gary, 761 Riis, Jacob, 71, 196, 335 183, 239, 244, 274, 283, 286, 470 Regnault, Henry Victor, 132 Rijlander, Oscar, 468 Ray-Jones, Tony, 197, 225 re-halogenating bleach, 664 RIMM RGB input-referred color image Rayleigh criterion, 714 Reichenbach, Henry, 78 encoding, 397 Rayographs, 182, 283 Rejlander, Oscar Gustave, 40 ring flash lighting, 528 ray tracing, 612 relay lenses, 726 ring-illumination, 527 RC papers, 652 relievo, 109 ripeners, 687 Rea, Douglas Ford, 441 remap, 480 ripening, 34, 110 Reade, Joseph Bancroft, 81, 132 Rembrandt lighting, 109 Ostwald ripening, 649 reading devices, 362 remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 623 of silver halide emulsions, 645 read-only memory (ROM), 433 remote sensing, 501, 560, 604–609 ripple firing, 547 Reage, Pauline, 201 Rencontres d’Arles, 220 rising-falling fronts, 325 realism, 183, 191, 195, 239, 244, 248, RenderMan, 614 Riston dry film photopolymer, 305 283, 293, 340, 647, 680 Renger-Patzsch, Albert, 283 Ritts, Herb, 202 rear-projection cameras, 345 rental studios, 471 Roberts, H. Armstrong, 350 reception area, of studios, 476 re-orientate art, 182 Roberts, Richard S., 235 receptive field, 636 repeating back, 109 Robertson, James, 31, 39 reciprocity failure, 644–645 reproduction ratio, 587 Robinson, Henry Peach, 40, 340, 468 Reciprocity Law, 644, 665 resin coated image oxidation, 691 robotic observatories, 512 Recordak Reliant 500 Microfilmer, 312 resin coated paper (CCO), 709, 710 robustness, and instrument selection, recording of digital codes, 360 resin coated prints, 690 753 recrystallization, 69 resolution, 378–382, 426, 427, 433, 480, Roccella tintoria, 92 rectilinear, defined, 480 598, 648–649 Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), rectilinear lens, 176 resolution equation, 598 213, 692 redevelopment, 109 resolving power (RP), 714, 718 rock ammonia, 41 “red eye” removal, 400 resorcinol, 657 rocking dish, 110 red/green filters, 401 Resource Description Framework Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich, redheads, 760 (RDF), 415 229, 283, 347

IIndex.inddndex.indd 838838 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:556:19:55 PMPM Index 839

rod photoreceptors, 635 Russian Constructivists, 181 Schlieren photography, 547, 610–612, rods, 385 Russotti, Patti, 358 621 rod system, 632 Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris, 508 Schmidt cameras, 509 Roh, 229 Schneider, Wilhelm, 698 Rollei 35 cameras, 780 S Schonbien, Christian Fredrich, 60, 85 Rolleidoscope, 774 Sabattier, Aramand, 132 School of Photographic Arts and Rolleiflex twin lens cameras, 775 Sabattier eff ect, 182 Sciences, Rochester Institute of Rolleiflex, 189, 199, 775 Sachlichkeit, Neue, 283, 286 Technology (RIT), 441 Rolleiflex SL 66 cameras, 780 safe edge, 110–111 school photography, 344–346 Rolleiflex SLX cameras, 781 safelights, 68, 111 Schorr, Collier, 204 roller squeegee, 110 safety base, 650 Schulze, Johann Heinrich, 27, 132, 641 roll holder, 110 sagittal focus, 716 Schweitzer, Albert, 335 rolling press, 110 sal ammoniac, 41 science as art, 492–496 Rolling Stone, 266 Salgado, Sebastião, 197, 284 scientific imaging, 500 Roll Jordan Roll, 237 Salomon, Erich, 284–285, 774 scientific photography, 469 Rome, 263 salt, 111 scientific visualization, 612–614 room illumination, 326 salted paper prints, 73, 75 Scitex computer systems, 486 Roosevelt, Franklin, 196 saltpetre, 111 S-cones, 385, 632, 743 Root, Marcus Aurelius, 40 salt producer, 85 Scotch® Cellophane Tape, 319 Roots, 237 Samaras, Lucas, 187, 285 Scotchlite™ Reflective Sheeting, 319 Rosen, Michael, 203 sampling, 359 scotopic vision, 385, 643 Rosen, M.R., 419, 420 Sampson, Dr. Gary, 179 Scott, Chuck, 446–447 Rosenblum, Naomi, 233 sandarac, 111 scratch disk, 434 Rosenthal, Joe, 447 Sander, August, 182, 196–197, 225, screen, reflecting, 109 Rosenthaler, Lukas, 357, 358 285–286, 464 screen display, 434 Rosetta stone, 360 Sanders, Scott, 335 Scurlock, Addison, 235 Rosler, Martha, 186 Sarah Lawrence University, 216 Sebert, General, 525 rotating drum systems, 540 Sashalite flashbulbs, 755 security and insurance, for studio space, rotating mirror cameras, 540 saturation, 465 474 rotating mirror systems, 518 Savile, Jenny, 204 security systems, 474 rotating prism compensation, 540 Sayce, B. J., 33 Seebeck, Th omas Johann, 63, 133 Rothko, Mark, 213 scalar law, 743 seeing digitally, 465–466 Rothstein, Arthur, 284 scaling, 433 Seguin, Augustin, 764 rotogravure, 192, 642 scan coils, 530 Seguin, Laurent, 764 rottenstone, 110 scanners, 299, 364–365 Seidel aberrations, 716 rouge, 110 defined, 433–434 Seiko Epson Corporation, 306 Rouillé, André, 233 light seepage, 523 Sekula, Alan, 232 Roux Color systems, 694 scanning, defined, 480 sel d’or, 29, 39, 67, 111 Roversi, Paolo, 204 scanning cameras, 338 selective absorption, 37 Royal Armament Research and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selenium cells, 739 Development Establishment 507, 529, 530, 534 selenium-polysulfide toners, 688 (RARDE), 515 scanning/slit camera, 480 selenium toning, 664, 688 Royal Microscopical Society (RMS), 588 scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), self-censoring, 448 Royal Photographic Society, 216 531 self-luminous specimens, 500 royalties, 352 scan-o-grams, 422–425 self-masking, 111, 705, 709 royalty-free (RF) business model, 353 scattered light, 29, 63, 651, 679 self-portrait, 111 royalty-free imagery, 350 scene-referred color encodings, 396 self-processing films, 771 rubber cement, 110 Schad, Christian, 181, 286 self-publishing, 454 Rubin, Edgar, 461 Schadographs, 286 self-toning paper, 111 ruby glass, 62, 110 Schatz, Howard, 329 semiconductor production equipment, ruby light, 110 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 27, 132 304 Ruff , Th omas, 187 Schiempflug, Th eodor, 795 semi-silvered mirrors, 800 RUN, defined, 433 Schinzel, K., 701 Senebier, Jean, 27 run-time error, 433 Schisler, 440 sensing, wavefront, 636 Ruscha, Edward, 185, 284 Schlessinger, Peter, 220 sensitivity function, 385 Russell, Major, 40 schlieren, 514 sensitivity parameters, 378

IIndex.inddndex.indd 839839 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:566:19:56 PMPM 840 Index

sensitization silicon, 371, 385 Simpson, Lorna, 238 chemical, 649 silicon intensified tube (SIT), 594 simpsontype process, 113 optical, 115 silicon photocells, 740 simulacra, 183 spectral, 115 silver, 112 sine waves, 621 sensitizer, 111 silver bath/silver solution, 112 single-candle japanned tin lanterns, 805 sensitizing dyes, 695 silver behenate, 641 single lenses, 585 sensitometry, 35, 111, 645 silver bromide, 112, 644, 660 single-lens-reflex (SLR) cameras, 340, sensor chips, 504 silver bromide emulsions, 72 519, 593, 602, 725 sensor plane, 385 silver bromide gelatin dry tintypes, 70 singlet oxygen, 654 sensors, 365, 387, 391, 504 silver chloride, 112, 644 single transfer, 113 sensory system, 629 silver chloride printing-out processes, 68 siphons, 68, 113 sentences, 360 silver dye-bleach, 700–710 Sirotta, Milton, 591 separations, 434 silver estimators, 685 Siskind, Aaron, 217, 287 sepia toning, 664 silver ferricyanide complex, 664 Sistan, 689 Serchuk, Michele, 203 silver halide, 112 Sistan silver stabilizers, 686 serial port, 434 emulsions, 641–646 SI units, 735 Serios, Ted, 468 future of, 649 sixteen-shot/one-area array sensor with “set up” pictures, 447 grains, 641–645 Bayer pattern, 368 Seurat, George, 180 use of, 641 sixth plate, 113 shadow bands, 610 silver-halide photography, 301, 664–670 Skaife, T., 513 shadow density, 665, 667 archival processing, 682–688 Skaife method, 58 shadowgraphs, 514, 563, 610–612 fixing, 683–686 sky filters, 723 shadows, 671, 680–681 image deterioration, 691 skylight, 113 Shahn, Ben, 236 image permanence, 692 skylight filters, 723 Shannon, Claude, 361 image stabilization, 689 sky negative, 113 sharpening filters, 407 print drying and flattening, sky surveys, 509 sharpening parameters, 378 690–691 slide films, 625 Sharp Focus Realism, 183 print storage, 691–692 slip-in mount, 113–114 sharpness, 648–649 toning, 686–688 slit cameras, 480 shatter shutters, 541 washing, 688–689 slot die, 647, 649 Shawcross, H., 49 film exposure, 665–666 slotted plate boxes, 49 ShawGuide, 221 film speed and development slow emulsion, 651 Sheeler, Charles, 225, 286 customizing, 671–674 slow peaks, 756 shellac, 111 image quality, 664 slow scan, 434 Sheridan, Sonia Landy, 286 negative development and contrast Small Computer Systems Interface Sherman, Cindy, 203, 277, 286–287 control, 666–670 (SCSI), 434 shipping area, professional studio, 476 negative quality, 664–665 “smart” CMM, 400 Shonziet, Ben, 183 paper contrast, 678–680 smigration models, 364 shooting area, professional studio, photographic printing, 680–682 Smith, Eugene W., 335 475–476 print quality, 674–678 Smith, Hamilton, 32, 76, 93 short stop, 662 Zone System, 670–671 Smith, Henry Holmes, 212, 213, 218, short wavelength radio waves, 711 silver iodide, 113, 644, 704, 706 224, 253 short wavelength sensitivity, 388 silver ions, 691 Smith, W. Eugene, 193, 194, 225, 226, short X-ray pulses, 517 silver-laden fixers, 683 283, 287, 340 shot cameras, 541 silver mercapto, 708 Smithson, Robert, 185 “shotgun” pictures, 251 silver nitrate, 113, 645 smoothing filters, 434 shrinking photographs, 468 silver nuclei, 69 snapshot aesthetic, 347, 348 shutters, 112, 771 silver-plated copper plates, 66 snapshot photography, 346–349 cloud, 61 silver speck, 656 Snow, Michael, 186 pneumatic, 105 silver stains, 113 Sobel filters, 409 shutter speeds, 80, 328, 349, 401, 665, silver sulfide, 113, 646 social documentary photography, 674 silver thiosulfate levels, 685 448–449 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Silvy, Camille, 40 social landscape, 231 (SRTM), 609 Simon, Else, 279 social values, 449 Siembab, Carl, 206 Simpson, Coreen, 237 Society for Photographic Education sievert (Sv), 569 Simpson, George Warton, 33, 133 (SPE), 213–215, 222

IIndex.inddndex.indd 840840 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:566:19:56 PMPM Index 841

Society of Motion Picture and spectral energy distributions, 382 spurious triggering, 515 Television Engineers (SMPTE), 373 spectral gamut mapping, 420 square-law detectors, 711 sodium, 114 spectral imaging, 418–422 sRGB output-referred encoding, 398 sodium acetate, 114 spectral irradiance distribution, 383 sRGB sensors, 396 sodium carbonate, 114, 660 spectral locus, 391 S-shaped plot, 645 sodium chloride, 114 spectrally non-opponent processes, 390 stabilizers, 646 sodium citrate, 114 spectrally opponent processes, 390 stable images, 27 sodium sulfide, 114 spectral power distribution, 383 stained glass, 83 sodium sulfide toners, 687 spectral radiance measurements, 741 Staite, William, 758 sodium sulfite, 114 spectral radiant energy, 738 Stampfer, Simon, 764 sodium tetraborate, 660 spectral reflectance calibration, 749 Standard Colorimetric Observer, 745 sodium thiosulfate, 114, 662, 705, 707 spectral reproduction, 419 Standard Photopic Observer, 748 softboxes, 766 spectral response function, 738, 741 standards and imaging materials, soft-copy workstations, 504 spectral sensitivity, 26, 34, 35, 42, 49, 372–376 softfocus, 348 55, 66, 370, 393, 644, 650, 654, 665, American National Standards soft focus lenses, 720, 726 668, 686 Institute, 372–373 soft light, 333 spectral sensitization, 115, 644 importance of standards, 372 SoftSun light, 763 spectral spaces, 419 International Standards Organization, software bugs, 481–482 spectrofluorimeters, 313, 489, 750, 752 373 Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s spectrophotometers, 747–751 Stanford, Leland, 764 Approach, 482 bidirectional, 750–751 stanhope, 115–116 software interface, 753 components, 748–749 Stanhope lenses, 62 software packages for imaging, 299 hemispherical, 751–752 star filters, 728 solar enlargements, 32, 65, 73, 114–115 spectroradiometers, 749–750 Starn Twins, 183 solarization, 182 spectroscopic plates, 509 star trail photography, 578 solid state imaging sensors, 370–371 spectroscopy, 650 State of Digital Preservation: An solubilization, 683 specular component excluded (SCE), International Perspective, 363 soluble silver thiosulfate, 683 752 static memory, 434 solution physical development, 69 specular component included (SCI), 752 static random access memory (SRAM), solvents, 657 specular component included (SPIN), 434 Sommer, Frederick, 287–288 752 status filters, 728 Somnambulist, Th e, 255 specular highlights, 664 Stebbing, Professor E., 58 Sonneman, Eve, 186 specular port, 752 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law, 382, 383 Sonstadt, Edward, 754 specular reflection, 712 Steichen, Edward Jean, 184, 191, 197, Sontag, Susan, 211, 227, 232, 266 Speed Graphic cameras, 773 198–199, 205, 209, 210, 229, 232, Sony, 319 Speed Graphics, 195 288, 343 Sony Mavica camera, 319 speed-increasing developer, 651 Stein, Gertrude, 268 Sony radios, 319 Speed Midget flashbulbs, 755 Stein, Th eodor, 532 Sorrenti, Mario, 204 speed point, 678 Steiner, Ralph, 288 Souls of Black Folk, Th e, 234 speleological photographers, 523 Steinert, Otto, 288 sound tape/slide synchronizer, 805 Speranskaya, N.I., 389 steradian, 383 source material, 478, 480 spherical, defined, 176 stereo chronocyclegraph, 255 Southworth, Albert Sands, 30, 216 spherical aberration (SA), 55, 176, 716 stereo microscopes, 587 space photography, 321, 614–616 spherical projection, 478, 480 stereo-optic photography, 477 Space Shuttle Earth Observations spike oil, 115 stereo-pairs, 583 Program, 615 Spill, Daniel, 77 stereo photography, 116, 729 spark chambers, 580 spirit lamps, 74 stereoposis, 636 spark gaps, 546–547 spirit photography, 115, 337, 468 stereopsis, 634 spatial filters, 728 spirits of hartshorn, 41 stereoscope, 116 spatial frequencies, 649, 718, 728 split-diopter lenses, 726 stereoscopic Sonne cameras, 620 spatial resolution, 598 split toned, 46 Stern, Bert, 201 specialized application enlarging split-tone eff ects, 688 Stieglitz, Alfred, 181, 184, 188, 191, 205, systems, 799–801 sports photography, 349–350 208, 209, 226, 228, 229, 232, 235, specific gravity, 115 spot metering, 738 251, 287–289, 470, 772 Spectral Colorimetry, 420 spots, black, 47 Stiles, W.S., 389 spectral color reproductions, 418, 419 “spot-tone” ink, 447 Still, Clyff ord, 212–213

IIndex.inddndex.indd 841841 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:576:19:57 PMPM 842 Index

still-life photography, 324–325, 338 professional, 475–476 symmetrical, defined, 176 still video, 434 safe environments, 475 symmetrical lens configurations, 719 stink, 87 space considerations, 472–474 Symmetry Law, 388 stitching, 339, 478, 480 Sturges, Jock, 202 sympathetic triggering, 550 stochastic eff ect, 569 style sheets, 455 synapse, 636 stock image libraries, 350 subbing, 117 synchroballistic cameras, 515, 619 Stock Photographs: Fort Worth Fat Stock subcortical centers, 636 synchronization, 515, 541 Show and Rodeo, 293 subcortical nuclei, 630 system alignment, enlarger stock photography, 330, 350–353 subject brightness range (SBR), 665 construction, 796 Stolze numbers, 588 sub-sampled images, 371 System Probatoire pour l’Observation Stone Country, 335 subscription business model, 353 de la Terre (SPOT), 615 stop-action dance photographs, 328 substage condenser, 675 Szarkowski, John Th addeus, 207, 209, stop bath, 662 substantive portfolios, 327 222, 224, 225, 226, 232, 233, 265, stoppers, 71 subtractive color, 117, 695–700 290, 348 stops subtractive dyeformers, 697 cloud, 61 subtractive filtration systems, 799 T Waterhouse, 121 subtractive primary dyes, 699 T80 35mm SLR cameras, 782 storage, 414–415, 458–459 Suburbia, 197 tableaux vivants, 184 Story of O, Th e, 201 Sudek, Josef, 289–290 table top photography, 461 “straight” photography, 229, 277 suff ering, pictures of, 335 Tachyscope, 805 Strand, Paul, 229, 235, 289, 505 Sugimoto, Hiroshi, 290 Taft, Robert, 231 stray light, 660, 662 sulfide toners, 688 Tagg, John, 233 streak cameras, 540 sulfites, 660, 707 tagged image file format (TIFF), 434 streak photography, 616–620 sulfite salts, 660 tailboard, 57, 117 street fashion, 203 sulfuric acid, 117 Talbot, William Henry Fox, 28, 38, 51, Street Life in London, 71, 335 sulfuric ether, 74 55–57, 60, 74, 77, 79, 81, 86, 87, street photography, 231, 273 sulfur toning, 117 133–134, 181, 188, 494, 518, 546, Streetwise, 197 Sultan, Larry, 197, 204 592, 641, 664, 763 stretching photographs, 468 Super 8 sound movie cameras, 312 Talbot imaging, 714 strip-chart recorders, 617 superconducting magnet, 569 Talbotypes, 51, 117 strip photography, 616–620 Super Kodak Six-20 camera, 777 tangential focus, 716 stripping, 34, 77 SuperMac Proof Positive Dye tannic acid, 117 strobe lights, 625 Sublimation printers, 487 Taupenot’s process, 39, 117 stroboscope, 251, 664, 668, 669 supersonic projectiles, 548 tautomerization reactions, 704 stroboscopic eff ects, 766 supplementary lenses, 585, 726 Taylor, J. Traill, 754 stroboscopic flash, 526, 550 suprachiasmatic nucleus, 630 technical committees (TC), 374 stroboscopic light, 525 supreme wide angle (SWA), 779 technical evolution of photography in strontium, 116 surface measurements, 737 19th century, 27 strontium bromide, 116 surface reflectance, 385 art of photography, 31–32 strontium chloride, 116 surface transmittance (Ts), 722 Bayard, Hyppolyte, 29 strontium iodide, 116 surfactant, 117 business of photography, 30–31 structural metadata, 412 Surgery Th rough the Ages, 259 calotype, 29–30 structured information, 455 surrealism, 182, 186, 229 collodion variants, 32–33 Strum, Johann, 51 surveillance photography, 604 concepts of photography, 27 Struth, Th omas, 289 Survey of Photographic Instruction, 210 daguerreotypes, 28–29 Struthe, Th omas, 187 Surviving Torture, 449 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé, 28 Stryker, Roy Emerson, 196, 230, 236, Süsstrunk, Sabine, 358 first attempts at photography, 27 244, 266, 281, 284, 289, 294 Sutton, Th omas, 33, 35, 133, 693 flexible films, 34–35 Stuart, Roy, 203 Svema, 319 gelatin emulsions and modern era, studio lighting, 471 Swan, Joseph Wilson, 33, 34, 59, 133, 757 33–34 studio portraiture, 50 Sweet Flypaper of Life, Th e, 236, 250 glimpses of color, 35 studios, 116–117 Swift, Jonathan, 282 Herschel, Sir John, 29 amateur, 476 swing lens panoramic Widelux 140, 779 negatives on glass, 31 artist, 476 SX-70 cameras, 189 Nicéphore Niépce, Joseph, 27–28 counters for, 476 SX70 SLR cameras, 781 paper photography, 28–29 location, 476–477 symbolic associations, 464 permanency concerns, 33

IIndex.inddndex.indd 842842 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:576:19:57 PMPM Index 843

Ponton, Mungo, 29 Th omas, Lew, 253 tradition, 26, 70, 182–184, 186, 197, 207, proliferation of photography, 35–36 Th ompson, William, 623 216, 228, 230, 231, 235, 250, 283, race for acknowledgement, 1839, 29 Th omson, John, 71 286, 287, 306, 325, 329, 330, 441 sensitometry, 35 Th oreau, Henry David, 282 traditional photography, 444 wet plate process, 31 Th ornley, Joe, 758 tragedy, pictures of, 335 technical photography, 321, 620–622 three-axis positioning control, 795 trajectory tracking, 517 Technicolor Corporation, 695, 696 three-dimensional laser scanning transaction photography, 218 Technika cameras, 777 cameras, 507 transfers, 118 technological obsolescence, 456 three-shot/one monochrome area transitioning to digital imaging, Teenage Lust, 247 array sensor with RGB filter wheel, 445–446 teleconverter lenses, 726 367–368 Transitivity Law, 388 teleconverters, 586, 719 three-stop push, 651 transmission electron microscopes telephoto lenses, 314, 522, 586, 719, 726 through-the-lens (TTL) metering, 298, (TEM), 529, 530 telescopes, 508, 509 587, 738 transmittance, 748 television, 26, 56, 192, 193, 211, 236, Th yristor light-measuring circuitry, 195 transmittance calibration, 749 306, 307, 311, 312, 319, 336, 340, tide pools, 520 transmitted intensity (It), 722 349, 373, 422, 429, 430, 432, 447, TIFF files, 360, 434, 458 transmitted light, 467 451, 481, 642, 647, 648, 659, 661, Till, Emmett, 236 transparency, 118–119, 709 669, 674, 679–681 Tillmans, Wolgang, 204 transparent material (CCT), 709, 710 Television Infrared Observation Satellite tilt range, 480 transparent nitrocellulose roll film, 311 (TIROS-1), 605 time-dependent image decomposition, transverse chromatic aberrations, 717 Teller, Jurgen, 204 655 transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave, temperature, 117–118 time-lapse, 292, 622–623 711 temporal domains, 500 timing Treatise on Painting, 468 Tenant, John, 229 arithmetic, 674–675 trichromacy, 743 tents, 118–119 geometric, 675–678 trichromatic systems, 387, 744 terabyte, 434 tint, 653 trichromatic theory of color vision, Tesla, Nikola, 761 tinting, 118 388–393 testimony, 229 tintypes, 32, 57, 62, 76, 118 CIE colorimetry, 390–393 testing gear, 489–491 “tipping” point, 360 color matching functions, 388–389 Testino, Mario, 204 titanium dioxide pigments, 654, 691 cone fundamentals, 389–390 test-measurement instruments, 308 Toepler, August, 610 opponent color modulations, 390 test strips, 680 Tokyo, 263 trick perspective, 733 textbooks, 351 Tomatsu, Shomei, 290 tricolor exposures, 798–799 textured highlights, 671 tomography, 565, 569 trigger electrode, 549 textured shadows, 671 tonalist, 188 trigger pulse, 549 T-grains, 699 tone, 653 triggers, 666 thalamus, 636 tone mapping, 402 trigger systems, 550 Th aumatrope, 805 toner, blue, 48 tri-linear arrays, 364–365 theatrical photography, 329–330 toner stop baths, 687 trimmers, 119 thermal imaging, 560–561 toning, 118, 663–664, 686–688 tripods, 26, 30, 58, 69, 119, 298, 447, astronomy, 561–562 Torero, Ruven Afanador, 204 477, 480, 640, 674 medical, 562 total internal reflection, 712 tripoli, 119 night vision/remote surveillance, 562 total internal reflection fluorescence tristimulus values, 388, 391, 392 thermal vibrations, 561 microscopy (TIRFM), 602 Troili, Jean Paul, 202 thermometer, 118 Totnes, George, 255 true colors, 434 Th ibodeau, Kennith, 363 Tournachon, Gaspard Felix, 501 truth, 452 thin film transistors, 569 “tousle-haired” Lincoln, 343 Tuberville, Deborah, 202 thiosulfate, 688 Towell, Larry, 335 Tulsa, 247 thiosulfate salts, 662 Trachtenberg, Alan, 233 tungsten-filament illuminants, 385 thiourea, 687 tracing paper, 118 tungsten-halide gas molecules, 759 Th irteen Seconds in Chennai, 336 trackball, 434 tungsten-halogen lamps, 547, 759–760 Th irty-Four Parking Lots in Los Angeles, trademarks, 352 tungsten illuminance, 741 284 trade organizations, and stock tungsten-light photography, 757 Th omas, Ann, 493, 494 photography, 353 Turtle, 415 Th omas, John, 335, 505 trade-school photography programs, 321 Tuskegee University, 234

IIndex.inddndex.indd 843843 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:586:19:58 PMPM 844 Index

Tuttle, F.J., 540 V Video Home System (VHS), 434 Twen magazine, 222 vacuum back, 650 video random-access memory (VRAM), Twenty-Six Gasoline Stations, 284 Valiant Knights of Daguerre, Th e, 232 434–435 Twiggy, 201 Valley, Th e, 204 video systems, for ballistics research, twilight photography, 577–580 Van Bogart, John W.C., 362 518 twin lens reflex (TLR), 770, 775 Van de Capelle, Jean-Pierre, 358 videotape recorder (VTR), 434 two-bath processes, 707 Van Der Zee, James, 235, 291 Vierkotter, Paul, 754–755 “Two Ways of Life,” 40 Van Dyck, Anthony, 49 Vierkotter/Ostermeyer flashbulbs, 755 Van Dyke, Willard, 288 Vietnam Inc., 261 U Vanity cameras, 775 view camera perspective controls, UCSD Pascal project, 485 Vanity Fair, 266 732–733 Uelsmann, Jerry N., 187, 253, 278, van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 592 view cameras, 323 290–291 vantage points, 349 viewer, 480 Ulmann, Doris, 237, 291 Van Vechten, Carl, 235 viewer’s eye, directing, 681–682 Ultrachrome inks, 487 variable contrast (VC) filter numbers, viewfinders, 770 Ultrasonic Ranging Systems, 318 679–680 “View from the Window at Le Gras,” 28 Ultrasound, 568 variable contrast filtration, 723, 795 viewing angle, 732 ultraviolet (UV) absorbing barrier variable contrast papers, 653–654, 795 viewing distance, 731–732, 737 filters, 533 variable focal length lenses, 726 viewing filters, 723 ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence, 533 varnish, 120 view states, 480 ultraviolet (UV) photography, 538 black, 47 vignette, 120–121 ultraviolet (UV) rays, 119 negative, 96 vignetting, 715 ultraviolet (UV) regions, 533 vascular layer, 636 Village Voice, Th e, 203 ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, 602 vascular plexuses, 629 vinegar syndrome, 650 umbrella tent, 119 Vectograph 3-D pictures, 316 vintage photograph, 187 underdevelopment, 119 vector graphics, 434 virtual images, 121, 715 underexposure, 119, 665–666 Vegetable Locomotion series, 253 virtual objects, 403 undersampling, 434 veiling light, 81, 632, 636 virtual reality (VR), 477–480 underscanning, 434 velocity recording cameras, 617 Virtual Reality Modeling Language Under the Looking Glass, 280 Velox, 81 (VRML), 480 under water cameras, 507 ventilation, 120 viruses, 435 underwater photography, 321 veracity, 184 Visa Pour L’image, 449 Unicode Consortium, 415 Verichrome film, 189 Vishniac, Roman, 292 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), 412 Verne, Jules, 623 visible light, 492 uniform resource locator (URL), 412, 480 verreotypes, 41, 62 visible radiation, 382, 499 Uniform Standard (US) system, 119 vertical baths, 46 visible spectrums, 386 Union Case, 120 vertical blanking interval (VBI), 434 Vision cameras, 318 United Negro Improvement Association vertical CCD shift register, 371 visual adaptation, 634–635 (UNIA), 235 vertical strip holograms, 553 visual anthropologists, 505 Universal Serial Bus (USB), 434 very high frequency (VHF), 434 visual axis, 631 universal three-dimensional format Vest Pocket cameras, 775, 777 visual consciousness, 635 (U3D), 455 Victoria card, 120 visual cortex (V1), 630 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 507 video visual cortical neurons, 633–634 unsharp masking filter, 434 digital, 429 visualization, 403, 467, 612, 671 Upatnieks, Juris, 551 still, 434 visual language, 505 uranium, 119–120 video cameras, 253, 299, 301, 319, 423, visual lethargy, 226 uranyl chloride, 120 430, 477, 488, 650, 680 “Visual Literacy” movement, 349 uranyl nitrate, 120 videocassette recorder (VCR), 372, 434 visual metaphors, 443 Urbac, Raoul, 183 video color negative analyzer (VCNA), visual similes, 443 Urformen der Kunst (Archetypes of Art, 434 visual spectrum, 26 1928), 243 video display terminal/visual display Visual Studies Workshop (VSW), 220, USA Today, 192 terminal (VDT), 434 268 user interface, 480 video display unit (VDU), 434 Vitrona cameras, 780 U.S. News & World Reports, 339 video floppy system (VFS), 434 Viviscope, 805 U.S. syndication agencies, 330 video graphics array (VGA), 434 Vivitar, 195 Utrillo, Maurice, 180 videography, 320, 333 VIVO cooperative agency, 290

IIndex.inddndex.indd 844844 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:596:19:59 PMPM Index 845

Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm, 35, 64, 72, 88, WeeGee (Arthur Fellig), 207, 292 Wilson, Andrew, 456 134, 693, 695 Weems, Carrie Mae, 237, 238, 292–293 Wilson, Charis, 293 Vogue, 198, 199, 200, 201 Weigert, Dedo, 760 Wilson cloud chambers, 580 Voigtländer, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich, Wein’s Law, 556 windows (computers), 435 134 Welch, Hugh, 569 windows, in studio, 473 Voigtländer Bessa roll camera, 775 Welpott, Jack, 227 Wing, Simon, 57 voltage regulators, 793 Wenderoth, Frederick, 88 Wing camera, 122 voltage stabilizers, 793 Werkbund, Deutscher, 229 Winger, Debra, 201 von Goethe, J.W., 390 Werner, Otto, 63 Winogrand, Garry, 231–232, 293–294, von Steinheil, Carl August, 133 Wernerke, Leon, 58 348 von Wangenheim, Chris, 202 Wertheimer, Dr. Max, 463 wire photos, 192 Vortographs, 181, 247 Wescott, W. Burton, 695 Withers, Earnest C., 236 Vos, J.J., 389 Wester, Rick, 208 Witkin, Joel Peter, 294 voyeurism, 198 Western arts, 180 Witkin, Lee, 207, 211 vulcanologists, 562 Westfall, Chuck, 301 Witkin Gallery, 207 Vu magazine, 192, 229 Westminster Scales, 572 Wolcott, Alexander, 56, 134 Weston, Charis, 464 Wolcott, Marion Post, 236, 294 W Weston, Edward, 229, 230, 240, 243, Wolcott cameras, 56 W3C markup language, 415 266, 287, 293, 462, 464 Wolin, Jeff , 335 Wagstaff , Sam, 208, 270, 470 wet-collodion method, 83 Wollaston, William Hyde, 55 Wainwright, 71 wet collodion plates, 508 Wollaston prism, 600 Waldack, Charles, 92 wet collodion process, 62, 121 Women, 266 Walker, William H., 58, 78 wet-mate accessory lenses, 624 Women Are Beautiful, 293 Walkup, Liberty, 38 wet plate process, 31 Women in Photography International Walski, Brian, 451 wet plate technique, 31 Archive, 209 Wandell, B.A., 390 wetting agents, 646 Wood, Grant, 236 war coverage, 194–195 Wheatstone, Charles, 134, 763 Wood, Robert Williams, 557 Warhol, Andy, 183, 207, 292 whey process, 122 Woodbury, Walter Bentley, 59, 134–135 Warnerke, Leon (Vladislav Whipple, John, 31, 38–39, 66 Woodburytypes, 59, 122 Malakhovskil), 35, 134 whirlers, 122 Wood Eff ect, 557 Warnock, John, 302 Whistler, 188 Woodman, Frencesca, 186 washed emulsion, 121 White, Clarence Hudson, 36, 212, 244, Woods glass, 533, 534 Washington, Booker T., 234 291, 293 Woods glass filters, 534 Waterhouse, J., 72 White, E. Ken, 265 word processing, 435 Waterhouse stop, 121 White, Minor, 212, 217, 218, 220, Workers: An Archaeology of the waterproof cameras, 519 223–224, 231, 246, 272, 293 Industrial Age, 197 Watkins, Carleton, 70 white balancing, 377, 402 work flow delineation, 221 Watson, Ella, 281 whitened camera, 122 workshops, 215–221, 476 Watzek, Hans, 264 white-points, 399 current trends and future directions, waveforms, 711 Whitman, Walt, 225 221–222 wavefronts, 711 whole plates, 85, 122 modern workshops, 217–221 wavefront sensing, 632, 636 wide angle (WA) lenses, 791 origins of, 216–217 wavelength sampling interval, 753 wide-angle eff ect, 732 World History of Photography, A, 233, 325 wavelength-tunable lasers, 534 wide-angle lenses, 522, 726–727 World War II, impact on photography, wavelength ultraviolet radiation, 795 widescreens, 338 199–200 wave theory, 121, 711 width-to-height aspect ratio, 338 World Wide Web, 480 wax, 121 Wien’s Displacement Law, 382 Worth, Charles, 198 waxed paper process, 121 Wilhelm, Carl, 79 Wothlytype, 122 weather satellites, 614 William Mortensen School of wrapped, defined, 480 web coaters, 647 Photography, 277 Wratten, Frederick Charles Luther, 71, Weber, Bruce, 202–203 Williams, Pat Ward, 238 135 Webertype contrast function, 390 Williamson, Jack, 623 Wratten 90 orange filter, 465 Wedding Day, 235 Willis, Deborah, 234 Wratten filters, 741–742 wedding photography, 353–354 Willis, William, 33, 77, 134 write, defined, 435 Wedgwood, Th omas, 27, 55, 60, 73, 79, Willis’ process, 122 write once read many (WORM), 435 134, 592, 641 Wilmanns, Gustav, 698 write-protected, 435

IIndex.inddndex.indd 845845 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:596:19:59 PMPM 846 Index

writing speeds, 543 yellow filter layers, 704 Zeiss lenses, 779 “writing with light,” 453 yellow glass, 122 Zeiss Luminar lenses, 320 Wüller, Dietmar, 358 YIQ, 435 Zenith, 480 Wundt illusion, 461 Yosemite Workshop, 220 Zenker, Wilhelm, 63 Young, Th omas, 692, 742 Zernike, Frits, 599 X Young, William, 696 zero lumens, 753 X-chromosome visual pigment genes, Young-Helmholtz, 388, 633 zero perspective, 590 633 Young theory, 122–123 zinc, 123 Xenon arc lamps, 542 Yule-Nielsen Spectral Neugebauer zinc bromide, 123 Xenon gas lamps, 547 model, 420 zincslotted plate boxes, 49 X-rays, 188, 305, 382, 499, 563, 622, 641, zodiacal light, 527 650, 661 Z Zoetrope, 805 xylonite, 77 Zagara, Frank A., 210 Zoller, Charles C., 694 XYZ tristimulus values, 745 Zakia, Richard, 439 zone focusing, 349 Zapruder, Abraham, 340 Zone System, 229, 239, 465, 466, Y Zee, Van Der, 235 670–671 yaw, 480 Zeiss, Carl, 135, 313, 319–320, 592, 772 zonule fibers, 636 YCbCr spaces, 395 Zeiss Biotessar lenses, 308 zoom lenses, 536, 585, 720, 727 YCC spaces, 395 Zeiss Contax I, 775 zoom range, 479, 480

IIndex.inddndex.indd 846846 11/19/07/19/07 6:19:596:19:59 PMPM