HISTORY OF ARIZONA

BY THOMAS EDWIN FARISH

Printed and Published by Direction of the Second Legislature of the State of Arizona, A. D. 1915. GOVERNOR: HON. GEO. W. P. HUNT.

SENATE: OOU NTY : HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES : President: W. P . Sima, Speaker; Wm. E. Brooks.

APACHE. COPYRIGHT 1915, Fred T. Colter. Mrs. Rachael Berry. BY OOOHISE. THOMAS EDWIN FARISH, W. M. Riggs. W. J . Graham. ARIZONA HISTORIAN W. P. Sima. Oscar Doyle. J. S. Merrill. Sam P. Briseoe. John E. Newbury. Wm. L. Cook. Chas. T. Francis.

COOONINO. HUlZh E. CampbeD. William Marlar. GILA. Alfred Kinney. Wm. E. Brooks. John E. Bacon. B. F. Baker. W. D. ClaypooL

GRAHAM. D. H. Claridge. J. H. Lines. J. D. Lee.

GREENLEE. THE FILMER BROTHERS ELECTROTYPE COMPANY Gao. H. Chase. John Christy. TYPOGRAPHERS AND STEREOTYPERS Sam F. Lanford. SAN FRANCISCO (iii) IV HISTORY OF ARIZONA..

OOUN'l'Y : HOUSE OF REPItESENTATlVU :

:'U.RIOOPA. PREFACE. Sam F . Webb. T. T. Powers. O. B. Stapley. A. G. Austin. J. E. McClain. ARIZONA-The name is significant. Its derivation is uncertain; J. C. Goodwin. Guy D. Acuff. all that is known of it is that in the latter part of the seventeenth Loren F. Vaughn. century it was given to a range of mountains across the border in Northern Sonora-, in what was then known as Pimeria Alta, and there· lfOHAVE. after was applied to the territory now embraced within the boundaries W. P. Mahoney. of the "Baby State." NAVAJO. Its history is in two parts: One, the story of a vanished race, wh o D. D. Crabb. s. W. Proctor. left behind them a record of achievement in cavate dwelli:Jgs, the ruins of pueblos, fortifications, abandYAVAPAI. of an empire from savagery to civilization. This history, as it proceeds, will deal with historic facts in historic Mrs. Frances W. Munda. A.. A. Johns. Morris Goldwater. O. F. Orthel. times, and the prehistoric records, the story of a lost race, revealed J . J . Sweeney. by modern scientists and archaeologists. J. E. Leeper. No stJ.te of this Union has such a background of romance and YUMA. adventure. Kentucky is called the "Dark and Bloody Ground," but the daring and enterprise of her pioneers are insignificant when com· J. S. Garvin. J. B. Flanagan. Jas. L. Edwards. pared with the trials, sufferings and heroic endurance of the early settlers of Arizona, who laid, firm and deep, the solid foundations of a great and prosperous eommonwealth. In their case the truth, plainly stated, needs no embellishment to enshrine their memories in the hearts of a grateful posterity. For forty years after the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, these pioneers in the wilderness of an unreclaimed territory, warred against the most relentless savages on the continent, and with their blood enriched the land of their adoption. We owe them a debt of grati. tudo which can never be cancelled. The reeital of their deeds, which this history will reeord, however lacking in literary skill, makes a (v) vi PREFACE. story of most absorbing interest. These men settled our valleys and peopled our hills. Of them, the Postons, W oolseys, Ehrenbergs and Walkers, who formed the v-anguard of the army of civilization that made Arizona what it is, could be paraphrased what Junius said of Pitt: "Immortal honors crown his monuments and gather o'er them. It is a solid fabric, supported by the laurels that adorn them." In these volumes will be found a short record of the conquest of California, which England was preparing to seize, and the opening of the Santa Fe Trail, which, while collateral history, had such a bearing upon the fortunes of Arizona, that it could not well be omitted from these _pages. The task assigned me, while difficult, is a l~bor of love. A library has been written upon the early days of Arizona, most of which is pure fiction. To collate the historical data, separate the wheat from the chaff, and give only authentic facts, has been my object in this work. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Those who have been active in civic affairs, or prominent in our Indian Wars, will be given due credJit chronologically as this history progresses. THOS. EDWIN FARISH...... Frontispieee THOS. EDWIN FARISH. MAP OF THE WALLED TOWN OF TUCSON ••...•..•.. Facing Page 72 Phoenix, Arizona, December twenty-second, nineteen hundred four­ L. J. F. JAEGER .•••••..•.••.••.•...... •.•... Facing Page 237 teen. CHARLES D. POSTON ...... •••••....•...... Facing Page 282 W. H. KIRKLAND AND WIFE •..•.•..•.••••••••••. Facing Page 345 CONTENTS.

:VOLUME 1.

CHAPTER I. EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. PAGE Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca-Andres Dorantes-Alonzo del Cas­ tillo Maldonado-Estevan - Narvaez-Indians - Avavares~ Faith Cures- Route of de Vaca-"Cow County"-Don Joseph de Bas«;onzales-El Moro-(Inscription Roek)...... 1

CHAPTER II. EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS (Continued). Juan de Ia Asunsion-Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy-Fra Marcos de Niza- Fra Honorato--Estevan-Route of de Niza- KiUing of Estevan- Cibola-Zunis- Yaquis- Pimas.. 7

CHAPTER III. EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS (Continued). NUllo de Guzman-Expedition Abandoned-Antonio de Mendoza­ Seven Cities of Cibola-Francisco Vasquez de Coronado­ Captain Melchior Diaz-Chich i ltocal~Corazones-(Ures) or the Village of Hearts-Fight With Indians- Garcia Lopez de Car·denas- Hernando de Alarcon- Hernando de Alvarado­ Colorado River- Rio del Tison-Gulf of California-Death of Melchior Diaz-Don Pedro de Tovar-Grand Canyon­ Quivira-Route of Coronado-Return of Corouado...... 14

CHAPTER IV. EARLY SPANISH EXPLORATIONS (Continued). Anumio de Espejo- Route of Espejo- Moquis-Mines Near Pres­ cott-Juan de Onate- Fits Out Expedition at Own Expense­ Result of First Expedition-Founds City of Santa Fe­ Oiiate's Second Expedition-Onate's Third Expedition-Jeal­ ousy of Enemies-Obstacles and Delays-Aided by Friends­ Juan Guerra- Dona Eufemia Penalosa-Ana de Mendoza­ Nepotism of Onate-Rio Grand~E I Paso del Nort~So­ corro-Abo Pueblos- Puruai (San Antonio) - Submission of Indians-San Juan-Further Submission of Indians-Revolt of Acoma Indians-Their Punishmen1r-Praise of Arizona­ Zuni Provinc~Rio del Tison- Cruzados-Oiiate Reaches Tidewater- Pueblo de la Conversion de San Pablo- Onate's Return- Santa Fe ...... _...... •..•• 27 (vii) ix viii CONTENTS. CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V. CHAPTER VIII. PAGE EARLY SPANISH MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES. PA.GE OONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. BY FREMONT AND SLOAT. The Moquis - Frandscan Friars - Missions - Father Eusebio Annexation of 'l'exas-Treaty With E'ngland-Cabrillo:-Discovery Francisco Kino-Nuestra Senora de los Dolores-Father of California-Establishment of Forts-Sa~ Dlego-San.ta Juan. Maria de . Salvatierra-Sobaipuris-Guevavi-Tuma­ Barbara-Monterey-San Francisco-Establishment of M~s - cacon-San XaVIer del Bac-Pima Indians-Immaculate 8ions-Conversion of Natives- Cattle and Horses-Trade 10 Conception-St. Andrew-San Pedro y San Pablo de Tubu­ Hides and Tallow-OveI·throw of Spanish Power-Immigra­ tama-Saric-Tucubabia-Santa Maria de Suamca-Co­ tion of Whites-Fremont Drives Mexicans South-"Bear cospera- Casas Grandes-San Dionisio-Jesuits-Fr. Felipe Flag"-Commodore Sloat Receives Instructions fro~ Sec:e­ Segesser-Fr. Juan Baptista Grasshoffer-Fr. Gas·par Stei­ tary of Navy-Dispatches Surgeon Wood to MeXICO CIty ger-Fr. Jose Carucho-Fr. Francisco Paver- Fr. Ignacio to Obtain Information-Sloat Arrives at Monterey-Takes Keller-Fr. Jacob Sedelmair-Revolt of Pimas-Fr. Alonzo Possession of Town for United States-Instructs Captain Espinosa-Fr. Ignacio Pfefferkorn-Fr. Jimeno-Fr. Pedro Montgomery to Take Possession of San Francisco-Dis­ Rafael Diaz-Tucson-Santa Barbara-Buena Vista-Cala­ appointment of British Admiral, Seymour ...... ••... 119 bazas-Fr. Barera-Expulsion of J esuits_. _. _...... 51 CHAPTER IX_ CHAPTER VI. WAR WITH MEXICO. EARLY SPA.NISH MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES (Continued) AND MILI­ TARY ANNALS. General Zachary Taylor--General Ampudia's Declaration of Hostility-Attack on American Dragoons-Declaration of Tubac--Tucson-Revolt of Pimas-E1xpulsion of Jesuits-Re­ War by United States-Army of the West--General Stephen lapse of Indians-Military Annals-General Croix-General W . Kearny---Colonel Alex. W. Doniphan-Mormon Battalion Ugarte-San Xavier del Bac-Padre Francisco Garces­ ---Capt. P. St. George Cooke--Governor Annijo-Ambassador Franciscans-San Jose de Tucson-A Walled Town-Padre James Magoffin-General Kearney's Instructions-Civil Gov­ Garces - Biography - Founding of Presidio -Pueblo-Mis­ ernment of New Mexico-Kearny Code-Doniphan's Elxpedi­ sions ?n Colorado-Death of-Ins~ector Hugo Oeonor-San tion-Kearny's Expedition to California-Kit Carson's De­ AgustIn del Pueblo de Tucson-Tubac-Captain Juan B. votion to Duty-Pima Indians---Captain Cooke's March With Anza-Apache Depredations- Guevavi-Pailre Juan Crisos­ Wagon Train and Mormon Battalion-Wild Cattle-Game-­ tomo Gil de Bernave-Tumacacori-Fra Narciso Gutierrez Arrival at Tucson-Letter to Don Manuel Gandara-Gover­ -Juan B. E'stelrio-Ramon Liberos-San Cayetano de Cala­ nor of Sonora-Maricopas-Crossing the Colorado-Colonel bazas-Arivaca-Mines-Don Ignacio Zuniga-Abandonment Price-Revolt in New Mexico-Killing of Governor Bent of Settlements ..••.•.•...•..••...... •..•...... •••.• 65 and Other Officials-Punishment of Revolutionists...... 127

CHAPTER VII. THE SANTA FE TRAIL--EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND EXPLORERS. CHAPTER X. Lieut enan~ Zebulon. M .. Pike-Agriculture-Mining-Population­ TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO. NavaJOS - IrrIgatlon - Albuquerque - Santa Fe--Military United States in Possession of Mexican Territory-Circumstances Government-Colly-James Pursley-Governor Allencaster­ Concerning War With Mexico-The Treaty Protocol-Bound­ Pirst Expedition into Santa Fe-Succeeding Expeditions­ aries-Area-Cost of Cession-Delivery of the Cession'. _ .. 149 Development of Santa Fe Trade--Troubles With Indians­ Arrival of Caravan at Santa Fe-Tariffs-Stage Route Established-Pioneers-Jed'e diah Smith-The Patties-Bill CHAPTER XI. Williams-Felix Aubrey-Pauline Weaver-Kit Ca.rson­ BOUNDARY COMMISSION SURVEY--GADSDEN PURCHASE. Adventures of the Patties-Black Canyon of the Colorado­ John B. Weller-John C. Fremont-John Russell Bartlett­ William WolfskiH-Felix Aubrey'S Famous Ride-Bill Will­ Major W. H. Emory-Gadsden Purchase and Treaty-Propo­ iams' Mountain-Bill Williams' F·ork-Fremont--Carson's Bition Submitted to Congress by Mr. Gadsden ...•••••••.. 183 Connection With Fremont-Mexican W'ar--General Kearny­ Captain Gillespie-Lieutenant Beale--Battle of San Pascual -Carrying of Dispatches by Carson and Fights With In­ dians-Death of Kit Carson-Santa Rita 'Copper Mines­ Massacre of Apaches by Johnson-Retaliation by Apaches- Benj. D. Wilson .....•.....•...... _..... " . .. 80 CONTENTS. Xl x CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. CHAPTER XII. EARLY MINES AND MINING. PAGE TROUBLES WITH THE INDIANS. PAGE Arizona Mining & Trading Company-Ajo Copper ~ine-PI~n- Skill and Craftiness of the Apaches-Inez Gonzales-Her Cap­ chas de la Plata-Co.pper Mine Near Tucson-SlIver Mtne ture and .Rescue-Position 'l'aken by Indians 'With Reference Near San Xavier-Herman Ehrenberg Fonns Sonora ~xplor- to CaptIves-Interviews by Commissioner Bartlett With in & Mining Company-Major H eintzelman, g Pr.e~ Jdent- Mangus Colorado, Delgaditoand Ponce .....•....•... " ..• 199 C. D. Poston, Manager-Locate at Tubac:-Con~lt.lOns at Tubac-Establishment 0.£ Fort Buchanan-:-First MmlI;g Ma­ chinery in Arizona-Description of :a~mtz elman .Mme by CHAPTER XIII. Sylvester Mowry-Breaking Out of CIVlI War-Wlthdrawal TROUBLES WITH THE INDIANs-(Continued). of Troops-Raids upon Mining Camps ?y Outlaws an~ In­ Killing of Indian by Jesus Lopez-Restitution by the Murderer­ dians-Abandonment of Mines-Patagoma (Mowry) Mme­ Apaches Steal Stock-~iscovery of Gold Mines-Apaches Acquired by Sylvester Mowry---.confiscated by ~ene~al Carle­ Steal More Stock-Shootmg of Delgadito-History of Man- ton-First Placer Mining-Gold Placers on GIla DI8'Covered gus Colorado...... 218 bv Jacob Sniveley-Diseovery of Plac~rs. at La Paz by Pauline Weaver-Discovery of Weaver Dlggmgs-The ,Walker Party-Henry Wickenburg Discovers the Vulture Mme ...• 277 CHAPTER XIV. EARLY AMERICAN OCCUPATION. CHAPTER XVIII. Tucson-Indian Raids-Population of Tucson and Tubac-Route THE NAVAJOS. of Gold Seckers-First American Child Born in Arizona­ Loca tion-Occupation- Possessions-Dress---:-Arms -:- Blan kets­ Ferry AC.ross Colorado-Massacre of Glanton Party-Ferry Superstitions-Equality of Sexes-Dlvorce-vyomen _Un­ Re-establIshed by Jaeger and Hartshorne-Major H eintzel­ ch aste-Number-Fonn of Government-War W~th Mexlcan;s man-Dr. Webb's Encounter With Indians-Fort Yuma­ -Not Dangerous as Warriors-Disr.eg.ard Trea.tles-Expedl­ Adventure of L. J. F. J ·aeger-Schooner "Invincible" With tions Against Them-Colonel Domphan-MaJor Y'~lker­ Troops and Supplies Reaches Mouth of Colorado-Navigation Colonel J. M. Washington-Colonel Sumner-Bulld~ng of of Colora.do-Schooner "Sierra Nevada"-First Steamer Fort Defiance-Killing of Negro Boy Ji~--"Campalgn by "Uncle Sam"--Colorado City, Afterwards Arizona City then Agent Yost, Captain M~Lane and .Captam Blas Lucero­ Yuma, Established-Yuma Indians .••.•.••..•..• .'..... 233 Campaign by Colonel Mlles-Captam John P. Hatch-In­

CHAPTE~ XX. THE CRABB MASSACRE. PAGE Henry A. Crabb--Ygnacio Pesquiera-Organization of Expedi· tion-Treachery of Pesquiera-Surrender of Crabb's Party at Caborca-Massacre of Crabb and Party-John G. Capron's ACilount of Expedition from Tucson to Join Crabb .••••••. 321

CHAPTER XXI. EARLY DAYS IN ARIZONA. Tucson-Population~Lawlessness- C harles D. Poston-Granville H. Omy-William S. Oury-Estevan Ochoa-Pennington Family-General Stone-Dr. C. H. Lord-W. W. Williams -Peter R Brady-William Kirkland-Hiram Stevens­ Samuel Hughes-Sylvester Mowry-John G. Capron-Solo­ mon Warner-General Wadsworth----Dolonel Ed. Cross ~C. H. Meyer-First American Store in Tucson-First Flouring Mill-Tucson Only Walled· City in United States-HTucson a Century Ago"-Another Account of Survey and LOilation of Yuma ...... 34'4

CHAPTER XXII. EXPLOItATIONS FOR WAGON ROADS-CAMELS. HISTORY OF ARIZONA Felix Aubrey-Appropriation by Congress for Camels-Major VOLUME 1. Henry C. Wayne and Lieutenant D. D. Porter Bring Camels to United States-Habits, etc., of Camels-Lieutenant E. F. Beale's Expedition-Use of Camels-Lieutenant Beale's Route - Abandonment of Camels-Capture of and E'xportation- Greek George and Hi JoUy ...... 353 HISTORY

OF

ARIZONA

BY

THOMAS EDWIN FARISH,

.ARIZONA HISTORIAN

VOLUME I ARIZONA STATE LIBRARY ARCHIVES & PUBLIC RECORDS

JUN 2 6 2014 PHOENIX, ARIZONA. 1915