DOCSLIB.ORG

Traditionelle Ansätze Im Rahmen Von Transitional Justice. Eine Kritische Untersuchung Am Beispiel Norduganda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traditionelle Ansätze Im Rahmen Von Transitional Justice. Eine Kritische Untersuchung Am Beispiel Norduganda Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie Traditionelle Ansätze im Rahmen von Transitional Justice. Eine kritische Untersuchung am Beispiel Norduganda. Masterarbeit im Fach Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (überarbeitete Version) vorgelegt von Jennifer Richter Franz-Rücker-Allee 43 60487 Frankfurt Marburg, September 2010 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Susanne Buckley-Zistel Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Thorsten Bonacker Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................... 3 Glossar ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Der Konzeptionelle Rahmen ................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Das Konzept Transitional Justice .................................................................................... 9 2.2. Traditionelle Ansätze im Rahmen von Transitional Justice .......................................... 16 3. Der geschichtliche Hintergrund ............................................................................................ 19 3.1. Eine kurze Einführung in die Geschichte Ugandas ........................................................ 19 3.2. Alice Lakwena und die Holy Spirit Mobile Forces ........................................................ 21 3.3. Der Konflikt zwischen der Lord´s Resistance Army und der ugandischen Regierung .. 22 3.4. Die Intervention des IStGH und die Juba Peace Talks .................................................. 24 4. Das Glaubenssystem der Acholi ........................................................................................... 27 4.1. Das vorkoloniale Glaubenssystem der Acholi ............................................................... 27 4.2. Der Einfluss der Kolonisierung und der Christianisierung ............................................ 29 5. Traditionelle Rituale der Acholi ........................................................................................... 31 5.1. Rituale mit einem Fokus auf die Bearbeitung von Konflikten ....................................... 31 5.1.1. Mato oput ................................................................................................................ 31 5.1.2. Gomo tong............................................................................................................... 33 5.1.3. Tumu kiir................................................................................................................. 33 5.2. Rituale mit einem Fokus auf die Reintegration von Gemeindemitgliedern ................... 34 5.2.1. Nyono tong gweno .................................................................................................. 34 5.2.2. Lwoko pik wang...................................................................................................... 34 5.3. Rituale mit einem Fokus auf Prozesse der individuellen Heilung ................................. 35 5.3.1. Moyo kom ............................................................................................................... 35 5.3.2. Kwero merok........................................................................................................... 35 6. Traditionelle Ansätze der Acholi im aktuellen Konflikt ....................................................... 36 6.1. Der aktuelle Kontext ...................................................................................................... 36 6.1.1. Der Einfluss des Konfliktes und der internen Vertreibung auf die Sozialstrukturen der Acholi ................................................................................................................ 36 6.1.2. Die aktuelle Bedeutung traditioneller Glaubensvorstellungen und Praktiken ........ 39 6.1.3. Die Förderung traditioneller Institutionen und Praktiken ....................................... 41 1 6.2. Die Anwendung von mato oput im aktuellen Konflikt .................................................. 44 6.2.1. Die Rolle des IStGH und die Debatte „Peace First, Justice Later“......................... 44 6.2.2. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Anwendung von mato oput im aktuellen Kontext .. ................................................................................................................................. 47 6.3. Die Funktion anderer Rituale ......................................................................................... 51 6.3.1. Die Rolle von traditionellen Ansätzen in der Reintegration ehemaliger Kombattanten .......................................................................................................... 51 6.3.2. Die Rolle von traditionellen Ansätzen in der Unterstützung individueller Heilungsprozesse .................................................................................................... 55 6.3.3. Allgemeine Beobachtungen und Einschränkungen ................................................ 60 7. Fazit ....................................................................................................................................... 62 8. Literaturverzeichnis .............................................................................................................. 69 9. Anhang .................................................................................................................................. 80 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ACORD Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development DR Kongo Demokratische Republik Kongo FAP Formerly Abducted Person FPA Final Peace Agreement HSM II Holy Spirit Movement II HSMF Holy Spirit Mobile Forces HRW Human Rights Watch ICG International Crisis Group IStGH (engl. ICC) Internationale Strafgerichtshof (engl. International Criminal Court) JRP Justice and Reconciliation Project LC Local Council/ Local Councillor LRA Lord´s Resistance Army MOP Mato Oput Project NRA National Resistance Army NRO Nichtregierungsorganisation PRI Penal Reform International PTBS Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung RLP Refugee Law Project SPLM/A Sudanese People´s Liberation Movement/ Army UCDA Uganda Christian Democratic Army UNLA Uganda National Liberation Army UPDA Uganda People´s Democratic Army UPDF Uganda People´s Defence Force ZAR Zentralafrikanische Republik 3 Glossar Acholi Bezeichnung für eine Ethnie und ein Gebiet in Norduganda ailuc Traditioneller Mechanismus der Konfliktbearbeitung der Iteso in Norduganda agat Bezeichnung in Acholi für verschiedene Spruchformeln, die oft Teil eines Rituals sind abila Bezeichnung in Acholi für den Schrein der Ahnen ajwaka (pl. ajwaki) Bezeichnung in Acholi für ein Medium cen Bezeichnung in Acholi für die Rachegeister der Toten, die die Le- benden heimsuchen und Unglück und Krankheit bringen können culo kwoo Bezeichnung in Acholi für die Leistung von Wiedergutmachung im Rahmen von mato oput jok (pl. jogi) Spirituelle Macht in Acholi, die als Macht, Geist oder auch Gott übersetzt werden kann gomo tong Traditioneller Mechanismus der Acholi zur Beilegung eines Kon- fliktes zwischen zwei Clans, Häuptlingstümer oder Stämmen kac Bezeichnung in Acholi für den Schrein der Ahnen kayo cuk Traditioneller Mechanismus der Konfliktbearbeitung der Langi in Norduganda Ker Kwaro Acholi Rat aus Häuptlingen und Ältesten in Acholi kiir Bezeichnung in Acholi für ein Tabu kwero merok Ritual der Acholi, um einen Krieger vom Geist des getöteten Fein- des zu reinigen layibi Bezeichnung in Acholi für einen langen Stock mit dem traditionell die Kornkammer geöffnet wird lwoko pik wang Reinigungsritual, das durchgeführt wird nachdem ein totgeglaubtes Familienmitglied wieder zurückgekehrt ist mato oput Traditioneller Mechanismus der Konfliktbearbeitung der Acholi moyo kom Reinigungsritual der Acholi um eine Person von cen zu reinigen nebi Bezeichnung in Acholi für ein christliches Medium nyono tong gweno Reinigungsritual der Acholi, welches traditionell nach der langen Abwesenheit eines Gemeindemitgliedes durchgeführt wird 4 Paramount Chief Oberhaupt aller Acholi, erstmals durch die britische Kolonialver- waltung eingesetzt rwot (pl. rowdi) Bezeichnung in Acholi für die traditionellen Häuptlinge tipu maleng Bezeichnung in Acholi für einen heiligen bzw. christlichen Geist tonu ci koka Traditioneller Mechanismus der Konfliktbearbeitung der Madi in Norduganda tumu kiir Traditioneller Mechanismus der Konfliktbearbeitung der Acholi, der durchgeführt wird, nachdem ein Tabu (kiir) verletzt wurde wang oo Bezeichnung in Acholi für zentrale Feuer an denen traditionell die ganze Familie zusammenkommt Hinweis: Zu Gunsten der Lesbarkeit wird in dieser Arbeit auf eine geschlechtsspezifische Unterscheidung verzichtet. Die Nennung ´männlicher´ Begriffe umfasst zugleich auch immer die ´weibliche´ Variante. 5 1. Einleitung Bereits seit 1986 ist Norduganda Schauplatz des bewaffneten Kampfes zwischen der Lord´s Re- sistance Army (LRA) unter der Führung von Joseph Kony und der ugandischen Regierung. Wie in vielen anderen Kriegen in Afrika und auf der ganzen Welt leidet besonders die Bevölkerung unter dem andauernden Konflikt. Viele Tausende Acholi1 wurden im Laufe dieses Konfliktes getötet, verstümmelt, entführt oder ihres Hab und Gutes beraubt. Fast die gesamte Bevölkerung der Acholi wurde zudem durch die ugandische Armee aus ihren
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lord's Resistance Army
    Lord’s Resistance Army Key Terms and People People Acana, Rwot David Onen: The paramount chief of the Acholi people, an ethnic group from northern Uganda and southern Sudan, and one of the primary targets of LRA violence in northern Uganda. Bigombe, Betty: Former Uganda government minister and a chief mediator in peace negotiations between the Ugandan government and the LRA in 2004-2005. Chissano, Joaquim: Appointed as Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General to Northern Uganda and Southern Sudan in 2006; now that the internationally-mediated negotiations Joseph Kony, “ultimate commander” of the with the LRA have stalled, Chissano’s role as Special Envoy in the process is unclear. Lord’s Resistance Army/ photo courtesy of Radio France International, taken in the spring of 2008 during the failed Juba Kabila, Joseph: President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Peace Talks. Kony, Joseph: Leader of the LRA. Kony is a self-proclaimed messiah who led the brutal, mystical LRA movement in its rebellion against the Ugandan gov- ernment for over two decades. A war criminal wanted by the International Criminal Court, Kony remains the “ultimate commander” of the LRA, and he determines who lives and dies within the rebel group as they continue their predations today throughout central Africa. Lakwena, Alice Auma: Leader of the Holy Spirit Mobile Forces, a northern based rebel group that fought against the Ugandan government in the late 1980s. Some of the followers of this movement were later recruited into the LRA by Joseph Kony. Lukwiya, Raska: One of the LRA commanders indicted by the ICC in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction The setting In 1997, when this research commenced, the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that there were 420,300 refugees in Uganda and Kenya.1 According to these estimates, which referred almost exclusively to encamped refugees, about 90 percent of the refugee population came from Somalia and Sudan;2 there were smaller numbers of refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) (14,400), Ethiopia (8,500), Rwanda (17,900), and Burundi (100).3 In addition, Uganda and Kenya each gave refuge to a small number of the other’s citizens,4 and received a few refugees from as far as West Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East. Both countries witnessed internal dis- placement, as a result of the conflict in the north in Uganda and of the eth- nic strife in various parts of the country in Kenya.5 The majority of the refugee population in both countries consisted of people who had arrived there in the 1990s. All of the ‘assisted’ refugees lived in remote rural encampments administered by UNHCR and non-governmental organisations (NGOs),6 with the exception of an official ‘urban’ refugee programme for approxi- mately 530 refugees in Kampala, Uganda.7 In Nairobi, the Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), contracted by UNHCR as an implementing partner, also provided some material assistance to small numbers of asylum-seekers and refugees.8 Apart from these limited numbers of assisted refugees, Kampala and Nairobi hosted tens of thousands of refugees who lived out- side the aid umbrella. Unassisted refugees could also be found in smaller towns and in rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Acholi of Northern Uganda and Invisible Children, Inc. Bodies in Pain, Misrepresentation, and the Construction of "Africa" within American Imaginaries Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5h77x38p Author Dick, Laura Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Acholi of Northern Uganda and Invisible Children, Inc. Bodies in Pain, Misrepresentation, and the Construction of “Africa” within American Imaginaries A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in African Studies by Laura Dick 2014 © Copyright by Laura Dick 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Acholi of Northern Uganda and Invisible Children, Inc. Bodies in Pain, Misrepresentation, and the Construction of “Africa” within American Imaginaries by Laura Dick Master of Arts in African Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Allen F. Roberts, Chair Part One of this thesis explores how the non-profit organization Invisible Children, Inc. misrepresented the conflict between the Lord’s Resistance Army and the Acholi victims in Northern Uganda. This analysis of misrepresentation within the organization’s films and ephemera was mainly concerned around the historical evidence and deliberate silencing of opposing opinions. Part Two illustrates how the use of pain can be employed as props in the American portrayal of “Africa”, and how this portrayal can be, in turn, used to further subjugate the "idea of Africa" in American imaginaries, subsequently reinforcing Western hierarchy. ii The thesis of Laura Dick is approved. Allen F.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics and Challenges of the Juba Peace Talks With
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Even Eating You Can Bite Your Tongue Dynamics and Challenges of the Juba Peace Talks with the Lord’s Resistance Army Mareike Schomerus A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 108,097 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Merl Storr. page 2 Abstract This thesis offers an alternative narrative why the Juba Peace Talks between the Government of Uganda and the rebel Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and its political wing, the Lord’s Resistance Movement (LRM), did not produce a Final Peace Agreement. Widely considered the most promising peace effort in the history of a violent conflict that began in 1986, talks were mediated by the Government of Southern Sudan from 2006 to 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources of Resilience in the Lord's Resistance Army
    Sources of Resilience in the Lord’s Resistance Army Pamela Faber April 2017 Select a caveat DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. CNA’s Occasional Paper series is published by CNA, but the opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of CNA or the Department of the Navy. Distribution DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. PUBLIC RELEASE. 4/10/2017 Other requests for this document shall be referred to CNA Document Center at [email protected]. Photography Credit: Flag of the Lord’s Resistance Army led by Joseph Kony. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army#/media/File:Flag_of_Lord%27s _Resistance_Army.svg Approved by: April 2017 Dr. Jonathan Schroden, Director Center for Stability and Development Center for Strategic Studies This work was performed under Federal Government Contract No. N00014-16-D-5003. Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), led by Ugandan national Joseph Kony, has survived for over three decades despite a concerted effort to defeat it. The LRA was formed in the late 1980s in response to the historic marginalization of the Acholi people, inequitable treatment by the Ugandan government and uneven development across the country. The LRA became a powerfully destructive force in northern Uganda, with thousands of combatants killing over 100,000 people. Since 2006, the group has been largely degraded to less than 150 core combatants, and is currently in survival mode on the borders of the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and South Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lord's Resistance Army of Today
    The Lord’s Resistance Army of Today Ledio Cakaj November 2010 The Lord’s Resistance Army, or LRA, in existence for more than two decades, is the rebel group responsible for Africa’s longest running armed conflict.1 Led by Joseph Kony, the inner workings of the LRA remain relatively unknown to the outside world, including the Ugandan army officers and policy makers in Africa and the West who are leading efforts to remove the rebels from the battlefield. This has been particularly true during the last 22 months, a period in which the LRA has undergone significant changes. Despite a wealth of information on the LRA pre-December 2008, misconceptions and myths related to Kony’s group remain. The ongoing Ugandan army offensive against the LRA and renewed interest on the LRA issue in the West spurred by a bill recently signed in the United States necessitate a better understanding of how the LRA operates. A thorough analysis of the LRA’s modus ope- randi, leadership, and aims is lacking, even though substantive assets and valuable time are spent fighting the rebels by the Ugandan army with support from the U.S. government. It seems overtly difficult to engage a group of fighters, whether militarily or peacefully, without knowing what they stand for. Such lack of understanding, arguably throughout the entire existence of the LRA, has played a significant role in the failure to resolve the conflict. Erroneous descriptions of the LRA as a Christian fundamentalist group com- posed of drugged children led by a madman have led to a profound underestimation of the strength and military ability of the LRA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Water Powers at Bujagali Falls, Uganda
    CURRENT AFRICAN ISSUES 62 Dammed Divinities The Water Powers at Bujagali Falls, Uganda Terje Oestigaard NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UPPSALA 2015 1 INDEXING TERMS: Uganda Nile River Dams Water power Conflicts Traditional religion Cultural heritage Belief Rituals The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Nordic Africa Institute. ISSN 0280-2171 ISBN 978-91-7106-768-5 © The author, The Nordic Africa Institute. Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. 2 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: The Nile is Wealth ....................................................................................................9 Chapter 3: Dams in Uganda ....................................................................................................22 Chapter 4: Dams, developments and discourses ........................................................................30 Chapter 5: River spirits or hullabaloo on the Nile ........................................................................44 Chapter 6: Appeasing or annoying the spirits? ..........................................................................54 Chapter 7: Where is the Budhagaali spirit? ...............................................................................69
    [Show full text]
  • Prohlašuji, Že Jsem Bakalářskou Práci Vypracovala Samostatně a Při Jejím
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Mezinárodní vztahy Ozbrojené konflikty po skončení studené války ve východní Africe Analýza hlavních trendů ozbrojených konfliktů a dynamiky bezpečnostních vztahů v regionu Afrického rohu a Velkých jezer Magisterská práce Bc. Tomáš Černohous Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D. UČO: 273617 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2010 Brno, 2012 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci Ozbrojené konflikty po skončení studené války ve východní Africe vypracoval samostatně pouze s vyuţitím pramenů v práci uvedených. V Brně, dne 8. května 2012 Tomáš Černohous 2 Poděkování Rád bych poděkoval panu doc. PhDr. Zdeňku Kříţovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady a vstřícné vedení mé práce. Děkuji také své rodině a blízkým za jejich toleranci a podporu při mých studiích. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Pouţitá metodologie a sběr dat ................................................................................ 8 1.2. Vymezení zkoumaného regionu............................................................................. 10 1.3. Reflexe zpracování tématu v odborné literatuře .................................................... 12 2. Teoretické ukotvení práce ........................................................................................... 13 2.1. Teorie konfliktu ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • African Studies Quarterly
    African Studies Quarterly Volume 8, Issue 2 Spring 2005 Neither Peace nor Justice: Political Violence and the Peasantry in Northern Uganda, 1986-1998 ADAM BRANCH Abstract: Uncertainty abounds concerning the 19-year conflict in Northern Uganda between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and the Ugandan government. Two questions have received the most attention and could have the most bearing on efforts to resolve the conflict: first, why has the Ugandan government been unable or unwilling to end the war for nineteen years? Second, why has the LRA chosen to use extreme violence against the Acholi instead of trying to build popular support? First, this article addresses these questions, arguing that the debate has failed to take into account the political agency of the Acholi peasantry in the conflict and the relations between the peasantry and government, on the one hand, and the peasantry and the LRA, on the other. By putting the Acholi peasantry and its relations with government and rebels at the center of the analysis, the longevity of the war and the tendency by both rebels and government to use violence against the peasantry can be made sense of as a consequence of both sides' failure to realize an effective popular mobilization among the Acholi. Second, the article traces historically these failures of popular mobilization and the paths by which both the Ugandan government and the LRA came to see the population as a threat and potential enemy instead of as a potential support base. Third, by putting the people at the center of the analysis of the conflict, the groundwork is laid for putting the people at the center of the resolution of the conflict, transcending the current tendency of conflict resolution agendas to focus only on elites, treating the civilian population as passive bystanders or victims.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley Charlene Conrad Liebau Library Prize for Undergraduate Research
    UC Berkeley Charlene Conrad Liebau Library Prize for Undergraduate Research Title Caught in the Crossfire: Explanations of Insurgency Use of Indiscriminate Violence Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0gk327cq Author Woo, Andrew Publication Date 2015-04-01 Undergraduate eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Caught in the Crossfire: Explanations of Insurgency Use of Indiscriminate Violence Andrew J. Woo Political Science Honors Thesis Charles and Louise Travers Department of Political Science University of California, Berkeley May 2015 Abstract As the predominant mode of warfare since World War II, civil conflicts have resulted in the deaths of more than 16 million people worldwide, often noncombatants due to high levels of indiscriminate violence committed by governments and insurgencies. Under what conditions are insurgencies more likely to employ indiscriminate forms of violence against civilians? Whereas some scholars have attributed indiscriminate violence to insurgencies being incarnates of “decentralized criminality,” others have focused on alternative theories such as resource endowment and foreign support as important. This thesis seeks to fill the current gap in the literature by testing competing explanations for insurgent-led indiscriminate violence. I argue insurgencies are less likely to commit indiscriminate violence when these organizations establish robust vertical linkages with their pre-war social base through political wings and strategies. Insurgents are less likely to victimize civilians who are socially connected with them and receive popular support from. Data from the regression analysis show rebel political wings to be statistically significant, as well as other potential explanatory variables such as the level of foreign support and strength of control over constituent groups by the central command.
    [Show full text]
  • We Mobilized Ourselves Community Resilience in Areas Impacted by the Lord’S Resistance Army 2 Acronym List Contents 3
    We Mobilized Ourselves Community Resilience in Areas Impacted by the Lord’s Resistance Army 2 Acronym List Contents 3 “We mobilized ourselves with the leadership of our chief and went to search for the LRA. The only reason that we couldn’t rescue any of our abducted people from them is that they are always on the move day and night nonstop; otherwise we would have caught up with them and rescued all of our people. We saw that the government didn’t have the will to protect us so we had to do it ourselves.” – Focus group discussion with formerly abducted people and family members of abductees, South Sudan 4 Key Acronyms Contents 5 Key Acronyms Contents AU - African Union 1. Introduction 6 AU-RTF - African Union-Regional Task Force Conflict Background 7 CAR - Central African Republic 2. Methods 14 DDRRR- Disarmament, Demobilization, Repatriation, Reintegration, and Resettlement 2.1 Data Collection 14 DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.2 Data Analysis 15 FACA - Central African Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Centrafricaines) 3. Results 16 FARDC - Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo 3.1 LRA Repertoire of Violence: Patterns and Motivations 16 (French: Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo) 3.2 Resilience and Coping Strategies in Response to LRA Violence 28 FGD - Focus group discussion 3.2a Individual 30 HSM - Holy Spirit Movement 3.2b Community 34 ICC - International Criminal Court 3.2c Institutional 42 IDP - Internally Displaced Person 4. Conclusion 52 KII - Key Informant Interview Bibliography 56 LDU - Local Defense Unit LRA - Lord’s Resistance Army Appendix: About the Study Team 65 MONUSCO - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ANGUISH of NORTHERN UGANDA RESULTS of a FIELD-BASED ASSESSMENT of the CIVIL CONFLICTS in NORTHERN UGANDA Robert Gersony Subm
    THE ANGUISH OF NORTHERN UGANDA RESULTS OF A FIELD-BASED ASSESSMENT OF THE CIVIL CONFLICTS IN NORTHERN UGANDA Robert Gersony Submitted to: United States Embassy, Kampala USAID Mission, Kampala August 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Maps and Charts Map of Uganda Map of Northern Uganda Ethnic Map of Uganda Chart A Five Phases of Insurgency - Gulu/Kitgum 18 Chart B Selective Timeline 19 INTRODUCTION 1 Assessment procedures 2 Limitations 4 Appreciation 4 Organization of report 5 SECTION I THE CONFLICT IN GULU AND KITGUM 6 Background 6 Amin’s persecution of Acholis 7 Luwero: the ghost that haunts Acholi 8 General Tito Okello Lutwa’s Government 11 Advent of the NRA 12 Acholi attitudes/Contributing causes of the war 14 Was poverty a cause of the war? 17 War in Acholi as an extension of the Luwero conflict 17 Five phases of war in Acholi 20 Phase I Uganda People’s Democratic Army 20 The FEDEMU factor 21 UPDA popular support/NRA brutal response 23 Phase II Alice Auma Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Movement 24 Alice’s military campaign 25 Why did the Acholi people follow Alice? 26 June 1988 NRA/UPDA peace accords 26 The cattle factor 27 Phase III Severino Likoya Kiberu - “God the Father” 29 Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army 30 Phase IV Joseph Kony’s earlier period 31 Evolution in human rights conduct 33 Government of Uganda peace initiative 33 Phase V Joseph Kony’s LRA - current period 35 NRA/UPDF effectiveness 36 Human rights conduct of the parties - 1994 to the present 38 LRA human rights conduct 38 LRA signal incidents 38 Atiak massacre 38 Karuma/Pakwach convoy ambush 39 Acholpi refugee camp massacre 40 St.
    [Show full text]