Index 1,2-dihydroquinoxaline, 703 Kodak camera, 188–189 achromatic system, 633 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline, 703 Life and picture magazines, 192–194 acid, 37 2m/3m/5m telescope cameras, 315 magazines, 192 acetic, 37 3D tomography, 507, 524 miniature cameras, 189 boric, 48 3M, 319 museums, galleries, and collections, citric, 61 3-phenyl-3-mercapto-propionic acid, 205–210 fixing bath, 37 708 National Geographic, 195 gallic, 80 6 ϫ 4.5 medium-format cameras, 308 overview, 187 hydrochloric, 86 13.8 ϫ 7.7k panchromatic frame personal documentary, 197 nitric, 96–97 cameras, 504 Polaroid camera system, 189–191 oxalic, 100 19th century, technical evolution of reformist photography, 195–197 pyrogallic, 108 photography in, 27 war coverage, 194–195 sulfuric, 117 art of photography, 31–32 35mm cameras, 778 tannic, 117 Bayard, Hyppolyte, 29 50mm anastigmat f/3.5 cameras, 314 acidic pH, 662 business of photography, 30–31 50mm f/0.95 lens, 780 acidified silver nitrate solutions, 663 calotype, 29–30 85mm Summarex f/1.5 lens, 314 acknowledgement race , 1839, 29 collodion variants and negative 120/220 films, 650 AC-powered tungsten lights, 365 processes, 32–33 250-mm f/5.6 Superachromat lens, 320 acoustic holography, 501 collodion variants and positive 1960s, 200–201, 202 actinic, 37 processes, 32 1980s pornography, 203 actinic focus, 37 concepts of, 27 1990s pornography, 203–204 actinic values, 753 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, 28 actinometers, 37, 75 daguerreotypes, 28–29 A action shots, 349 first attempts at photography, 27 Abbe, Ernst, 592 activation/stabilization systems, 652 flexible films, 34–35 Abbe numbers, 66 active pixel sensors (APS), 594 gelatin emulsions and modern era, Abbott, Berenice, 192, 193, 239, active reflectors, 761 33–34 493–494 acuity, 635 glimpses of color, 35 aberrations, 174, 715 acusto-optical tunable filters, 419 Herschel, Sir John, 29 Abney, William, 72, 86, 123 Adams, Ansel, 207, 212, 217, 220, 223, negatives on glass, 31 abrading medium, 36–37 226, 229, 239–240, 277, 282, 670 Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 27–28 abridged spectrophotometers, 750 Adams, (Eddie) Edward T., 239 paper photography, 28–29 absorption, 37, 742 Adams, George, 592 permanency concerns, 33 absorption filters, 721 Adams, Robert, 240–241, 334 Ponton, Mungo, 29 absorption spectrums, 644 Adamson, Robert, 30, 341 proliferation of photography, 35–36 abstract concepts, 443 adaptation, visual, 634–635 race for acknowledgement, 18, 39, 29 abstract images, 181 adapter card, 426 sensitometry, 35 Acasia senegal tree, 84 adaptive optics, 635 wet plate process, 31 accelerated testing, 692 A/D converter, 426 20th century society and photography accelerators, 37, 660 additive color, 37, 693–695 advertising photography, 191 acceptors, 370 Additivity Law, 388, 743 amateur photography, 188 accommodation, 635 address, 403, 426 background, 188 accredited standards committee (ASC), addressable resolution, 426 digital photography, 191 373 Adelstein, Peter, 358 documentary photography, 195 acetic acid, 37 adhesives, 37–38 European modernism/American acetylene, 37 administrative metadata, 412 realism, 191–192 achromatic, 177 Adobe, 302–303 Family Of Man exhibition, 197 achromatic doublet, 719 Adobe® PostScript® technology, 302 journalistic/editorial photography, achromatic doublet lenses, 585 Adobe Acrobat® software, 302 192 achromatic objectives, 596 Adobe Camera Raw (ACR), 401, 402 807 IIndex.inddndex.indd 880707 11/19/07/19/07 66:19:37:19:37 PPMM 808 Index Adobe Engagement Platform, 303 alabasterines, 32, 38, 41, 61, 62, 83 amidol, 41 Adobe InDesign® software, 302 Albert, Josef, 38 ammonia, 41 Adobe Photoshop® software, 302, 415 albertype, 38 ammonium bicarbonate, 41 Adobe Portable Document Format album, 38 ammonium bromide, 41 (PDF), 302 albumen, 38–39 ammonium chloride, 41 Adox Fotowerke, 305 albumen glass plates, 80 ammonium dichromate, 41 adsorption catalysis, 660, 661 albumen negatives, 39 ammonium iodide, 41 Advanced Photo System (APS) albumen-on-glass process, 70 ammonium nitrate, 41 technology, 700, 782 alcohol, 39 ammonium thiocyanate, 41 Advanced Spaceborne Th ermal algorithms ammonium thiosulfate, 683, 704 Emission and Reflection compression algorithms, 410–411 amorphous selenium detector array, 565 Radiometer (ASTER), 608 defined, 426 ampere, 473 advertising illustrations, 324 aliasing, 426 amphitype, 42 advertising photography, 187, 191, Alinder, Mary, 265 amplitude, 426 320–321 aliphatic phosphines, 707 amplitude holograms, 552 Advocate camera, 778 alkali, 40 amyl, 42 aerial cameras, 315 alkali fixers, 683 analglyph, 42 aerial film, 648 “alkaline” development, 68 analog dial, 676 aerial haze, 728–729 allegorical photography, 40, 186–187 analog signals, 360 aerial perspective, 38 Allen, James Latimer, 235 analog-to-digital (AD), 426 aerial photography, 501–504 ALPA Superior Swiss precision, 320 analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 426 aerial strip cameras, 619–620 alpha channel, 426 analytic manipulation, 183 aesthetic eff ect, 187 alternate light source (ALS), 602 anamorphic images, 468 aestheticism, 228 ALU Arithmetic Logical Unit, 426 anamorphic lenses, 338, 716, 724 aesthetization, 182 aluminum chloride, 40 anastigmat, 174 AF35M camera, 781 aluminum-magnesium wire flashbulbs, anatomical substrates, 633 aff ect-less images, 292 755 AND operator, 426 afocal lenses, 721, 724 alum potassium, 40 angiography, 568 African American photographers and Alvarez, Manual Bravo, 240 angioplasty, 568 photographic subjects, 234–238 amateur photography, 187, 188, 191 anhydrous, 42 aesthetics and politics, 236–237 photographers, 40 aniline, 42 African American contributions, 234 planetary images, 512 aniline dyes, 42 dichotomy of old and new negroes, studios, 476 Animals, Th e, 293 234–236 amateur planetary images, 512 animation, 183, 215, 479, 480 documentary photography, 236 amber, 40 anisotrophy, 539 negotiating African American ambient-light photography, 625 Annan, Th omas, 71, 335 cultural identities, 237–238 ambrotypes, 32, 40–41, 45, 62, 66, 75 annual report photography, 327 afterglow, 547 American Association of Museums anomalous trichromats, 633 Afterimage, 269 Code of Ethics, 205 anonymous sculptures, 243 agar-agar, 38 American Civil War, 32, 335, 350 Anschutz, Ottomar, 525, 764 Agee, James, 252, 267 American Engineering Standards Ansco, 42–43, 189 Agfa, 303, 651 Committee, 372 Ansco Autoset cameras, 43, 780 Agfa Brovira, 303 American ivorytypes, 88 anterior chamber, 629 Agfacolor New Reversal Film, 303 American National Standards Institute, Anthony, Henry T., 42 Agfacolor Neue, 698 372–373 anthotype, 43 Agfa Photo Imaging Systems, 303 American Photographs, 230, 231, 252 anthropological photography, 504–505 Agfa Portriga rapid, 303 American realism, 191–192 Anthropology and Photography, AgGuard, 689 Americans, Th e, 197, 222, 231, 254, 335, 1860–1920, 233 agitation, 669–670 348 antialiasing, 426 agriculture, 256, 560 American Standard Code for Information anti-aliasing filters, 365 air bells, 38 Interchange (ASCII), 427 anti-foggants, 646 Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging American Standards Association (ASA), anti-halation, 43 Spectrometer (AVIRIS), 610 756 anti-halation layers, 559 air brush, 38 American Standards Institute (USASI), anti-halation protection, 650, 651 air-spaced, 174 372 antiphotographic, 36 Airy disc images, 718 America’s Series, 238 antireflection (AR) coating, 712 IIndex.inddndex.indd 880808 11/19/07/19/07 66:19:38:19:38 PPMM Index 809 anti-reflection layer, 371 argentometer, 43 Association of International antiseptic, 43 argentothiosulfate, 663 Photography Art Dealers (AIPAD), anti-virus, 426 argon bombs, 547 470 Antlitz der Zeit (Face of Our Time), 285 Argus Model A camera, 777 astigmatism, 175, 716 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 201, 211, 222 Aristotype, 43 astronomical imaging, 561 Apeiron Workshops, 220 aristotype papers, 50 astronomical photography, 182, 644, 645 aperture, 174, 297, 524 aristotypes, 62 astronomy, 40, 382, 419, 493, 494, Aperture, 223, 227, 231, 293 arithmetical operations, 405–407 508–513, 560, 632 aperture diaphragm, 597, 598 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), 426 asymmetrical, 175 aperture “school,” 217–218 arithmetic timing, 674–675 Atget, Jean-Eugène-Auguste, 182, 229, aperture stop, 715 Armory Show, 184 239, 241–242 apochromatic lens, 717 Arnold, Charlie, 213 Athenaeum, Th e, 29 apochromatic objectives, 596 Arnold Newman, 278 Atkins, Anna, 66, 493 Apollo Program, 615 array processors, 427 atomic force microscopy (AFM), 531 Apothecary bottles, 62 arrays atomic number, 568 appetite appeal, 323 CCD, 427 atomic weight, 44 Apple Computer, 303–304, 485–486 defined, 426 atomic weight Z, 568 Apple II microcomputer, 303 linear, 431 attenuation properties, 607 Apple Macintosh computer, 441, 442 arrowroot, 43–44 auctions, 469, 484 Apple Quick Take cameras, 303, 782 Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, 803 August Sander: Citizens of the Twentieth application, defined, 426 art, 180 Century, 196 apprenticeship programs, 353 digital, 480–484 AuraFlash, 759 Apraxine, Pierre, 208 science as, 492–496 aurin, 44 Apt, Jay, 615 art editors, 230 authenticity, 448, 451 AP Wire photo, 192 ArtForum magazine, 185, 232 authentic photography, 230 aqua fortis, 43 Artificial Light and Photography, 759 authors, and metadata, 415 aqua regia, 43 artifact-based archivists, 457 Autobiography of Malcolm X, Th e, 237 aquatic flora, 519 artificial color scheme, 604 autochrome, 195, 365, 693 aqua vitae, 43 artificial light, 91, 299 autochrome plates, 365, 640, 643 arabic gum, 43 artificial realities, 451 AutoEye camera, 780 Arago, Francois, 28, 492–493, 508 Artigue, Frédéric, 44 Autofocal Leica camera,