Lo Europeo Como Imagen Del Desarraigo La Voz Narrativa De Ruth Prawer Jhabvala En Las Películas De Merchant-Ivory

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Lo Europeo Como Imagen Del Desarraigo La Voz Narrativa De Ruth Prawer Jhabvala En Las Películas De Merchant-Ivory LO EUROPEO COMO IMAGEN DEL DESARRAIGO LA VOZ NARRATIVA DE RUTH PRAWER JHABVALA EN LAS PELÍCULAS DE MERCHANT-IVORY Marta Frago Universidad de Navarra [email protected] RESUMEN: Buena parte de la filmografía de Merchat Ivory presenta ciudades europeas como escenario o incluye a personajes europeos que toman parte de la narración como protagonistas. En esta comunicación se pretende argumentar que la presencia de lo europeo en estas películas se debe, principalmente, a la sensibilidad de la guionista habitual de Merchant Ivory, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. En un uso ciertamente autobiográfico, que conecta con el universo literario de la guionista y que hace compatible con adaptaciones de novelas de otros autores, Jhabvala asocia inconscientemente lo europeo con la imagen del desarraigo y de la identidad desprotegida. Jhabvala genera esta representación del desarraigo desde una triple perspectiva. Por un lado, crea escenarios europeos (preferentemente en Inglaterra, Italia y Francia) que se vuelven hostiles a los personajes, al estar asociados a periodos históricos de cambio profundo en las estructuras socioculturales. Películas como Howards End, The Remains of the Day o Quartet responden a esta configuración. En otras ocasiones, como en Autobiography of a Princess o en The Golden Bowl, las ciudades europeas se presentan como un enclaves en los que se reúnen diversos apátridas. Por otro lado, Jhabvala convierte al personaje europeo en un arquetipo buscador, frecuente en sus novelas, que viaja a otro continente para mitigar un conflicto de identidad que nunca resuelve del todo. Así ocurre en la mayor parte de sus películas indias (Shakespeare Wallah, The Guru, Bombay Talkie, Autobiography of a Princess, Heat and Dust), así como en The Europeans o en A Soldiers Daughter Never Cries. Lo europeo como imagen del desarraigo La voz narrativa de Ruth Prawer Jhabvala en las películas de Merchant-Ivory Ismail Merchant, como productor; James Ivory, como director; y Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, como guionista, superan ya los cuarenta años de colaboración cinematográfica ininterrumpida1. Desde que, en 1962, Merchant y Ivory contactaran con Jhabvala en Nueva Delhi para obtener lo derechos sobre su novela The Householder (su primera adaptación), han trabajado juntos en más de una veintena de películas2. Siendo Merchant Ivory una productora norteamericana independiente, con sede principal en Nueva York, ha desarrollado proyectos de una sensibilidad peculiar y característica, donde se amalgaman los gustos oriental, europeo y norteamericano. Se da la circunstancia de que esta triple sensibilidad proyecta las nacionalidades de este trío fílmico. Merchant es indio, nacido en Bombay y afincado en Estados Unidos; Ivory procede de una localidad norteamericana de Oregon, si bien arrastra la herencia europea de sus antepasados; y Jhabvala es alemana de origen, aunque educada en Inglaterra y vinculada a la India desde su matrimonio con el arquitecto hindú, Cyrus Jhabvala. Quien rastree la filmografía de Merchant Ivory al completo, reconocerá esta mixtura cultural en cada una de sus películas. Y no sólo en la factura característica que poseen (y que pertenece, sobre todo, al estilo de dirección de Ivory) sino también en las señas narrativas que caracterizan a estas películas y que traen asociados, a su vez, unos referentes temáticos. El choque entre culturas y la comunión frustrada entre personajes de diversa procedencia se dan cita habitual en sus producciones. Y éstas siempre se desarrollan en tres posibles escenarios: Norteamérica, India y Europa (específicamente Inglaterra, Italia y Francia). Cada una de estas localizaciones y los personajes que las representan terminan adoptando, en las tramas, una imagen singular. Pero, de entre estos paisajes, es Europa y lo europeo el valor más presente y redundante en el conjunto de la filmografía Merchant 1 Como curiosidad, La compañía aparece citada en el Guinness Book of World Records como la colaboración cinematográfica más larga que se haya producido hasta el momento. Cfr. LONG, Robert Emmet. The Films of Merchant Ivory. Nueva York: Citadel Press Book, 1997, p. 32. 2 La filmografía completa puede encontrarse en MERCHANT IVORY PRODUCTIONS [en línea] http://www.merchantivory.com/filmography.html [consulta: 2 mayo 2005]. Ivory y siempre aparece asociada, como se defenderá aquí, a la imagen del desarraigo. Abundan en sus películas un tipo de personajes, protagonistas en la trama, que — procedentes de Europa o llegados a ella— viven un exilio físico y/o espiritual. Allí donde desarrollan su peculiar conflicto de identidad, Europa se convierte en el espejo de su diáspora. 1. Europa y Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Esta temática europea, omnipresente en los trabajos de Merchant-Ivory, hunde sus raíces en la narrativa de la guionista Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. Si bien, como ha advertido Long, la suerte de afinidad en gusto y sensibilidad entre guionista y director en el proceso de escritura de los guiones hace difícil distinguir lo que pertenece a uno y a otro3, existen suficientes evidencias como para pensar que ese icono de Europa como desarraigo pertenece principalmente a Jhabvala. En primer lugar porque aparece como tema recurrente en su amplio corpus literario. Autora de más de veinte guiones, de trece novelas y seis colecciones de relatos cortos, en todos sus títulos se descubre la tendencia antes descrita a caracterizar personajes europeos desplazados, que despliegan conflictos de identidad. Asimismo, en su novela, vuelve a repetirse ese trío de escenarios y caracteres (Europa/personajes europeos, India/personajes hindúes, Norteamérica/ personajes norteamericanos), frecuentemente entrelazados en el mismo relato. En realidad, como han sugerido diversos autores, no hay demasiada distinción entre la producción fílmica y la literaria de esta escritora, en términos de estilo y temática4. En segundo lugar, hay que añadir la componente autobiográfica que contiene su escritura. Su literatura, como indica Lassell, “no es directamente autobiográfica, pero realmente hay mucha historia de Jhabvala informando su particular voz de escritora”5. La propia Jhabvala ha reconocido la huella que dejó en ella su infancia rota por el nazismo alemán, perteneciendo ella a una familia judía. A los doce años se ve obligada a cambiar de destino y se instala con su familia en Londres. Son sus años de formación, también literaria. Se despide de Europa con sólo veinticuatro años para instalarse, recién 3 LONG, R. E. The Films of Merchant Ivory, p. 24-25. 4 Cfr. CRANE, R. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. Nueva York: Twayne Publishers, 1992, p.7; y GOORENATNE, Y. Silence, Exile and Cunning. The Fiction of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. London: Sangam Books, 1983, p. 6-29. 5 LASSELL, Michael. "The Passionate Observer”. Los Angeles Times Magazine, Vol. 112, noviembre 1993, p. 30-34 y 62. casada, en Nueva Delhi (India), donde permanecerá otro cuarto de siglo hasta emplazarse definitivamente en Nueva York. No es extraño que en su recorrido literario- fílmico, que arranca en Nueva Delhi, lo europeo quede asociado siempre a lo que ella misma viene a llamar “desheredamiento”: Me siento desheredada incluso en mis memorias infantiles, así que soy una escritora sin tierra de origen sobre la que escribir: realmente traída y llevada de país en país, de cultura en cultura hasta sentir —hasta ser— nada6. Este desarraigo personal aparece proyectado, como se expondrá a continuación, en los guiones cinematográficos de sus diferentes etapas como escritora. 2. Europa en la India La primera vez que Jhabvala introduce personajes europeos es en The Householder, novela escrita en 1960, precisamente cuando acaba de regresar de un viaje a Londres para visitar a su madre. Este viaje, que en las memorias de Jhabvala aparece como un hecho clave7, marca el inicio de una nueva etapa de Jhabvala como escritora. Si desde su llegada y establecimiento en Nueva Delhi, en 1951, había aprendido a sentirse india y a escribir como si fuese una escritora autóctona, a partir de este viaje encuentra dificultades para la adaptación al país y, según sus propias palabras, inicia un proceso de “volver a ser ella misma”, es decir, de reconvertirse en una europea que trata de adaptarse a una tierra que no es la suya. Desde este momento escribe desde una perspectiva angloindia. Abandona el territorio de sus primeras novelas, en las que todos sus personajes eran oriundos del continente y habitantes de Nueva Delhi, e inserta a personajes europeos que llega a convertir en un arquetipo de “buscadores”8. En The Householder —poco después adaptada al cine con Merchant Ivory— los europeos son figuras todavía muy secundarias, pero ya tocadas por la ironía y por el hecho de ser personajes desplazados, que buscan ingenuamente un refugio en la India, pero no lo encuentran en la proporción esperada. 6 JHABVALA, R. P. “Disinheritance”. Blackwood’s Magazine. Julio de 1979, p. 4. 7 “I saw people eating in London. Everyone had clothes. And everything in me began to curdle about India”. En WEINRAUB, B. "The Artistry of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". New York Times Magazine, 11/9/1983, p. 64-65, 106-114. 8 Aquellos personajes que, en palabras de Bawer, “are always seeking, travelling, roaming the world in search of a locus amenis, making fools of themselves for the impermanent, the inappropriate, the unnatural, the imposible”. BAWER, B. "Passage to India: The Career of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". The New Criterion, Vol. 6 (diciembre 1987), p. 7. Hay que destacar la especial correspondencia que guardan las novelas y guiones escritos por Jhabvala en los años siguientes (entre 1961 y 1975). De entre los guiones sobresalen Shakespeare Wallah (1965), The Guru (El gurú, 1969), Bombay Talkie (1970), y Autobiography of a Princess (Autobiografía de una princesa, 1975). Todos ellos recogen tramas y temáticas similares a las novelas A Backward Place (1965), A New Dominion (Un nuevo dominio, 1972) y Heat and Dust (Calor y polvo, 1975), esta última convertida en guión posteriormente, en 19839. Por supuesto, la temática europea que se alumbraba en The Householder toma ahora una fuerza mayor.
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